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  • Articles  (1,077)
  • Chemistry  (1,077)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology
  • 1980-1984  (929)
  • 1965-1969  (148)
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  • 1925-1929
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  • Articles  (1,077)
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  • 1
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    Rational approaches to chemotherapy: antisickling agents (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-08-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klotz, I M -- Haney, D N -- King, L C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Aug 14;213(4509):724-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7256275" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anemia, Sickle Cell/*drug therapy ; Aspirin/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Hemoglobin, Sickle ; Humans ; Protein Binding/drug effects ; Protein Conformation ; Salicylates/*therapeutic use ; Solubility ; Structure-Activity Relationship
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Alpha-substituted gamma-butyrolactones: new class of anticonvulsant drugs (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-09-10
    Description: Alkyl-Substituted gamma-butyrolactones were synthesized and tested for their convulsant and anticonvulsant actions in mice and guinea pigs. The alpha-substituted compounds, alpha, alpha-dimethyl-, and alpha-ethyl-alpha-methyl-gamma-butyrolactone were anticonvulsant compounds with a spectrum of activity similar to that of ethosuximide. In contrast, beta-substituted compounds were convulsant agents similar to picrotoxinin. The alpha-substituted-gama-butyrolactones represent a new class of anticonvulsant drug with experimental and clinical potential.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klunk, W E -- McKeon, A -- Covey, D F -- Ferrendelli, J A -- GM-07200/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-24483/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS-14834/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Sep 10;217(4564):1040-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6810462" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *4-Butyrolactone/analogs & derivatives/*therapeutic use/toxicity ; Animals ; *Anticonvulsants ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Convulsants ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy, Absence/drug therapy ; Ethosuximide/pharmacology ; *Furans/*therapeutic use ; Guinea Pigs ; Mice ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Trimethadione/pharmacology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Phase transition and crystal structure of the 37 degrees C form of cholesterol (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-05-06
    Description: Crystalline cholesterol undergoes a phase transition a few degrees below human body temperature. The high-temperature form has an unusually complex structure with 16 independent molecules. In the transition two molecules change side chain conformation, four reorient about their long axes, and ten remain unchanged. The transition mechanism implies relatively nonspecific intermolecular interactions, qualitatively consistent with the behavior of cholesterol in biomembranes. The transition preserves a remarkably closely obeyed pseudosymmetry present in the structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hsu, L Y -- Nordman, C E -- GM15259/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 May 6;220(4597):604-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6836303" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Body Temperature ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Cholesterol ; Crystallization ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Conformation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Cytochrome a3 structure in carbon monoxide-bound cytochrome oxidase (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-07-20
    Description: The iron-carbon monoxide stretching mode and the iron-carbon-oxygen bending mode in carbon monoxide-bound cytochrome oxidase have been assigned at 520 and 578 cm-1, respectively. The frequencies, widths, and intensities of these modes show that the Fe-C-O grouping in carbon monoxide-cytochrome a3 is linear but tilted from the normal to the heme plane; that the iron-histidine bond in both five- and six-coordinate cytochrome a3 is strained; and that the carbon monoxide and the proximal histidine each have characteristic, well-defined orientations in all molecules. These data can account for the binding affinities of carbon monoxide and dioxygen under physiological conditions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Argade, P V -- Ching, Y C -- Rousseau, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jul 20;225(4659):329-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6330890" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon Monoxide/metabolism ; Cattle ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*metabolism ; Myoglobin/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman
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  • 5
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    Leukotrienes: mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-05-06
    Description: Arachidonic acid plays a central role in a biological control system where such oxygenated derivatives as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes are mediators. The leukotrienes are formed by transformation of arachidonic acid into an unstable epoxide intermediate, leukotriene A4, which can be converted enzymatically by hydration to leukotriene B4, and by addition of glutathione to leukotriene C4. This last compound is metabolized to leukotrienes D4 and E4 by successive elimination of a gamma-glutamyl residue and glycine. Slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis consists of leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4. The cysteinyl-containing leukotrienes are potent bronchoconstrictors, increase vascular permeability in postcapillary venules, and stimulate mucus secretion. Leukotriene B4 causes adhesion and chemotactic movement of leukocytes and stimulates aggregation, enzyme release, and generation of superoxide in neutrophils. Leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4, which are released from the lung tissue of asthmatic subjects exposed to specific allergens, seem to play a pathophysiological role in immediate hypersensitivity reactions. These leukotrienes, as well as leukotriene B4, have pro-inflammatory effects.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Samuelsson, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 May 6;220(4597):568-75.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6301011" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arachidonic Acids/metabolism/pharmacology/physiology ; Bronchi/drug effects ; Cats ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cricetinae ; Guinea Pigs ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity, Immediate/*physiopathology ; Inflammation/*physiopathology ; Leukocytes/drug effects/metabolism ; Leukotriene B4/pharmacology/*physiology ; Mice ; Microcirculation/drug effects ; Rabbits ; Rats ; SRS-A/*physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Amphiphilic secondary structure: design of peptide hormones (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-01-20
    Description: Peptide synthesis can be used for elucidating the roles of secondary structures in the specificity of hormones, antigens, and toxins. Intermediate sized peptides with these activities assume amphiphilic secondary structures in the presence of membranes. When models are designed to optimize the amphiphilicity of the secondary structure, stronger interactions can be observed with the synthetic peptides than with the naturally occurring analogs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, E T -- Kezdy, F J -- HL-18577/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jan 20;223(4633):249-55.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6322295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Apolipoprotein A-I ; Apolipoproteins ; Binding Sites ; Calcitonin ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Endorphins ; Glucagon ; Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone ; *Hormones/pharmacology ; Lipoproteins, HDL ; Melitten ; Models, Structural ; *Peptides/chemical synthesis/metabolism/pharmacology ; Protein Conformation ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; beta-Endorphin
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  • 7
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    Fourier transform mass spectrometry (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-10-19
    Description: Fourier transform mass spectrometry will play an important role in the future because of its unique combination of high mass resolution, high upper mass limit, and multichannel advantage. These features have already found application in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, multiphoton ionization, laser desorption, and secondary ion mass spectrometry. However, its most notable feature is the ability to store ions. This characteristic, when combined with the others, will allow expeditious study of the interaction of gas-phase ions with both photons (photodissociation) and neutral molecules, and the convenient application of this fundamental information for chemical analysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gross, M L -- Rempel, D L -- 2-8423576/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Oct 19;226(4672):261-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6385250" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Fourier Analysis ; Ions ; Lasers ; *Mass Spectrometry/instrumentation/methods
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  • 8
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    Studying enzyme mechanism by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-08-31
    Description: High-resolution carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of enzyme-inhibitor and enzyme-substrate complexes provide detailed structural and stereochemical information on the mechanism of enzyme action. The proteases trypsin and papain are shown to form tetrahedrally coordinated complexes and acyl derivatives with a variety of compounds artificially enriched at the site or sites of interest. These results are compared with the structural information derived from x-ray diffraction. Detailed NMR studies have provided a clearer picture of the ionization state of the residues participating in enzyme-catalyzed processes than other more classical techniques. The dynamics of enzymic catalysis can be observed at sub-zero temperatures by a combination of cryoenzymology and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. With these powerful techniques, transient, covalently bound intermediates in enzyme-catalyzed reactions can be detected and their structures rigorously assigned.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mackenzie, N E -- Malthouse, J P -- Scott, A I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Aug 31;225(4665):883-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6433481" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Carbon Isotopes ; Carboxypeptidases/metabolism ; Carboxypeptidases A ; Catalysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Coenzymes/*metabolism ; Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Enzymes/*metabolism ; Freezing ; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase/metabolism ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Papain/metabolism ; Pepsin A/metabolism ; Peptide Hydrolases/*metabolism ; Protease Inhibitors ; Pterins/metabolism ; Pyridoxal Phosphate/metabolism ; Serine Endopeptidases
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    What is the risk from chlorofluorocarbons? (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-03-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maugh, T H 2nd -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Mar 9;223(4640):1051-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6695193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Air Pollutants ; *Atmosphere ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane ; Free Radicals ; Nitrogen Dioxide ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; *Ozone ; Photochemistry ; Risk ; Singlet Oxygen ; Trichloroethanes ; Ultraviolet Rays
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Pyrolysis mass spectrometry of complex organic materials (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-10-19
    Description: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry in combination with computerized multivariate statistical analysis enables qualitative and quantitative analysis of nonvolatile organic materials containing molecular assemblies of a complexity and size far beyond the capabilities of direct mass spectrometry. The state of the art in pyrolysis mass spectrometry techniques is illustrated through specific applications, including structural determination and quality control of synthetic polymers, quantitative analysis of polymer mixtures, classification and structural characterization of fossil organic matter, and nonsupervised numerical extraction of component patterns from complex biological samples.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meuzelaar, H L -- Windig, W -- Harper, A M -- Huff, S M -- McClennen, W H -- Richards, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Oct 19;226(4672):268-74.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6484572" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biochemical Phenomena ; Biochemistry ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Coal ; Enterobacteriaceae/analysis/isolation & purification ; Hot Temperature ; Mass Spectrometry/*methods ; Polymers
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Lariat RNA's as intermediates and products in the splicing of messenger RNA precursors (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-08-31
    Description: The splicing of messenger RNA precursors in vitro proceeds through an intermediate that has the 5' end of the intervening sequence joined to a site near the 3' splice site. This lariat structure, which has been characterized for an adenovirus 2 major late transcript, has a branch point, with 2'-5' and 3'-5' phosphodiester bonds emanating from a single adenosine residue. The excised intervening sequence retains the branch site and terminates in a guanosine residue with a 3' hydroxyl group. The phosphate group at the splice junction between the two exons originates from the 3' splice site at the precursor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Padgett, R A -- Konarska, M M -- Grabowski, P J -- Hardy, S F -- Sharp, P A -- P01-CA14051/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01-CA26717/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM32467/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Aug 31;225(4665):898-903.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6206566" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoviruses, Human/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleic Acid Precursors/analysis/*metabolism ; Oligoribonucleotides/metabolism ; Phosphates/metabolism ; RNA/analysis/*metabolism ; RNA Precursors ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/*metabolism ; RNA, Viral/analysis/*metabolism
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  • 12
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    beta-Carotene: an unusual type of lipid antioxidant (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-05-11
    Description: The mechanism of lipid peroxidation and the manner in which antioxidants function is reviewed. beta-Carotene is a purported anticancer agent, which is believed by some to have antioxidant action of a radical-trapping type. However, definitive experimental support for such action has been lacking. New experiments in vitro show that beta-carotene belongs to a previously unknown class of biological antioxidants. Specifically, it exhibits good radical-trapping antioxidant behavior only at partial pressures of oxygen significantly less than 150 torr, the pressure of oxygen in normal air. Such low oxygen partial pressures are found in most tissues under physiological conditions. At higher oxygen pressures, beta-carotene loses its antioxidant activity and shows an autocatalytic, prooxidant effect, particularly at relatively high concentrations. Similar oxygen-pressure-dependent behavior may be shown by other compounds containing many conjugated double bonds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Burton, G W -- Ingold, K U -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 May 11;224(4649):569-73.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6710156" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antioxidants/*metabolism ; Carotenoids/*metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Free Radicals ; Humans ; Linoleic Acids/metabolism ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Partial Pressure ; Peroxides/metabolism ; Tetrahydronaphthalenes/metabolism ; beta Carotene
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  • 13
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    Bromine residue at hydrophilic region influences biological activity of aplysiatoxin, a tumor promoter (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-12-16
    Description: Aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin, which are isolated from the seaweed, Lyngbya gracilis, differ in their chemical structure only by the presence or absence of a bromine residue in the hydrophilic region. The function and the structure-activity relation of the hydrophilic region are not known. Aplysiatoxin increased malignant transformation, stimulated DNA synthesis, and inhibited the binding of phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate and epidermal growth factor to cell receptors. Debromoaplysiatoxin inhibited the binding of these two substances as strongly as aplysiatoxin but did not increase malignant transformation or stimulate DNA synthesis. These results indicate that a slight change in the chemical structure of the hydrophilic region of aplysiatoxin affects its abilities to increase cell transformation and stimulate DNA synthesis and that the abilities of the tumor promoters to inhibit the binding of phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate and epidermal growth factor are dissociable from their abilities to increase cell transformation and stimulate DNA synthesis under some circumstances.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shimomura, K -- Mullinix, M G -- Kakunaga, T -- Fujiki, H -- Sugimura, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Dec 16;222(4629):1242-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6316505" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Carcinogens/*pharmacology ; Carrier Proteins ; Cell Line ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/*drug effects ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; DNA/biosynthesis ; Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism ; Lactones/analysis/*pharmacology ; *Lyngbya Toxins ; Mice ; Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate ; Phorbol Esters/metabolism ; *Protein Kinase C ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; *Receptors, Drug ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 14
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    Phenylalanine transfer RNA: molecular dynamics simulation (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-03-16
    Description: Yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA was subjected to a 12-picosecond molecular dynamics simulation. The principal features of the x-ray crystallographic analysis are reproduced, and the amplitudes of atomic displacements appear to be determined by the degree of exposure of the atoms. An analysis of the hydrogen bonds shows a correlation between the average length of a bond and the fluctuation in that length and reveals a rocking motion of bases in Watson-Crick guanine X cytosine base pairs. The in-plane motions of the bases are generally of larger amplitude than the out-of-plane motions, and there are correlations in the motions of adjacent bases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harvey, S C -- Prabhakaran, M -- Mao, B -- McCammon, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Mar 16;223(4641):1189-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6560785" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Computers ; Cytosine ; Guanine ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; *RNA, Fungal ; *RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl ; Yeasts/analysis
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  • 15
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    Reaction of the antitumor antibiotic CC-1065 with DNA: structure of a DNA adduct with DNA sequence specificity (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-11-16
    Description: Sequence-dependent variations in DNA revealed by x-ray crystallographic studies have suggested that certain DNA-reactive drugs may react preferentially with defined sequences in DNA. Drugs that wind around the helix and reside within one of the grooves of DNA have perhaps the greatest chance of recognizing sequence-dependent features of DNA. The antitumor antibiotic CC-1065 covalently binds through N-3 of adenine and resides within the minor groove of DNA. This drug overlaps with five base pairs for which a high sequence specificity exists.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hurley, L H -- Reynolds, V L -- Swenson, D H -- Petzold, G L -- Scahill, T A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Nov 16;226(4676):843-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6494915" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/*metabolism ; *Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; DNA/*metabolism ; *Indoles ; Leucomycins/*metabolism ; Molecular Conformation ; X-Ray Diffraction
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  • 16
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    Allylamine derivatives: new class of synthetic antifungal agents inhibiting fungal squalene epoxidase (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-06-15
    Description: A new class of synthetic antifungal agents, the allylamines , has been developed by modification of naftifine , a topical antimycotic. SF 86-327, the most effective of these compounds so far, is highly active in vitro against a wide range of fungi and exceeds clinical standards in the oral and topical treatment of guinea pig dermatophytoses. SF 86-327 is a powerful specific inhibitor of fungal squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in sterol biosynthesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Petranyi, G -- Ryder, N S -- Stutz, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jun 15;224(4654):1239-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6547247" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allylamine/analogs & derivatives/*chemical synthesis/pharmacology ; Amines/*chemical synthesis ; Animals ; Antifungal Agents/*chemical synthesis/pharmacology ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Dermatomycoses/drug therapy ; Fungi/*drug effects/enzymology ; Guinea Pigs ; Naphthalenes/chemical synthesis/pharmacology ; Oxygenases/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Squalene Monooxygenase
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Disulfide bond engineered into T4 lysozyme: stabilization of the protein toward thermal inactivation (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-11-02
    Description: By recombinant DNA techniques, a disulfide bond was introduced at a specific site in T4 lysozyme, a disulfide-free enzyme. This derivative retained full enzymatic activity and was more stable toward thermal inactivation than the wild-type protein. The derivative, T4 lysozyme (Ile3----Cys), was prepared by substituting a Cys codon for an Ile codon at position 3 in the cloned lysozyme gene by means of oligonucleotide-dependent, site-directed mutagenesis. The new gene was expressed in Escherichia coli under control of the (trp-lac) hybrid tac promoter, and the protein was purified. Mild oxidation generated a disulfide bond between the new Cys3 and Cys97, one of the two unpaired cysteines of the native molecule. Oxidized T4 lysozyme (Ile3----Cys) exhibited specific activity identical to that of the wild-type enzyme when measured at 20 degrees C in a cell-clearing assay. The cross-linked protein was more stable than the wild type during incubation at elevated temperatures as determined by recovered enzymatic activity at 20 degrees C.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perry, L J -- Wetzel, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Nov 2;226(4674):555-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6387910" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; DNA, Recombinant/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/enzymology ; *Genetic Engineering ; Kinetics ; Muramidase/*genetics/metabolism ; Protein Denaturation
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  • 18
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    DNA-binding proteins (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-09-09
    Description: The structures of three proteins that regulate gene expression have been determined recently and suggest how these proteins may bind to their specific recognition sites on the DNA. One protein (Cro) is a repressor of gene expression, the second (CAP) usually stimulates gene expression, and the third (lambda repressor) can act as either a repressor or an activator. The three proteins contain a substructure consisting of two consecutive alpha helices that is virtually identical in each case. Structural and amino acid sequence comparisons suggest that this bihelical fold occurs in a number of proteins that regulate gene expression, and is an intrinsic part of the DNA-protein recognition event. The modes of repression and activation by Cro and lambda repressor are understood reasonably well, but the mode of action of CAP is still unclear.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takeda, Y -- Ohlendorf, D H -- Anderson, W F -- Matthews, B W -- GM20066/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM28138/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM30894/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Sep 9;221(4615):1020-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6308768" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *DNA Helicases ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Models, Chemical ; Protein Conformation
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  • 19
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    A nitrogen pressure of 50 atmospheres does not prevent evolution of hydrogen by nitrogenase (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-06-08
    Description: The effect of a partial pressure of nitrogen of 50 atmospheres (5065 kilopascals ) on the hydrogen evolution reaction of nitrogenase has been investigated. Evolution of hydrogen was not blocked completely by 50 atmospheres of nitrogen in any of four experiments; rather, 27.3 +/- 2.4 percent of the total electron flux through nitrogenase was directed toward production of hydrogen. The ratio of hydrogen evolved to nitrogen fixed was close to 1:1, which implies that hydrogen evolution is obligatory in the fixation of molecular nitrogen by nitrogenase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simpson, F B -- Burris, R H -- AI-00848/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jun 8;224(4653):1095-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6585956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Hydrogen ; *Nitrogen ; Nitrogen Fixation ; *Nitrogenase ; Partial Pressure
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  • 20
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    Nonvolatile mutagens in drinking water: production by chlorination and destruction by sulfite (1980)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-01-04
    Description: In concentrates of water produced in a laboratory simulation of a drinking water treatment process, direct-acting, nonvolatile mutagens were readily detected by means of the Ames Salmonella test. The mutagens were shown to be produced by the chlorination process. Treatment of the water with chloramine resulted in less mutagenic activity than treatment with free chlorine. Dechlorination of drinking water with sulfite sharply reduced the mutagenic activity. Treatment with sulfur dioxide is proposed as an effective, inexpensive method of reducing the direct-acting mutagenic activity of drinking water and of aqueous industrial effluents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cheh, A M -- Skochdopole, J -- Koski, P -- Cole, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1980 Jan 4;207(4426):90-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6985746" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chloramines ; Chlorine ; Mutagens/*analysis ; Salmonella typhimurium/genetics ; Sulfites ; Water Pollutants/*analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; Water Supply/*analysis
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  • 21
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    Automated synthesis of gene fragments (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1981-10-16
    Description: The DNA/RNA Synthesizer provides a complete and automated procedure for the synthesis of DNA sequences. Each base unit is added in a 30-minute cycle, permitting a tetradecamer to be constructed in 6 1/2 hours. The complete procedure is described, including a practical procedure for isolation and purification of the desired DNA sequence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alvarado-Urbina, G -- Sathe, G M -- Liu, W C -- Gillen, M F -- Duck, P D -- Bender, R -- Ogilvie, K K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Oct 16;214(4518):270-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6169150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Automation ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; DNA/*chemical synthesis ; *Genes, Synthetic ; RNA/*chemical synthesis ; Solubility
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  • 22
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    Chitin: New facets of research (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-05-15
    Description: Research on chitin as a marine resource is pointing to novel applications for this cellulose-like biopolymer. Discovery of nondegrading solvent systems has permitted the spinning of filaments, for example, for use as surgical sutures. New methods for preparing the bioactive alkyl glycoside of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (the monomer unit of chitin) and a microcrystalline chitin has encouraged their use as promoters for growth of bifidobacteria and as an aid in digestion of high-lactose cheese whey by domestic animals. Chitin-protein complexes of several crustacean species show great variability in ratios of chitin to covalently bound protein and in residual protein in the "purified" chitins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Austin, P R -- Brine, C J -- Castle, J E -- Zikakis, J P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 May 15;212(4496):749-53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7221561" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cheese ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chickens ; *Chitin ; Crystallography ; Lactose/metabolism ; Proteins/analysis ; Sutures ; *Technology
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  • 23
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    DNA sequencing and gene structure (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gilbert, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Dec 18;214(4527):1305-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7313687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; DNA/*genetics ; Eukaryotic Cells/physiology ; *Genes ; Hydrazines ; Lac Operon ; Methylation ; Prokaryotic Cells/physiology ; Sulfuric Acid Esters
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  • 24
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    Boradeption: a new procedure for transferring water-insoluble agents across cell membranes (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1982-07-09
    Description: A new process has been developed which is called "Boradeption" to signify boronic acid--dependent phase transfer of water-insoluble agents. Highly fluorescent boronic acid dervatives, FluoroBoras, are solubilized with a physiologically compatible carrier buffer containing a receptor group for boronate adduct formation. The system can be used to stain living cells. In another variation of the Boradeption concept, an insoluble reporter molecule containing a boronate receptor is solubilized with a carrier buffer containing a boronic acid functional group. The boronate-receptor complexes, which are in dynamic equilibrium, can be designed as vital stains and reagents for a variety of biological and medical applications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gallop, P M -- Paz, M A -- Henson, E -- AG-00376-07/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- HL-20764-04A1/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Jul 9;217(4555):166-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6178158" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Transport ; *Boron Compounds/therapeutic use ; *Boronic Acids/therapeutic use ; *Cell Membrane Permeability ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chromogenic Compounds/metabolism ; Cricetinae ; Fibroblasts ; Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism ; Humans ; Rats ; Staining and Labeling
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    Reversible chemical modification of the scrapie agent (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-12-11
    Description: The scrapie agent causes a degenerative nervous system disease in sheep and goats. Studies with extensively purified preparations demonstrated that the agent contains a protein that is required for infectivity. Chemical modification of the scrapie agent by diethyl pyrocarbonate reduced the titer 1000-fold. Exposure of the inactivated agent to hydroxylamine, a strong nucleophile, resulted in complete restoration of infectivity. Presumably, nucleophilic residues within a scrapie agent protein undergo carbethoxylation on reaction with diethyl pyrocarbonate, and subsequent addition of hydroxylamine displaces these carbethoxy groups.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McKinley, M P -- Masiarz, F R -- Prusiner, S B -- NS14069/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Dec 11;214(4526):1259-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6795721" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Assay ; Brain/microbiology ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cricetinae ; Diethyl Pyrocarbonate/pharmacology ; Histidine/pharmacology ; *Prions ; Ribonucleases/pharmacology ; Serum Albumin, Bovine/pharmacology ; Viral Proteins/*isolation & purification/pharmacology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 26
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    Nonenzymatic browning in vivo: possible process for aging of long-lived proteins (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-01-30
    Description: The incubation of lens proteins with reducing sugars leads to the formation of fluorescent yellow pigments and cross-like similar to those reported in aging and cataractous human lenses. Called nonenzymatic browning or the Maillard reaction, this aging process also occurs in stored foods. Reducing sugars condense with the free amino group of proteins, then rearrange and dehydrate to form unsaturated pigments and cross-linked products. Although most proteins in living systems turn over with sufficient rapidity to avoid nonenzymatic browning, some, such as lens crystallins and skin collagen, are exceptionally long-lived and may be vulnerable.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Monnier, V M -- Cerami, A -- AM 19655/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jan 30;211(4481):491-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6779377" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; Cattle ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Crystallins ; Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology ; Glucose ; Glucosephosphates ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lysine ; *Proteins ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
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    The National Science Foundation looks to the future (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1981-03-13
    Description: Great advances have been made in fundamental scientific research in recent years. The new knowledge gathered, in addition to deepening our understanding of the physical universe, contributes a range of abilities and opportunities to society that would not otherwise be available. Much research that may be called applied because it addresses needs of society is quite fundamental in character, and support of such research at the National Science Foundation is to be handled in tandem by the research directorates. Other areas that require a refocusing of support are engineering science and education, at all levels, in science and engineering. Increasing our strength in these areas is essential to achieve our national economic, social, and political goals. Steps are being taken by the National Science Foundation to make its structure better able to deal with engineering and applied research and to provide greater mutual reinforcement between applied and basic research.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Slaughter, J B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Mar 13;211(4487):1131-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7466384" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Biology ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Forecasting ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; *Government Agencies ; Molecular Biology ; Neurochemistry ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
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  • 28
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    New chemistry of an old molecule: cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1982-12-10
    Description: The discovery that cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) has clinically useful antitumor properties and can form platinum blues spawned an extensive investigation of its chemistry in water. Several new molecules have been synthesized, some rather old ones have been characterized for the first time, and clues have begun to emerge about the chemical interaction of cis-DDP with its likely biological target, DNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lippard, S J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Dec 10;218(4577):1075-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6890712" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Cisplatin ; *Dna ; Hydrolysis ; Pigments, Biological
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  • 29
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    The chemistry of vision (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1982-12-03
    Description: The visual response is initiated by light reception and transduction into chemical and electrical energy in the outer-segment membranes of rod and cone cells. Recent research on the molecular events controlled by light has clarified the roles of some of the rod outer-segment biomolecules. These developments and the current unresolved questions are described.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Brien, D F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Dec 3;218(4576):961-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6291153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Proteins/metabolism ; Calcium/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzymes/metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins ; Light ; Membranes/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/biosynthesis ; Photoreceptor Cells/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; Rhodopsin/metabolism ; Rod Cell Outer Segment/*metabolism ; Vision, Ocular/*physiology
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  • 30
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    Antiviral agents (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1983-06-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krenitsky, T A -- Beauchamp, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Jun 10;220(4602):1106.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6857236" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acyclovir/metabolism ; *Antiviral Agents/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Humans ; Vidarabine/metabolism
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  • 31
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    Metastable species of hemoglobin: room temperature transients and cryogenically trapped intermediates (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1983-05-06
    Description: Resonance Raman spectra of photolyzed carbonmonoxyhemoglobin obtained with 10-nanosecond pulses are compared with the spectra of photolyzed carbonmonoxyhemoglobin stabilized at 80 K. In comparing the deoxy with the photodissociated species, the changes in the Raman spectra are the same for these two experimental regimes. These results show that at ambient and cryogenic temperatures the heme pocket in liganded hemoglobin is significantly different from that of deoxyhemoglobin. It is concluded that measurements of the properties of intermediate species from photodissociated hemoglobin stabilized at low temperatures can be used to probe the short-lived metastable forms of hemoglobin present after photodissociation under biologically relevant solution conditions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ondrias, M R -- Friedman, J M -- Rousseau, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 May 6;220(4597):615-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6836305" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carboxyhemoglobin ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Freezing ; *Hemoglobins ; Humans ; Ligands ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Temperature
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  • 32
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    Irreversible ligands with high selectivity toward delta and mu opiate receptors (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1983-04-15
    Description: Alkylating agents that display strong selectivity for opiate receptor types delta or mu were prepared by appropriate modification of the structures of the strong analgesics fentanyl, etonitazene, and endoethenotetrahydrooripavine. The availability of these substances should facilitate studies of the structural basis of receptor specificity and of the physiologic roles of these receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rice, K C -- Jacobson, A E -- Burke, T R Jr -- Bajwa, B S -- Streaty, R A -- Klee, W A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Apr 15;220(4594):314-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6132444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkylation ; Animals ; Benzimidazoles/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Brain/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Enkephalin, Methionine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Fentanyl/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; *Isothiocyanates ; Ligands ; Rats ; Receptors, Opioid/*metabolism/physiology ; Thebaine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology
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  • 33
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    Trace chemistries of fire: a source of chlorinated dioxins (1980)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-10-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bumb, R R -- Crummett, W B -- Cutie, S S -- Gledhill, J R -- Hummel, R H -- Kagel, R O -- Lamparski, L L -- Luoma, E V -- Miller, D L -- Nestrick, T J -- Shadoff, L A -- Stehl, R H -- Woods, J S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1980 Oct;210(4468):385-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6159682" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollutants/analysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; *Dioxins/analysis ; *Fires ; Power Plants ; Smoke/analysis ; Soil Pollutants/analysis ; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/analysis ; Vehicle Emissions/analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 34
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    Synthetic competitive antagonists of corticotropin-releasing factor: effect on ACTH secretion in the rat (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-05-25
    Description: Polypeptide analogs of the known members of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family were synthesized and tested in vitro and in vivo for enhanced potency or competitive antagonism. Predictive methods and physicochemical measurements had suggested an internal secondary alpha-helical conformation spanning about 25 residues for at least three members of the CRF family. Maximization of alpha-helix-forming potential by amino acid substitutions from the native known sequences (rat/human and ovine CRF, sauvagine, and carp and sucker urotensin 1) led to the synthesis of an analog that was found to be more than twice as potent as either of the parent peptides in vitro. In contrast, certain amino-terminally shortened fragments, such as alpha-helical CRF or ovine CRF residues 8 to 41, 9 to 41, and 10 to 41, were found to be competitive inhibitors in vitro. Selected antagonists were examined and also found to be active in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rivier, J -- Rivier, C -- Vale, W -- AA03504/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- AM20917/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- AM26741/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 May 25;224(4651):889-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6326264" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/secretion ; Animals ; Binding, Competitive ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Rats
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Partial purification and characterization of the bone resorption factor fromActinomyces viscosus (1982)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bacterial amphophile ; Purification ; Chemistry ; Resorption ; Ca influx ; Cyclic AMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The bone resorptive factor and amphipathic antigen (AcA) previously identified by us in preparations fromActinomyces viscosus have been partially purified, characterized chemically, and compared. They elute at the same location on chromatography with Ac 22. The fatty acid composition of AcA and the bone resorptive factor is the same. Some differences in carbohydrate composition are observed. TheActinomyces factor does not affect calcium influx or cyclic AMP in isolated bone cells. Therefore it is concluded that AcA stimulates resorption either by gaining entrance into bone cells or by way of a yet undetermined second messenger.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02411208
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  • 36
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    Editorial (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010102
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    Masthead (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010101
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  • 38
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    The in vivo metabolic degradation of poly (methyl cyanoacrylate) via thiocyanate (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 11-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Methyl α-cyanoacrylate, when implanted subcutaneously in rats and dogs, has been shown to lead to an increase in thiocyanate output in the urine, presumably through the formation of cyanide anions which are subsequently converted to thiocyanate. It is postulated that this reaction may be one of the reactions contributing to tissue necrosis when methyl α-cyanoacrylate is used as a tissue adhesive.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 39
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    Tissue adhesives and hemostasis-inducing compounds: The alkyl cyanoacrylates (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 3-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In an effort to obtain tissue adhesive monomers which would wet and spread on tissue substrates and be rapidly biodegradable, the branched esters of alkyl α-cyanoacrylates, as well as a 95-5 wt.-% mixture of n-heptyl and methyl α-cyanoacrylate, were studied. The data indicate that alkyl α-cyanoacrylates having branched alkoxy groups appear to be promising in this regard.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010103
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  • 40
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    Electrochemical behavior of metals as stimulus electrodes (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 27-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A theory for the behavior of anodes as stimulus electrodes, particularly as pacemaker electrodes, is presented. Expressions are obtained for the minimum duration and energy of the stimulus. These expressions are applied to that for the dissolution of the anode and transport of the resulting ions in the tissue in order to obtain an estimate of the extent of penetration. Comparison with experimental data indicates good agreement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010106
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  • 41
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    New synthetic membranes for dialysis. IV. A copolyether-urethane membrane systemThis investigation was supported by the John A. Hartford Foundation, Inc. and the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases under Contract No. PH-43-66-493. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 17-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: New dialysis membranes, prepared from linear block copolymers, have shown unique separation properties which appear to be based on definite solute-membrane interaction. The synthesis and characterization of block copolyetherurethanes based on poly (oxyethylene glycol) is described.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Problems of materials in mechanical heart systemsSupported by U.S. Public Health Service Grant HE-06510 and Contract PH-43-66-7. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 33-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Currently available materials for mechanical heart systems are surveyed, particularly with respect to long-term implantation, from the viewpoints of availability and workability, mechanical and biological durability, and compatibility with blood and tissue. Some materials have one or more desirable physical properties, but none offers perfect blood and tissue compatibility. Medical grade Silastic, considered best for blood handling parts, has produced promising results in auxiliary ventricle patency experiments. The insufficient tensile strength of Silastic should be increased, and it may be possible to accomplish this while maintaining the present resilience, elongation, and inertness. No long-term data on thrombus formation are available, but clot-retarding quality is essential and may perhaps be obtained by incorporating heparin. Developments in polymer chemistry may also lead to other surfaces with the requisite mechanical properties with blood.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010107
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    Comparative studies of cyanoacrylate derivatives in vivoThis paper was read by Dr. Ota at the Japanese Society for Artificial Organs and Tissues in July 1964. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 55-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Seven surgical adhesives were prepared; n-butyl, 2-ethylhexyl, and isopropyl cyanoacrylate monomers and several combinations of ethyl cyanoacrylate and a plasticizer (either di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate or tricresyl phosphate). These were implanted as a thin film over the entire circumference of the adventitia of 48 canine carotid arteries. Vicissitude of cyanoacrylate polymers in vivo and tissue reaction to the polymers were traced for 6 months and investigated histologically. All adhesives tested in this study were insoluble in vivo and more resistant to biodegradation than methyl cyanoacrylate polymer. Tissue reaction against n-butyl, 2-ethylhexyl, or isopropyl cyanoacrylate was essentially the same as against ethyl cyanoacrylate in quality and was not less in degree than ethyl cyanoacrylate in spite of having longer side chains than ethyl radical.
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    Metallic and plastic prosthetic devices as vascular wall substitutes: Biophysical criteria and methods for evaluationSupported in part by grants No. HE 03879, 07821, 07371, and 10795 from the National Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Public Service, Bethesda, Maryland. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 83-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Evidence is presented for the view that intravascular thrombosis proceeds via an electrochemical mechanism. It is strongly substantiated by some recent work on electrical wire thrombosis. These experiments show that thrombosis occurs on noble metal electrodes at potentials more positive than 0.3 v (NHE) but tends not to occur on electrodes more negative than this interfacial potential. Further, the same factors which prevent intravascular thrombosis are shown to prevent thrombosis on electrodes maintained at all potentials up to + 1.0v. Thus occurrence or prevention of thrombosis appears related to electrical and electrochemical properties of both blood and blood vessel wall. Methods for the determination of these properties are described and experimental results briefly presented. The studies have proved useful in establishing criteria for the selection of metal and plastic vascular substitutes. A combination of several electrochemical and biophysical criteria have been discovered which aid in the selection of nonthrombogenic vascular substitutes. Unfortunately not all metals which satisfy anti-thrombotic electrochemical criteria are suitable. Many, including magnesium, have cellular and proteolytic destructive characteristics. Certain metals and electrically treated Teflon tubes do not suffer from this defect and have proven useful in preliminary testing.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Improved hemodialysis membranes for the artificial kidneyThis research was supported by the National Institutes of Health, initially by the National Heart Institute under Contract No. PH 43-64-496, and currently by the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases under Contract No. PH 43-66-545. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 67-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A major part of current effort in improving artificial hemodialysis techniques concerns the development of improved membrane structures. Although blood compatibility of membranes is a part of the Battelle program, this discussion is confined to membrane composition, structure, and transport. On the basis of a need for improved hemodialysis techniques, membranes for use in the artificial kidney were prepared and evaluated for urea, creatinine, and uric acid permeability. Water-soluble polymers were crosslinked to form insoluble, but swellable, membranes. Faster metabolic waste transfer than with the conventional cellulosic membranes was obtained with diisocyanate-crosslinked poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone)-dextran membranes and with membranes obtained by crosslinking poly (vinyl alcohol) with polyfunctional aldehydes. Membranes prepared from emulsions of vinyl pyrrolidone-ethyl acrylate and vinyl pyrrolidone-styrene copolymers had exceptionally high urea and creatinine dialysis rates, but were deficient in uric acid transfer. This shortcoming was corrected by incorporating solutes such as sucrose into the membranes followed by leaching. Another important approach concerned the development of a relatively high-strength membrane based on an impermeable nylon resin. Permeability of these membranes which have dialysis characteristics superior to those currently used was obtained through the addition of DMSO and one of several other additives to the coating solution.
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    Tissue reaction in rabbit muscle exposed to metallic implantsSupported by National Institute of Health Grant AM1625 and reported to the Orthopedic Research Society, Chicago, Illinois, January 1965. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 135-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The tissue reaction to metallic and nonmetallic implants in the back muscles of New Zealand White Rabbits is presented. These reactions are graded and correlated with the trace metal contained around such implanes. Correlations are drawn as to the acceptability of various materials for the manufacture of surgical implants.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    A hydraulic figure-of-merit for heart valve prosthesesResearch supported by The John A. Hartford Foundation, Inc., New York. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 103-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The pressure losses in the currently available prostheses are too high. We believe an excellent way to focus designers' attention upon this fact is to rank the various designs according to their hydraulic efficiency. The proposal of this paper is for pressure drop vs. velocity data (pulsatile flow) to be taken similar to that of Figure 2, so that a pressure loss coefficient, Kv, based upon the valve lumen area can be found for each valve design; further, that this Kv be used to compare and rank the various valve designs. The fact that Kv is a dynamic loss coefficient guides designers toward its improvement, for this compares the prosthesis problem to many “solved” problems (propeller blade profiles, hydrofoil profiles, etc.) which are similar hydraulically. The confusion of the surgeon when confronted with conflicting claims regarding various prostheses would be largely eliminated by acceptance of Kv as a figure of hydraulic merit by those concerned with this aspect of biomedical engineering.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Some problems concerning the assessment of arterial prosthetic materialsThis work was aided by grants-in-aid from the USPHS and the Research Council of the City of New York. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 171-174 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The problems with the experimental and clinical assessment of arterial prosthetic materals vary from species-transfer of data to vested interests once an implantale device has been perfected for human trail. In spite of all the problems which arise, there has been a steady increase in our knowledge of the basic healing pattern of implanted arterial prostheses and the elaboration of specific paths for improvement of prosthetic design. Further development will be linked closely to the active participation of the biomedical researcher in areas of biophysical and bioengineering investigations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010115
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    Preliminary considerations for flexural endurance testing of semicrystalline polymers for biomedical materials standards (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 113-134 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Semicrystalline polymers used as restorative prostheses in the cardiovascular system require more detailed consideration of flexural fatiguing with simple physical characterization and mechanical measurements as one basic means for developing test standards and specification levels for biomedical research materials. Such initial means are considered with polytetrafluoroethylene as a reference polymer nominally inert chemically used to illustrate one approach to assessing morphological and structural changes with a flex tester. Density measurements and void content have been carried out to provide one means of assessment whereby the corresponding crystallinity and permeation can be considered for more detailed correlation to cytological interactions as the polymers are used as replacement components in the cardiovascular system. Progressive flexural cycling up to 106 cycles at a 3 cps rate indicate significant decreases in crystallinity simultaneously with increasing void content. As an accelerated test, the implications for extrapolation to 25-year fatiguing in normal physiological cycling rate are conjectured to provide a starting point for more realistic, cyclic ex vivo screening of biomaterials.
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    Textbook of biochemistry (4th edition). E. S. West, W. R. Todd, H. S. Mason, and J. T. Van Bruggen. MacMillan, New York, 1966. 1595 pages. $18.50 (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 175-175 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010117
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    Peptide synthesis. Miklos Bodanszky and Miguel A. Ondetti. Interscience, New York, 1966. 294 pages. $9.50 (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 175-175 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010116
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    Masthead (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010201
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    Textbook of medical physiology (3rd edition). Arthur C. Guyton. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1966. 1210 pages. $16.00 (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 176-176 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010118
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    Blood clotting problems in the artificial heart devicesThis work is supported by United States Grant HE 4448 from the National Institutes of Health to The Cleveland Clinic Foundation with Dr. W. J. Kolff as principal investigator. The works on the auxiliary ventricle were done with Dr. Adrian Kantrowitz, Maimonides Hospital supported by U.S. Public Health Service Grant H-6510 (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 151-169 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The clotting problem inside the artificial heart device is one of the major obstacles standing in the way of a successful long-term implantation of the artificial heart. To date, there have been two artificial heart devices used clinically. One is the auxiliary ventricle and the other is the left heart bypass pump. The former is for permanent implantation and the other is implanted only temporarily. Several experimental results which had contributed to the successful implantation of the auxiliary ventricle are described, especially from the standpoint of avoiding the clotting inside the device. Basic experiments with the left heart bypass pump are also described. The valves are the foremost problem and the next is the junction of the two materials. It is ideal to have a smooth, seamless surface made entirely of one material. It is also necessary to have a flow pattern analysis inside the artificial heart device as well as a clotting pattern analysis. Since the pump oxygenator and heparinization are involved in the procedure, the clotting problems in the total heart experiment are usually less than in the left heart bypass experiments. Our most urgent requirement is the development of new antithrombogenic material. However, even with our present material a large part of the clotting could be avoided if the heart is carefully constructed.
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    Velour fabrics applied to medicine (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 179-196 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Warp-knitted velour fabrics of Dacron, nylon, polypropylene, and Rayon have been backed with Silastic to form a laminate. Prior to heat curing, the composite can be molded into many shapes and has been successfully used to line the luminal side of blood pumps and vascular grafts. Prosthetic heart valves are being covered with velour in an attempt to promote a more compatible surface. Velour suture rings are being evaluated as a more efficient anchor for prosthetic heart valves. Silastic tubes with velour bonded to the outer wall have been used to inhibit infection and sinus tract formation where percutaneous lead wires and conduits are necessary. As a flat sheet, the Silastic-velour laminate has been used experimentally as an artificial skin, but the most noteworthy experimental results have been obtained in rats using a double layer of nylon velour, separated by an impermeable layer of poly(vinyl fluoride). Future application will include attempts to anchor artificial limbs via a velour interface and made functional by tendinous attachment.
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    Growth changes in mammalian cell cultures by plastic additives. (effect of triethyl citrate)Presented at the Scientific Session, A.Ph.A. Meeting, Dallas, Texas, April, 1966. This investigation was supported by Grant CA-06120 from the National Cancer Institute, U.S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Maryland. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 197-211 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Inhibition of cultured mammalian cell growth was used to examine the biological activity of triethyl citrate, a common plasticizer for poly(vinyl chloride). Cell populations were determined by a sample extraction procedure and measurement of nucleic acid content (total purines and pyrimidines) by its absorbance at 268 mm̈. Triethyl citrate demonstrated strikingly different dose-effect characteristics from its theoretical hydrolysis products (ethanol and citric acid). The inhibitory effects of sodium citrate were reversed by calcium chloride while the action of triethyl citrate underwent little or no change under similar conditions. Triethyl citrate did not appear to produce resistant cell strains in culture but did seem to be degraded with time. Inhibitory action of triethyl citrate was shown to be independent of inoculum size within the ranges utilized in the study. The procedures described appear to have a number of advantages for the biological or toxicological evaluation of ingredients which might be added to a plastic formulation or to contaminates which might enter the plastic during manufacture of the item or device.
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    Studies on the stability and protein adsorption characteristics of heparinized polymer surfaces by radioisotope labeling techniquesThis work supported by National Heart Institute under Contract No. PHS-43-64-496, Dr. Frank Hastings, Monitor. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 239-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A series of studies were performed using S35-labeled heparin to determine the amount and the permanancy of heparin grafted onto nonthrombogenic surfaces. The calculated thicknesses of the heparin layers (based on geometrical areas) ranged from 100 to 1500 A. It was shown that the surface having a 100-A layer of attached heparin was nonthrombogenic. The stability of the heparin attached to polypropylene, silicone rubber, hydrin rubber, and graphite-benzalkonium-heparin (GBH) surfaces in distilled water, isotonic saline, and human plasma was measured. The results showed that after exposure to water and saline, the first three surfaces retained most of the attached heparin (〉90%) in contrast to the GBH surface which retained only 31%. After contact with human plasma for 3 hr at 37°C, polypropylene retained 32% and GBH surfaces 19% of the heparin which was initially present. In another series of experiments, the adsorption of P32-labeled proteins onto unheparinized, quaternary ammonium, and heparinized surfaces was measured. The results indicated that the amounts of albumin, Hageman factor, thrombin, and γ-globulin adsorbed onto heparinized surfaces were equal to or greater than the amounts adsorbed onto unheparinized surfaces. The implications of this in terms of the nonthrombogenicity of the heparinized surfaces are discussed.
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    Geordnete Kristallisation. Nucleation und Mineralisation (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 213-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: 1. With the help of ionotropic gels it is possible to duplicate native structures consisting of two materials, one of them the matrix. 2. Counter-ions combined with the ionic groups on the ordered polyelectrolytes can be exchanged. With certain counter-ions an insoluble, crystalline precipitate is formed immediately after the ion-exchange process as an ordered reaction product, i.e., nucleation. 3. Ionotropic gels were crosslinked through the secondary hydroxyl groups (uronic acid residuals) in such a way that the rate of ion exchange was only slightly lower, that no great shrinkage resulted, and that the pores remained free of extraneous polymers. 4. The microscopic structure of ionotropic gels can be divided into (a) a part with secondary structure with micellar particles and hollow pores and (b) a part with tertiary structure with lamellae and isopores. 5. On crystallization in shrunken gels the crystals enter into the tertiary structure - both intracapillary as well as interlamellar - due to spatial reasons. 6. Through control of the shrinkage of the gels, one can regulate the way in which the ordered crystals enter into the two structures. 7. One can change the size of the crystallites by variation of the degree of crosslinking. The higher the degree of crosslinking, the smaller the crystallite. 8. By treatment with waves of ions one can increase the solid content of the gel to values from 50 to 70%. One obtains gels with a mechanical strength like that of bones, teeth, shells, or pearls. The phenomenon of intramicellar crystallization is reversible. Monovalent counter-ions, as well as H-ions, dissolve and extract the included secondary substance. One then obtains the original crosslinked gel. 10. The gel has always to be formed first. Without the ordered base structure (matrix) one obtains unordered crystallites such as occur in the chalklike fields of the pearl shells.
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    Porous plastic prostheses (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Porous laminates prepared by incorporating a volatile solvent into an epoxy resin system used to impregnate a fabric filler satisfactorily alleviated the problems caused by perspiration in upper extremity prostheses, but did not have sufficient strength for use in artificial legs. A new technique is described which results in a 100% increase in both porosity and strength of porous epoxy laminates. The method consists of impregnation of the fabric with resin and solvent and evaporation of the solvent prior to laying up the laminate. The improvement in properties is ascribed to better control and homogeneity of impregnation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010206
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    Materials and design consideration for a compact artificial kidney (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 275-284 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A design theory is developed for a compact artificial kidney utilizing microcapsules containing urease, ion exchange resin, and adsorbents for uric acid and creatinine. It is shown that the critical factor is the permeability property of the microcapsule wall and that an artificial kidney 10 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter is feasible.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010208
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    X-ray diffraction evidence for the presence of β(Ag—Hg) in dental amalgam (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 285-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Samples of (Ag + Hg) amalgam and of dental amalgam have been prepared and stored at temperatures of 23, 37.5, and 60°C for various lengths of time up to 10 years. X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy have been employed to determine the approximate increase in the β(Ag—Hg) phase as a result of the γ → β transition in the Ag—Hg system. Data are presented to show that the transition occurs in both systems but much less rapidly in dental amalgam. Increases in storage temperature increase the rate of the transition in both systems.
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    Strain on the framework of a mandibular free-end saddle partial denture under loadPaper presented at 44th General Meeting of the International Association for Dental Research, March 25, 1966, Miami, Florida. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 263-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Strains were determined in a typical mandibular partial denture metal framework of the free-end saddle type. The overall strain patterns were determined using a brittle lacquer coating technique and loads were applied vertically to positions on the saddles. The results from the coating study indicated the area of high strain were just anterior and posterior to the finishing lines. Strain gages were attached to positions anterior and posterior to the finishing lines and the strain was measured at these positions when the saddles were loaded either at a posterior or anterior position at intervals of 2 lb up to 20 lb. When a static load of 20 lb was applied to the posterior of the left saddle a strain of 750 μ in./in. was obtained, which for the alloy used was equivalent to a stress of 22,200 lb/in.2. The amount of strain observed was a function of the length of the saddle, the bulk of the framework, the relation of the site of the gage to the position of loading, the presence of an indirect retainer, and the position of the fulcrum for the loading conditions used.
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    Biomedical engineering education. Miss Josephine N. Martin, Ed. Rimbach Publications, Division of Chilton Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1967. 34. $2.00 (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 299-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010210
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    Masthead (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010301
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    A new method for preparing nonthrombogenic plastic surfaces (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 301-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The present paper describes a new technique for preparing the surface of polyethylene and polypropylene plastics for the adsorption of heparin. The procedure consists of exposing the plastic surface to a solution of cationic surfactants at a temperature close to the softening temperature of the plastic. The mechanism of adsorption of the anticoagulant of the surfaces is discussed.
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    Gel-fabric prostheses of the ureter (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 325-336 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In 14 canines the ureter was substituted with a new type of ureteral gel-fabric prosthesis. The prosthesis is a tube of knitted fabric of polyester fiber case in a layer of hydrophilous glycol methacrylate gel. Anastomoses were carried out by inserting the prosthesis ends into the ureter lumen and by suturing the stump of the ureter to a special fixing ring on the prosthesis. Preliminary results of short-term obsevations (4 months) are quite promising. The prosthesis is non-irritating and conducts the urine satisfactorily.
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    Biologic properties and possible uses of polymer-like sponges (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 313-323 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The biologic properties of the sponge-like polymers of ethylene glycol methacrylate gels and their host compatibility have been verified in subcutaneous and intraperitoneal application in rats. All three sample types tested, with different porosities, have been tolerated very well with the receptor and have caused no pathologic reaction. Subcutaneous implants are directly integrated in teh organism, cellular immigration taking place with vascularization of the surface layer of the implantate to a depth of some 500 μ during the second week after implantation, causing the sponge to become an integral component of the surrounding tissues. More substantial differences in the reaction to the presence of implantates of different porosity ahve not been observed. These properties directly predetermine the sponge-like polymers for wider application in plastic and reconstructive surgery. In addition, there is the possibility of utilizing them as an auxiliary surgical material, e.g., for drying and cleaning the operative field, or as operation towels. Good results have been achieved also in mechanically stopping bleeding from parenchymatose organs by application of the sponge foil.
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    Nucleation and mineralization of organic matrices (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 337-354 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Features controlling the initiation of matrix calcification have been investigated in a model system. Two major influences which dominate nucleation are the matrix integrity and the location of certain chemical binding sites. It has been shown that chemical chelating groups can, and do, promote calcification under simulated physiological conditions. Organically bound phosphate does not appear to promote nucleation, suggesting that it is chelation of calcium or other cations which is the initial step in tissue calcification. In the sequence of compounds investigated for nucleation catalysis, those possessing at least three chelating groups and a stereopsecific configuration were effective. The mineral phase forming first in association with the organic matrix is a soft non-apatitic calcium phosphate of Ca/P ratio approximately 1.5. This is the same phase that forms in the absence of organic matrices at physiological pH and is probably the precursor to hydroxyapatite in biological calcification. It is suggested that nucleation catalysts exist both within and outside the collagen fibrillar framework. A possible location of the internal site has been proposed, based on the availability of a capillary channel and chelating ligands, and this postulate is supported by electron microscopic evidence which shows that bone crystals lie within the fibrils, occupying space which terminates in the polar 640 A staining area.
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    Announcement (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 369-369 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010307
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    Masthead (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010401
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    Effect of varying electrolyte concentration on in vitro streaming potentials across canine aortae and carotid arteriesPaper presented at the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Meeting (Abstract No. 1646), April 1967. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 355-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Knowledge of the characteristics of the blood-intima interface is important because it leads to information concerning (a) the normal antithrombotic mechanism (b) nature of interreactions between blood and intima (c) testing and selection of vascular wall substitutes which are antithrombotic and inhibit clotting. A technique for obtaining the electrical interfacial characteristics of blood vessel walls is by measuring streaming potentials. Experiments described in the present work are extensions of original in vivo streaming potential measurements. In vitro streaming potentials were measured across fresh canine aortae and carotid arteries using Krebs saline serum substitute, logarithmically varying both internal and external electrolyte concentrations. Positive streaming potentials were measured indicating that the blood vessel wall is negatively charged. Streaming potentials increased linearly with increasing flow rate, decreased with increasing internal electrolyte concentration, decreased with increasing external electrolyte concentration, and reversed, becoming positive, with aging of exteriorized artery. Thus the electrical characteristics of the blood vessel wall are dependent on an ionic balance between the blood vessel wall, flowing blood stream, and external environment. The information demonstrates the importance of electrochemical and physicochemical phenomena in the structure and function of the vascular interface and helps explain in vivo conditions conducive to or inhibitory of intravascular thrombosis.
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    Tissue reaction after implantation and in situ polymerization of hydrophilic gel (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 387-394 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The authors followed the tissue response of a new plastic tube composed of neutral hydrophilic gel, after implantation in the subcutis of rats. They further studied tissue reaction when gel rods were connected by polymerization in situ. After implantation, the gel tubes developed a fine encapsulation but no inflammatory response. The gel rods were connected “end to end” by means of a drop of the polymerizing mixture. The healing proceeded in the same manner with the exception that minute granules of macrocellular elements were formed in the ligament surrounding the polymerization mixture remnats. According to these results, the neutral hydrophilic gel has proved to be a suitable material for implantation.
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    Preliminary clinical trials of a new oral adhesive bandage (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 371-386 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A new intraoral adhesive bandage composed of gelatin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and polyisobutylene backed by a layer of polyethylene film was used by 148 investigators in 1468 patients. The bandage adhered well to the fixed mucosa of the palate, gingiva, and teeth. It adhered less satisfactorily to the loose mucosa of the cheek and floor of the mouth. It did not adhere very well to the tongue. The duration of adhesion of the bandage was at least 5 hr in approximately 87% of all treated cases, and it remained in place for 9-51 hr for more than 50% of all treated patients. Tolerance of the application was good or excellent in 75% of all cases. There was no irritation attributable to the bandage in any patient. The bandage provided an effective means of protecting the vital repair mechanism of a wound during the early hours after extraction. The results of these trials indicate that the new adhesive bandage is safe and that it provides effective cover and protection of wounds and lesions of the mucous surface up to 24 hr.
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    Experimental anastomoses of small arteries employing alkyl-cyanoacrylates (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 395-404 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Sutured, stapled, and methyl- or thickened n-pentyl-2-cyanoacrylate-adhered end-to-end arterial anastomoses were compared in two series of 10 dogs, employing the three 4-mm diameter terminal branches of the aorta for these comparisons. Patency rate, speed of construction, and gross and microscopic appearances were employed as criteria for evaluation. In a series of adult white rabbits the same criteria were applied to compare sutured and thickened n-pentyl-2-cyanoacrylateadhered end-to-end anastomoses of the 2-mm diameter abdominal aorta. Anastomoses adhered with methyl-2-cyanoacrylate were significantly more often thrombosed than any other variety; a marked inflammatory response followed application of this material. Thickened n-pentyl-2-cyanoacrylate adhesive was well tolerated, and the results obtained with this material were equivalent to those obtained by suturing or stapling in the dog, or by suturing in the rabbit.
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    Corrosion rate measurements in vivo (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 405-414 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Corrosion resistance is particularly important in medical treatments requiring implantation of metallic objects in the human body. Unfortunately, weight loss measurements and other conventional corrosion testing techniques are insufficiently sensitive and difficult to adapt to in vivo environments. The linear polarization technique can be used to remotely meaure the corrosion rates of metals implanted in tissue using needle probes. The principles of this technique are reviewed and the results of tests performed on steel, cobalt, and molybdenum implanted in experimental animals are discussed.
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    Confirmation of the presence of β(Ag—Hg) in dental amalgam (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 415-425 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The presence of the β1 phase in dental amalgam after 60°C heating has been confirmed by x-ray diffraction, metallography, microhardness tests, and electron beam analysis. It appeared that the γ1 → β1 transformation began at preferred sites, believed to be possibly areas deficient in Hg, and grew outward from these sites. Even after heating for nearly a year, however, some γ1 still remained in the sample.
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    Masthead (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820020101
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    Antithrombogenic effect of a graphite, benzalkonium chloride, and heparin coating on a flexible polyvinyl chloride plastic implant in the rabbit (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 427-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In vivo and in vitro experiments described herein have demonstrated that the GBH coating is antithrombogenic when placed on PVC, as tested in the blood system of rabbits for periods up to 2 weeks. In vitro clotting times cannot be correlated with the in vivo thrombogenicity of the same implants. For example, dog and man have very similar in vitro clotting times, but very dissimilar in vivo prosthetic thrombosis problems. In vivo and in vitro tests are for the most part not comparable in that they do not measure the same things. However, both in vivo and in vitro tests proved the GBH-treated vinyl to be antithrombogenic. It may be concluded from the available data that a flexible plastic can be treated with GBH and become antithrombogenic for a practicable period of time.
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    Toxicologic aspects of implantsPresented to the 7th International Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, August, 1967. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 433-449 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Man-made polymeric materials are being utilized in a number of devices which will be implanted into animals and humans for various periods of time. The diversity of materials and the introduction of new materials into the medical and paramedical professions appear to be increasing at an accelerated rate each year. Even though great advancements have been made by the biomedical engineer and the surgeon in designing and implanting a prosthetic device in the body, less emphasis apparently has been given to the possible or potential hazardous aspects of the material. An implantable material may initiate a body response in two general ways: (1) release of an ingredient from the material to the biological environment and (2) alteration of the material by the biological environment, leading to degradation of the material with its various consequences. If serious future hazards are to be kept to a minimum, greater emphasis must be placed on well-designed toxicity studies of materials which, in turn, could lead to standardized materials for implants.
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    Metallurgical analyses of failed orthopedic implants (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 1-22 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Several metallic orthopedic implants which failed in service and for which the medical histories are known are comprehensively examined using metallographic techniques and electron microprobe analyses to determine the causes of failure. The results indicate that fatigue is a major cause of failure and that, in all probability, the fatigue is initiated by poor design or poor material.
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    Change in zeta potential of polar plastics by electrical polarization (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 43-49 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Tubing made of a polar plastic, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, was electrically polarized while heated. The zeta potential of tubes polarized negatively inside was consistently higher than that of unpolarized tubes. Tubes polarized positively had a much smaller and variable change in zeta potential. The change is apparently not related to the formation of electrets, but may be due to the orientation of pre-existing dipoles.
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    Phenols and blood coagulation (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 23-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effect of phenol and certain phenyl compounds on the different stages of the blood coagulation and fibrinolytic mechanism is investigated. Phenol has a complex action on blood coagulation. In an optimal concentration of 0.3% it produced a definite, though suboptimal platelet factor 3 activity, evolved factor XII, accelerated thrombin-fibrinogen interaction, retarded clot retraction, enhanced the action of streptokinase on plasminogen, and inhibited plasmin. In addition, in the absence of factor XIII and calcium, it increased the solubility of fibrin in urea. Phenyl acetaldehyde, benzyl benzoate, and styrene (phenyl ethylene) accelerated stypven clotting time and thrombin-fibrinogen reaction. Unpolymerized styrene and phenyl ethanol specifically inhibited the action of plasma thromboplastin, formed in a system lacking in factor VIII or IX. A study is also reported on the changes responsible for the stabilization with phenol of brain thromboplastic activity. The action is not purely bactericidal, but is dependent on the presence of brain tissue particles in suspension. The contribution of platelets to plasma thromboplastin formation is examined in the light of these investigations, showing the ability of phosphorus-free compounds to supply a platelet-like activity.
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    The behavior of biological materials at different sites of implantation (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Adult albino rabbits were implanted with disks of 316 and 304 stainless steel in the subperiosteum of the anterior calvarium and the left mandible and in the left paravertebral and thigh muscles. The corresponding opposite sites were sham operated. The histopathological slides revealed that there was variation in thickness of the membrane in sections of both the paravertebral and thigh muscles; one side showing greater reaction than the other, which corresponded with the appearance of the implants. Sections of the calvarium revealed minimal bone and soft tissue reaction, although the implants showed corrosion compatible with soft tissue sites. The mandibular sections revealed extensive bone tissue reactions with minimum masseter muscle reactions, but the appearance of the implants due to corrosion was different than those of all other sites. Moderate eosinophilic infiltration was observed in sections containing deposits of corrosion products.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820020106
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    Discussion of correlations of blood coagulation with surface properties of materials (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 89-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An alternate correlation of blood coagulation time with surface properties of solids is proposed in that the work of adhesion is used rather than the surface free energy. The overall quality of the two correlations is about the same, but the new method does allow the important data point for glass to also be included. Possible useful future work of this type is discussed.
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    The search for correlation between electrokinetic phenomena and blood thrombus formation on implant materials (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 51-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bioelectric charge transfer at the blood-wall interface may be a crucial factor affecting thrombosis on implant materials. A program of studies was conducted to determine the electrokinetic and other physical properties of a wide spectrum of materials including organic polymers, metals, inorganics, heterogeneous compounds, and animal tissue. From these tests, materials were selected for in-vivo cannulation experiments. In this manner, a search was made to find a correlation between surface charge characteristics and thrombosis on cardiovascular implant materials. It was found that materials exhibiting a substantial positive charge were prone to rapid thrombosis. No clear correlation can be stated, as yet, regarding the thrombogenecity of highly charged negative surfaces or slightly charged surfaces. However, many heterogeneous materials have exhibited prolonged in-vivo patency. It appears necessary to isolate surface effects from volumetric effects to seek the role of bioelectric charge transfer in blood thrombus formation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820020105
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    Segmented polyurethane: A polyether polymer. An initial evalution for biomedical applications (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 121-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A segmented polyurethane elastomer, originally developed for elastic thread, is now being used for molded prostheses. Chemical, mechanical, and biological properties are described. Hydrolytic stability of this polymer is compared to that of a polyester urethan. Experience with the material used in components of an experimental heart-assist pump has shown excellent flex endurance, wear resistance, and intravascular acceptability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820020109
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    Oral and cutaneous tissue reactions to injected fluid silicones (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 131-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: During the period covered by this investigation, toxicological studies were carried out in hamsters and rabbits. The results of injections, subcutaneously and in the buccal pouch of hamsters, indicated that the silicones used were nontoxic, non-absorbable, and well encapsulated by connective tissue elements with moderate tissue reaction. Further studies of various combinations of roomtemperature vulcanizing silastics indicated similar reactions when injected submucosally in the alveolar ridges and palate of rabbits. The injected materials remained in situ in the injected submucosal area and became well encapsulated by the proliferation of connective tissue and collagenous fibers. There was no evidence of macrophages or foreign body giant-cells in and around the proliferating connective tissue capsule. There were no macroscopic or microscopic signs of tumor formation. The encapsulated masses did not elicit bone resorption when localized adjacent to bone tissue.
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    The electrochemical properties of dental amalgam (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 95-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effects of variations in composition and processing on the open-circuit electrode potentials measured as a function of time of amalgams made from silver-tin, silver-tin-copper, silver-tin-zinc, and silver-tin-copper-zinc alloys have been determined at 37°C in distilled water, in saline solution, as well as in acetate and citrate solutions buffered to pH values of 3, 7, and 10. The electrochemical potentials of the alloys measured as a function of time in neutral acetate solutions show anodic polarization from an initial cathodic potential value of approximately 0.1 v with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode to a constant potential level depending upon alloy composition. In neutral acetate solution the potential-time curves of silver-tin amalgams with 7:5 mercury to alloy ratio show a rapid anodic polarization from an initial anodic potential value of 0.28 v to a minimum value of 0.05 v at approximately 1 hr followed by a potential reversal to a plateau value of 0.40 v. For 7:5 amalgams in neutral acetate solutions increases in both the trituration time and in the severity of processing deformation cause a small increase in initial potential, with a decrease in anodic polarization, while an increase in amalgam age lowers both the initial potential value and the longer-time potential plateau. Increasing the mercury content of the amalgam to a 2:1 ratio decreases the rate of potential reversal from the minimum, whereas decreasing the ratio to 4:5 decreases the amount of depolarization from the minimum value. The effects of copper and zinc additions to silver-tin alloys are mixed. In neutral acetate solution the 7:5 ratio amalgams from silver-tin-copper alloys show anodic polarization from the same initial value as the silver-tin amalgams, followed by a region of decreased polarization. Both silver-tin-zinc and silver-tin-copper-zinc alloys exhibit a much higher initial anodic potential (0.78 v), and following the achievement of the potential plateau have a slow anodic polarization to the long-time potential value shown by silver-tin amalgam. Three commercial alloy amalgams were studied in neutral acetate solution. The two amalgams containing zinc have a potential behavior similar to that of the experimental zinc-containing amalgam; the non-zinc amalgam shows a rapid anodic polarization from an initial anodic potential value of 0.24 v, a minimum at 1 hr, and a reversal to the long-time potential values of 0.40 v shown by the zinc-containing amalgam.
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    Cutaneous absorption of N-alkyl α-cyanoacrylate (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 157-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Three monomers, β-14C-tagged methyl, n butyl, and n-heptyl α-cyanoacrylate, have been applied to intact skin and split-thickness skin-graft donor sites on rats. The data indicate that the urinary 14C activity is in the order: methyl 〉 n-butyl or n heptyl. Also, the urinary activity, when the monomers are applied to the split thickness skin graft donor sites, is approximately threefold greater than when the monomers are applied to intact skin. The conclusion is that the application of cyanoacrylate monomer to the skin is not only topical in nature, but may involve the internal milieu as well.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820020112
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    Utilization of polyelectrolyte complexes in biology and medicine (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 145-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Polyelectrolyte complexes are ionic hydrogels formed by the coreaction of two oppositely charged, strongly ionized polyelectrolytes. While insoluble in simple solvents and infusible, these polymers can be fabricated into membranes, fibers, and other shaped articles by casting from ternary solvents. Homogeneous membranes are optically clear, amorphous structures in which the equilibrium gel water content can be controllably varied from ca. 30-90%. The net ion-exchange capacity of the membrane can be varied from zero to ca. 2.0 meq/g, either cationic or anionic. Homogeneous membranes are characterized by unusually high water and gas permeabilities and permeabilities to water and soluble solutes which can be controlled by adjustment of gel water content and ion-exchange capacity. Anisotropic membranes can also be prepared which are high flux molecular ultrafilters for solutes as small as sucrose. The anisotropic membranes have found widespread use in biology for fractionation, concentration, and purification of biopolymers. Homogeneous membranes show promise as analogues for biological membranes. A number of applications are being evaluated in medicine and surgery. These include: vascular grafts, antithrom-bogenic coatings for plastic prostheses, contact lenses, corneal implants, and surgical adhesives. In addition, polyelectrolyte complex membranes are showing considerable promise for artificial kidneys and blood oxygenators.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820020111
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    Determination of residual ethylene oxide in catheters by gas - liquid chromatography (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 165-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A quantitative method for determining residual ethylene oxide in plastic and rubber catheters using gas-liquid chromatography has been developed. Tests on ethylene oxide stabilized catheters indicated that the amount of ethylene oxide in the catheters decreased as a function of aeration time up to 48 hr. After this period, a steady concentration of ethylene oxide in the catheters appeared to have been reached up to one week's testing.
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    Announcements (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 183-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820020117
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    Masthead (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820020201
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    Semipermeable aqueous microcapsules (artificial cells). V. Permeability characteristicsSupported by grants from the Medical Research Council of Canada. (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A rapid mixing and sampling technique was used to study the permeability characteristics of semipermeable aqueous microcapsules (artificial cells). Urea, creatine, creatinine, uric acid, glucose, sucrose, and salicylic acid equilibrated rapidly across nylon microcapsules of 207 μ diameter (e.g., T 1/2 for urea of 3.4 sec). From these results the permeability constants were calculated (e.g., P for urea of 2 × 10-4 cm/sec). Very much the same permeability constants were found for collodion microcapsules. The equivalent pore radius of the membrane of the nylon microcapsules were estimated to be 18 A.
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    Purchase specifications for biomedical materials. I. Sheet or film of polytetrafluoroethylene plastic (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 209-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The critical need for purchase specifications for implantable biomedical materials is the focus of this contribution. The elements in development of such specifications are presented with specific reference to a widely used high polymer, polytetrafluoroethylene. A specification for sheet or film of this plastic, as instituted by a major urban hospital, is presented in detail.
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    Implantation of autologous tissue fragments in velour fabric used to line cardiovascular prostheses: An in vivo culture system to produce cellular blood-prosthesis interfaces (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 201-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Previous observations of pseudointimal organization within impermeable cardiovascular prostheses indicated that rapid spontaneous healing was dependent upon proximity of host vascular tissue at the suture line. Autologous connective tissue fragments were prepared from skeletal muscle biopsies by blender-mincing muscle tissue. The fragments were embedded in the fabric used to line the inner wall of arterial prostheses. A tightly fitting piston was drawn through the prosthesis, forcing the suspended tissue fragments to flow around the piston and become entwined in the loops of the velour fabric. The arterial prostheses prepared in this way were inserted as replacements for segments of canine abdominal aorta. This in vivo culture system supported cellular proliferation and pseudointimas healed uniformly. Pseudointimas of paracorporeal pumps in operation for as long as 5 weeks did not show signs of healing. The same principle of filtration of tissue fragments into a lining fabric was applied to diaphragms of left ventricular bypass pumps. This type of paracorporeal pump supported in vivo culture of implanted fragments.
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    Surgical suture-canine tissue interaction for six common suture types (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 215-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Maximum extraction stress and integrated extraction work were measured for sutures implanted for 3, 7, and 14 day periods. Six common non-absorbable sutures, representative of braided and monofilamentary forms, were implanted subdermally and were used for cutaneous incision closure with purebred pointer dogs. The data show: (1) Braided sutures, polyester/Teflon, silk-type B, and silk-silicone interacted with peripheral tissue to a significantly greater degree than the monofilamentary types, nylon, polypropylene, and polyethylene; (2) polyester-Teflon braided suture interacted to a lesser degree than the other braided sutures; (3) the relatively intense interaction of plain silk and silicone-treated silk appears to reflect the combined effects of mechanical aspects of braiding and of biochemical response; and (4) all braided sutures swelled over the implantation periods with as much as a 70% increase in diameter after 14 days for silk.
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    Use of spongy hydron in plastic surgery (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 237-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A hydrophilic plastic material (USA trademark Hydron), developed by Wichterle and Lím, was used as a sponge for augmentation of breasts in the clinic for plastic surgery. The preparation of the prosthesis and the operational procedures are described.
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    Enzyme entrapment within hydrophobic and hydrophilic matrices (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: ATP-diphosphohydrolase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin have been insolubilized by lattice-entrapment using hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel and hydrophobic Silastic matrices. The entrapped enzymes were stable and unaffected by washing or wet storage. Thermal inactivation properties of polyacrylamide-entrapped ATP-diphosphohydrolase were different from those of the same enzyme in solution. Several substrates were used for each of the proteolytic enzymes. Esterase activities of both trypsin and chymotrypsin were unaltered by entrapment within Silastic. The entrapment of enzymes and other active proteins is potentially of consequence in continuous-flow substrate conversion systems. Silastic with a surface proteolytic activity derived from an entrapped enzyme is of possible medical utility for implantation elements.
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    Plastics in surgery. B. Bloch and G. W. Hastings. Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, III. 1967, 187. $10.75. Illus. (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 279-279 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820020210
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