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  • phosphorus  (206)
  • RFLP  (201)
  • Springer  (407)
  • 1990-1994  (407)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ecosystem of a mesotrophic lake-II. Interactions among nutrient load, river flow, and epilimnion depth (1991)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 53 (1991), S. 263-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Lake ecosystem ; chl-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; river flow ; thermocline ; simulation model ; multiple regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The management variables which primarily affect phytoplankton biomass (as chl-a) in Lake Mjøsa, Norway, are total phosphorus loading (TP) and the timing and volume of water through flow (by active storage reservoirs). The response of the lake to changes in these factors is studied using a simulation model of the lake ecosystem. Chl-a responses from both observed data and the simulated results are extracted by multiple regression. Results show that decreasing TP load decreases chl-a, but less at low TP levels (〈 10 mg TP · m−3). There is also a certain time period for peak river flow which gives the least yield of chl-a per unit TP. This time period occurs in early summer (i.e., around June 10) if the total phosphorus load is low, and later if the load is high. Both observations and simulation results show that a high water flow increases chl-a at low epilimnion depths (〈 15 m), but that the same high water flow decreases chl-a when epilmnion is deep.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877062
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitochondrial DNA variation in geographic populations of Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 483-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mitochondrial DNA ; RFLP ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Colorado potato beetle ; population genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study demonstrates variability in restriction enzyme cleavage sites of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) among four popalations of Colorado potato beetle (CPB). A suite of three enzymes (EcoRI,HpaI,PstI) was sufficient to discriminate among the populations tested. Individuals heteroplasmic for restriction enzyme patterns were found in some populations. Variability in CPB mtDNA should prove useful in efforts to trace the origin and dispersal of the species in North America.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01959950
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The short term response to eutrophication abatement (1990)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 52 (1990), S. 199-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Eutrophication ; lake management ; phosphorus ; ecosystem ; chlorophyll-a ; mathematical modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We compare results of a new model for predicting the short term inter annual changes in chlorophyll-a (chl-a) in lakes after reductions in total phosphorus (TP) to predictions made by least squares regression models. In the new method, slopes of chl-a/TP graphs (both axes in mg · m−3) are depicted in frequency diagrams and used to extract information on the expected, short term chl-a/TP response. The short term response for nine shallow (〈 10 m deep) and nutrient rich lakes to changes in TP was found to be: Chl-a = 0.49 · TP + 17.3, and for nine deep, P-limited lakes: Chl-a = 0.08 · TP + 3.5. If the TP-reduction is known to be greater than 10 mg · m−3, the expected slope increases to 0.58 for shallow lakes and to 0.26 for deep lakes. The slope, 0.58, is 8% lower than the slope for the long term response calculated by regression for the shallow lakes. For deep lakes the slope, 0.26, is 2 to 3 times higher than that calculated by regression, indicating that reductions in TP for deep lakes give greater effects than least squares regression equations suggest. We have also calculated the reduction in TP which will give about 80% probability that a reduction in chl-a will be observed next year. For shallow, P-limited lakes this reduction is about 30 mg · m−3 (5% of average initial in-lake TP concentration), and for deep lakes about 14 mg · m−3 (35% of average initial in-lake TP concentration).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877280
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vertical mixing in Überlinger See, western part of Lake Constance (1990)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 52 (1990), S. 256-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Vertical mixing ; stratification ; phosphorus ; Lake Constance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Depth variable vertical eddy diffusion coefficients for heat (K z) were calculated from continuously measured temperature profiles in Überlinger See (western part of Lake Constance). The temperatures were averaged over vertical intervals of 10 m yielding 14 discrete values (maximum depth of Überlinger See: 147 m). A linear fit from 10 June to 29 September 1987 was used to smooth the significant temperature fluctuations caused by internal seiches of Lake Constance. Assuming horizontal homogeneity for the smoothed data the Gradient-Flux-Method was applied to compute vertical diffusion coefficientsK z at different depths using the depth variable volumes and surfaces of the 14 layers. The resulting mean diffusion coefficients for the period from June to September are 0.04 cm2/s near the thermocline and up to 0.8 cm2/s in deeper strata (accuracy: ± 50%). It is shown that horizontal mixing between Überlinger See and Obersee (main lake) alters the computation ofK z by less than 50%. A relationship betweenK z and stability (Brunt-Väisälä) frequencyN is found which corresponds well to the theory of internal wave induced turbulence. Combining the diffusion coefficients with measured phosphorus profiles, a phosphorus flux from the hypolimnion to the epilimnion of (0.7 ± 0.4) mg P m−2 d−1 was calculated, corresponding to about 20% of the average external loading per area of Lake Constance in 1986.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877283
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of total dissolved phosphorus in small volumes of iron rich interstitial water (1992)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 54 (1992), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Sediment ; interstitial water ; phosphorus ; iron ; persulfate digestion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that sorption of orthophosphate to iron compounds, formed during persulfate digestion, can cause a significant underestimation of total dissolved phosphorus in interstitial waters rich in iron and poor in phosphorus. Labelling the samples with carrier free32PO4 before digestion allows to correct for these losses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877261
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine in high-purity aluminium (1990)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 101 (1990), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: aluminium analysis ; phosphorus ; sulfur ; chlorine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Multi-step procedures for the determination of phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine are described and tested against established methods and on reference materials. Phosphorus is separated as hydrogen phosphide, extracted as phosphomolybdic acid, reduced to molydenum blue and measured photometrically (detection limit 0.05 μg/g). Sulfur is separated after reduction as hydrogen sulfide or by means of pyrohydrolysis and measured by ICP-OES (detection limit 0.1 μg/g). Chloride can be measured by ion chromatography after pyrohydrolytic separation (detection limit 0.1 μg/g). The determination of sulfur was also successfully tested on copper and steel samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01244179
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The determination of phosphonate base scale inhibitors in brines by plasma spectrometry (1992)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 109 (1992), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: phosphonate base scale inhibitor ; brine ; direct current plasma ; inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The determination of phosphonate base scale inhibitors in brines by direct current plasma (DCP) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) is described. The first method is based on a direct nebulization of the brine samples and plasma using the phosphorus line at 213.618 nm. The second method involves extraction of phosphorus as phospho-antimonyl molybdate complex into methylisobutyl ketone (MIBK) phase and analysis of the extract for molybdenum using the Mo 313.260 nm line. Comparison between the proposed methods and an established recommended method [1] shows excellent agreement between the results in addition to the sensitivity and ease of automation provided by AES.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242475
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Historical changes in sediments of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA: consequences of changes in the water balance of a terminal desert lake (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 12 (1994), S. 87-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Great Basin ; climatic variations ; productivity ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; hardwater lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from the shallow and deep basins of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, revealed variations in composition with depth reflecting changes in lake level, river inflow, and lake productivity. Recent sediments from the period of historical record indicate: (1) CaCO3 and organic content of sediment in the shallow basin decrease at lower lake level, (2) CaCO3 content of deep basin sediments increases when lake level decreases rapidly, and (3) the inorganic P content of sediments increases with decreasing lake volume. Variations in sediment composition also indicate several periods for which productivity in Pyramid Lake may have been elevated over the past 1000 years. Our data provide strong evidence for increased productivity during the first half of the 20th Century, although the typical pattern for cultural eutrophication was not observed. The organic content of sediments also suggests periods of increased productivity in the lake prior to the discovery and development of the region by white settlers. Indeed, a broad peak in organic fractions during the 1800's originates as an increase starting around 1600. However, periods of changing organic content of sediments also correspond to periods when inflow to the lake was probably at extremes (e.g. drought or flood) indicating that fluctuations in river inflow may be an important factor affecting sediment composition in Pyramid Lake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00678089
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrology of the Peel-Harvey estuary catchment (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 127-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: hydrology ; water balance ; phosphorus ; Streamflow ; Peel-Harvey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the land types, hydrologic characteristics and processes, and the major modification of these, in relation to mechanisms and magnitude of phosphorus losses to drains and riverine systems which discharge to the Peel-Harvey estuary. About 75% of the coastal plain part of the catchment is cleared of native vegetation and used for dryland, dairy and beef grazing. There are small areas devoted to irrigated pasture and commercial horticulture. Seventy-five percent of the soils of the catchment are sandy surfaced with a poor capacity to retain phosphorus. Though the area is flat, catchment water yields are high because of a large winter rainfall excess and low soil storage capacity. Drainage schemes have been constructed in much of the catchment to remove excess water quickly. This was required initially to allow agricultural expansion and is now important for protecting a growing infrastructure which serves the most populous region of Western Australia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00747583
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental impact of fertilizing soils by using sewage and animal wastes (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 1-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: animal slurries and manures ; applications to soils ; carbon- ; nitrogen- ; phosphorus ; contamination ; crop production ; dissemination ; hazardous organics ; heavy metals ; inputs ; macro- and micronutrients ; pathogens ; sewage sludges ; survival- ; transfer- ; transport and adsorption rates in soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The European Community is producing annually about 300 × 106 tons of sewage sludges as well as about 150, 950,160 and 200 tons of domestic, agricultural, industrial and other wastes (street litter, dead leaves etc.). About 20–25% of the German sewage sludges, which contain in average about 3.8,1.6, 0.4, 0.6, 5.3% DM−1 N, P, K, Mg and Ca, 202, 5, 131, 349, 53, 3 and 1446 mg kg−1 DM Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Hg, Zn as well as ca. 37 and 5 mg kg−1 Dm polychlorinated hydrocarbons and biphenyls, are recycled annually as fertilizer. In addition environmental impacts on the arable land of Germany may derive from 76,19.2, 64.7, 33.6, 7.8 and 0.1 kg ha−1 a−1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Cu added as animal manures. Besides heavy metals and hazardous organics pathogens are disseminated with organic wastes. Crop production and soil fertility generally profit from the considerable amounts of plant nutrients and carbon in sewage sludges, animal slurries and manures, but the physicochemical soil properties, the composition of microbial, faunal and plant communities as well as the metabolic processes in the soil-, rhizo- and phyllosphere are changed by organic manuring. Consequences for the soil carbon-, nitrogen-and phosphorus-cycle are discussed. Impacts of heavy metals and hazardous organics on the soil biomass and its habitat as well as on transport mechanisms and surival times of disseminated pathogens in soils are reviewed with emphasis on the German situation. A proposal for future strategies (landscape recycling) is made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750669
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Results and experiences from fertilization experiments in The Netherlands (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 107-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Liming ; phosphorus ; heathland ; copper ; fertilization ; forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Forest fertilization in the Netherlands has played an important role in the phase of afforestation of former heathlands. Research started in the early fifties, but results were not applied in practical forestry. A review is presented on forest fertilization in practice, and on the main results of the activities of De Dorschkamp on NPK fertilization, liming and micronutrients application. Attention is paid to problems which have developed during the past ten years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048613
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Share of agriculture in nitrogen and phosphorus emissions into the surface waters of Western Europe against the background of their eutrophication (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 253-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sulphur ; nutrient balances ; surface waters ; North Sea ; Baltic Sea ; eutrophication ; hypertrophication ; primary production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, their relationship to each other (DIN/DIP) as predisposing (nutrient) factors, as well as prevailing weather as a triggering factor all work together to induce the primary production and hence the eutrophication (hypertrophication) process in surface waters. Sulfate likewise is a decisive predisposing factor influencing the eutrophication process by reducing N availability but increasing P availability and thus acting towards an N limitation of the primary production. This is one of the reasons why marine (coastal) waters and estuaries often exhibit N limitation with respect to primary production, while freshwater ecosystems often tend to exhibit P limitation. Within the N and P balance of agriculture of some countries of Western Europe (Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, FRG, UK and Sweden for N, resp. Netherlands, FRG and GDR for P) more the level than the efficiency of the N and P applications indicates the extent of the nutrient surplus. Despite 59–73% N utilization in plant production, the rate of 13–23% for agriculture as a whole equals to the 12–21% efficiency of N use in animal production. The varying N surplus in agriculture in the separate countries of 124 to 465 kg N ha−1 a−1 is determined almost exclusively by the level of the N application and not by its efficiency. The situation is similar for P: In spite of P utilization in plant production of 59–76%, P utilization in total agriculture is only 11–38%, or comparable to the P efficiency within animal production of 10–34%. The differing P excess balance of 55 to 88 kg P2O5 ha−1 a−1 is influenced by the level of the P application. The N and P efficacy of total agriculture hence is determined almost completely by that of animal production, since 83–95% (N basis) and 76–94% (P basis) of the total plant production (on top of the nationally varying levels of N and P use via imported feeds) are fed to animals — with the low N and P utilization cited above. Agriculture's share of the N and P emissions into surface water of several countries/regions in Western Europe (FRG, Netherlands, Italy, Denmark, Switzerland, Norway) ranges from 37 to 82% resp. 27 to 38%. Its share in the flus into the North Sea catchment basin will be about 60% for N and 25% for P related only to the anthropogenic material carried by the rivers. Agriculture's share in the atmospheric N emissions into the North and Baltic Seas can be estimated at about 65% or 55%, resp. while the remaining approx. 35% or 45%, resp. are traceable primarily to anthropogenic burning processes. For agriculture the priority lies in limiting N emissions into surface water caused by leaching, erosion and NH3 emissions, and reducing P emissions mainly through soil conservation (protection against erosion) and water protection. As regards N this means a demand for comprehensive protection of groundwater and atmosphere differentiated according to the potential for losses or the risk of losses on a site, also outside the protection zones. As regards P only those areas can be included in the demand for reduction of emissions that are actually threatened by erosion or surface runoff. Plenty of short-term and long-term measures are available to agriculture to reduce N and P emissions. Especially the long-range measures (such as creating nutrient balances on farms and fields, the integration of animal and plant production, maintaining maximum livestock densities according to the ability of areas to absorb nutrients, altered feeding programs in animal nutrition, changes in livestock keeping (slurry→deep litter), increasing the internal and external recycling of N and P) are capable of bringing about a satisfactory degree of success within the next 20 to 30 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048764
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Land application of poultry litter and water quality in Oklahoma, U.S.A. (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Animal manure ; eutrophication ; ground water ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; surface runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the rapid growth of the poultry industry in Oklahoma, U.S.A., more litter is applied to farm land. Thus, information is required on the impact of applications on regional soil and water resources. The effect of soil and poultry litter management on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss in runoff and subsurface flow from four 16 m2 plots (Ruston fine sandy loam, 6 to 8% slope) was investigated under natural rainfall. Plots under Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) received 11 Mg litter ha−1, which amounts to contributions of approximately 410 kg N and 140 kg P ha−1 yr−1. In spring, litter was broadcast on 3 of the plots; the upper half of one and total area of the other two. One of the total-area broadcast plots was tilled to 6 cm, the other remained as no till. The fourth plot served as a control. Relative to the control, litter application increased mean concentrations of total N and total P in runoff during the 16-week study for no-till (15.4 and 5.8 mg L−1) and tilled treatments (16.7 and 6.1 mg L−1). However, values for the half-area application (5.6 and 2.0 mg L−1) were similar to the control (5.7 and 1.3 mg L−1). Interflow (subsurface lateral flow at 70 cm depth) P was not affected by litter application; however, nitrate-N concentrations increased from 0.6 (control) to 2.9 mg L−1 (no till). In all cases, 〈 2 % litter N and P was lost in runoff and interflow, maintaining acceptable water quality concentrations. Although litter increased grass yield (8518 kg ha−1) compared to the control (3501 kg ha−1), yields were not affected by litter management. An 8-fold increase in the plant available P content of surface soil indicates long-term litter management and application rates will be critical to the environmentally sound use of this nutrient resource.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750462
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of ensete (Ensete ventricosum W.) to mineral fertilizers in southwest Ethiopia (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ensete ventricosum ; fertilizer response ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sulphur ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ensete (Ensete ventricosum W. Cheesm.) is a root crop which stores starch in the root and in the lower part of the stem. It is grown in the southwest of Ethiopia and due to its drought resistance, it is of outstanding importance for the supply of food to the local population. Until now virtually nothing is known about the response of Ensete to fertilizer application. Field trials carried out on three representative soils in Ethiopia showed that Ensete biomass yields were increased significantly on all three soils by nitrogen and phosphorus application. Potassium had only marginal effect on biomass growth but favourably influenced starch production. Sulfate application had no major impact on growth and starch yield. The yield response was well related to the level of available nutrients in the soil, as determined by electroultrafiltration (EUF). Leaf analysis provided preliminary evidence that optimum levels of N, P, and K may be 3.8%, 0.3%, and 4.8%, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748551
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  • 15
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    Fertilization of millet cv. Souna III in Senegal: dry matter production and nutrient uptake (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 35 (1993), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: calcium ; dry matter distribution ; fertilizer ; harvest index ; magnesium ; manure ; millet ; nitrogen ; nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; potassium ; Senegal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a fertilizer and manure experiment, millet was grown under four treatments (no fertilizer or manure, farmyard manure, chemical fertilizer, and both). Grain yield and total aboveground biomass production of the unfertilized plot were relatively high. The observed differences in total dry matter production must be attributed to differences in nutrient availability, as amount of rainfall and its distribution were favourable. Results show only small differences in distribution of dry matter among the various plant organs between the best and the non-fertilized treatments. Nutrient supply from natural sources, defined as crop content of N, P, and K at maturity without fertilizer application, amounted to 104, 16 and 103 kg ha−1, respectively, which are very high values. Total uptake of calcium and magnesium is related to that of potassium, as the combined content of these three elements is linearly related to total aboveground biomass production. Minimum removal of nitrogen and phosphorus per ton grain dry matter amounts to 29 and 4kg, respectively, and 9 kg potassium per ton total aboveground dry matter. A possible double function of phosphorus as element of structural biomass and for maintenance of electro-neutrality is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750640
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  • 16
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    Fertilizers and eutrophication in southwestern Australia: Setting the scene (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: eutrophication ; phosphorus ; fertilizer ; Peel-Harvey estuary ; algal blooms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An excess of plant nutrients has caused serious eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems of southwestern Australia manifested by excessive growth and accumulation of green and bluegreen algae. Phosphorus is generally the limiting nutrient for algal growth and phosphatic fertilizers applied to nutrient-deficient, leaching, sandy soils are the main source of P, supplemented by rural industry point sources. Nitrogen is the limiting nutrient in marine embayments with little drainage from the land. Measures to reduce the load of P delivered to drainage include basing fertilizer application rates on soil testing for P and the use of less soluble P fertilizers. Catchment management plans are being implemented with community involvement to reduce P loads and maintain agricultural production. This introductory paper reviews the history of eutrophication in southwestern Australia and of studies into its causes, principally in the large Peel-Harvey estuary. It briefly summarises other papers in this special issue concerned with different aspects of the problem: how to fertilize the land without causing eutrophication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00747579
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  • 17
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    Phosphorus retention and release from sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey catchment (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 115-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; retention ; release ; sandy soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to manage phosphorus (P) losses from soils to waterbodies, knowledge of the mechanisms through which P is retained or released from the soil is essential. Sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey catchment (Western Australia) were subjected to a range of environmental and management factors in the laboratory and field in order to gain an understanding of the mechanisms that affect the magnitude of P losses. Sandy soils accumulated P, despite having little sorption capacity, and this accumulation could be monitored by measuring an acid-extractable fraction. The potential, short-term P loss could be estimated by determination of water-soluble soil solution P prior to winter rains. An annual cycle of the change in arbitrarily defined soil-P pools is discussed in relation to environmental and management factors. Laboratory experiments indicated that P rundown and potential annual P loss in the absence of P fertilizers could be estimated using bicarbonate extractable P. Phosphorus losses were decreased by the application of fertilizers with a low content of water-soluble P. The low ability of sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey coastal catchment to retain P, when compared to other Western Australian soils, is because of low contents of clay minerals and iron and aluminium hydrous oxides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00747581
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  • 18
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    The effect of level of nitrogen nutrition upon mineral content and removal in grasses and wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Grass ; wheat ; nitrogen nutrition ; dilution curve ; mineral content ; mineral removal ; phosphorus ; potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The important effect of nitrogen in changing the patterns of mineral content and mineral removal is analysed for grass swards and wheat. Different models are proposed; accumulated dry matter developed throughout a growing period is shown to be an excellent reference for assessing the evolution of the plant mineral content and the mineral removal the growing crop. Applications in diagnosing mineral nutrition status and optimising fertilizer use are proposed and discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048760
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    The interpretation of Olsen extractable P values in relation to recommendations for the fertilizer requirements of crops (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 223-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Soil testing ; phosphorus ; relative yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment, with Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) as the test crop, was conducted on twenty-one soils ranging in Olsen's extractable phosphorus from 1.8 to 15.5µg Pg−1 soil. The experiment was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. The soils were nonsaline with pH ranging from 7.7 to 8.6. A critical level of 2.55µg Pg−1 soil was predicted by Cate and Nelson's (1971) statistical procedure. Because of a wide range in relative yields, this value did not accurately predict response to applied P. An approach to compute minimum response to applied fertilizer, which is likely to be obtained at a particular Olsen P level, has been presented. It involves calculation of lower 60 percent confidence limits for relative yield and fitting loge-linear regression to the transformed data. The regression was tested on a published data set and was found to hold well.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048784
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    Two post thinning fertilizer trials inPinus radiata in New South Wales, Australia (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 259-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; timber increment ; fertilization ; Pinus radiata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two trials inPinus radiata growing on different sites in N.S.W. allowed consideration of fertilizer applications after 2nd or 3rd thinning. The trials included factorial applications of N and P at a single thinning intensity plus a further treatment which allowed assessment of different thinning intensities. The most significant growth responses were obtained by application of N and P in combination. The largest response (additional productivity compared with the unfertilized control) occurred 4 years after application and after 7 years there was no additional absolute response for either of the two sites. The largest fertilizer response was 70 m3 ha−1 over 7 years on one site and 36 m3 ha−1 on the other, indicating differences in absolute responses between sites. It was concluded that in planning treatments the most responsive sites near the end of the rotation should be selected to maximise economic returns. Foliage analyses indicated differences between sites at the commencement of the study. It was concluded that either a single year of foliage analyses at study commencement is of value, or sampling every year of the study should be used to analyse responses, but a single year of analysis during or at the end of the study would not be of value.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050363
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    Effect of phosphate on the sorption, desorption and plant-availability of selenium in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 189-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: interaction ; isotopic exchange ; phosphorus ; plant-availability ; selenium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphate, applied at 5µg P cm−3, decreased selenite sorption by from 30–70% in three soils studied. Both maximum sorption (Xm) and the binding-energy of sorption as indicated by the binding-energy related constant (k) or the molar free energy (ΔG) of the sorption reaction derived from the Langmuir equation were considerably decreased. On the other hand, phosphate sorption was decreased by increasing concentration of selenite from 0.2µg Se cm−3 to 1.0µg Se cm−3 in the initial solution. The competitive sorption of phosphate with selenite was likely the main mechanism involved in the P-Se interactions. The competitively sorbed selenite exhibited much larger desorption in 0.01M CaCl2 solution, more readily extractable to 0.5M NaHCO3 and significantly higher isotopic exchangeability compared to that sorbed without the competing anion. Results from pot trial using ryegrass indicated that phosphate application increased more efficiently the plant-availability of applied fertilizer Se than that of indegeneous Se in soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750246
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    Aboveground nitrogen and phosphorus use by five plantation-grown trees with different leaf longevities (1991)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 167-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: leaf longevity ; nitrogen ; nutrient use efficiency ; phosphorus ; requirement ; retranslocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aboveground nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) requirement, retranslocation and use efficiency were determined for 28-year-old red oak (Quercus rubra L.), European larch (Larix decidua Miller), white pine (Pinus strobes L.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst.) plantations on a similar soil in southwestern Wisconsin. Annual aboveground N and P requirements (kg/ha/yr) totaled 126 and 13 for red oak, 86 and 9 for European larch, 80 and 9 for white pine, 38 and 6 for red pine, and 81 and 13 for Norway spruce, respectively. Nitrogen and P retranslocation from current foliage ranged from 81 and 72%, respectively, for European larch, whereas red pine retranslocated the smallest amount of N (13%) and Norway spruce retranslocated the smallest amount of P (18%). In three evergreen species, uptake accounted for 72 to 74% of annual N requirement whereas for two deciduous species retranslocation accounted for 76 to 77% of the annual N requirement. Nitrogen and P use (ANPP/uptake) was more efficient in deciduous species than evergreen species. The results from this common garden experiment demonstrate that differences in N and P cycling among species may result from intrinsic characteristics (e.g. leaf longevity) rather than environmental conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000806
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    Intra- and inter-nest variation in mitochondrial DNA in the polygynous antLeptothorax acervorum (Hymenoptera; Formicidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 39 (1992), S. 335-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Leptothorax acervorum ; mtDNA ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 27 nests ofLeptothorax acervorum were analysed for restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), using four endonucleases. A substantial degree of variation was found between nests in the population (13 composite haplotypes). Intra-nest variation was detected in 15 % of the nests. The presence of occasional alien inseminated females indicates that polygyny in this species is caused by adoption of mated females. The occasional acceptance of alien females is difficult to explain, but interesting, since this behaviour could have given rise to inquilinism. Our results suggest that analysis of mtDNA RFLP is a method well suited for investigations of the population structure of ants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01323953
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    Nutrient-chlorophyll trajectories across trophic gradients (1992)
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    Aquatic sciences 54 (1992), S. 58-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Eutrophication ; lake management ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; chlorophyll-a ; slope estimator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We estimate the response of chl-a (mg · m−3) to changes in concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) by calculating the slopeS = Δchl-a/ΔTP in chl-a =f(TP) graphs. Results show that in years where algae are P-limited oligotrophic lakes respond less (median slope 0.21) to changes in nutrient concentrations than eutrophic lakes, (median slope 0.31) and these again less than hypereutrophic lakes, (median slope 1.02). We find no saturation value for the slope within the TP range considered (6–480 mg · m−3). Chl-a in eutrophic lakes responds more frequently to non-nutrient factors than oligotrophic and hypereutrophic lakes. Results obtained by replacing TP with a new nutrient parameter, TP′ = 0.056 · TP · IN0.226, in which inorganic nitrogen, IN, is factored in, suggest that nitrogen has an influence on chl-a in oligotrophic lakes. Blue-green algae respond less to changes in TP than other algal species, e.g., diatoms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877264
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    Possibilities and limitations of lake restoration: Conclusions for Lake Lugano (1992)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 54 (1992), S. 381-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Eutrophication ; phosphorus ; lake restoration ; internal restoration measures for lakes ; Swiss lakes ; Lake Lugano (Lago di Lugano)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In most lakes eutrophication is linked to an excessive input of phosphorus. Lake restoration by reduction of P-input (external measure) has led to a considerable drop of the P-concentration in all major Swiss lakes as well as in many other lakes. Internal restoration measures such as artificial mixing, drainage of hypolimnetic water, flushing, aeration, biomanipulation and others serve to improve and accelerate the response of a lake to external measures. For the case of Lago di Lugano, a simple two-box model is employed to demonstrate that a reduction of the P-input to about 25% of the present values is necessary to reach the “P-criterion” (P-concentration below 30 µg/l). Internal measures could possibly accelerate the extremely slow response of the northern basin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878149
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    What controls levels of dissolved phosphate and ammonium in surface waters? (1993)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 55 (1993), S. 132-142 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; uptake ; regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved inorganic nutrient pools are small relative to particulate pools, and dissolved pools turnover rapidly. It has been observed that pools change little from day to day on the sampling scales usually employed. A simple model is presented where uptake and regeneration rates balance to cause a local steady state concentration for dissolved inorganic nutrients. Enrichment and dilution perturbation experiments with lake water support the idea of steady state nutrient concentrations. Although inorganic nutrient concentrations are often controlled by biota, the absolute concentrations present tell little about the activity of that biota.
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    Phosphorus and nitrogen limitation of algal biomass across trophic gradients (1994)
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    Aquatic sciences 56 (1994), S. 16-28 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Chlorophyll-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; lake ecosystem ; nutrient limitation ; regression analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Regression results based on data from 46 northern temperate lakes show that total phosphorus (TP) is the best predictor for phytoplankton (as chl-a) at lower trophic levels, TP 〈 200 mg · m−3. A regression including both TP and TN as regressors is the best predictor for lakes with TP 〉 200 mg · m−3. However, the good correlation is probably due to a high correlation between lake average chl-a (all years observed) and lake average TP and TN. Within single hypereutrophic lakes, TN alone is the best predictor. It was not possible to identify a medium trophic domain where TN and TP in combination was the best predictor for chl-a. The ratio TN:TP in the water decreases from about 40 to about 5 with increasing trophic level. Optimum TN:TP ratio for algal species with high abundance during late summer and autumn reflects this decreasing ratio, but within a lesser range, i.e., 20 to 5. In contrast, TN:TP ratios for species abundant during the early vernal period showed no, or an inverse, relation to the TN:TP ratio of the water.
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    Contribution of nitrogen and phosphorus by precipitation in the drainage basin of the Santillana Reservoir (Madrid) (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 23 (1994), S. 99-104 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Precipitation collector ; Nutrients rates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The contribution of nitrogen and phosphorus due to precipitation constitutes the second most important route after superficial runoff. The sampling carried out during a two-year period by means of a precipitation collector allows us to determine the contribution of this route both qualitatively and quantitatively. Nitrogen is mainly supplied in an inorganic form, while phosphorus is principally supplied as orthophosphate. During the period of this study (March 1986–February 1988) it was found that in the Santillana Reservoir Watershed the level of nitrogen supplied by precipitation constitutes an average of 4.87% and the level of phosphorus constitutes 8.01%. The contribution of nitrogen varies in inverse ratio to precipitation and the contribution of phosphorus varies in direct ratio.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00766982
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    RAPD markers for constructing intraspecific tomato genetic maps (1993)
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    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 293-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; Genetic marker ; Intraspecific genetic map ; DNA polymorphism ; Isozyme ; RFLP ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The existing molecular genetic maps of the tomato, Lycopersicon spp, are constructed based on isozyme and RFLP polymorphisms between tomato species. These maps are useful for certain applications but have few markers that exhibit sufficient polymorphisms for intraspecific analysis and manipulations within the cultivated tomato. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative potential of RAPD technology, as compared to isozymes and RFLPs, to generate polymorphic DNA markers within cultivated tomatoes. Sixteen isozymes and 25 RFLP clones that were known to detect polymorphism between L. esculentum and L. pennellii, and 313 random oligonucleotide primers were examined. None of the isozymes and only four of the RFLP clones (i.e., 16%) revealed polymorphism between the cultivated varieties whereas up to 63% of the RAPD primers detected one or more polymorphic DNA fragments between these varieties. All RAPD primers detected polymorphism between L. esculentum and L. pennellii genotypes. These results clearly indicate that RAPD technology can generate sufficient genetic markers exploiting sequence differences within cultivated tomatoes to facilitate construction of intraspecific genetic maps.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237139
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    Molecular analysis of the nuclear organellar genotype of somatic hybrid plants between tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Lycopersicon chilense (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1992), S. 629-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Protoplast fusion ; RFLP ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Chloroplast DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Somatic hybrid plants were recovered following fusion of leaf mesophyll protoplasts isolated from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivar UC82 with protoplasts isolated from suspension cultured cells of L. chilense, LA 1959. Iodoacetate was used to select against the growth of unfused tomato protoplasts. Two somatic hybrids were recovered in a population of 16 regenerants. No tomato regenerants were recovered; all of the non-hybrid regenerants were L. chilense. The L. chilense protoplast regenerants were tetraploid. The hybrid nature of the plants was verified using species-specific restriction fragment length polymorphisms for the nuclear, chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes. The somatic hybrids had inherited the chloroplast DNA of the tomato parent, and portions of the mitochondrial DNA of the L. chilense parent. The somatic hybrids formed flowers and developed seedless fruit.
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    Self-incompatibility is codominant in intraspecific hybrids of self-compatible and self-incompatible Lycopersicon peruvianum and L. hirsutum based on protein and DNA marker analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 7 (1994), S. 297-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Gametophytic self incompatibilityself-compatibility ; Lycopersicon peruvianum Lycopersicon hirsutum ; S-associated proteins ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Self-compatibility was investigated separately in two species of tomato, Lycopersicon peruvianum and L. hirsutum. The codominant expression of self-compatibility (SC)/self incompatibility (SI) was established using intraspecific hybrids of SC and SI hybrids. In SC L. peruvianum, a major stylar protein of approximately 29 kDa cosegregates with self-compatibility in the progeny of SC/SI hybrids. The SC/SI hybrids are self-fertile, but only partially so, since the SI allele present in the hybrids is capable of eliminating certain genotypes in the resultant progeny. In L. hirsutum, the majority of hybrids between one accession of SI L. hirsutum f. hirsutum and one of SC L. hirsutum f. glabratum are self-fertile. Analysis of the progeny revealed that the SC and SI alleles are codominant in this species as well. A protein product for the SC allele is not obvious in style extracts of L. hirsutum f. glabratum. Segregating progeny from SC/SI hybrids of L. hirsutum were used to map the S locus against five RFLP markers on chromosome 1, and estimated map distances are given. In addition, evidence is presented that indicates that one of the DNA markers, CD15, is duplicated in L. hirsutum f. glabratum, and the duplication is not linked to the S locus.
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    Alignment of molecular and classical linkage maps of rice, Oryza sativa (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 457-461 
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    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Rice (Oryza sativa) ; Genetic Marker ; Genetic Map ; Integrated Linkage Map ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Application of genetic linkage maps in plant genetics and breeding can be greatly facilitated by integrating the available classical and molecular genetic linkage maps. In rice, Oryza sativa L., the classical linkage map includes about 300 genes which correspond to various important morphological, physiological, biochemical and agronomic characteristics. The molecular maps consist of more than 500 DNA markers which cover most of the genome within relatively short intervals. Little effort has been made to integrate these two genetic maps. In this paper we report preliminary results of an ongoing research project aimed at the complete integration and alignment of the two linkage maps of rice. Six different F2 populations segregating for various phenotypic and RFLP markers were used and a total of 12 morphological and physiological markers (Table 1) were mapped onto our recently constructed molecular map. Six linkage groups (i.e., chr. 1, 3, 7, 9, 11 and 12) on our RFLP map were aligned with the corresponding linkage groups on the classical map, and the previous alignment for chromosome 6 was further confirmed by RFLP mapping of an additional physiological marker on this chromosome. Results from this study, combined with our previous results, indicate that, for most chromosomes in rice, the RFLP map encompasses the classical map. The usefulness of an integrated genetic linkage map for rice genetics and breeding is discussed.
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    Variability in genome organization of the zygomycete Parasitella parasitica (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 456-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Parasitella parasitica ; Zygomycetes ; RAPD ; PCR ; RFLP ; Electrophoretic karyotype ; Molecular taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In addition to conventional methods for the identification of fungi, molecular techniques at the DNA level are increasingly being employed. In order to check the validity of such experimental approaches, we have analyzed the well-defined species Parasitella parasitica, which belongs to the family Mucoraceae (Mucorales, Zygometes). The seven strains of this species, which are available from international strain collections, were analyzed by several molecular methods: restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP), the random primer-dependent polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR), and electrophoretic karyotyping. Unexpectedly, these strains are highly diverse at the molecular level. By these techniques they can be divided consistently into two different groups. Nevertheless, all seven strains belong to a single species. They show no morphological differences and sexual spores (zygospores) were found in all possible combinations either within or between the two groups. Southern-blot analysis of genomic DNA of all P. parasitica strains with RAPD-PCR-derived labelled probes shows the existence of repetitive elements characteristic for only one group of P. parasitica. In addition, chromosome sizes, which were separated by rotating-field electrophoresis, were highly divergent, and ranged from 3 to 6.5 Mb in one group and between 2 and 4.5 Mb in the other. The RAPD-PCR patterns also discriminate both groups of P. parasitica. However, they are very similar if strains of a single group are compared. Therefore, we propose that the determination of fungal species by molecular techniques should be vetted at least by morphological and physiological parameters and, whenever possible, by mating experiments.
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    A unique sequence located downstream from the rice mitochondrialatp6 may cause male sterility (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 52-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Antisense RNA ; RFLP ; Cybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Asymmetric cell-fusion of the japonica cultivar ofOryza sativa (rice) with cytoplasmic-male-sterile (CMS) plants bearing cytoplasm derived from Chinsurah Boro II, resulted in two classes of cytoplasmic hybrids (cybrids), fertile and CMS. Southern-blot analysis of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicates recombination events around a number of genes; however, the appearance of the CMS character is tightly correlated to reorganization around theatp6 gene, suggesting recombination downstream from theatp6 gene is involved in CMS. The nucleotide sequence downstream fromatp6 contains a pseudogene which was probably created by recombination of the mitochondrial genome. Sense and antisense transcripts of the downstream region ofatp6 were found in CMS-and restored CMS (fertile)-lines, but not in the normal (fertile) line. In the CMS line, several antisense transcripts of theatp6 gene were also found. However, in the restored line which contains a nuclear-encoded gene,Rf-1, the levels of these transcripts were lower than in the CMS line. These results suggest abnormal transcripts of theatp6 gene produced in the antisense direction may be involved in CMS, and that products of the nuclear-encoded restorer gene may reduce abnormal transcription in this region of the mitochondrial genome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00712968
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    The use of DNA-fingerprint analysis in the classification of some species of the Trichoderma aggregate (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 27-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA fingerprinting of Trichoderma ; Trichoderma reesei ; RFLP ; Strain classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have analyzed nine different species of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma and three strains of T. reesei for the presence of hypervariable loci in their genomes by hybridization with simple repeat oligonucleotides [(CT)8, (GTG)5, and (GACA)4]. On the basis of the DNA-fingerprints obtained, the Trichoderma aggregate is re-classified into five groups: I (T. reesei, T. todica), II (T. polysporum, T. longibrachiatum, T. koningii, and T. pseudokoningii), III (T. virgatum), IV (T. saturnisporum) and V (T. harzianum). These results contradict the claim that T. reesei is a subspecies of T. longibrachiatum. Furthermore, hybridization with (CA)8 allowed a subdivision of group II, wherein T. pseudokoningii formed a subgroup, IIb, which is highly homologous with, but distinct from subgroup IIa. The results show that RFLP analysis may be used to re-classify the Trichoderma aggregate.
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    Effects of ferulic acid, an allelopathic compound, on net P, K, and water uptake by cucumber seedlings in a split-root system (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2429-2439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cucumis sativus ; ferulic acid ; split root ; phosphorus ; potassium ; water ; net uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Since distribution of allelopathic compounds in soils is highly variable, injurious effects by such compounds should be related to the frequency of contact with roots. Experiments were conducted to determine how P, K, and water uptake of cucumber seedlings were affected as the fraction of roots in contact with ferulic acid (FA) was increased. Seedlings were grown in Hoagland's nutrient solution for 14 days and then transferred to 0.5 mM CaSO4 solution for 24 hr before being placed into a split-root culture system. The containers in the system were filled with 0.5 mM concentrations of KH2PO4 and CaSO4 or 0.5 mM concentrations of KH2PO4, CaSO4, and ferulic acid (FA). Net uptake of P by seedlings (milligrams per seedling) decreased in a curvilinear (concave) manner as the fraction of the roots in contact with FA increased. Net uptake of K (milligrams per seedling) and water (milliliters per seedling) by seedlings decreased linearly as the fraction of the roots in contact with FA increased. Net uptake of P, K, and water by seedlings was reduced 57, 75, and 29%, respectively, when the whole root system was exposed to FA. Net P and K uptake of roots (milligrams per gram root fresh weight) not in contact with FA decreased in a linear and curvilinear (convex) manner, respectively, as the fraction of roots in contact with FA increased. Net P and K uptake of roots in contact with ferulic acid increased in a linear and curvilinear (convex) manner, respectively. Net water uptake of roots (milliliters per gram root fresh weight) not in contact with FA increased in a curvilinear (concave) manner as the frequency of the roots in contact with FA increased. Net water uptake of roots in contact with FA did not show a trend. Transpiration (milliliters per square centimeter) was reduced in a linear manner as the fraction of roots in contact with FA increased. A very slight compensation by roots not in contact with FA for roots in contact with FA was observed for net water uptake rates. No compensation for P and K uptake rates was observed.
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    cDNA, amino acid and carbohydrate sequence of barley seed-specific peroxidase BP 1 (1992)
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    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 1151-1161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: carboxy-terminal processing ; glycosylation ; Hordeum vulgare L. ; Prx locus ; RFLP ; signal peptide ; targeting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The major peroxidase of barley seed BP 1 was characterized. Previous studies showed a low carbohydrate content, low specific activity and tissue-specific expression, and suggested that this basic peroxidase could be particularly useful in the elucidation of the structure-function relationship and in the study of the biological roles of plant peroxidases (S.K. Rasmussen, K.G. Welinder and J. Hejgaard (1991) Plant Mol Biol 16: 317–327). A cDNA library was prepared from mRNA isolated from seeds 15 days after flowering. Full-length clones were obtained and showed 3′ end length variants, a G+C content of 69% in the translated region, a 90% G or C preference in the wobble position of the codons and a typical signal peptide sequence. N-terminal amino acid sequencing and sequence analysis of tryptic peptides verified 98% of the sequence of the mature BP 1 which contains 309 amino acid residues. BP 1 is the first characterized plant peroxidase which is not blocked by pyroglutamate. BP 1 polymorphism was observed. BP 1 is less than 50% identical to other plant peroxidases which, taken together with its developmentally dependent expression in the endosperm 15–20 days after flowering, suggests a unique biological role of this enzyme. The barley peroxidase is processed at the C-terminus and might be targeted to the vacuole. The single site of glycosylation is located near the C-terminus in the N-glycosylation sequon -Asn-Cys-Ser- in which Cys forms part of a disulphide bridge. The major glycan is a typical plant modified-type structure, Manα1-6(Xylβ1-2)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc. The BP 1 gene was RFLP-mapped on barley chromosome 3, and we propose Prx5 as the name for this new peroxidase locus.
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    Sequence of the fourth and fifth Photosystem II Type I chlorophyll a/b-binding protein genes of Arabidopsis thaliana and evidence for the presence of a full complement of the extended CAB gene family (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 725-733 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene duplication ; photosynthesis ; RFLP ; Southern blots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A second locus (Lhb1B) encoding Photosystem II Type I chlorophyll a/b-binding (CAB) polypeptides was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. This locus carries two genes in an inverted orientation. The predicted sequences of the polypeptides encoded by these two genes show substantial divergence in their amino termini relative to each other and to the proteins encoded by the three Lhb1 CAB genes previously characterized [10], but little divergence within the predicted primary structure of the mature protein. DNA probes derived from seven additional types of tomato CAB genes, encoding chlorophyll a/b-binding polypeptides of several antenna systems of the photosynthetic apparatus, were tested against A. thaliana. Each of these hybridized in Southern blots to unique DNA fragment(s), demonstrating the existence of each of these different types of CAB genes in the genome of A. thaliana. The number of genes encoding each CAB type in A. thaliana was estimated to be similar to that of tomato.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027069
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    A family of wound-induced genes in Populus shares common features with genes encoding vegetative storage proteins (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 23 (1993), S. 135-143 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: bark storage protein ; gene clustering ; RFLP ; systemic response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two wound-inducible cDNAs from poplar leaves show sequence identity to vegetative storage proteins (VSP) that accumulate seasonally in poplar bark tissues. We have compared the genomic organization, cDNA sequences and expression of the genes encoding the wound-inducible cDNAs (win4) with that of a bark VSP (called bark storage protein, or BSP). There appear to be several win4 genes in the poplar genome which segregate as a single locus and are therefore likely to be clustered. The same is true of the BSP genes. The win4 locus is linked (map distance of 5 cM) to the BSP locus, consistent with a common evolutionary origin of the genes. A near full-length win4 cDNA shows 75% sequence identity to BSP cDNAs. Both win4 and BSP are systemically wound-inducible; win4 transcripts accumulate in leaves and stems, whereas BSP transcripts accumulate almost exclusively in stems. A phloem transport-dependent signaling mechanism appears to be involved in systemic win4 expression after wounding. In contrast to BSP gene expression, win4 genes are not expressed in response to short day conditions. The data indicate win4 and BSP genes are differentially regulated, and their products may play important roles in the storage and reallocation of nitrogen in perennial plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021426
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    Large unidentified open reading frame in plastid DNA (ORF2280) is expressed in chloroplasts (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 99-108 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: fusion protein ; Oenothera ; plastome ; RFLP ; unidentified open reading frame
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chloroplast DNA encodes genes for components of photosynthesis and the transcription-translation machinery; a number of unidentified open reading frames (ORFs) are also present. To determine whether a large ORF in the inverted repeat of chloroplast DNA of tobacco (ORF2280) encodes a chloroplast protein, a conserved region of the ORF was expressed in Escherichia coli. An antibody against the ORF protein was prepared using the purified fusion protein as an antigen. When incubated with proteins from the soluble fraction of tobacco, spinach and Oenothera chloroplasts, the antiserum detects relatively labile polypeptides, which have apparent molecular weights of 170 to 180 kDa. The ORF in tobacco and spinach is large enough to encode a protein of 240–250 kDa, thus it is possible that post-transcriptional or post-translational processing reduces the size of the expression product. Analysis of Oenothera chloroplasts representing four different plastome types revealed endonuclease restriction fragment length polymorphisms in chloroplast DNA indicative of insertion/deletion events in a region of the chloroplast DNA that shared significant sequence similarity with ORF2280. The ORF2280 antiserum was used to demonstrate that there are qualitative differences in the ORF proteins from different Oenothera plastome types.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039621
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    A copia-like element in Pisum demonstrates the uses of dispersed repeated sequences in genetic analysis (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 15 (1990), S. 707-722 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: retrotransposon ; Pisum ; segregation ; PCR ; RFLP ; mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A DNA sequence between two legumin genes in Pisum is a member of the copia-like class of retrotransposons and represents one member of a polymorphic and heterogeneous dispersed repeated sequence family in Pisum. This sequence can be exploited in genetic studies either by RFLP analysis where several markers can be scored together, or the segregation of individual elements can be followed after PCR amplification of specific members.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016121
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    A method for examining expression of homologous genes in plant polyploids (1994)
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    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1065-1071 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Brassica ; polyploid ; gene expression ; RT-PCR ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One of the essential issues regarding evolution of polyploid species is how duplicate genes are expressed. Most studies on gene expression in polyploids have been based on isozyme analyses; RNA analysis has not been widely used partially due to difficulties in distinguishing homologous transcripts which usually have the same length and similar or almost identical sequences. In this study, a method combining RT-PCR with RFLP was used to analyze transcripts of homologous genes in natural and synthetic Brassica amphidiploids. Sequences coding for several known genes were selected and used to synthesize gene-specific primers. Total RNAs were used as templates for RT-PCR to amplify homologous transcripts in three diploid parental species, three cultivated amphidiploid species and six synthetic amphidiploids. For each gene, initial PCR products amplified in all species had identical length; however, homologous transcripts in the diploid and amphidiploid species could be distinguished after digesting the PCR products with restriction enzymes. Preliminary results based on three genes indicated that both transcripts from the diploid parents were expressed in the synthetic and natural amphidiploids. This study represents the first application of RT-PCR and RFLP analysis to investigate expression of homologous genes in higher plants. The technique is a sensitive, simple and efficient method for distinguishing homologous transcripts in a mixed RNA population and can be applied to many types of studies on expression of homologous genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040689
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    Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of CCDD genome species of the genus Oryza L. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 831-839 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: RFLP ; Oryza ; rice ; genome evolution ; allotetraploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were studied in fourteen accessions of CCDD genome allotetraploid wild rice species (Oryza latifolia, O. alta and O. grandiglumis). Fourteen nuclear RFLP markers previously mapped in AA genome-cultivated rice were used as probes. A phylogenetic tree, constructed by parsimony analysis based on RFLPs, grouped the accessions according to their geographic origin from Central or South America. Oryza alta, O. grandiglumis and one accession of O. latifolia grouped together as a subgroup, and our results suggested that the three taxa should be considered as populations of a single complex species. Duplicate loci, representing the two constituent genomes of the allotetraploid, were observed for most RFLP markers. By comparing RFLPs from the allotetraploids with those from a CC genome diploid wild species (O. officinalis), it was possible to detect RFLPs specific for both the CC and DD genomes of the allotetraploid. In inter-accession F2 populations, independent segregation of RFLP markers for CC and DD genomes was observed.
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    Heterozygosity in tetraploid potatoes revealed by rDNA polymorphism analysis of their dihaploid progenies: a contribution to chromosome assignment (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 1045-1054 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chromosome assignment ; dihaploid progenies ; heterozygosity ; potato ; rDNA ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction map and organization of rDNA was inferred from analysis of dihaploid progenies of two tetraploid genotypes of cultivated potato. Each tetraploid genotype was characterized by a specific distribution of different types of rDNA repetition units on their four homologous chromosomesII. The genotypes were heterozygous and differed by the kind of units carried by each chromosomeII. Models for the generation of the observed organization are discussed and supported by first cloning studies.
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    Restriction fragment length polymorphism segregation analysis of the Li locus in Trifolium repens L. (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 14 (1990), S. 407-414 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA ; cyanogenesis ; β-glucosidase ; RFLP ; Trifolium repens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Li locus in white clover controls the presence of cyanogenic β-glucosidase (linamarase) activity in leaf tissue, such that plants homozygous for the ‘null’ allele (li) have no linamarase activity in this tissue. The isolation of a cDNA clone from linamarase mRNA is described. The cDNA clone is used to further characterise alleles of the Li locus. Northern blot analysis shows that plants homozygous for the ‘null’ allele (li li) produce very reduced levels of mRNA which hybridises to the cDNA. Heterozygous plants (Li li), which have intermediate levels of enzyme activity, produce intermediate levels of mRNA. Southern blot analysis of Hind III digested genomic DNA shows that the white clover genome contains three genes with homology to the linamarase cDNA and that at least two of these genes segregate independently. Analysis of the cosegregation of linamarase activity and the presence of genomic restriction fragments identifies the genomic sequence specifying linamarase structure and indicates either a structural or cis acting control function of the Li locus.
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    Physical mapping of a region in the soybean (Glycine max) genome containing duplicated sequences (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 437-446 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: RFLP ; genome ; PFGE ; multicopy markers ; symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to study a cluster of molecular markers in the soybean genome. There were 550 kb per centimorgan (cM) in the cluster, which is close to the calculated average for the whole genome. The analysis was complicated by the presence of duplicated sequences, and some ambiguities arising from this were resolved by using second-dimension conventional electrophoresis to relate physical maps to the RFLP map of soybean. The results show that there is a high degree of conservation of ‘rare cutter’ sites between homoeologous regions. Finally, PFGE can confirm physical linkage of monomorphic copies of markers, which can aid in the study and comparison of homoeologous regions that are invisible to RFLP analysis.
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    Structural variation around prolactin gene linked to quantitative traits in an elite Holstein sire family (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 577-582 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic marker ; RFLP ; Quantitative traits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Digestion of genomic DNA with the restriction endonuclease Avail disclosed a probable insertion deletion of approximately 200 base pairs (bp) near the prolactin gene. Two alleles were apparent as three distinct hybridization patterns. These alleles were statistically associated with quantitative trait loci among sons of one elite Holstein sire family. The favorable genotype was correlated with the presence of a 1.15-kb hybridization band inherited from the sire when genomic DNA was probed with a full-length cDNA for prolactin. Pedigree estimates of genetic merit among genotypes were similar, differing by only 19.3 kg for milk in ancestor merit. Comparisons of genetic estimates for quantitative yield traits in offspring of this heterozygous sire showed significant (P〈0.05) differences between homozygous genotypes for predicted difference milk (PDM), predicted difference dollars (PD$), cheese yield dollars, and protein dollars. The estimated differences between homozygous genotypes for USDA Transmitting Abilities of PDM, PD$, Cheese Yield $ and Protein $ were 282.93 kg, $74.35, $48.58 and $53.67, respectively. However, the estimated breeding values from progeny ranged over 900 kg in transmitting ability for milk. Frequency of the favorable marker allele was estimated to be 0.231 in the elite cow population used as dams of sons. These results demonstrate the potential of molecular biological techniques to discriminate between individuals within a family and to predict breeding values for selection schemes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226868
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    DNA variation in tissue-culture-derived rice plants (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 673-679 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rice ; Tissue culture ; Somaclonal variation ; RFLP ; Methylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Regenerants of rice were examined by RFLP analysis to determine the occurrence and extent of somaclonal variation. DNA polymorphisms were observed both among plants regenerated from different callus cultures as well as among sibling plants derived from a single callus. Regardless of the basal medium, a higher degree of genetic instability was found among plants regenerated from callus cultures maintained for longer incubation periods (67 days) than among those from shorter incubation periods (28 days). Detailed analysis showed that in several regenerants, there was a close correlation among those plants exhibiting DNA rearrangements and those with apparent methylation changes. Such alterations were observed with both structural and housekeeping genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224228
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    Distribution of Bs1 retrotransposons in Zea and related genera (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 680-686 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Retrotransposon ; Zea ; RFLP ; Bs1 ; Transposable element
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Thirty-eight accessions from Zea and 20 accessions from related genera were probed for the presence of Bs1, a retrotransposon originally found in maize. All maize and teosinte plants tested show the presence of Bs1 in one to five densely hybridizing bands. The mean copy numbers of Bs1 elements among the maize and teosinte accessions were similar: 2.92 and 3.25, respectively, with no large differences between any subgroups. Most exotic maize samples exhibited two common bands of 7.8 kb and 4.7 kb. Section Zea teosintes (but not teosintes of section Luxuriantes) also show the presence of a common band of the same size as the smaller common band in maize. At reduced stringency, Tripsacum dactyloides exhibited a single hybridizing band at 6.9 kb. Results argue for the evolution of maize from a mexicana or parviglumis teosinte, and the evolution of the Bs1 element within the tribe Andropogoneae. Additionally, recombinant inbred lines were probed for the presence of Bs1, in order to map the chromosomal locations of Bs1 elements in four different maize lines. Two of the recombinant inbred parental lines had an element (Bs1-F) on chromosome 5, while the other two lines had an element (Bs1-S) on chromosome 8. Restriction site polymorphisms have apparently arisen in the vicinity of Bs1-S since its insertion. Segregation analysis of other lines was also performed; the data indicate that Bs1 has the distribution expected of a transposable element, different locations in different lines, and not that of a fixed gene locus. However, the common bands in the Zea mays lines and the recombinant inbred data imply that Bs1 is not highly mobile.
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    Identification of an RFLP marker tightly linked to theHt1 gene in maize (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 393-398 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maize ; Helminthosporium turcicum race1 ; RFLP ; NILs ; Mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have identified tight linkage of an RFLP marker to theHt1 gene of maize that confers resistance to the fungal pathogenHelminthosporium turcicum race 1. This was accomplished by the use of four pairs of near isogenic lines (NILs; B73, A619, W153R, and CM105), each differing by the presence or the absence of the geneHt1. SinceHt1 maps to chromosome 2, 26 clones already mapped to this chromosome were labeled and probed against Southern blots of these NILs DNA digested with three restriction enzymes:EcoRI,BamHI, andHindIII. Six markers exhibited an RFLP for at least one pair of NILs. Presumptive linkage was further tested by analyzing the segregation of five of the six markers (one was monomorphic in the cross studied) and resistance toH. turcicum race 1 on 95 F2 individuals from the cross DF20 × LH146Ht. The results indicate a tight linkage between one of the DNA markers,UMC150B, and theHt1 gene.
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    Bamboo germplasm screening with nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (1991)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 697-703 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Bamboo ; Phyllostachys ; Chloroplast DNA ; Germplasm screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Bamboo species are difficult to identify because flowering material is seldom available and taxonomy is of necessity based on vegetative characters. To evaluate the utility of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis in bamboo systematics and germplasm screening, a library of random genomic probes from a Phyllostachys nigra PstI library was constructed. Probes from the library were used to screen bamboo germplasm consisting mostly of temperate bamboos of the genus Phyllostachys. RFLP variation was abundant, and species-specific patterns were readily obtained. Chloroplast DNA showed little variation among the bamboo accessions analyzed.
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    Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction products amplified from mapped loci of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genomic DNA (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 489-498 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; PCR ; Rice ; Inheritance ; Nonradioactive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Thirty mapped Indica rice genomic (RG) clones were partially sequenced from each end. From such sequence data, pairs of oligonucleotides were synthesized to act as primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the corresponding loci in crude total DNA preparations. The PCR products from DNA of Indica varieties were of the sizes expected from the sizes of the corresponding RG clones. However, size polymorphisms were seen between PCR products from Indica and Japonica varieties, and among wildOryza species. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was observed between PCR products of Indica varieties simply by electrophoretic analysis of restricted products, without the need for Southern hybridization or radiolabelling. The RFLPs noted between varieties ARC6650 and Phalguna were inherited in recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between them. The RFLPs were detectable in PCR products amplified from DNA extracted by a simple procedure from single seedlings or leaves, and revealed genetic heterogeneity in cultivated lines. An approach is described that is relevant to the acceleration of classical plant breeding through molecular techniques.
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    RFLP variation in diploid and tetraploid alfalfa (1991)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1991), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Alfalfa ; Genetic diversity ; Phylogenetic tree ; Gene duplication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a major forage crop throughout the world. Although alfalfa has many desirable traits, continued breeding is required to incorporate pest resistances and other traits. We conducted this study to determine the amount of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) variability present within and between diploid and tetraploid alfalfa populations, and whether or not this variability is sufficient for construction of an RFLP map. Diploid plants from M. sativa ssp. falcata, ssp. coerulea, and ssp. sativa and tetraploid spp. sativa cultivars ‘Apollo,’ ‘Florida 77,’ and ‘Spredor 2’ were included. A total of 19 cDNA clones was probed onto genomic Southern blots containing DNA digested by EcoRI, HindIII, or BamHI. Phylogenetic trees were produced, based on parsimony analysis of shared restriction fragments. Evidence for extensive gene duplication was found; most probes detected complex patterns of restriction fragments. Large amounts of variation are present within all diploid subspecies. M. sativa ssp. falcata plants formed clusters distinct from ssp. sativa or ssp. coerulea plants, which were not distinctly clustered. Some M. sativa ssp. falcata plants were more similar to the other groups than to other plants within ssp. falcata. Variation among tetraploid cultivars showed that Florida 77 and Apollo had more similarities than either showed with Spredor 2. All three cultivars showed large within-population variation, with Apollo being the most diverse and Spredor 2 the least. Based on these results, development of an RFLP map at the diploid level appears possible. Also, differentiation of cultivars, particularly ones of divergent origin, seems possible based on RFLP patterns.
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    Restriction fragment analysis of ‘null’ forms at the Gli-1 loci of bread and durum wheats (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 428-434 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: ‘Null’ forms ; RFLP ; Gliadins ; LMW glutenins ; Deletion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Wheat accessions lacking some of the ω- and γ-gliadin components encoded by the Gli-1 loci on the short arm of chromosome 1D in bread wheat and chromosome 1A in durum wheat were studied by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and restriction fragment analysis. Digested genomic DNAs of ‘normal’ and ‘null’ forms were probed with a cDNA clone related to ω-/γ-gliadins and with a genomic clone encoding an LMW subunit of glutenin. The hybridisation patterns with the ω-/γ-gliadin probe were similar to those of cvs ‘Chinese Spring’ and ‘Langdon’ used as standards for bread and durum wheats, respectively, but several restriction fragments located on the 1D chromosome of bread wheat and the 1A chromosome of durum wheat were absent in the ‘null’ forms. In addition, specific LMW glutenin fragments encoded by the same chromosomes were also absent in the ‘null’ forms, suggesting that simultaneous deletions of blocks of genes for both ω-/γ-gliadins and LMW glutenins had occurred. Comparisons of the protein and RFLP patterns enabled some proteins to be mapped to specific restriction fragments.
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    Ribosomal DNA variation in finger millet and wild species of Eleusine (Poaceae) (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 895-902 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Finger millet ; Eleusine ; rDNA ; RFLP ; Grasses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Finger millet is an important cereal crop in the semi-arid regions of Africa and India. The crop belongs to the grass genus Eleusine, which includes nine annual and perennial species native to Africa except for the New World species E. tristachya. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) variation in finger millet and related wild species was used to provide information on the origin of the genomes of this tetraploid crop and point out genetic relationships of the crop to other species in the genus. The restriction endonucleases used revealed a lack of variability in the rDNA spacer region in domesticated finger millet. All the rDNA variants of the crop were found in the proposed direct tetraploid ancestor, E. coracana subsp. africana. Wild and domesticated finger millet displayed the phenotypes found in diploid E. indica. Diploid Eleusine tristachya showed some similarity to the crop in some restriction sites. The remaining species were quite distinct in rDNA fragment patterns. The study supports the direct origin of finger millet from subspecies africana shows E. indica to be one of the genome donors of the crop, and demonstrates that none of the other species examined could have donated the second genome of the crop. The rDNA data raise the possibility that wild and domesticated finger millet could have originated as infraspecific polyploid hybrids from different varieties of E. indica.
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    Linkage of restriction fragment length polymorphisms and isozymes in Citrus (1992)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 39-48 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic map ; Molecular markers ; RFLP ; Fruit breeding ; Citrus spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic linkage analysis was performed using two segregating populations of citrus. One population arose from an intergeneric backcross of Citrus grandis (L.) Osb. cv ‘Thong Dee’ and Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. cv ‘Pomeroy’, using the former as the recurrent (female) parent. The other population came from an interspecific backcross of C. reticulata Blanco cv ‘Clementine’ and C. x paradisi Macf. cv ‘Duncan’, using the former as the recurrent (male) parent. A total of 11 isozyme and 58 restriction fragment length polymorphisms were found to segregate in a monogenic fashion in one or both populations. Linkage analysis revealed that 62 of the loci examined mapped to 11 linkage groups, while 7 loci segregated independently from all other markers. Gene order was highly conserved between the maps generated from the two divergent segregating populations. Possible applications of the use of such maps in tree fruit breeding are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223979
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    Determination of genetic stability using isozymes and RFLPs in beet plants regenerated in vitro (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 113-117 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Beet ; Somaclonal variation ; Isozyme ; RFLP ; Genetic stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sugar, fodder and garden beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants have been regenerated in culture from a range of expiant material. Of the regenerants 764 were subjected to isozyme analysis using eight enzyme-specific stains, and 60 were subjected to RFLP analysis using three cDNA probes. Both molecular techniques allowed the identification of somaclonal variant plants. Assessment of the numbers of variant isozymes and restriction fragments has allowed the calculation of the approximate percentage of variant alleles occurring in any one somaclonal regenerant, namely between 0.05% and 0.1%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223989
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    Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-based phylogenetic analysis of Musa (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 286-290 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Taxonomy ; Banana ; RFLP ; Musa ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Random genomic probes were used to detect RFLPs in 19 Musa species and subspecies. A total of 89 phylogenetically informative alleles were scored and analyzed cladistically and phenetically. Results were in general agreement with morphology-based phylogenetic analyses, with the following exceptions: our data unambiguously places M. boman in section Australimusa, and indicates M. beccarii is very closely related to M. acuminata. Additionally, no support was found for the separation of section Rhodochlamys from section Musa. A comparison of morphology-based and RFLP-based phylogenetic analyses is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229484
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    The inheritance of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the flax rust Melampsora lini (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 845-850 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Flax ; Rust ; RFLP ; Genetic segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Random cDNA sequences synthesized from poly A+ RNA extracted from germinated urediospores of the flax rust fungus, Melampsora lini, were used as probes to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in three races of M. lini originating from cultivated flax, Linum usitatissimum, and one race originating from Australian native flax, L. marginale. Fourteen out of 22 probes tested detected RFLPs in the three races from cultivated flax while 19 of the probes detected polymorphisms between these three races and the race from L. marginale. The segregation of seven RFLPs was determined in a family of 19 F2 progeny derived from a cross between two of the rust races. With six of these the inheritance was consistent, in each case, with the segregation of alleles at a single locus. Inheritance of the seventh was unusual and an explanation involving two loci with null alleles at each was proposed. No linkage was detected between any of the RFLP loci and nine unlinked loci specifying avirulence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227395
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    Theory for identification of marker locus-QTL associations in population by line crosses (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1992), S. 101-104 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Marker assisted selection ; RFLP ; QTL ; Quantitative genetics ; Corn breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The objective of this paper is to present genetic theory demonstrating the conditions under which it should be possible to identify molecular marker-quantitative trait locus (QTL) associations in crosses of random-mating populations to inbreds. Using as an example the cross of a corn (Zea mays L.) population to an inbred, the expected disequilibrium for testcross and per se performance of F2, F3, BC1 (to the inbred) and recombinant inbred generations was derived for cases where a marker allele is linked to an unfavorable QTL allele in the inbred and where the marker allele is linked to a favorable QTL allele in the inbred. Disequilibrium in segregating generations was shown to be a function of disequilibrium in the parent population, the frequency of marker and QTL alleles in the parent population, and the recombination distance between the marker and the QTL. To maximize the opportunity to identify a favorable QTL the following procedures are suggested: (1) Select marker loci with alleles in the parent population which are not present in the inbred. (2) Select populations known to have favorable QTL alleles not present in the inbred. (3) Use as many marker loci as possible to enhance the probability of tight linkage between the marker and the QTL.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223850
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    Linkage mapping of sbm-1, a gene conferring resistance to pea seed-borne mosaic virus, using molecular markers in Pisum sativum (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 609-615 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pea ; Pea seed-borne mosaic virus ; Disease resistance ; Genome mapping ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The location of sbm-1 on the Pisum sativum genetic map was determined by linkage analysis with eight syntenic molecular markers. Analysis of the progeny of two crosses confirmed that sbm-1 is on chromosome 6 and permitted a more detailed map of this chromosome to be constructed. The inclusion of Fed-1 and Prx-3 among the markers facilitated the comparison of our map with the classical genetic map of pea. The sbm-1 gene is most closely linked to RFLP marker GS185, being separated by a distance of about 8 cM. To determine the practical value of GS185 as a marker for sbm-1 in plant breeding programs, the GS185 hybridization pattern and virus-resistance phenotype were compared in of a collection of breeding lines and cultivars. Three GS185 hybridization patterns were discerned among the lines. A strong association was found between one of these patterns and resistance to PSbMV.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220920
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    Molecular analysis of plants regenerated from embryogenic cultures of hybrid sugarcane cultivars (Saccharum spp.) (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 181-188 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sugarcane ; Gramineae ; Tissue culture ; RFLP ; Molecular analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genomic stability of tissue culture regenerants of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids, cvs ‘CP721210’, ‘CP68-1067’ and ‘B43-62’) was analyzed by DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Plants regenerated from calli, cell suspensions, cryopreserved cell suspensions and protoplasts were used. Total DNA isolated from 19 different sources was digested with EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI, BamHI, EcoRI and PstI and probed with six known maize mitochondrial genes (coxI, coxII, atpA, atp6, atp9 and rrn18-rrn5), three random maize mitochondrial cosmid clones, two random maize chloroplast cosmid clones and a wheat Nor locus clone. Hybridization patterns indicated that the variation observed was minor and appeared only in the secondcycle regenerants. No differences were observed among the three cultivars and the regenerants from calli, suspension culture, cryopreserved suspension culture and protoplasts. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) isolated from ‘CP72-1210’ plants and its embryogenic cell suspensions, and bulk samples from all ‘CP72-1210’ regenerants pooled together were digested with EcoRI, HindIII, PstI, BamHI and SalI and probed with three recombinationally active wheat mtDNA clones, K′, K3 and X2. No variation in the mtDNA restriction patterns was observed between the ‘CP72-1210’ plants and its regenerants. However, restriction pattern variation was observed only from EcoRI digestion, and hybridization patterns of K3, K′ and X2 revealed minor variations in the mtDNA of cell suspensions when compared with the DNA of the ‘CP72-1210’ plant. Except for a qualitative variation detected by the X2 probe and minor stoichiometric variations detected by the K3 probe, sugarcane DNAs were found to be stable after plant regeneration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222077
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    Molecular genetics of growth and development in Populus. I. Triploidy in hybrid poplars (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 301-307 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Polyploid ; Nondisjunction ; Interspecific hybrid ; Cottonwood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary While constructing a genetic linkage map of a hybrid poplar genome (Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides), we identified several restriction fragment length polymorphismus (RFLPs) for which the parental trees are heterozygous. Although 8 of the 11 F1 hybrid offspring inherited, as expected, single RFLP alleles from each parent, 3 F1 trees in the mapping pedigree inherited both maternal alleles along with a single paternal allele at some loci. Aneuploidy or polyploidy in these 3 F1 trees due to partial or complete nondisj unction during female gametogenesis is the simplest explanation for this finding. Of the 3 f1 offspring with supernumerary RFLP alleles 2 have triploid nuclear DNA contents as measured by fluorescence flow cytometry; the 3rd F1 with supernumerary alleles has a sub-triploid nuclear DNA content and is probably aneuploid. Among the tri/aneuploid hybrids, leaf quantitative traits either are skewed toward those values characteristic of the P. trichocarpa female parent (adaxial stomate density, petiole length: blade length ratio; abaxial color) or show transgressive variation (epidermal cell size). Abaxial leaf color was used to screen a large population of P. trichocarpa x P. deltoides hybrids for further evidence of tri/aneuploidy. In each case where a “white” abaxial leaf surface was observed and the nuclear DNA content measured, the hybrid proved to be tri/aneuploid. All sexually mature female triploids examined were sterile, although the inflorescences completed their development in the absence of embryo formation. The (probably) aneuploid F1 hybrid is a fertile female. Of 15 female P. trichocarpa parents used in crosses to P. deltoides, 10 produced one or more tri/aneuploid hybrid offspring. In an intraspecific cross using a P. trichocarpa female that had produced triploid hybrids with five different P. deltoides males, no tri/aneuploid offpsring were found.
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    Development of an RFLP map in diploid alfalfa (1993)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 329-332 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Alfalfa ; Genetic map ; Segregation distortion ; Plant breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have developed a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage map in diploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to be used as a tool in alfalfa improvement programs. An F2 mapping population of 86 individuals was produced from a cross between a plant of the W2xiso population (M. sativa ssp. sativa) and a plant from USDA PI440501 (M. sativa ssp. coerulea). The current map contains 108 cDNA markers covering 467.5 centimorgans. The short length of the map is probably due to low recombination in this cross. Marker order may be maintained in other populations even though the distance between clones may change. About 50% of the mapped loci showed segregation distortion, mostly toward excess heterozygotes. This is circumstantial evidence supporting the maximum heterozygote theory which states that relative vigor is dependent on maximizing the number of loci with multiple alleles. The application of the map to tetraploid populations is discussed.
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    Development of synthetic Brassica amphidiploids by reciprocal hybridization and comparison to natural amphidiploids (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 811-821 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica ; Interspecific hybridization ; Amphidiploid ; RFLP ; Evolution ; Nuclear ; cytoplasmic interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a previous study we proposed that cytoplasmic genomes have played an important role in the evolution of Brassica amphidiploid species. Based on this and other studies, we hypothesized that interactions between the maternal cytoplasmic genomes and the paternal nuclear genome may cause alterations in genome structure and/or gene expression of a newly synthesized amphidiploid, which may play an important role in the evolution of natural amphidiploid species. To test this hypothesis, a series of synthetic amphidiploids, including all three analogs of the natural amphidiploids B. napus, B. juncea, and B. Carinata and their reciprocal forms, were developed. These synthetic amphidiploids were characterized for morphological traits, chromosome number, and RFLPs revealed by chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear DNA clones. The maternal transmission of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes was observed in all of the F1 hybrids examined except one hybrid plant derived from the B. rapa x B. oleracea combination, which showed a biparental transmission of organelles. However, the paternal chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes were not observed in the F2 progeny. Nuclear genomes of synthetic amphidiploids had combined RFLP patterns of their parental species for all of the nuclear DNA clones examined. A variation in fertility was observed among self-pollinated progenies of single amphidiploids that had completely homozygous genome constitutions. Comparisons between natural and synthetic amphidiploids based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns indicated that natural amphidiploids are considerably more distant from the progenitor diploid species than the synthetic amphidiploids. The utility of these synthetic amphidiploids for investigating the evolution of amphidiploidy is discussed.
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    Cultivar identification in T. aestivum using highly polymorphic RFLP probes (1993)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 833-836 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: T. aestivum ; RFLP ; Fingerprint
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two probes, specific for HMW-glutenins and γ-gliadins have been used to identify 50 common wheat Italian cultivars, most of which are closely related, and four common wheat cultivars originating outside Italy. The probes revealed complex polymorphic patterns; three probe/enzyme combinations had the necessary sensitivity for the identification of all 54 cultivars. As already shown for potato and barley, the use of four-cutter restriction enzymes and polyacrylamide gels proved particularly useful for detecting polymorphism.
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    Inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in the conifer Larix (1993)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 383-388 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Inheritance ; RFLP ; Larix ; Conifers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction fragment length polymorphisms between Larix leptolepis and Larix decidua were identified in heterologous hybridization experiments, using wheat mitochondrial DNA probes specific for atp9, coxI, nad3/rps12, and orf25. Analysis of eight individuals of each reciprocal hybrid of these two species revealed that mitochondrial DNA was maternally inherited. Furthermore, sequences homologous to wheat orf25 were also identified in Larix gmelini, Larix siberica, Larix olgensis, and Larix laricina, as well as Ginkgo biloba, Picea mariana, Picea glauca and Pinus contorta.
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    A genetic map of soybean (Glycine max L.) using an intraspecific cross of two cultivars: ‘Minosy’ and ‘Noir 1’ (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 901-906 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA ; RFLP ; Soybean ; Genetic map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic markers were mapped in segregating progeny from a cross between two soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars: ‘Minsoy’ (PI 27.890) and ‘Noir 1’ (PI 290.136). A genetic linkage map was constructed (LOD ⩾ 3), consisting of 132 RFLP, isozyme, morphological, and biochemical markers. The map defined 1550cM of the soybean genome comprising 31 linkage groups. An additional 24 polymorphic markers remained unlinked. A family of RFLP markers, identified by a single probe (hybridizing to an interspersed repeated DNA sequence), extended the map, linking other markers and defining regions for which other markers were not available.
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    Taxonomic and population differentiation of mitochondrial diversity inPinus banksiana andPinus conforta (1993)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 573-578 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: COXI ; COXII ; Maternal inerhitance ; mtDNA ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied two mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in 741 individuals from 16 allopatric populations ofPinus banksiana Lamb. andPinus contorta Dougl. Restriction fragments of both polymorphisms distinguished the two species qualitatively, except in aP. Banksiana population whose ancestors were involved in hybridization withP. contorta.COXI-associated restriction fragments were monomorphic within species, whileCOXII-associated restriction fragments were highly variable inP. contorta (Hes=0.68). Population differentiation was substantial inP. contorta (Fst=0.31 among subspecies; mean Fst=0.66 within subspecies) and consistent with predictions for maternally inherited markers. Plant mitochondrial markers appear to be useful for the investigation of seed migration routes, hybridization and introgression, breeding zone designation, and the development of germ plasm conservation sampling strategies.
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    Microdissection and microcloning of the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) chromosome 1HS (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 629-636 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; Microdissection ; Microcloning ; Chromosome specific library ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have applied a refined microdissection procedure to create a plasmid library of the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) chromosome arm 1HS. The technical improvements involved include synchronization of meristematic root tissue, a metaphase drop-spread technique, paraffin protection of the collection drop to avoid evaporation, and a motorized and programmable microscope stage. Thirteen readily-discernible telocentric chromosomes have been excised from metaphases of synchronized root-tip mitoses. After lysis in a collection drop (2 nl), the DNA was purified, restricted withRsaI, ligated into a vector containing universal sequencing primers, and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. Finally, the amplified DNA was cloned into a standard plasmid vector. The size of the library was estimated to be approximately 44,000 recombinant plasmids, of which approximately 13% can be utilized for RFLP analysis. Tandem repetitive probes could be rapidly excluded from further analysis after colony hybridization with labelled total barley DNA. Analysis of 552 recombinant plasmids established that: (1) the insert sizes ranged between 70 and 1150 bp with a mean of 250 bp, (2) approximately 60% of the clones contained highly repetitive sequences, and (3) all single- or low-copy probes tested originate from chromosome 1HS. Four probes were genetically mapped, using an interspecificH. vulgare xH. spontaneum F2 population. One of these probes was found to be closely linked to theMla locus conferring mildew resistance.
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    Molecular and morphological evaluation of doubled haploid lines in maize. 1. Homogeneity within DH lines (1993)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 837-842 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Androgenesis ; RFLP ; Maize ; Agronomic evaluation ; Gametoclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The homogeneity of anther culture-derived lines of maize has been evaluated by means of field observations and molecular markers. The homogeneity of the doubled haploid (DH) lines was shown by the absence of segregation for morphological oligogenic traits. The intravariance for polygenic traits for 42 DH and two conventionally derived lines was similar, which confirmed the homozygosity of the DH lines. More than 100 RFLP markers were tested on 189 DH lines derived from two crosses, DH5 x DH7 and A188 x DH7, and 60 single-seed descent (SSD, F6) lines derived from A188 x DH7. The overall rate of heterozygosity for all of the DH lines was approximatively 1% and pertained to 6 lines out of 189, while it was 8.5% for the SSD lines after four selfings. A precise description of the material used suggested that the events which led to this unexpected heterozygozity in DH lines were more likely to have occurred after rather than during the androgenetic process. Nine duplicated pairs of genotypes were found within the DH lines, indicating that a single microspore-derived structure can fragment to give two identical plantlets. Despite the extensive screening with more than 100 markers, only 2 lines showed unexpected banding profiles, and these were probably gametoclonal variants. The use of a direct regeneration system that avoids any callus phase might explain this low frequency of gametoclonal variation.
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    Determining the linkage of quantitative trait loci to RFLP markers using extreme phenotypes of recombinant inbreds of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 914-918 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA ; RFLP ; QTL ; Soybean ; Recombinant inbreds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An experimental test is described for linkages between RFLP markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL). Two hundred and eighty-four F7-derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) obtained from crossing the soybean cultivars (Glycine max L. Merr.) ‘Minsoy’ and ‘Noir 1’ were evaluated for maturity, plant height, lodging, and seed yield. RIL exhibiting an extreme phenotype for each trait (earliest and latest plants for maturity, etc.) were selected, and two bulked DNA samples were prepared for each trait. A Southern transfer of the digested bulked DNA was hybridized with restriction fragement length polymorphism (RFLP) probes, and linkages with QTL were established by quantitating the amount of radioactive probe that bound to fragments defining alternative parental RFLP alleles. When an RFLP marker was linked to a QTL, one parental allele predominated in the bulked DNA from a particular phenotype; the other allele was associated with the opposite phenotype. When linkage was absent, radioactivity was associated equally with both alleles for a given phenotype (or with both phenotypes for a given allele). These results confirmed RFLP-QTL associations previously discovered by interval mapping on a smaller segregating population from the same cross. New linkages to QTL were also verified.
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    Molecular and morphological evaluation of doubled-haploid lines in maize. 2. Comparison with single-seed-descent lines (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 278-287 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maize ; RFLP ; Recombination ; Disturbed segregation ; DH/SSD lines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Doubled-haploid (DH) and single-seed-descent (SSD) lines in maize have been compared for quantitatively inherited traits and for RFLP markers. The comparisons of the distributions for agromorphological traits do not allow definite conclusions to be drawn on the similarity of the two reproductive systems. We have used more than 100 RFLP markers to provide a precise description of the parental allele frequency and the recombination fractions. A comparison of two DH populations shows that non-random meiotic reassortment is influenced by differences in the anther culture capacities of the two parental lines. For the DH lines derived from the cross DH5 x DH7, involving two responsive lines in anther culture, the distortion in segregation (P 〈 0.05) affected less than 20% of the genome with half of the deviations towards each parent. DH lines derived from the cross A188 x DH7, where A188 is a non-responsive line, showed more than twice this level of distortion and an excess of DH7 alleles was found for almost all of the skewed loci. The recombination fractions were homogeneous between the two DH populations for most of the genome. The genome sizes calculated with the DH and the SSD lines derived from the same cross, A188 x DH7, were also similar, which suggests that no selection against recombinant gametes occurs during anther culture. The observed recombination fraction after five meioses (SSD) is on average twice as large as after one meiosis (DH). No difference is observed for recombination fractions greater than 20%. Despite a precise description of the material at the molecular level, it has not been possible to make a definite conclusion as to whether or not the differences in some morphological characters are the consequences of differences in the segregation ratio and/or the recombination frequency. However, the agromorphological evaluation shows a narrow range in differences between the two types of lines and suggests that the use of DH lines is possible in breeding programmes.
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    An RFLP linkage map for loblolly pine based on a three-generation outbred pedigree (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 273-278 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Genetic linkage mapping ; Pinus taeda L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genetic linkage map for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was constructed using segregation data from a three-generation outbred pedigree consisting of four grandparents, two parents, and 95 F2 progeny. The map was based predominantly on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci detected by cDNA probes. Sixty-five cDNA and three genomic DNA probes revealed 90 RFLP loci. Six polymorphic isozyme loci were also scored. One-fourth (24%) of the cDNA probes detected more than 1 segregating locus, an indication that multigene families are common in pines. As many as six alleles were observed at a single segregating locus among grandparents and it was not unusual for the progeny to segregate for three or four alleles per locus. Multipoint linkage analysis placed 73 RFLP and 2 isozyme loci into 20 linkage groups; the remaining 17 RFLP and 4 isozyme loci were unlinked. The mapped RFLP probes provide a new set of codominant markers for genetic analyses in loblolly pine.
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    Genetic diversity among wild and cultivated populations of Hevea brasiliensis assessed by nuclear RFLP analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hevea brasiliensis ; RFLP ; Nuclear probes ; Isozyme ; Genetic diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphism was assessed in wild and cultivated populations of Hevea brasiliensis using random probes from an Hevea nuclear library. One-hundred-and-sixty-four individuals were surveyed, and the results discussed in the light of previous work performed on isozyme variation. Both studies show that germplasm collections have led to an effective enrichment of the genetic resources available for Hevea breeding, and that cultivated clones have conserved a relatively high level of polymorphism, despite their narrow genetic base and their high level of inbreeding. An equivalent level of polymorphism is revealed by random nuclear probes and isozymes. However, the genetic structuring of the diversity appears more striking using RFLP markers. Wild accessions can be divided into three genetic groups according to their geographical origin. The present results are an essential guide to the incorporation of wild material in breeding schemes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225898
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    Chromosome assignment of four photosynthesis-related genes and their variability in wheat species (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 383-394 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Photosynthesis-related genes ; Copy numbers ; Chromosome assignments ; RFLP ; Origin of polyploid wheats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Copy numbers of four photosynthesis-related genes, PhyA, Ppc, RbcS and Lhcb1 *1, in wheat genomes were estimated by slot-blot analysis, and these genes were assigned to the chromosome arms of common wheat by Southern hybridization of DNA from an aneuploid series of the cultivar Chinese Spring. The copy number of PhyA was estimated to be one locus per haploid genome, and this gene was assigned to chromosomes 4AL, 4BS and 4DS. The Ppc gene showed a low copy number of small multigenes, and was located on the short arm of homoeologous group 3 chromosomes and the long arm of chromosomes of homoeologous group 7. RbcS consisted of a multigene family, with approximately 100 copies in the common wheat genome, and was located on the short arm of group 2 chromosomes and the long arm of group 5 chromosomes. Lhcb1 *1 also consisted of a multigene family with about 50 copies in common wheat. Only a limited number of restriction fragments (approximately 15%) were used to determine the locations of members of this family on the long arm of group 1 chromosomes owing to the multiplicity of DNA bands. The variability of hybridized bands with the four genes was less in polyploids, but was more in the case of multigene families. RFLP analysis of polyploid wheats and their presumed ancestors was carried out with probes of the oat PhyA gene, the maize Ppc gene, the wheat RbcS gene and the wheat Lhcb1 *1 gene. The RFLP patterns of common wheat most closely resembled those of T. Dicoccum (Emmer wheat), T. urartu (A genome), Ae. speltoides (S genome) and Ae. squarrosa (D genome). Diversification of genes in the wheat complex appear to have occurred mainly at the diploid level. Based on RFLP patterns, B and S genomes were clustered into two major groups. The fragment numbers per genome were reduced in proportion to the increase of ploidy level for all four genes, suggesting that some mechanism(s) might operate to restrict, and so keep to a minimum, the gene numbers in the polyploid genomes. However, the RbcS genes, located on 2BS, were more conserved (double dosage), indicating that the above mechanism(s) does not operate equally on individual genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223649
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    RFLP analysis in chrysanthemum. I. Probe and primer development (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 472-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; PCR ; Chrysanthemum ; Genetic diversity ; Polyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to study genetic variability at the DNA level in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) PstI and HindIII genomic libraries were constructed. Probes from both libraries were tested for the presence of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Of the probes from the PstI library 91% appeared to hybridize to low-copy genes, while only 35% of those from the HindIII library appeared to do so. The PstI probes were used in further analyses as 79% of them showed RFLPs, whereas the HindIII low-copy number probes gave only 14% polymorphic patterns. Because of the hexaploid character of chrysanthemum, complex patterns generally consisting of 6–12 fragments were visible on a Southern blot after hybridization. To simplify the genetic analysis, locus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were developed that gave simple polymorphic patterns in a number of cases. The RFLP probes and primers developed will be used in future marker-assisted selection in this polyploid crop.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223663
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    Comparative RFLP mapping of Hordeum vulgare and Triticum tauschii (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 865-872 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Comparative mapping ; RFLP ; Barley ; Triticum tauschii ; Genome evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hordeum vulgare (barley) and Triticum tauschii are related, but sexually incompatible, species. This study was conducted to determine the extent of homology between the genomes of barley and T. tauschii using a common set of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Results showed that 〉95% of low-copy sequences are shared, but 42% of the conserved sequences showed copy-number differences. Sixty-three loci were mapped in T. tauschii using RFLP markers previously mapped in barley. A comparison of RFLP marker order showed that, in general, barley and T. tauschii have conserved linkage groups, with markers in the same linear orders. However, six of the seven linkage groups of T. tauschii contained markers which mapped to unrelated (i.e., non-homoeologous) barley chromosomes. Additionally, four of the T. tauschii linkage groups contained markers that were switched in order with respect to barley. All the chromosome segments differing between T. tauschii and barley contained markers that were detected by multi-copy probes. The results suggest that the observed differences between the T. tauschii and barley genomes were brought about by duplications or deletions of segments in one or both species. The implications of these findings for genetic mapping, breeding, and plant genome evolution are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224511
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    RFLP-based genetic relationships of Einkorn wheats (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 818-823 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Diploid wheat ; Einkorn ; RFLP ; Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To study the relationships between different species of the Einkorn group, 55 different accessions ofTriticum monococcum,T. boeoticum,T. urartu,T. sinskajae,T. thaoudar andT. aegilopoides were analyzed. Fifteen anonymous probes and four clones corresponding to storage protein genes were used for detecting restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The DNA was restricted with the restriction enzymesAluI,HaeIII,RsaI andTaqI. The 25 probe/enzyme combinations employed yielded a total of 488 polymorphic fragments. Statistical analyses were performed using Jaccard's coefficient of similarity and principal coordinate analysis. Different values of similarity within the three main taxa,monococcum,boeoticum andurartu, were obtained; the grouping at the species level was quite well reflected by the RFLP analysis done here. The coincidence between RFLP data and the subspecies classification of theT. monococcum group was only partial. OneT. urartu accession is clearly different from all of the other 54 accessions. The need for an RFLP based revision of the Einkorn taxonomy is evident.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01253991
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    Restriction site and length polymorphism of the rDNA unit in the cultivated basidiomycetePleurotus cornucopiae (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 824-830 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pleurotus cornucopiae ; rDNA unit ; RFLP ; Ribosomal polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the ribosomal DNA unit ofPleurotus cornucopiae, the rDNA coding regions are in the order 5′, 5S-18S-5.8S-25S, 3′, with the 5′ location of the 5S gene differing from its 3′ location found in other basidiomycetes. The most discriminating probe used to study the rDNA polymorphism consisted of a fragment that included the 5S, 18S and part of the 5.8S and 25S genes flanking three intergenic sequences. A high degree of rDNA polymorphism was observed in the sevenP. cornucopiae dikaryons studied. For the first time within a basidiomycete species, the restrictions maps distinguished two types of rDNA units (I and II). In each rDNA type, length variations in the external intergenic sequence IGS 1 located between the 25S and 5S genes allowed characterization of two different rDNA units in type I and four rDNA units in type II. This suggested that theP. cornucopiae rDNA units were derived from two kinds of ancestors (type I and II) by insertion or deletion events (100–700 bp) in the IGS 1. In four dikaryotic strains, two rDNA units of the same type (I or II) differing only by the IGS 1 length, were found in a similar number of copies, and presented a meiotic segregation in homokaryotic progeny. In one progeny, some homokaryotic strains possessed two different rDNA units: one with a high copy number and another with a lower one, showing that two different rDNA units could coexist in a single nucleus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01253992
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    Comparison of RFLP and RAPD markers to estimating genetic relationships within and among cruciferous species (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 973-980 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Brassica ; Genetic relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers are being used widely for evaluating genetic relationships of crop germplasm. Differences in the properties of these two markers could result in different estimates of genetic relationships among some accessions. Nuclear RFLP markers detected by genomic DNA and cDNA clones and RAPD markers were compared for evaluating genetic relationships among 18 accessions from six cultivated Brassica species and one accession from Raphanus sativus. Based on comparisons of genetic-similarity matrices and cophenetic values, RAPD markers were very similar to RFLP markers for estimating intraspecific genetic relationships; however, the two marker types gave different results for interspecific genetic relationships. The presence of amplified mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA fragments in the RAPD data set did not appear to account for differences in RAPD- and RFLP-based dendrograms. However, hybridization tests of RAPD fragments with similar molecular weights demonstrated that some fragments, scored as identical, were not homologous. In all these cases, the differences occurred at the interspecific level. Our results suggest that RAPD data may be less reliable than RFLP data when estimating genetic relationships of accessions from more than one species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220804
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    Genetic diversity in European wheat and spelt breeding material based on RFLP data (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 994-1003 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Spelt ; RFLP ; Marker Genetic diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fifty-two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), nine spring wheat, and 20 spelt (Triticum spelta L.) lines representing part of the European breeding germplasm, were assayed for RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) with 56 wheat DNA clones and two barley cDNA clones. Objectives of this study were to (1) determine the level of variation for RFLPs in the wheat and spelt breeding lines, (2) characterize the genetic diversity within the European winter wheat germplasm, and (3) evaluate the usefulness of RFLP markers for pedigree analysis and the grouping of wheat and spelt lines of various origins. Seventy-three of the 166 RFLP loci detected with 58 probes and one restriction enzyme were polymorphic for the 81 lines. The percentage of polymorphic loci was greatest for the B genome (58%) and smallest for the D genome (21%). Among the 81 lines, 271 different RFLP bands were detected. RFLP band frequencies of the winter wheat lines differed considerably (≥0.5) from those of the spring wheat lines at five loci, and from those of the spelt lines at 17 loci. Eight cultivars that had a major impact as progenitors on the development of improved winter wheat cultivars accounted for 93% of the observed RFLP bands in winter wheat. Genetic distance (GD) estimates between two lines ranged between 0.01 and 0.21. Mean GD estimates within winter wheat (0.083), within spring wheat (0.108) and within spelt (0.096) were smaller than between spring and winter wheat (0.114), and greatest between winter wheat and spelt (0.132) and spring wheat and spelt (0.148). Principal coordinate analysis performed on GD estimates revealed a clear separation of wheat and spelt germplasm. Novel spelt lines with various proportions of wheat germplasm were positioned between wheat and traditional spelt lines. The spring wheat lines formed a distinct group at the periphery of the distribution of the winter wheat lines. Subgroupings of the winter wheat lines according to the cluster analysis were in good agreement with their origin, and lines with common ancestors were grouped together.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220807
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    Crossover distribution in barley analysed through RFLP linkage data (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 211-216 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; RFLP ; Genetic map ; Recombination ; Crossover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pattern of recombination in barley with regard to (1) the distribution of crossover points among whole gametes, (2) the distribution of crossover points among individual chromosomes and (3) the distribution of crossover points within chromosomes has been analysed using data sets underlying two recently published restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage maps representing male and female meiosis, respectively. The data indicated that the process of recombination had been random with no interference. The two data sets gave similar results, indicating that male and female meiosis in barley do no differ significantly. The possibility of using RFLP data in studies of crossover distribution is stressed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225144
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    Characterization of a family of tandemly repeated DNA sequences in Triticeae (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 217-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Evolution ; Tandemly repeated DNA sequences ; Phylogenetic relationships ; RFLP ; Poaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The recombinant plasmid dpTa1 has an insert of relic wheat DNA that represents a family of tandemly organized DNA sequences with a monomeric length of approximately 340 bp. This insert was used to investigate the structural organization of this element in the genomes of 58 species within the tribe Triticeae and in 7 species representing other tribes of the Poaceae. The main characteristic of the genomic organization of dpTa1 is a classical ladder-type pattern which is typical for tandemly organized sequences. The dpTa1 sequence is present in all of the genomes of the Triticeae species examined and in 1 species from a closely related tribe (Bromus inermis, Bromeae). DNA from Hordelymus europaeus (Triticeae) did not hybridize under the standard conditions used in this study. Prolonged exposure was necessary to obtain a weak signal. Our data suggest that the dpTa1 family is quite old in evolutionary terms, probably more ancient than the tribe Triticeae. The dpTa1 sequence is more abundant in the D-genome of wheat than in other genomes in Triticeae. DNA from several species also have bands in addition to the tandem repeats. The dpTa1 sequence contains short direct and inverted subrepeats and is homologous to a tandemly repeated DNA sequence from Hordeum chilense.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225145
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    Estimation of sampling variance of molecular marker data using the bootstrap procedure (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 259-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Bootstrap ; Sampling variance ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Knowledge of genetic relationships among genotypes is useful in a plant breeding program because it permits the organization of germplasm and provides for more efficient sampling. The genetic distance (GD) among genotypes can be estimated using random restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) as molecular markers. Knowledge of the sampling variance associated with RFLP markers is needed to determine how many markers are required for a given level of precision in the estimate of GD. The sampling variance for GD among all pairs of 37 maize (Z. mays L.) inbred lines was estimated from 1202 RFLPs. The 1202 polymorphisms were generated from 251 enzyme-probe combinations (EPC). The sampling variance was used to determine how large a sample of RFLPs was required to provide a given level of precision. The coefficient of variation (CV) associated with GD has a nearly linear relationship between its expected standard deviation and mean. The magnitude of the decrease in the mean CV for GD with increasing numbers of bands was dependent upon the sampling unit; e.g., individual polymorphic bands vs EPC, and the degree of relatedness among the inbreds compared. The rate of reduction in mean CV with increasing sample size was the same regardless of the restriction enzyme used, BamHI, EcoRI or HindIII, when the bootstrap sampling units were individual polymorphic bands. In constrast, although the rate of reduction (slopes) was the same, the intercepts of the mean CVs were different when EPCs were used as the bootstrap sampling unit. This difference was due to the higher number of bands per EPC in BamHI (4.94) compared with EcoRI (4.83) and HindIII (4.63).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225151
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    A study of genetic variation and evolution of Phyllostachys (Bambusoideae: Poaceae) using nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Bamboo ; Phyllostachys ; RFLP ; Variation ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetic and taxonomic difficulties are common within the woody bamboos, due to their unique life cycle, which severely limits the availability of floral characters. To addresss some of these problems, 20 species of woody bamboos in the genus Phyllostachys were analyzed using nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The RFLP data were used to generate genetic distances between all pairs of taxa and to examine the degree of genetic variation within and among bamboo species. The genetic distances were also used to create dendrograms of accessions and species. These trees supported the current division of the genus into two sections and provided some information on the thorny taxonomic problems in this group. We show that RFLPs can be used for species identification and the delineation of species limits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225152
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    Molecular evidence for the hybrid origin of Paulownia Taiwaniana based on RAPD markers and RFLP of chloroplast DNA (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 271-275 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RAPD ; RFLP ; Chloroplast DNA ; Natural hybrid ; Paulownia taiwaniana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genomic DNA of Paulownia fortunei, P. kawakamii and P. taiwaniana were amplified with 10-base primers of arbitrary sequences using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 351 DNA fragments were amplified from 23 primers and of these 265 fragments (75.5%) were polymorphic. Almost all of the PCR-amplified products of P. taiwaniana were shared by either P. fortunei or P. kawakamii, or both, and the number of polymorphic fragments shared by P. taiwaniana and P. fortunei was about equivalent to those shared by P. taiwaniana and P. kawakamii. Restriction fragments of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) purified from Paulownia species and from reciprocal crosses between P. fortunei and P. kawakamii were analyzed. Restriction enzyme SalI-digested cpDNA showed an identical pattern in both P. kawakamii and P. taiwaniana. These results further support the hypothesis that P. taiwaniana is the natural hybrid between P. fortunei and P. kawakamii and that the maternal parent of P. taiwaniana is P. kawakamii.
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    Molecular markers shared by diverse apomictic Pennisetum species (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 636-642 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Apomixis ; Agamospermy ; Pearl Millet ; Interspecific hybrids ; RFLP ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two molecular markers, a RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) and a RFLP/STS (restriction fragment length polymorphism/sequence-tagged site), previously were found associated with apomictic reproductive behavior in a backcross population produced to transfer apomixis from Pennisetum squamulatum to pearl millet. The occurrence of these molecular markers in a range of 29 accessions of Pennisetum comprising 11 apomictic and 8 sexual species was investigated. Both markers were specific for apomictic species in Pennisetum. The RFLP/STS marker, UGT 197, was found to be associated with all taxa that displayed apomictic reproductive behavior except those in section Brevivalvula. Neither UGT197 nor the cloned RAPD fragment OPC-04600 hybridized with any sexually reproducing representatives of the genus. The cloned C04600 was associated with 3 of the 11 apomictic species, P. ciliare, P. massaicum, and P. squamulatum. UGT197 was more consistently associated with apomictic reproductive behavior than OPC04600 or cloned C04600, thus it could be inferred that UGT197 is more closely linked to the gene(s) for apomixis than the cloned C04600. The successful use of these probes to survey other Pennisetum species indicates that apomixis is a trait that can be followed across species by using molecular means. This technique of surveying species within a genus will be useful in determining the relative importance of newly isolated markers and may facilitate the identification of the apomixis gene(s).
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    Phylogeny of wild and cultivatedSolanum species based on nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 360-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Solanum ; Phylogenetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Phylogenetic relationships between 14 wild and 3 cultivatedSolanum species, including the European potato,Solanum tuberosum ssp.tuberosum, were inferred using DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) as discriminating characters. Phenetic trees were obtained based on distance matrices as well as on parsimony methods, which were not significantly altered either by the computational method used, or by the individual plant genotypes or RFLP markers chosen for the analysis. The reliability of the tree topologies was assessed and, as expected, it increased with the number of polymorphic restriction fragments scored. The individual genotypes within each species, the different species themselves, and the main branches of the trees were clearly separated from each other. The least reliable parts in the trees were the positions of closely related species within the main clusters.S. tuberosum spp.tuberosum formed one group closely related withS. tuberosum spp.andigena,S. stenotomum, andS. canasense. This was well separated from a second group formed byS. sparsipilum,berthaultii,kurtzianum,gourlayi,vernei,spegazzinii,chacoense, andmegistacrolobum. Two further branches were formed byS. demissum andS. acaule, and byS. polyadenium,S. pinnatisectum,S. stoloniferum, andS. etuberosum. The phenetic trees presented here supported the description of relationships amongSolanum species based on biosystematic studies, with the exception of the placement ofS. chacoense andS. megistacrolobum.
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    Genetic analysis of the obligate parasitic barley powdery mildew fungus based on RFLP and virulence loci (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 705-712 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Erysiphe graminis ; Genetic map ; Repetitive ; DNA ; RFLP ; Virulence genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genome organization of the biotrophic barley powdery mildew fungus was studied using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Genomic DNA clones containing either low-or multiple-copy sequences appeared to be the best RFLP markers, as they frequently revealed polymorphisms that could be readily detected. A total of 31 loci were identified using 11 genomic DNA clones as probes. Linkage analysis of the 31 RFLP loci and five virulence loci resulted in the construction of seven groups of linked loci. Two of these contained both RFLP markers and virulence genes. RFLP markers were found to be very efficient in characterizing mildew isolates, as only three markers were necessary to differentiate 28 isolates. The DNA of the barley powdery mildew fungus appeared to contain a considerable number of repetitive sequences dispersed throughout the genome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226887
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    DNA “fingerprints” applied to paternity analysis in apples (Malus x domestica) (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 763-768 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA fingerprint ; M13 probe ; RFLP ; Paternity analysis ; Apple
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analysis of minisatellite DNA sequences, yielding so called DNA “fingerprints”, has proven useful in paternity analysis for several different organisms. Here 64 apple seedlings, grown from seeds collected in an orchard with three cultivars, were analyzed using the M13 “fingerprint” probe. Paternity could be determined for 56 of the seedlings, 2 of which were derived through selfing. The analysis was facilitated by the occurrence of a multiallelic locus. The five different fragments determined by this locus migrated to similar positions, whether digesting the DNA with restriction enzymes TaqI or RsaI.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224242
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    RFLP analysis of phylogenetic relationships and genetic variation in the genus Lycopersicon (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 437-448 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Lycopersicon ; Phylogeny ; RFLP ; Genetic variation ; Breeding system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Forty single-copy, nuclear probes of known chromosomal position were used to examine restriction fragment length polymorphism in the tomato genus Lycopersion. The probes were from three libraries: one cDNA, and two genomic libraries ⦓ne genomic made with EcoRI and the other with PstI. Total DNA from 156 plants representing eight species was cut with five different restriction enzymes and scored in 198 probe-enzyme combinations. Genetic distances between accessions (populations) and species were calculated from the resultant restriction patterns and proportion of shared bands. Accessions belonging to the same species largely clustered together, confirming their current classification. However, one mountain accession, classified as L. peruvianum var. humifusum (LA2150), was sufficiently distinct from the other accessions of L. peruvianum that it may qualify as a separate species L. esculentum and L. pimpinellifolium were the least clearly differentiated, possibly reflecting introgressive hybridization, known to have been promoted by man in recent history. Dendrograms constructed from cDNA versus genomic clones were nearly identical in their general grouping of species. The dendrograms revealed two major dichotomies in the genus: one corresponding to mating behavior [self-compatible (SC) versus self-incompatible (SI) species] and the other corresponding to fruit color (red versus green-fruited species). The ratio of withinversus between-accession diversity was much lower for SC species, indicating that most of the diversity within these species exists between populations, rather than within populations. Overall, the amount of genetic variation in the SI species far exceeded that found in SC species. This result is exemplified by the fact that more genetic variation could be found within a single accession of one of the SI species (e.g., L. peruvianum) than among all accessions tested of any one of the SC species (e.g., L. esculentum or L. pimpinellifolium). Results from this study are discussed in relationship to germ plasm collection/utilization and with regard to the use of RFLPs in tomato breeding and genetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226743
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    Identification of a short rDNA spacer sequence highly specific of a tomato line containing Tm-1 gene introgressed from Lycopersicon hirsutum (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 602-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Tomato ; RFLP ; rDNA ; Tobacco mosaic virus ; Introgression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We studied rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism between two tomato lines used for F1 hybrid seed production: line A, containing the Tm-1 gene responsible for tobacco mosaic virus tolerance introgressed from the wild species Lycopersicon hirsutum, and line B, a tobacco mosaic virus sensitive line. Hybridization patterns led to distinct rDNA maps with two size classes, 10.4 and 10.7 kb, in line A and a single, 8.9-kb class in line B. Size differences were located in the intergenie sequence (IGS). A highly specific 54-bp TaqI fragment was cloned from the line A IGS and used in dot blot experiments to probe total DNA from line A, line B, and their F1 hybrid. It proved capable of discriminating B from A and the hybrid. This probe could thus serve to screen inbreds in commercial seed lots where line A is used as male. This fragment showed 80–90% sequence homology with the 53-bp subrepeats previously characterized in a region of the tomato IGS close to the 25S rRNA gene. Preliminary comparison of rDNA in line A and several wild related species indicated that the L. hirsutum H2 genotype was the closest to line A. rDNA variations between line A and this wild genotype could be explained by recombination during the introgression process involving numerous backcrosses or by an important intraspecific polymorphism. Our results strongly suggest that Tm-1 and the rDNA were introgressed together into tomato from L. hirsutum through linkage drag.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224218
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  • 94
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    RFLP mapping of I1, a new locus in tomato conferring resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 1 (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 22-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; L. pennellii ; Fusarium wilt ; RFLP ; Disease resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The inheritance and linkage relationships of a gene for resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 1 were analyzed. An interspecific hybrid between a resistant Lycopersicon pennellii and a susceptible L. esculentum was backcrossed to L. esculentum. The genotype of each backcross-1 (BC1) plant with respect to its Fusarium response was determined by means of backcross-2 progeny tests. Resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene, I1, which was not allelic to I, the traditional gene for resistance against the same fungal pathogen that was derived from L. pimpinellifolium. Linkage analysis of 154 molecular markers that segregated in the BC1 population placed I1 between the RFLP markers TG20 and TG128 on chromosome 7. The flanking markers were used to verify the assignment of the I1 genotype in the segregating population. The results are discussed with reference to the possibility of cloning Fusarium resistance genes in tomato.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231273
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  • 95
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    RFLP analysis of nuclear DNAs homologous with mitochondrial plasmid-like DNAs in cultivated rice (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 179-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Plasmid-like DNA ; Rice ; Mitochondrial DNA ; RFLP ; Nucleo-mitochondrial DNA transmission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary B1 and B2 are small, circular, mitochondrial plasmid-like DNAs found in male-sterile cytoplasm (cms-Bo) of rice. In this study, nuclear sequences homologous to these DNAs were investigated among a number of rice cultivars. Several copies of nuclear B1-and B2-homologous sequences were detected in all examined cultivars, regardless of the presence or absence of the B1 and B2 DNAs in mitochondria, indicating that the existence of the B1- and B2-homologous sequences in the rice nuclear genome was widespread. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was detected for both sequences, and we propose that these DNAs could be useful RFLP markers for the rice nuclear genome. To analyze these nuclear homologues genetically, segregation analysis of the RFLP was carried out in the F2 progenies of an Indica-Japonica rice hybrid. Of the B1 homologues, there were two nonallelic fragments, one specific to the Indica parent and the other to the Japonica. These results indicate that the B1 and B2 homologues were dispersed in the nuclear genome. The integration of B1-homologous DNA into the nuclear DNA may have occurred independently after sexual isolation of the Indica and Japonica rice varietal groups, or a intranuclear transposition of these sequences took place during the process of rice differentiation into the varietal groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226210
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  • 96
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    Analyses of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and P. coccineus Lam. hybrids by RFLP: preferential transmission of P. vulgaris alleles (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 703-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Phaseolus interspecific hybrid ; RFLP ; Beans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was determined among P. vulgaris genotypes and Phaseolus species using 19 probes. The incidence of polymorphism was high (70–86%) between species, but relatively low (22–26%) between genotypes of P. vulgaris. Suitable probes were identified for the analysis of P. vulgaris and P. coccineus hybrids. The segregation pattern in F2 populations was Mendelian for two probes (LHB and VEE20) and non-Mendelian for GS-g, CHS, and CHI. Statistical analyses indicated gametic selection with preferential transmission of the P. vulgaris alleles, which may account for the selective recovery of P. vulgaris progeny types observed earlier. The available hybrids of P. vulgaris and P. coccineus and the high degree of interspecific RFLP will facilitate the construction of a linkage map for Phaseolus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226740
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  • 97
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    RFLP-based genetic map of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome 1R (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 174-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rye ; Genetic mapping ; RFLP ; Storage protein ; Isozyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A map of chromosome 1R of rye was constructed using 16 molecular and biochemical loci. From long arm to short arm, known-function loci were placed in the order: XAdh — XLee — Glu-R1[Sec-3] — XPpdk-1R — XEm-1R-1 — XEm-1R-2 — Centromere — XNor-R1 —Gpi-R1 — XGli-R1 [Sec-1a] along with six anonymous genomic and cDNA clones from wheat. The map, which spans 106 cM with 12 loci clustered in a 15-cM region around the centromere, shows reasonably good agreement with previously published maps for the centromeric region, whereas the XNor-R1 — Gpi-R1 region gives a much larger distance than previously reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226209
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  • 98
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    RFLP maps of potato and their alignment with the homoeologous tomato genome (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1991), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Potato ; Tomato ; Genetic maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An RFLP linkage map of the potato is presented which comprises 304 loci derived from 230 DNA probes and one morphological marker (tuber skin color). The self-incompatibility locus of potato was mapped to chromosome I, which is homoeologous to tomato chromosome I. By mapping chromosome-specific tomato RFLP markers in potato and, vice versa, potato markers in tomato, the different potato and tomato RFLP maps were aligned to each other and the similarity of the potato and tomato genome was confirmed. The numbers given to the 12 potato chromosomes are now in accordance with the established tomato nomenclature. Comparisons between potato RFLP maps derived from different genetic backgrounds revealed conservation of marker order but differences in chromosome and total map length. In particular, significant reduction of map length was observed in interspecific compared to intraspecific crosses. The distribution of regions with distorted segregation ratios in the genome was analyzed for four potato parents. The most prominent distortion of recombination was found to be caused by the self-incompatibility locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229225
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    Genetic diversity and differentiation of indica and japonica rice detected by RFLP analysis (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 495-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Phenotypic diversity ; Differentiation ; Randomization test ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic diversity and differentiation in indica and japonica groups of the cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) were studied by assaying DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms of 12 indica and 14 japonica rice lines digested with three restriction endonucleases. A total of 49 probes were selected to represent the entire RFLP map at intervals of 20–30 cM. It was shown that 95 of the 145 possible probe/enzyme combinations, involving 43 probes and all three enzymes, detected restriction fragment length variation, and the degree of polymorphism varied greatly from one probe/enzyme combination to another. These results demonstrate that indica rice is genetically more diverse than japonica type. Significant differentiation between the two rice groups was detected by 33 probes representing 11 of the 12 rice chromosomes. It was deduced that the processes leading to differentiation involved a combination of molecular events that include base substitutions and insertion/deletions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226539
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  • 100
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    DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the wheat stem rust fungus, Pucinia graminis tritici (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 715-719 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Pucdnia ; cDNA ; Leaf rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A cDNA library was synthesized from poly A+ RNA extracted from germinated urediospores of the wheat stem rust fungus, Puccnia graminis tritici (race 343-1,2,3,5,6). The library was used as a source of probes to detect RFLPs in genomic DNA from three major races of P. graminis tritici in Australia, as well as two formae speciales of P. graminis. DNA extracted from another Puccnia species infecting wheat, P. recondita tritici (wheat leaf rust), was included in the analysis. Nine different cDNA probes were analysed, and all detected polymorphisms between the races and formae speciales of P. graminis that were tested. Seven detected polymorphisms between P. graminis and P. recondita; the remaining two probes showed no detectable homology to P. recondita genomic DNA. The potential applications of RFLP markers to study the origin of genetic variability in P. graminis tritici are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226689
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