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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (4.069)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (1.784)
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
  • ddc:330
  • 1980-1984  (6.679)
  • 1950-1954  (687)
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  • 1
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    Effect of shear stress on cell cultures and other reactor problems (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Anchorage dependent cell cultures in fluidized beds are tested. Feasibility calculations indicate the allowed parameters and estimate the shear stresses therein. In addition, the diffusion equation with first order reaction is solved for the spherical shell (double bubble) reactor with various constraints.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 2; 19 p
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  • 2
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    Joint Airport Weather Studies (AWS) project (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The joint airport weather studies (JAWS) project is discussed. The major objectives of the JAWS Project are a fundamental description of the phenomenon, a determination of the hazard potential and a definition of a protection and warning system, all of which are relative to low level wind shear. Aspects of the low level wind shear phenomenon. The principal focus, however, is the microburst. The microburst is fundamentally a rather simple atmospheric flow. It is a downdraft that, upon approaching the surface, spreads out horizontally, producing a diverging radial flow in all directions. For any direction that an aircraft flies through the microburst, it will first encounter increasing head winds; then the remnants of the downdraft; and then, increasing tail wind.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 85-95
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  • 3
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    Lightning strike experience in the NASA F-106B storm hazards program (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A heavily instrumented F-106B aircraft was flown in thunderstorms to gather data for characterizing lightning at aircraft operating altitudes. Conventional weather finding techniques are supplemented with UHF lightning mapping radar to select the most active storm cells and the most likely altitude for obtaining direct lightning strikes to the airplane. One hundred seventy-six strikes were obtained in a 3 year period, mostly at an altitude of above 25,000 feet.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 63-65
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  • 4
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    Wind shear and vortex wake research in UK, 1982 (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A wind shear and vortex wake and their impact on aircraft were investigated. The systems and advice to help pilots, and rational scientific methods to assist in advising certification authorities and those interested in improving flight safety were developed. Wind Shear and Vortex Wakes are related, they are both invisible enemies of aircraft in the form of large disturbances in the atmosphere, both cause major accidents. Problems of building wakes at airports are is considered. Research on wind shear was initiated by the American FAA following the Boston, New York and Denver accidents to civil airliners. This resulted in: useful advice to pilots about wind shear; better attempts by the meteorologists at forecasting wind shear conditions; and useful ideas for wind shear measurement and warning systems. Three major research tasks are outstanding: (1) Worldwide measurements to give reliable estimates of probability and details of the forms of large wind shears; (2) Developments of real time wind shear measuring systems for ground or airborne use; and (3) Establishing relationships between measured wind shear and the potential hazard to an aircraft, or class of aircraft.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 66-83
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  • 5
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    Marked surface inversions and wind shear: A safety risk for departing aircraft (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Marked surface inversions occur most frequently in dry continental climates, where low atmospheric humidity allows heat transfer by long wave thermal radiation. In the northern latitudes, surface inversions reach their maximum intensity during the winter, when the incoming Sun's radiation is negligible and radiative cooling is dominant during the long nights. During winter, air mass boundaries are sharp, which causes formation of marked surface inversions. The existence of these inversions and sharp boundaries increase the risk of wind shear. The information should refer to marked inversions exceeding a temperature difference of 10 deg C up to 1000 feet. The need to determine the temperature range over which he information is operationally needed and the magnitude of the inversion required before a notification to pilots prior to departure is warranted are outlined.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 61-62
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  • 6
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    A cursory glance at results from NASA's B-57B gust gradient program (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The Gust Gradient Program is a data intensive effort involving tripple Doppler radar, a surface weather station mesonet and other aircraft. The Joint Airport Weather Studies was utilized to gain additional data. The data were used to fill in the gap in turbulence modeling.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 38-42
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  • 7
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    GEM: Statistical weather forecasting procedure (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The objective of the Generalized Exponential Markov (GEM) Program was to develop a weather forecast guidance system that would: predict between 0 to 6 hours all elements in the airways observations; respond instantly to the latest observed conditions of the surface weather; process these observations at local sites on minicomputing equipment; exceed the accuracy of current persistence predictions at the shortest prediction of one hour and beyond; exceed the accuracy of current forecast model output statistics inside eight hours; and be capable of making predictions at one location for all locations where weather information is available.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 42-44
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  • 8
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    Department of Defense meteorological and environmental inputs to aviation systems (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Recommendations based on need, cost, and achievement of flight safety are offered, and the re-evaluation of weather parameters needed for safe landing operations that lead to reliable and consistent automated observation capabilities are considered.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 19-20
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  • 9
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    Aviation weather services (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The primary responsibilities of the National Weather Service (NWS) are to: provide warnings of severe weather and flooding for the protection of life and property; provide public forecasts for land and adjacent ocean areas for planning and operation; and provide weather support for: production of food and fiber; management of water resources; production, distribution and use of energy; and efficient and safe air operations.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 14-16
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  • 10
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    Federal Aviation Administration weather program to improve aviation safety (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The implementation of the National Airspace System (NAS) will improve safety services to aviation. These services include collision avoidance, improved landing systems and better weather data acquisition and dissemination. The program to improve the quality of weather information includes the following: Radar Remote Weather Display System; Flight Service Automation System; Automatic Weather Observation System; Center Weather Processor, and Next Generation Weather Radar Development.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 21-25
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  • 11
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    On the effect of temporal sampling on the observation of mean rainfall (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Rainfall characteristics using data from dense recording raingage networks is reviewed. Data from such networks have quantified temporal and spatial rainfall distributions, and have supplied specialized information about local and orographic effects. The natural variability, temporally and spatially, for annual, seasonal, monthly, and individual events is treated. Especially important are the spatial variations of precipitation as a function of synoptic type, precipitation type, amount, and duration. Results from dense raingage networks in Illinois, and some data from other climatic regions is also treated.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 8 p
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  • 12
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    Full-coverage film cooling (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Transpiration cooling is treated and then full coverage discrete hole injection for three injection orientations. Spacings with pitch to diameter ratios of 5 and 10 are discussed. The array is staggered, with the transverse pitch and the streamwise pitch the same. Results are presented in terms of the Stanton number using the heat transfer coefficient defined in terms of the difference between the wall temperature and the free stream temperature. Two values of Stanton number are provided for each situation: one with the injectant at wall temperature, and the other with the injectant at free stream temperature. These two values are equivalent to knowing the heat transfer coefficient and the adiabatic effectiveness. The heat transfer coefficient thus defined is used with the actual wall temperature to and the actual gas temperature to calculate the heat load. The principle of superposition thus invoked is valid exactly when the governing equations are linear.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dyn. Film Cooling and Turbine Blade Heat Transfer, Vol. 1; 27 p
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  • 13
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    Prospects for measuring phytoplankton bloom extent and patchiness using remotely sensed color images: An example (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-26
    Beschreibung: A 10 channel scanning radiometer, built as a prototype for the coastal zone color scanner on the Nimbus 7 satellite, was flown on a high altitude aircraft during a Gymnodium breve bloom along the west coast of Florida. The remotely measured ocean color imagery shows what is probably the patchy structure of a G. breve bloom extending over a 60 km by 100 km area. This conclusion is based on visual inspection of bathymetry to infer bottom reflection trends and on a single growth truth measurement of B G. breve obtained the previous day. The image shows coherent blooms which extend scales up to 60 km in length.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 680-685
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  • 14
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    Application of a snowmelt-runoff model using LANDSAT data (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-26
    Beschreibung: The snowmelt-runoff model developed for two small central European watersheds simulate daily streamflow on the 228 sq km Dinwoody Creek basin in Wyoming, using snowcover extent for LANDSAT and conventionally measured temperature and precipitation. For the six-month snowmelt seasons of 1976 and 1974, the simulated seasonal runoff volumes were within 5 and 1%, respectively, of the measured runoff. Also the daily fluctuations of discharge were simulated to a high degree by the model. Thus far the limiting basin size for applying the model has not been reached, and improvements can be expected if the hydrometeorological data can be obtained from a station inside the basin. LANDSAT provides an efficient way to obtain the critical snowcover input parameter required by the model.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 745-760
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  • 15
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    Arctic Sea ice decay simulated for a CO2-induced temperature rise (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-26
    Beschreibung: A large scale numerical time-dependent model of sea ice that takes into account the heat fluxes in and out of the ice, the seasonal occurrence of snow, and ice motions was used in an experiment to determine the response of the Arctic Ocean ice pack to a warming of the atmosphere. The degree of warming specified is that expected for a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide with its associated greenhouse effect, a condition that could occur before the middle of the next century. The results of three 5-year simulations with a warmer atmosphere and varied boundary conditions were: (1) that in the face of a 5 K surface atmospheric temperature increase the ice pack disappeared completely in August and September but reformed in the central Arctic Ocean in mid fall; (2) that the simulations were moderately dependence on assumptions concerning cloud cover; and (3) that even when atmospheric temperature increases of 6-9 K were combined with an order-of-magnitude increase in the upward heat flux from the ocean, the ice still appeared in winter. It should be noted that a year-round ice-free Arctic Ocean has apparently not existed for a million years or more.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 687-700
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  • 16
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    The 1977 tundra fire at Kokolik River, Alaska (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-26
    Beschreibung: During the summer of 1977, fire totaled 44 sq km of tundra vegetation according to measurements using LANDSAT imagery. Based on the experience gained from analysis of this fire using ground observations, satellite imagery, and topographic maps, it appears that natural drainages form effective fire breaks on the subdued relief of the Arctic coastal plain and northern foothills. It is confirmed that the intensity of the fire is related to vegetation type and to the moisture content of the organic rich soils.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 660-670
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  • 17
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    Development of the operational program for satellite meteorology (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: The geostationary and polar satellites comprising the current operational system are discussed. The data acquisition capabilities of both satellite types and their complementary functions are reviewed. The advanced very high resolution radiometer on the TIROS N satellites is particularly addressed along with the imaging and atmospheric sounding instrumentation aboard the GOES satellites. The dissemination of the satellite data to the prospective users is also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 34-40
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  • 18
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    The utilization of spaceborne microwave radiometers for monitoring snowpack properties (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-26
    Beschreibung: Snow accumulation and depletion at specific locations can be monitored from space by observing related variations in microwave brightness temperatures. Using vertically and horizontally polarized brightness temperatures from the Nimbus 6 electrically scanning microwave radiometer, a discriminant function can be used to separate snow from no snow areas and map snowcovered area on a continental basis. For dry snow conditions on the Canadian high plains, significant relationships between snow depth or water equivalent and microwave brightness temperature were developed which could permit remote determination of these snow properties after acquisition of a wider range of data. The presence of melt water in the snowpack causes a marked increase in brightness temperature which can be used to predict snowpack priming and timing of runoff. As the resolutions of satellite microwave sensors improve the application of these results to snow hydrology problems should increase.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 745-760
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  • 19
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    Seasonal and daily snowmelt runoff estimates utilizing satellite data (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-26
    Beschreibung: Methods using snowcovered area to update seasonal forecasts as snowmelt progresses are also being used in quasi-operational situations. The input of snowcovered area to snowmelt models for short term perdictions was attempted in two ways; namely, the modification of existing hydrologic models and/or the use of models that were specifically designed to use snowcovered area. A daily snowmelt runoff model was used with LANDSAT data to simulate discharge on remote basins in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming. Daily predicted and actual flows compare closely, and, summarized over the entire snowmelt season (April 1 - September 30), the average difference is only three percent. The model and snowcovered area data are currently being tested on additional watersheds to determine the method's transferability.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci. Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 742
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  • 20
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    The 1977 tundra fire in the Kokolik River area of Alaska (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-26
    Beschreibung: Presumably caused by lightning, a large fire occurred due east of Point Lay several kilometers southwest of the Kokolik River, the farthest north a fire was ever fought by Bureau of Land Management personnel in Alaska. The progress and area extent of the fire were determined by analysis of LANDSAT MSS band 5 and 7 imagery. Low altitude observations from helicopter showed the fire burned a range of vegetation and relief types which included low polygonized and upland tussock tundras. The burned area appeared wetter on the surface than the unburned area, due to a lack of moisture absorbing organic matter and the possible release of moisture from the deeper thawed zone. Suggestions for future investigations of the effects of fire on tundra and permafrost terrains are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 671-675
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  • 21
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    Early program development and implementation (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Programs for the development and operation of meteorological satellites from the TIROS 1 satellite and the establishment of NASA through the 1960's are described. The technical problems confronted in the development of the early satellite systems are discussed in addition to issues in international involvement and program support. The TIROS and Nimbus series satellites are primarily addressed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 5-33
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  • 22
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    The climatic effect of explosive volcanic activity: Analysis of the historical data (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: By using the most complete available records of direct beam radiation and volcanic eruptions, an historical analysis of the role of the latter in modulating the former was made. A very simple fallout and dispersion model was applied to the historical chronology of explosive eruptions. The resulting time series explains about 77 percent of the radiation variance, as well as suggests that tropical and subpolar eruptions are more important than mid-latitude eruptions in their impact on the stratospheric aerosol optical depth. The simpler climatic models indicate that past hemispheric temperature can be stimulated very well with volcanic and CO2 inputs and suggest that climate forecasting will also require volcano forecasting. There is some evidence that this is possible some years in advance.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 191-202
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  • 23
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    Distribution of Mount St. Helens dust inferred from satellites and meteorological data (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Visible and infrared pictures from two Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Systems satellites, in circular orbits at about 19,000 nautical miles, are available continuously at approximately 30 minute intervals. Still pictures and film loops from this system vividly depict the events associated with the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The initial explosion, shock wave, and visible horizontal dust distribution during the following week are readily apparent. Meteorological wind and height fields permit the inference of the vertical distribution of volcanic dust as well as explain the atmospheric behavior which caused the visible and nonvisible dust distribution.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 131-140
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  • 24
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    Comments on satellite meteorology from geostationary satellites (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Examples of the use of geostationary satellites in meteorology are given. Studies of the rate of change of cumulus clouds and cloud systems and wind parameter determination from cloud motions are reviewed. Computer processed imagery products are also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 72-83
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  • 25
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    Military applications evolution and future (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program is described with particular emphasis on the military applications of METSAT data. Satellite operational support, data processing and image quality requirements are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 41-47
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  • 26
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    Early satellite program developments (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: A historical overview of the pioneer projects for the development of meteorological satellites is given. In addition, the parallel development of the responsible space agencies and panels is addressed. The Vanguard 2 satellite, the first Earth radiation experiment, and the vidicon equipped TIROS-1 satellite are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 1-4
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  • 27
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    Problems in the climatology of the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruptions (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: A brief review of the effects of climate and weather on the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruptions and the subsequent dispersion of ash and gases and the reciprocal influences of the eruptions on climate and climatology is presented. The effects of mesoscale destruction of snow fields and vegetation, a revised mountain profile, and ash deposits are addressed along with impacts on hemispheric climate and disruption of normal climatological observations, in the areas directly affected by the explosions and ashfall. Environmental and economic consequences are also considered.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 203-209
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  • 28
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    Lightning research: A user's lament (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: As a user of devices and procedures for lightning protection, the author is asking the lightning research community for cookbook recipes to help him solve his problems. He is lamenting that realistic devices are scarce and that his mission does not allow him the time nor the wherewithal to bridge the gap between research and applications. A few case histories are presented. In return for their help he is offering researchers a key to lightning technology--the use of the Eastern Test Range and its extensive resources as a proving ground for their experiment in the lightning capital of the United States. A current example is given--a joint lightning characterization project to take place there. Typical resources are listed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Intern. Aerospace and Ground Conf. on Lightning and Static Elec.; 6 p
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  • 29
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    Capillary priming characteristics of a dual passage heat pipe in zero-g (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Technical improvements of a long life heat rejection system, suitable for long duration high power missions, that can be constructed and deployed in orbit is discussed. A mathematical model is formulated and a computer program developed which describes the transient priming characteristics of a dual passage heat pipe. An experimental test package is described for flight in the KC-135 Zero-g Aircraft, to be used to verify the modeling predictions.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 2; 50 p
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  • 30
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    A study of the geographic coverage properties of a satellite borne Doppler lidar wind velocity measuring system (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Geographic coverage frequency and geographic shot density for a satellite borne Doppler lidar wind velocity measuring system are measured. The equations of motion of the light path on the ground were derived and a computer program devised to compute shot density and coverage frequency by latitude-longitude sections. The equations for the coverage boundaries were derived and a computer program developed to plot these boundaries, thus making it possible, after an application of a map coloring algorithm, to actually see the areas of multiple coverage. A theoretical cross-swath shot density function that gives close approximations in certain cases was also derived. This information should aid in the design of an efficient data-processing system for the Doppler lidar.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 26 p
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  • 31
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    The Joint Airport Weather Studies Project (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A block diagram of the joint airport weather studies program is presented. Background leading to the development of the program is reviewed. Basic studies, aircraft performance, and detection and warning techniques used to develop fine scale structure of thunderstorm dynamics and kinematics in the vicinity of a major airport; effect of thunderstorm low level wind shear on aircraft performance; and development of real time testing of flow level wind shear detection and warning techniques and displays are described.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 5th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 91-95
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  • 32
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    Prototype Regional Observation and Forecast System (PROFS) (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The prototype regional observation and forecast system (PROFS) outputs are demonstrated, functional design specifications to be used to procure and implement operational systems are outlined. Advanced candidate technologies are evaluated as an integral part of the process that leads to these outputs. Evaluation insures that future weather service systems will contain the optimum mix of technologies to be most cost effective in reducing the annual losses and deaths that are directly attributed to severe weather.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 5th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 81-85
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  • 33
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    Progress on low altitude cloud icing research (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The icing environment at altitudes below 10,000 feet were studied. The following questions are asked, are: (1) existing aircraft certification criteria applicable; (2) too stringent on icing for helos; (3) based on accurate data; (4) appropriate for low (10,000 ft) altitudes? The research plan is outlined: review historical icing data, obtain new measurements, collect modern icing data from other groups, and recommend LWC, OAT, and MVD criteria for helicopters. Estimated accuracies and known sources of error are included. It is concluded that the net effect of possible sources of error of both signs is uncertain.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 5th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 59-63
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  • 34
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    The program of the Techniques Development Laboratory in aviation weather forecasting (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Some operational and experimental products developed for aviation weather forecasting are briefly described. Experimental products include surface dew point, obstructions to vision, boundary layer model, computer-worded terminal forecasts, terminal alerting procedure, generalized equivalent Markov, and radar forecasts (0-2 hours).
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 209-212
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  • 35
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    Doctor Fujita's microburst analysis at Chicago (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Doppler radar measurements of an intense wind shear occurance are discussed. The data suggest the presence of an incredibly strong low level jet outflow component of the microburst event, reaching 60 knots only 50 meters above the surface. Evidence also suggests that microbursts more typically occur in very weak thunderstorms that have hardly reached thunderstorm stage.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 201-202
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  • 36
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    The microburst: Common factor in recent aircraft accidents (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The phenomenology of one class of strong thunderstorm downdrafts, microbursts, is described. Several aircraft accidents are analyzed in which a microburst was involved and a concept for an early warning wind shear sensor is presented.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 186-200
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  • 37
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    Clear air turbulence forecasting techniques (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A method to improve clear air turbulence (CAT) forecasting by more effectively using the currently operational rawinsonde (RW) system is discussed. The method is called the Diagnostic Richardson Number Tendency (DRT) technique. The technique does not attempt to use the RW as a direct detector of the turbulent motion or even of the CAT mechanism structure but rather senses the synoptic scale centers of action which provide the energy to the CAT mechanism at the mesoscale level. The DRT algorithm is deterministic rather than statistical in nature, using the hydrodynamic equations (equations of motion) relevant to the synoptic scale. However, interpretation, by necessity, is probabilistic. What is most important with respect to its operational implementation is that this method uses the same input data as currently used by the operational National Meteorological Center prognostic models.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 203-208
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  • 38
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    The 1979 clear air turbulence flight test program (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A clear air turbulence (CAT) flight test to evaluate and test four different sensors in the detection and measuring of CAT and other meteorological targets that relate to turbulence is discussed. The primary types of CAT investigated were mountain wave CAT, jetstream CAT, CAT in cirrus clouds, and CAT in frontal wind shears, troughs, and ridges. The sensors included the CO2 pulsed Doppler lidar and three radiometers. One of the radiometers, at a frequency of 55.5 GHz, looked at atmospheric temperature structure. Another, at a frequency of 180.1 GHz, looked at atmospheric water vapor and investigated the feasibility of measuring at the microwave frequency the turbulence features seen in the infrared (IR) frequencies. An IR radiometer at 27 to 33 microns was the fourth sensor. This last device and the temperature structure radiometer worked well at all flight levels.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 171-179
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  • 39
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    Very short range forecasts of visibility and ceiling (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The development of methods for the short range forecasting of visibility and ceiling conditions is discussed. Short range forecasts of one hour or less (5 or 30 minutes), immediately after a series of local observations can be expected to be more accurate and reliable than any forecast of more than one hour. These forecasts can be accomplished by the operational implementation of fully automated aviation observation systems and the utilization of statistical techniques such as the Generalized Equivalent Markov model.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 180-185
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  • 40
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    Measuring weather for aviation safety in the 1980's (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Requirements for an improved aviation weather system are defined and specifically include the need for (1) weather observations at all airports with instrument approaches, (2) more accurate and timely radar detection of weather elements hazardous to aviation, and (3) better methods of timely distribution of both pilot reports and ground weather data. The development of the discrete address beacon system data link, Doppler weather radar network, and various information processing techniques are described.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 162-167
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  • 41
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    Observing lightning from ground-based and airborne stations (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The operational designs and performance capabilities of ground-based and airborne lightning detection systems are reviewed. The airborne Stormscope system is described and compared with onboard radar and the lightning detection and ranging system (LDAR). Two examples of difference-in-time-of-arrival systems for detecting spherics from discharges in electrified clouds are described: (1) The LDAR system and (2) Taylor's lightning mapping system. Next, an interferometric system adapted to lightning location is discussed. Finally, systems that are based upon crossed-loop magnetic direction finding principles but which have been refined and improved to accurately locate lightning discharges to ground are reviewed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 130-139
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  • 42
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    Aeronautical concerns and National Aeronautics and Space Administration atmospheric electricity projects (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The phenomenology of lightning and lightning measurement techniques are briefly examined with a particular reference to aeronautics. Developments made in airborne and satellite detection methods are reported. NASA research efforts are outlined which cover topics including in-situ measurements, design factors and protection, remote optical and radio frequency measurements, and space vehicle design.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 140-160
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  • 43
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    Remote probing of wind and wind shears (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The ability of various types of remote probes to measure wind is discussed. Two important advantages over in-situ sensors are reported: (1) their ability to measure atmospheric parameters without disturbing the air flow; (2) their ability to scan through large volumes of the atmosphere with relative ease. Direct measurement sensors such as anemometers and wind vanes are categorized into two groups; active and passive. Acoustic radar, microwave radar, and lidar are included in the first group and the latter group is typified by the infrared radiometers.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 109-124
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  • 44
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    Winds and wind shear in-situ sensors (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The problem of development of instrumentation for providing wind speed and direction information directly or indirectly to a pilot in the cockpit is considered. The pilots need for horizontal wind information at various stages of flight (i.e., at liftoff, in approach and departure corridors, and even in flight outside the terminal area) are emphasized.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 82-108
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  • 45
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    Clear air turbulence: Historical comments (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The basic reference material for gust design criteria are cited. The status of clear air turbulence meteorology (forecasting and detection) is discussed. The directions of further research technology is indicated.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meterol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 71-81
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  • 46
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    Aircraft icing instrumentation: Unfilled needs (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A list of icing instrumentation requirements are presented. Because of the Army's helicopter orientation, many of the suggestions are specific to rotary wing aircraft; however, some of the instrumentation are also suitable for general aviation aircraft.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 61-65
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  • 47
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    Icing instrumentation (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The types and usage categories of icing instrumentation are discussed. The state-of-the-art for the technology governing the use of icing instrumentation is reported with particular emphasis on ground based facilities for icing tests.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 49-60
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  • 48
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    Turbulence: From a pilot's viewpoint (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The measurement of atmospheric turbulence is discussed in terms of a pilots viewpoint. Two areas of measurement are considered: frequency and severity of turbulence. Suggestions are given for helping the pilot solve the turbulence problem.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 66-70
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  • 49
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    Federal Aviation Administration and National Weather Service Aviation Research and Development (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: An overview is given of the developmental status of aviation weather services. Particular attention is given to justifying the need for better, more reliable service. The accomplishments of several automatic weather stations are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 45-48
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  • 50
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    Aviation meteorology research and development: A status report (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The dynamic and rapid growth of technology in the area of aviation meteorology research and development are described with emphasis on the measurement of hazardous weather phenomena. Aspects of both onboard instrumentation and ground based facilities are evaluated in terms of their effectiveness of in avoiding hazards due to atmospheric electricity and lightning. Methods of alleviating terminal are hazards such as fog, low visibility and ceilings are also described.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 40-44
    Format: text
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  • 51
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    Survey of Workshops on Meteorological and Environmental Inputs to Aviation Systems (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Various aspects of aviation meteorology are discussed with respect to their relative effects on aircraft terminal operations. Existing data on turbulence and wind shear from aircraft and towers are summarized. The significance of obtaining more real time wind and temperature information is emphasized. The application and testing of various radiometer devices are also described. Airborne methods to indicate wind differences at flight altitude and at touchdown are reported.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 23-39
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  • 52
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    First Scientific Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Measurement Program, appendix J (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Three projects are suggested which could be done using the Doppler lidar. The first is a cooperative effort at BAO, the purpose of which is to check out instrumentation and contribute to boundary layer investigations at BAO. The second concerns unintended weather modification. Its purpose is to detect mechanisms by which regions of industry and urbanization modify weather. The cirrus cloud study proposes to characterize cirrus clouds by their lidar signal and to compare lidar and visually observed characteristics.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 5 p
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  • 53
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    Report of secondary flows, boundary layers, turbulence and wave team, report 1 (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: General criteria for a flight test option are that: (1) there be a good opportunity for comparison with other measurement techniques; (2) the flow to be measured is of considerable scientific or practical interest; and (3) the airborne laser Doppler system is well suited to measure the required quantities. The requirement for comparison, i.e., ground truth, is particularly important because this is the first year of operation for the system. It is necessary to demonstrate that the system does actually measure the winds and compare the results with other methods to provide a check on the system error analysis. The uniqueness of the laser Doppler system precludes any direct comparison, but point measurements from tower mounted wind sensors and two dimensional fields obtained from radars with substantially different sampling volumes are quite useful.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 8 p
    Format: text
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  • 54
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    Cooperative convective precipitation experiment (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The experiment strives to improve understanding of the physics of convective precipitation. Major emphasis is placed on obtaining a good description of the whole convective precipitation system. A framework is presented within which single, significant, tractable problems are investigated.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 25 p
    Format: text
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  • 55
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    Severe storms measurement system real time data processing and displays (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The objectives of the system are to provide the system operator with real time system performance check and to provide data recording of all SSMS data. Meteorologists are provided with real time indication of meteorological data measurements including aid for directing flight profiles in real time and aid for directing SSMS operations. A day-to-day feedback is provided to meteorologists, system operators, and flight crews for flight planning on subsequent flight tests days.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 15 p
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  • 56
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    First Scientific Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Measurement Program, appendix C (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The problem is to operate on two scalar fields to produce a vector field, to produce user products from the vector field, and to establish reliability of results. Data problems encountered include sparse measurements, irregular distribution, varying quality, imperfect orthogonality, aliasing due to sampling volume, and measurements not simultaneous. Desired algorithm characteristics, solution elements, and characteristics of the model are listed. The seven simulation elements, eight algorithm steps and the required user inputs are given.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 8 p
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  • 57
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    Report of convective phenomena team (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A group meeting was assembled to focus on the planning of specific experiments, to establish some priorities, identify interested scientists who would like to participate, establish any special requirements, make recommendations on data processing, and to prepare flight plan outlines. Since the number of convective storms in the CCOPE (Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment) field experiment area are limited to only a few days during the operational time period the flight plans must be designed with a hierarchy of abort experiments so that the easily identified and lowest probability events should take priority until their quota is filled.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 10 p
    Format: text
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  • 58
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    The MSFC Doppler lidar system, appendix B (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The development of pulsed and continuous wave Doppler lidars for atmospheric measurement is discussed. A description of how the lidar systems operate is presented. The scanning mode is also described.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 40-42
    Format: text
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  • 59
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    Possible applications of MSFC Doppler lidar system, appendix C (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: An interpretation of the Doppler lidar return is presented. Possible applications of the system to severe storm research are discussed. The present project schedule of the Doppler lidar system is outlined.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 43-46
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    Wind field measurement in the nonprecipitous regions surrounding storms by an airborne pulsed Doppler lidar system, appendix A (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Coherent Doppler lidar appears to hold great promise in contributing to the basic store of knowledge concerning flow field characteristics in the nonprecipitous regions surrounding severe storms. The Doppler lidar, through its ability to measure clear air returns, augments the conventional Doppler radar system, which is most useful in the precipitous regions of the storm. A brief description of the Doppler lidar severe storm measurement system is provided along with the technique to be used in performing the flow field measurements. The application of the lidar is addressed, and the planned measurement program is outlined.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 31-39
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  • 61
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    Application of the Doppler lidar system to agricultural burning and air-sea interactions (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The Doppler lidar system is potentially a very powerful measurement system. Three areas concerning the system are discussed: (1) error analysis of the system to verify the results; (2) application of the system to agricultural burning in California central valley; and (3) oceanographic possibilities of the system.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 25
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  • 62
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    Measurement of phenomena associated with water clouds using Doppler lidar (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Doppler lidar measurements of phenomena associated with water clouds (such as aerosols) are discussed. The purpose of the measurements and details of executing the experiment are described.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 20-24
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  • 63
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    Potential uses of the airborne Doppler lidar wind velocity measurement system (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Four aspects of the Doppler lidar are discussed: (1) error analysis of the system; (2) design of the first field program; (3) potential areas of application; and (4) verification of Doppler lidar data by independent measurements.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 16-17
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  • 64
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    Potential scientific research which will benefit from an airborne Doppler lidar measurement system (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Areas of research which can be significantly aided by the Doppler lidar airborne system are described. The need for systematic development of the airborne Doppler lidar is discussed. The technology development associated with the systematic development of the system will have direct application to satellite systems for which the lidar also promises to be an effective instrument for atmospheric research.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 13-15
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  • 65
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    Potential applications of the Doppler lidar measurements (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The potential application of the Doppler lidar measurements to the determination of material (e.g., water vapor) and energy budgets, momentum transports, etc., in the environment at all stages and in the development of convective clouds are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 18-19
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  • 66
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    Airborne Doppler lidar wind measuring system: Application to atmospheric problems (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The ability to map velocities over a large area on one side of the aircraft flight path offers a number of opportunities to elucidate scientific questions related to atmospheric dynamics. Several types of experiments which are possible are described.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 11-12
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  • 67
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    Thunderstorm electric field modelling (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Calculation of eletric field vectors within and near an isolated thundercloud (which has a given volume charge distribution) is envisaged. The maximum field strength within the thundercloud is calculated. The effects of screening layers, both above and below the thundercloud may be investigated, as well time-dependent potential problem. The study can lead to a better understanding of the charge distributions in a thundercloud, which in turn may shed some light on the actual mechanism of charging of a thundercloud.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 10 p
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  • 68
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    Heat loss and drag of spherical drop tube samples (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Analysis techniques for three aspects of the performance of the NASA/MSFC 32 meter drop tube are considered. Heat loss through the support wire in a pendant drop sample, temperature history of a drop falling through the drop tube when the tube is filled with helium gas at various pressures, and drag and resulting g-levels experienced by a drop falling through the tube when the tube is filled with helium gas at various pressures are addressed. The developed methods apply to systems with sufficiently small Knudsen numbers for which continuum theory may be applied. Sample results are presented, using niobium drops, to indicate the magnitudes of the effects. Helium gas at one atmosphere pressure can approximately double the amount of possible undercooling but it results in an apparent gravity levels of up to 0.1 g.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: the 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 31 p
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  • 69
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    Statistical Analysis of daily mean temperatures (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Data of daily mean temperatures recorded at the Kennedy Center during the period of 1957-1977 were analyzed to forecast daily mean temperatures and their thirty-day moving averages for a period of ten to fifteen days in a given month. Since it is found that the standard deviation is linear in the mean, a logarithmic transformation of the data is used for finding an integrated moving average process IMA by the Box-Jenkins aproach. The first differences of the transformed data seem to fit a moving average model with parameter value 2, MA(2). The consideration of seasonality factor makes the fit worse.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 13 p
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  • 70
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    Two-phase flow and heat transfer under low gravity (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Spacelab experiment to investigate two-phase flow patterns under gravity uses a water-air mixture experiment. Air and water are circulated through the system. The quality or the mixture or air-water is controlled. Photographs of the test section are made and at the same time pressure drop across the test section is measured. The data establishes a flow regime map under reduced gravity conditions with corresponding pressure drop correlations. The test section is also equipped with an electrical resistance heater in order to allow a flow boiling experiment to be carried out using Freon II. High-speed photographs of the test section are used to determine flow patterns. The temperature gradient and pressure drop along the duct can be measured. Thus, quality change can be measured, and heat transfer calculated.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 43-57
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  • 71
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    Effects of spacecraft motions on fluids experiments (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The equations of motion governing an incompressible fluid contained in an orbiting laboratory were examined to isolate various fictitious forces and their relative influence on the fluid. The forces are divided into those arising from the orbital motions and those arising from small local motions of the spacecraft about its center of mass. The latter dominate the nonrotating experiments. Both are important for rotating experiments. A brief discussion of the onset of time-dependence and violent instability in earth-based rotating and processing systems is given.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 96-102
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  • 72
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    Convection in fluids at reduced gravity (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Natural convection is not always harmful and, therefore, to be avoided. In some situations it may be desirable to have fluid flows in space processes, e.g., to stir the fluid phase for mixing and cooling or to help maintain concentration gradients. In may event, it is important to know the extent and nature of convection in space and the factors on which it depends, in order either to minimize the effects to convection, or to utilize the convection to advantage. The information needed to assess both conventional and unstable convection includes: (1) the magnitude and direction of accelerations; (2) geometric configuration; (3) imposed boundary conditions; and (4) material properties.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 69-95
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  • 73
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    Geophysical fluid dynamics (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Systematic scaling or dimensional analysis reveals that certain scales of geophysical fluid flows (such as stellar, ocean, and planetary atmosphere circulations) can be accurately modeled in the laboratory using a procedure which differs from conventional engineering modeling. Rather than building a model to obtain numbers for a specific design problem, the relative effects of the significant forces are systematically varied in an attempt to deepen understanding of the effects of these forces. Topics covered include: (1) modeling a large-scale planetary atmospheric flow in a rotating cylindrical annulus; (2) achieving a radial dielectric body force; (3) spherical geophysical fluid dynamics experiments for Spacelab flights; (4) measuring flow and temperature; and (5) the possible effect of rotational or precessional disturbances on the flow in the rotating spherical containers.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 25-31
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  • 74
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    Some experiments on the effect of remote sounding temperatures upon weather forecasting (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: A time-continuous statistical method is presented for the four dimensional assimilation of remote sounding temperatures based on radiance measurements from polar orbiting satellites. This method is applied to DST 6 data from the NOAA 4 and Nimbus 6 satellites. The state of the atmosphere throughout the test period was determined using a varying amount of satellite data from the NOAA 4 satellite only, from Nimbus 6 only, and from both satellites together. The methods tested included different variations of the statistical method, as well as more traditional methods. It is concluded that satellite derived temperature data can have a modest, but statistically significant positive impact on numerical weather prediction in the two to three day range, and that this impact is highly sensitive to the quantity of data available and to the assimilation method used.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints, 1978 - 1979, Vol. 1; p 175-199
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  • 75
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    Unsteady flow in turbomachinery: An overview (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The importance of understanding and modeling the unsteady flow phenomena in turbomachinery is discussed. Historical events in the application and development of gas turbines for aircraft propulsion are traced. Technology advancements over the years are highlighted with focus on the compression system components. Trends in compressor research within the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA)/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are noted. The impact of technology advancements on the increased occurrences of unsteady flow related problems in advanced engine development programs is discussed. The impact of the new and more demanding requirements being imposed on the propulsion system to meet advanced aircraft mission needs are also noted. Brief discussions on the present day understanding and modeling capability of the unsteady flow phenomena are presented to include discussions on rotating stall, surge, flutter, forced response and noise generation.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dynamics Unsteady Flow in Turbomachines, Vol. 1; p 1-20
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  • 76
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    Cascade variable-conductance heat pipe (A0076) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The objective is to verify the capability of a cascade variable conductance heat pipe (CVCHP) system to provide precise temperature control of long life spacecraft without the need for a feedback heater or other power sources for temperature adjustment under conditions of widely varying power input and ambient environment. Solar energy is the heat source and space the heat sink for thermally loading two series connected variable conductance heat pipes. Electronics and power supply equipment requirements are minimal. A 7.5 V lithium battery supplies the power for thermistor type temperature sensors for monitoring system performance, and a 28 V lithium battery supplies power for valve actuation.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 66-69
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  • 77
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    Transverse flat-plate heat pipe experiment (S1005) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the zero-g performance of a number of transverse flat plate heat pipe modules. Performance will include the transport capability of the pipes, the temperature drop, and the ability to maintain temperature over varying duty cycles and environments. Additionally, performance degradation, if any, will be monitored over the length of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) mission. This information is necessary if heat pipes are to be considered for system designs where they offer benefits not available with other thermal control techniques.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 74-77
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  • 78
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    Low-temperature heat pipe experiment package (HEPP) for LDEF (S1001) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The principal objectives of the experiment are to determine zero-g start-up performance for conventional and diode low temperature heat pipes, to evaluate heat pipe performance in zero-g for an extended period of time, to determine zero-g transport capability of each heat pipe, and to determine diode operation, including forward conductance, turndown ratio, and transient behavior. Two heat pipes, a fixed conductance transporter heat pipe and a thermal diode heat pipe, are coupled with a radiant cooler system. Both pipes are charged with ethane. Also integrated with the radiator is a phase change material (PCM) canister which provides temperature stability during transport tests. N-heptane, which has a melting/freezing point of 182 K, is used as the PCM. The high heat capacity (28 W-hr of latent heat) provided by the canister permits high power heat pipe testing at constant temperature.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 70-73
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  • 79
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    Analysis of low-g heat transfer for a cryogenic oxygen pressurization heater (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: After the external tank separates from the Orbiter about 2000 pounds of residual liquid oxygen remain in the main propulsion system lines. The pressurization of liquid oxygen from a subcritical to a supercritical state by the use of the heaters of the PRSA tanks while in a low-g environment is investigated. The performance of the heaters while bringing the state of the substance from the subcritical state to the supercritical one is studied, with particular emphasis on the time the pressurization process takes, and the temperature of the heater as the process proceeds.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 2; 38 p
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    Remarks on future developments (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Future developments in satellite meteorology are proposed and examined in the light of policy and funding changes.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 97-101
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  • 81
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    Prospects for the future (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Atmospheric and surface fields produced from the TIROS N high resolution infrared sounder/microwave sounding unit data are discussed. The data were analyzed by direct physical inversion of the multispectral radiative transfer equation. Sea ice mapping and sea surface temperature determination are addressed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 84-96
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  • 82
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    Key scientific questions and the role of satellites (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Some of the research opportunities that are available from geostationary satellite data, especially from MONEX during the Global Weather Experiment are described. In addition, the International Cloud Climatology Program is described and the use of satellite imagery in studying mesoscale convection complexes is discussed. Finally, information derived from satellite data on ocean winds is examined.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 48-71
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  • 83
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    Volcanoes and climate (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: The evidence that volcanic eruptions affect climate is reviewed. Single explosive volcanic eruptions cool the surface by about 0.3 C and warm the stratosphere by several degrees. Although these changes are of small magnitude, there have been several years in which these hemispheric average temperature changes were accompanied by severely abnormal weather. An example is 1816, the "year without summer" which followed the 1815 eruption of Tambora. In addition to statistical correlations between volcanoes and climate, a good theoretical understanding exists. The magnitude of the climatic changes anticipated following volcanic explosions agrees well with the observations. Volcanoes affect climate because volcanic particles in the atmosphere upset the balance between solar energy absorbed by the Earth and infrared energy emitted by the Earth. These interactions can be observed. The most important ejecta from volcanoes is not volcanic ash but sulfur dioxide which converts into sulfuric acid droplets in the stratosphere. For an eruption with its explosive magnitude, Mount St. Helens injected surprisingly little sulfur into the stratosphere. The amount of sulfuric acid formed is much smaller than that observed following significant eruptions and is too small to create major climatic shifts. However, the Mount St. Helens eruption has provided an opportunity to measure many properties of volcanic debris not previously measured and has therefore been of significant value in improving our knowledge of the relations between volcanic activity and climate.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 15-36
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  • 84
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    Solution adaptive grid generation (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center, Theoretical Aerodynamics Contractors' Workshop, Volume 2; p 651-68
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  • 85
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    Navier-Stokes solution for quasi-three dimensional flow (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center, Theoretical Aerodynamics Contractors' Workshop, Volume 1; p 329-33
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    Vectorized, implicit Navier-Stokes solver for 2-D incompressible flows (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center, Theoretical Aerodynamics Contractors' Workshop, Volume 1; p 273-31
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  • 87
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    Clebsch velocity decomposition for rotational conical flows (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center, Theoretical Aerodynamics Contractors' Workshop, Volume 1; p 183-19
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  • 88
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    Transient thermocapillary flow in thin liquid layers (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Surface-Tension Gradient Induced Flows at Reduced Gravity; 24 p
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  • 89
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    Surface-tension gradient induced flows at reduced gravity, introduction (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Surface-Tension Gradient Induced Flows at Reduced Gravity; 21 p
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  • 90
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    Thermal convection during Bridgman crystal growth (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Numerical experiments are used to study thermally driven flows which occur during vertical Bridgman crystal growth of a single component fluid. The solid-liquid interface was specified as parabolic and flow patterns were calculated for various insulation thicknesses, Grashof, Prandtl, and Biot numbers. When the melt is on top and the gravity vector is axially downward it is shown that flow persists as long as a radial temperature gradient is present. If the interface is convex, as viewed from the liquid, a single cell is observed. A concave interface exhibits multiple counterrotating cells. The insulation thickness and Grashof, Prandtl, and Biot numbers influence the flow in a quantitative manner.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Journal of Crystal Growth (ISSN 0022-0248); 68; 747-756
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  • 91
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    Coupled convective instabilities at crystal-melt interfaces (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The stability of the parallel flow between a vertical crystal-melt interface and a vertical wall held at a temperature above the melting point of the crystal is analyzed for Prandtl numbers, P, ranging from 0.01 to 100. Three modes of instability occur: (1) a buoyant mode, (2) a shear mode, and (3) a coupled crystal-melt mode. The buoyant and shear modes are similar to those that occur for flow between two vertical rigid walls held at different temperatures. For Prandtl numbers greater than approximately two, the coupled crystal-melt mode occurs at a lower Grashof number than the other two modes. Specific results are given for succinonitrile (P = 22.8) and lead (P = 0.0225). These calculations and similar calculations for a cylindrical geometry were motivated by and are in general agreement with recent experiments on succinonitrile.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Journal of Crystal Growth (ISSN 0022-0248); 66; 514-524
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    Solidification behavior of low and high thermal conductivity materials in a Bridgman-Stockbarger furnace (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The solid-liquid interface position and the temperature gradients in both the solid and liquid at the interface have been studied in a modified Bridgman-Stockbarger crystal growth furnace. These crystal growth factors have been studied as a function of ampoule translation rate, materials properties, and the size and temperature of a small auxiliary heater placed at the edge of the furnace hot zone. It has been found that the interface position with respect to a furnace reference point is essentially constant during a run for a low thermal conductivity material whereas the interface position changes continuously during a run with high thermal conductivity material. However, the ampoule translation rate and auxiliary heater conditions produce interface position changes in both high and low thermal conductivity materials.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Journal of Crystal Growth (ISSN 0022-0248); 69; 509-514
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  • 93
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    Influence of convection on the growth of crystals from solution (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: This is a review of the influence of convection on the growth of crystals from solution. The growth rate is increased by convection up to the point where interface kinetics becomes rate controlling. Compositional inhomogeneity and morphological instability (inclusion formation) are probably worse for gentle convection than for either no convection or for vigorous stirring. Stirring, particularly of crystal suspensions, can cause an orders of magnitude increase in the rate of formation of new crystals. This is called 'secondary nucleation'.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Journal of Crystal Growth (ISSN 0022-0248); 65; 133-142
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  • 94
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    Some aspects of understanding changes in the global carbon cycle (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The collective character of carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and other pools is partially revealed by comparing the record of CO2 concentration beginning in 1958 with estimates of the releases from fossil fuels during this period. In analyzing the secular increase in CO2 concentration induced by fossil fuel use, the atmosphere is generally treated as a single well-mixed reservoir; however, to study finer structure in the CO2 records, the influence of atmospheric circulation must be more carefully considered. The rate of carbon uptake by the oceans, the primary sink for fossil fuel CO2, is assessed more reliably than influences on the atmosphere due to interactions with other pools. Models of the global carbon cycle are being substantially refined while data that reflect the response of the cycle to fossil fuel use and other perturbations are being extended.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: JPL The interaction of Global Biochemical Cycles; p 55-84
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  • 95
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    A statistical correlation method for the retrieval of atmospheric moisture profiles by microwave radiometry (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A statistical correlation technique is applied to the retrieval of vertical moisture profiles under clear-sky conditions from down-looking radiometric measurements of atmospheric radiation at microwave wavelengths. For a given set of channels, the method selects the optimum radiometric channels for estimating water vapor at specific pressure levels between the surface and 300 mb. The water vapor mixing ratio at these pressure levels is then calculated from a linear combination of the selected channel brightness temperatures. To test its validity the algorithm was applied, in a numerical experiment, to fifty independent tropical radiosondes. The rms absolute deviation of the estimated moisture profiles from the actual profiles was comparable to that obtained using an iterative retrieval method reported earlier. The statistical method, however, requires several orders of magnitude less computer time than the iterative method; it is suitable for high speed processing of large amounts of data.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 23; 1110-111
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  • 96
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    Problems in simulating the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer with a third-order closure model (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The Andre et al. (1976, 1978) third-order closure model, in which the time rate of change terms, the relaxation and rapid effects for pressure-related terms, and the clipping approximation are used along with the quasi-normal closure, is invoked in the study of turbulence in a cloudy layer that is radiatively cooled from above. A spurious oscillation whose greatest amplitude lies near the inversion is shown by analysis to arise from the mean gradient and buoyancy terms of the triple-moment equations. An attempt is made to damp the oscillation through the introduction of diffusion terms into the triple-moment equations. The results obtained are noted to be sensitive to the ad hoc eddy coefficient applied in the third-moment equations.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 1588-160
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  • 97
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    Periodic motion of two and four vortices in a cylindrical pipe (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The motion of two and four rectilinear vortices inside a cylindrical pipe is studied under the restriction that the total circulation be zero. In the two-vortex case, it is shown that the motion is always periodic and an expression for the period is derived. In the four-vortex case, the motion is determined not to be periodic in general. However, a class of solutions where the motion is periodic is found. Several sample calculations of the vortex motion are included.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 27; 1583-158
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  • 98
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    Turbulent solutions of the equations of fluid motion (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Some turbulent solutions of the unaveraged Navier-Stokes equations (equations of fluid motion) are reviewed. Those equations are solved numerically in order to study the nonlinear physics of incompressible turbulent flow. Initial three-dimensional cosine velocity fluctuations and periodic boundary conditions are used in most of the work considered. The three components of the mean-square velocity fluctuations are initially equal for the conditions chosen. The resulting solutions show characteristics of turbulence such as the linear and nonlinear excitation of small-scale fluctuations. For the stronger fluctuations, the initially nonrandom flow develops into an apparently random turbulence. Thus randomness or turbulence can arise as a consequence of the structure of the Navier-Stokes equations. The cases considered include turbulence which is statistically homogeneous or inhomogeneous and isotropic or anisotropic. A mean shear is present in some cases. A statistically steady-state turbulence is obtained by using a spatially periodic body force. Various turbulence processes, including the transfer of energy between eddy sizes and between directional components, and the production, dissipation, and spatial diffusion of turbulence, are considered. It is concluded that the physical processes occurring in turbulence can be profitably studied numerically.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Reviews of Modern Physics (ISSN 0034-6861); 56; 223-254
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  • 99
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    Effect of location in an array on heat transfer to a short cylinder in crossflow (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: An experiment was conducted to measure the heat transfer from a heated cylinder in crossflow in an array of circular cylinders. All cylinders had a length-to-diameter ratio of 3.0. Both in-line and staggered array patterns were studied. The cylinders were spaced 2.67 diameters apart center-to-center in both the axial and transverse directions to the flow. The row containing the heated cylinder remained in a fixed position in the channel and the relative location of this row within the array was changed by adding up to five upstream rows. The working fluid was nitrogen gas at pressures from 100 to 600 kPa. The Reynolds number range based on cylinder diameter and average unobstructed channel velocity was from 5,000 to 125,000. Turbulence intensity profiles were measured for each case at a point one half space upstream of the row containing the heated cylinder. The basis of comparison for all the heat transfer data was the single row with the heated cylinder. For the in-line cases the addition of a single row of cylinders upstream of the row containing the heated cylinder increased the heat transfer by an average of 50 percent above the base case. Adding up to five more rows caused no increase or decrease in heat transfer. Adding rows in the staggered array cases resulted in average increases in heat transfer of 21, 64, 58, 46, and 46 percent for one to five upstream rows, respectively. Previously announced in STAR as N82-19493
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Heat Transfer (ISSN 0022-1481); 106; 42-48
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    Lightning activity and severe storm structure (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Space-time mapping of VHF sources from four severe storms on June 19, 1980 reveals that lightning processes for cloud-to-ground (CG) and large intracloud (IC) flashes are confined to an altitude below about 10 km and closely associated with the central regions of high reflectivity. Another class of IC flashes produces a splattering of sources within the storms' main electrically active volumes and also within the large divergent wind canopy aloft. There is no apparent temporal association between the small high altitude IC flashes that occur almost continuously and the large IC and CG flashes that occur sporadically in the lower portions of storms.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 545-548
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