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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gross nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates and their relationships to enzyme activities and the soil microbial biomass in soils treated with dairy shed effluent and ammonium fertilizer at different water potentials (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 178-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Dairy shed effluent ; Enzymes ; Nitrogen fertilizer ; Microbial biomass ; Gross mineralization rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Gross N mineralization and nitrification rates and their relationships to microbial biomass C and N and enzyme (protease, deaminase and urease) activities were determined in soils treated with dairy shed effluent (DSE) or NH4 + fertilizer (NH4Cl) at a rate equivalent to 200 kg N ha–1 at three water potentials (0, –10 and –80 kPa) at 20  °C using a closed incubation technique. After 8, 16, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days of incubation, sub-samples of soil were removed to determine gross N mineralization and nitrification rates, enzyme activities, microbial biomass C and N, and NH4 + and NO3 – concentrations. The addition of DSE to the soil resulted in significantly higher gross N mineralization rates (7.0–1.7 μg N g–1 soil day–1) than in the control (3.8–1.2 μg N g–1 soil day–1), particularly during the first 16 days of incubation. This increase in gross mineralization rate occurred because of the presence of readily mineralizable organic substrates with low C : N ratios, and stimulated soil microbial and enzymatic activities by the organic C and nutrients in the DSE. The addition of NH4Cl did not increase the gross N mineralization rate, probably because of the lack of readily available organic C and/or a possible adverse effect of the high NH4 + concentration on microbial activity. However, nitrification rates were highest in the NH4Cl-treated soil, followed by DSE-treated soil and then the control. Soil microbial biomass, protease, deaminase and urease activities were significantly increased immediately after the addition of DSE and then declined gradually with time. The increased soil microbial biomass was probably due to the increased available C substrate and nutrients stimulating soil microbial growth, and this in turn resulted in higher enzyme activities. NH4Cl had a minimal impact on the soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities, possibly because of the lack of readily available C substrates. The optimum soil water potential for gross N mineralization and nitrification rates, microbial and enzyme activities was –10 kPa compared with –80 kPa and 0 kPa. Gross N mineralization rates were positively correlated with soil microbial biomass N and protease and urease activities in the DSE-treated soil, but no such correlations were found in the NH4Cl-treated soil. The enzyme activities were also positively correlated with each other and with soil microbial biomass C and N. The forms of N and the different water potentials had a significant effect on the correlation coefficients. Stepwise regression analysis showed that protease was the variable that most frequently accounted for the variations of gross N mineralization rate when included in the equation, and has the potential to be used as one of the predictors for N mineralization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050542
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Release of sulphate-sulphur, potassium, calcium and magnesium from spent mushroom compost under field conditions (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 128-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Spent mushroom compost ; Soil ; Lysimeter ; Nutrient release ; Kinetic models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The release of SO4 2–-S, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ from soil amended with spent mushroom compost (SMC), a byproduct of mushroom production, was measured in leachate from field lysimeters for 30 weeks. Rates of application were 0 and 80 t ha–1 moist SMC. The SMC contained 1.7% K, 6.5% Ca, 0.4% Mg and 1.2% S (of which 87% is SO4 2–-S), and has a C : S ratio of 26. The break-through curves of ion leaching were polymodal indicating the preservation of soil structure in the lysimeters and its influence on leaching. SO4 2–-S release from SMC was rapid (first-order exponential) and was very similar to the release from a laboratory incubation. The release of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ was described using first/zero-order models which were also used to describe their release in the laboratory. The rate and amount of Ca2+ release was similar in the field and laboratory, but the amount of K+ (and to a lesser extent Mg2+) release was less in the field than in the laboratory. Recoveries of SMC applied nutrients in leachate were 80% of S (263 kg ha–1), 3% of K (14 kg ha–1), 16% of Ca (284 kg ha–1) and 37% of Mg (40 kg ha–1). Little if any S was mineralised. Using SMC could provide plants with S, K, Ca and Mg but there is potential for SO4 2–-S losses via leaching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050635
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Release of sulphate, potassium, calcium and magnesium from spent mushroom compost under laboratory conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 146-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Spent mushroom compost ; Fertilizer ; Soil ; Incubation ; Kinetic models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The release of sulphate-sulphur (SO4 2–-S), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) from soil amended with spent mushroom compost (SMC), a by-product of mushroom production, was measured for 16 weeks in an open laboratory incubation at 25°C. Rates of application were up to 80 t ha–1 moist SMC (0.84% SMC dry weight) both with and without inorganic fertilizer. The rates of nutrient application in the inorganic fertilizer were: 338 kg ha–1 N, 100 kg ha–1 of both phosphorus and K, and 114 kg ha–1 S. SMC contains 1.7% K, 6.5% Ca, 0.4% Mg and 1.2% S (of which 87% is inorganic), and has a carbon:sulphur ratio of 26. The release of SO4 2–-S was rapid, and was described using either a first or mixed order exponential equation, or (underestimated) by the CENTURY model. The release of K, Ca and Mg was initially rapid (first order) and then declined to a constant rate (zero order). Their release was also described using first/first order or first order/parabolic diffusion equations. Model parameters indicated the relative sizes of both readily releasable and recalcitrant nutrient pools. The recovery of SMC-supplied nutrients in the absence of fertilizer was 75–83% of the S, 40–45% of the K, 14–20% of the Ca and 43–66% of the Mg. When fertilizer was applied 33–45% of the S, 22–36% of the K, 12–24% of the Ca and –4 to 20% of the Mg that were supplied by the SMC and fertilizer were recovered in the leachate. The generally lower nutrient recovery when fertilizer was applied could have resulted from the incomplete recovery of fertilizer S and K, from soil fixation of applied nutrients, and from the lower pH following fertilizer application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050358
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrous oxide emissions and methane oxidation by soil following cultivation of two different leguminous pastures (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 30 (1999), S. 52-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Nitrous oxide ; Methane ; Clover ; Herb ley ; Cultivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and methane (CH4) consumption were quantified following cultivation of two contrasting 4-year-old pastures. A clover sward was ploughed (to 150–200 mm depth) while a mixed herb ley sward was either ploughed (to 150–200 mm depth) or rotovated (to 50 mm depth). Cumulative N2O emissions were significantly greater following ploughing of the clover sward, with 4.01 kg N2O-N ha–1 being emitted in a 48-day period. Emissions following ploughing and rotovating of the ley sward were much less and were not statistically different from each other, with 0.26 and 0.17 kg N2O-N ha–1 being measured, respectively, over a 55-day period. The large difference in cumulative N2O between the clover and ley sites is presumably due to the initially higher soil NO3 – content, greater water filled pore space and lower soil pH at the clover site. Results from a denitrification enzyme assay conducted on soils from both sites showed a strong negative relationship (r=–0.82) between soil pH and the N2O:(N2O+N2) ratio. It is suggested that further research is required to determine if control of soil pH may provide a relatively cheap mitigation option for N2O emissions from these soils. There were no significant differences in CH4 oxidation rates due to sward type or form of cultivation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050587
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of three contrasting onion (Allium cepa L.) production systems on nitrous oxide emissions from soil (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 334-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Nitrous oxide ; Clover ; Herb ley ; Soil pH ; Allium cepa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  N2O emissions were measured from three contrasting onion (Allium cepa L.) production systems over an 8.5-month period. One system was established on soil where a clover sward had 3 months earlier been ploughed in (ploughed clover site). This production system followed conventional production management practices. The other two systems were established on soil where a mixed herb ley had 3 months earlier been either ploughed or rotovated. These last two production systems followed the guidelines of the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM). Cumulative N2O emissions were significantly greater from the ploughed clover site compared to the ploughed ley site (3.8 and 1.6 kg N2O-N ha–1, respectively), while cumulative N2O emissions from the ploughed ley and rotovated ley sites were not significantly different from each other. Emissions from all sites were dominated by episodes of high N2O flux activity following seedbed preparation and drilling, when soil water suction (SWS) was shown to be the rate-controlling variable. The decline in the N2O fluxes after these peak emissions followed clear exponential relationships of the form F=Ae– kt (r≥0.91), where F is the daily flux and A is the y-intercept. First-order decay constants (k) during these periods of declining N2O fluxes (corresponding to half-lives of 2.6–3.0 days) were not significantly different in magnitude from the first-order rate constants that characterised the increasing SWS. Gross differences in cumulative emissions between the clover and ley sites were attributed to the influence of differing soil pHs at the two sites on the N2O:(N2O+N2) ratio in the denitrification products. It also appeared that fertiliser applications to the clover site had both direct and indirect effects on N2O emissions by: (1) enhancing N2O emissions via potential nitrification, (2) increasing the NO3 – supply for enhanced N2O emissions via denitrification, and (3) influencing the N2O:(N2O+N2) ratio by lowering soil pH and increasing NO3 – concentrations. Onion crop yields were greater at the clover site, mainly due to the higher density of planting made possible under a conventional production philosophy. Expressing the yield on the basis of net N2O emissions, 23 t onions kg–1 N2O-N was obtained from the ploughed clover, which was double that obtained for the two systems based on the ley site. However, when the N2O emissions from the cultivation of the soils prior to the sowing of the onions was included, all three systems produced a similar yield per kilogram of N2O-N emitted, averaging 10 t kg–1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050665
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of trampling on the soils of the St James Walkway, New Zealand (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The influence of trampling on the soils of the St James Walkway was studied during 1985 by comparing ‘on’- and off-track sites. Trampling increased the average soil bulk density by 0.3 g/cm3 at 0–5 cm depth and by 0.1 g/cm3 at 10–15 cm depth. Trampling increased the average soil shear strength by 11 kPa at 0–5 cm depth and by 6 kPa at 5–10 cm depth. All mineral soils were compacted to some extent by trampling. The podzolized high country yellow-brown earths (Dystrochrepts) were the most affected because their organic topsoil was truncated. Their exposed subsoil was however more resistant to further damage than their topsoil. Organic soils (Medihemists) were not compacted but their very low shear strength and high moisture content make them unsuitable for tracks. Untrampled soil bulk density and soil stone content were negatively correlated with the change in bulk density by trampling, and could be used to predict the risk of soil compaction by trampling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1992.tb00889.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preferential phosphorus leaching from an irrigated grassland soil (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 56 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Intact lysimeters (50 cm diameter, 70 cm deep) of silt loam soil under permanent grassland were used to investigate preferential transport of phosphorus (P) by leaching immediately after application of dairy effluent. Four treatments that received mineral P fertilizer alone (superphosphate at 45 kg P ha−1 year−1) or in combination with effluent (at ∼ 40–80 kg P ha−1 year−1) over 2 years were monitored. Losses of total P from the combined P fertilizer and effluent treatments were 1.6–2.3 kg ha−1 (60% of overall loss) during eight drainage events following effluent application. The rest of the P lost (40% of overall loss) occurred during 43 drainage events following a significant rainfall or irrigation compared with 0.30 kg ha−1 from mineral P fertilizer alone. Reactive forms of P (mainly dissolved reactive P: 38–76%) were the dominant fractions in effluent compared with unreactive P forms (mainly particulate unreactive P: 15–56%). In contrast, in leachate following effluent application, particulate unreactive P was the major fraction (71–79%) compared with dissolved reactive P (1–7%). The results were corroborated by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, which showed that inorganic orthophosphate was the predominant P fraction present in the effluent (86%), while orthophosphate monoesters and diesters together comprised up to 88% of P in leachate. This shows that unreactive P forms were selectively transported through soil because of their greater mobility as monoesters (labile monoester P and inositol hexakisphosphate) and diesters. The short-term strategies for reducing loss of P after application of dairy effluent application should involve increasing the residence time of applied effluent in the soil profile. This can be achieved by applying effluent frequently in small amounts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00656.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The response of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seed crop to nitrogen fertilizer application in the absence of moisture stress (2000)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 55 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Responses of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) to nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rates and timings vary widely, because water is often limiting. Yield response to N fertilizer application during autumn, late-winter and spring, and the associated efficiency of use of these inputs, was assessed under conditions of non-limiting soil moisture during two, one-year lysimeter studies in Canterbury, New Zealand. There were significant (P 〈 0·05) increases in seed and herbage yields with increasing N fertilizer application. Seed yields differed with year; greatest yields were 300 g m−2 in 1996 and 450 g m−2 in 1997. Seed head numbers (r2=0·77), seeds head−1 (r2=0·92) and herbage yield (r2=0·92) were the major determinants of seed yield in both years. Irrigation required to maintain the soil between 70% and 90% of field capacity was directly related (r2=0·94 and 0·99 in 1996 and 1997 respectively) to increases in herbage yield.Seed yield, seed quality (thousand seed weight and percentage of seed 〉 1·85 mg), efficiency of water use, efficiency of N fertilizer use and apparent N fertilizer recovery were greatest when N fertilizer was applied at a rate of 50 kg N ha−1, 50 or 100 kg N ha−1 and 150 kg N ha−1 in autumn, late-winter and spring respectively; further increases in spring N fertilizer stimulated vegetative growth, but not seed yield.As a management strategy, applying N fertilizer to match the N requirements of the crop during the reproductive stage of growth will result in high yields of high quality seed while minimizing environmental impact.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.2000.00233.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fate of urine nitrogen on mineral and peat soils in New Zealand (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 178 (1996), S. 141-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: dentrification ; leaching ; lysimeter ; 15N ; ryegrass ; white clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field lysimeter experiment was conducted over 150 days to examine the fate of synthetic urinary nitrogen (N) applied to peat and mineral soils, with and without a water table. At the start of the winter season, synthetic urine labelled with 15N, was applied at 500 kg N ha−1. Plant uptake, leaching losses and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes were monitored. Total plant uptake ranged from 11% to 35% of the urine-N applied depending on soil type and treatment. Plant uptake of applied N was greater in the presence of a water table in the mineral soil. Nitrate-N (NO3 --N) was only detected in leachates from the mineral soil, at concentrations up to 146 μg NO3 --N mL−1. Presence of a water table in the mineral soil reduced leaching losses (as inorganic-N) from 47% to 6%, incrased plant uptake and doubled apparent denitrification losses. In the peat soils leaching losses of applied urine-N as inorganic-N were low (〈5%). Losses of N as N2O were greater in the mineral soil than in the peat soils, with losses of 3% and 〈1% of N applied respectively after 100 days. Apparent denitrification losses far exceeded N2O losses and it is postulated that the difference could be due to dinitrogen (N2) loss and soil entrapment of N2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011172
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of a sampler for assessing ammonia losses from fertilized fields (1989)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 21 (1989), S. 61-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen loss ; volatilization ; micrometeorology ; mass balance method ; urea ; gas exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Simplified techniques for determining the volatilization of ammonia from fertilized crops or pastures without affecting the plant's environment were assessed in the field in New Zealand. The sampler, designed by Leuning et al., gave an accurate measure of the horizontal transport of ammonia at five heights ranging from 0.18m to 2.68m above the soil surface, and thus could be used to determine the vertical flux density of ammonia by the mass balance micrometeorological method. Over a five day period ammonia losses from a field fertilized with urea (100 kg N ha−1) were 13.4% of the applied nitrogen for a full profile, mass balance, reference method and 13.2% for the sampler. The vertical flux density of ammonia could also be determined by using the sampler to measure the horizontal transport of ammonia at just one height above the fertilized field; in this application, either an empirical, or theoretical factor, is used to calculate vertical flux. Using this method the measured loss from the field was 11.6% of the applied nitrogen. Even though the sampler, when used at only one height, gave a slightly less reliable estimation of ammonia loss than the reference method, its use may be preferred because electrical power, pumps, flow meters and anemometers are not required. The original sampler design has been improved by attaching the directional fins to the removable tail section rather than the body. This makes it easier to wash, charge, pack and store the samplers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01080531
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