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  • Triticum aestivum  (266)
  • Springer  (266)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 1990-1994  (266)
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  • Springer  (266)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of systemic insecticide to measure antixenosis to aphids in plant choice experiments (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rhopalosiphum padi ; antixenosis ; plant resistance ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Antixenose gegenüberRhopalosiphum padi (L.) in den drei Weizensorten Timmo, Moghan 2 und Ommid, von denen die zwei letzteren Sorten aus dem Iran stammen, wurde unter Verwendung des systemischen Insektizids Pirimicarb gemessen. Jeweils zwei Pflanzen aus verschiedenen Sorten wurden als Paar verwendet (in allen Kombinationen der drei Sorten), pro Paar ein Topf mit Pirimicarb gegossen, und zwanzig Blattlaüse über Blattflächen von beiden Sorten gekäfigt. Ähnliche Versuche wurden auch ohne Insektizid ausgeführt. Beide Methoden zeigten deutliche Antixenose von Moghan 2 und Ommid in Vergleich mit Timmo. Die Insektizidmethode zeigte auch eine Bevorzugung von Moghan 2 gegenüber Ommid, ein Resultat, das mit der schon bekannten relativen Antibiose dieser zwei Sorten übereinstimmte, während sich ohne Insektizid kein solcher Unterschied erwies. Die statistische Analyse solcher Versuche mit einem Insektizid, die eine Modifikation der Berechnung des erwarteten Werts mit dem χ2 Test enthält, ist beschrieben.
    Notes: Abstract Antixenosis in three wheat varieties (Timmo, Moghan 2 and Ommid) toRhopalosiphum padi (L.) was measured by pairing plants of any two varieties with one plant of each pair treated with a soil drench of the systemic insecticide pirimicarb. Aphids were then allowed access to equivalent leaf areas from the two plants in a leaf cage. The results were compared with similar choice experiments without insecticide. By either technique, the two Iranian varieties (Moghan 2 and Ommid) showed antixenosis in comparison with Timmo. The statistical analysis of the data, using a heterogeneity χ2 test, is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00163315
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three inhibitor types from wheat endosperm are differentially active against α-amylases of Lepidoptera pests (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: LepidopteraEphestia kuehniella ; α-amylase ; Triticum aestivum ; endosperm ; α-amylase inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Crude α-amylase preparations from seven Lepidoptera pests were susceptible to inhibition by salt-soluble proteins of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) endosperm. Protein fractions that corresponded to tetrameric, dimeric, and monomeric wheat α-amylase inhibitors, were decreasingly effective against the insect α-amylase activity. To further confirm these results, purified inhibitors were tested against an α-amylase preparation fromEphestia kuehniella (Zeller). This preparation showed decreased activity when increasing amounts of an heterotetrameric inhibitor (reconstituted from its isolated subunits WTAI-CM2, -CM3 and -CM16) were assayed. Activity was only partially inhibited by homodimeric (WDAI-1, synonym 0.53; WDAI-2, synonym 0.19) and monomeric (WMAI-1, synonym 0.28) inhibitors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381546
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydroxamic acids affecting barley yellow dwarf virus transmission by the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 59 (1991), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; cereals ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; Aphididae ; barley yellow dwarf virus ; hydroxamic acids ; DIMBOA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), a hydroxamic acid (Hx) occurring in wheat, was shown to deter feeding by the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), and to reduce BYDV transmission to the plant. Dual choice tests with wheat leaves showed the preferential settlement of aphids on leaves with lower levels of DIMBOA. Electric monitoring of aphid feeding behaviour showed that in seedlings with higher DIMBOA levels fewer aphids reached the phloem and they needed longer times to contact a phloem vessel than in those with lower levels. When aphids carrying BYDV were allowed to feed on wheat cultivars with different DIMBOA levels, fewer plants were infected with BYDV in the higher DIMBOA cultivars than in the lower ones. Preliminary field experiments showed a tendency for wheat cultivars with higher Hx levels to be more tolerant to infection by BYDV than lower Hx level ones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187969
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A reliable method for the selection of axenic seedlings (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 281-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Surface sterilization ; Contaminants ; Sterile plant selection ; Axenic seedlings ; Triticum aestivum ; Trifolium pratense ; Trifolium repens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sterile seedlings are required for the investigation of interactions between microorganisms and plants. The present study was designed to develop a simple and reliable method for the selection of sterile seedlings by the use of liquid nutrient media, avoiding some of the disadvantages of solid media. The method of germinating surface-sterilized seedlings on solid water agar or nutrient media was compared with our method for sterility control in nutrient broth. Sterile plant selection in liquid media was the most sensitive method for detecting bacterial and fungal contaminants. Sterile plants grow with the same vigour as unsterilized plants and can be used for sterile plant experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336240
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical organization of the 18S and 5S ribosomal RNA genes in the mitochondrial genome of rye (Secale cereale L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 339-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; Ribosomal RNA genes ; Mitochondrial DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial 18S and 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of rye, plus a total of about 90 kilobase pairs of flanking DNA, have been cloned and maps of restriction enzyme cleavage sites have been constructed. Like their homologs from hexaploid wheat, the rye genes are closely linked and are part of a three-copy family of recombining repeats (the “18S/5S repeat”). The rye repeat probably also contains a mitochondrial tRNAfMet gene, which the wheat repeat is known to carry. However, despite the overall organizational similarity between the wheat and rye 18S/5S repeats in the immediate vicinity of their coding regions, extensive rearrangement of flanking sequences has taken place during evolutionary divergence of the two species. Our data provide additional support for an emerging picture of plant mitochondrial genomes as evolving much more rapidly in structure than in sequence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314882
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential expression of the psbB and psbH genes encoding the 47 kDa chlorophyll a-protein and the 10 kDa phosphoprotein of photosystem II during chloroplast development in wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Light regulation ; psbN ; Triticum aestivum ; Etioplast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence of a region of wheat chloroplast DNA containing the psbB gene for the 47 kDa chlorophyll a-binding protein of photosystem II has been determined. The gene encodes a polypeptide of 508 amino acid residues which is predicted to contain six hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions. The psbB gene is located 562 bp upstream of the psbH gene for the 10 kDa phosphoprotein of photosystem II. A small open reading frame of 38 codons is located between psbB and psbH, and on the opposite strand the psbN gene, encoding a photosystem II polypeptide of 43 amino acid residues, is located between orf38 and psbH. S1 nuclease mapping indicated that the 5′ ends of transcripts were located 371 and 183 bp upstream of the psbB translation initiation codon. Predominant transcripts of 2.1 kb and 1.8 kb for psbB and 0.4 kb for psbH were present in RNA isolated from etiolated and greening wheat seedlings. Immunodecoration of Western blots indicated that the 47 kDa polypeptide was absent, or present in very low amounts, in dark-grown tissue and accumulated on greening, whereas the 10 kDa polypeptide was present in similar amounts in both dark-grown and greening seedlings. The 10 kDa polypeptide was phosphorylated in vitro by incubating wheat etioplast membranes with [γ3 2P] ATP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336487
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An internal part of the chloroplast atpA gene sequence is present in the mitochondrial genome of Triticum aestivum: molecular organisation and evolutionary aspects (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 523-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Chloroplast DNA ; ATPase alpha subunit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An internal part of the chloroplast atpA gene has been identified in the mitochondrial DNA of Triticum aestivum. It is located near the 18S-5S ribosomal genes and partially contained within a repeated sequence. Comparison of the transferred sequence with the original ct sequence reveals several nucleotide changes and shows that neither 5′ nor 3′ ends are present in the mt genome. No transcript of this region could be detected by Northern analysis. This sequence is present in mitochondrial genomes of other tetraploid and diploid species of Triticum, also in the vicinity of the 18S-5S ribosomal genes, suggesting a unique transfer event. The date of this event is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313082
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of soil pH on the requirement for water-soluble phosphorus in triple superphosphate fertilizers (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: available P ; citrate insoluble P ; phosphorus sources ; triple superphosphate ; Triticum aestivum ; water soluble P ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted to determine if soil pH affects the requirement for water-soluble P and the tolerance of water-insoluble impurities in TSP fertilizers. Two commercial TSP fertilizers were selected to represent a range in phosphate rock sources and impurities. Phosphate fertilizer impurities were isolated as the water-washed fraction by washing whole fertilizers with deionized water. TSP fertilizers with various quantities of water-soluble P (1.2 to 99% water-soluble P) were simulated by mixing the water-washed fertilizer fractions or dicalcium phosphate (DCP) with reagent-grade monocalcium phosphate (MCP). The fertilizers were applied to supply 40 mg AOAC available P kg−1 to a Mountview silt loam (fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults). Wheat (Triticum aestivum (L.)) was harvested at 49 and 84 days after planting. Soil pH values at the final forage harvest were 5.4±0.16 and 6.4±0.15. At a soil pH of 5.4, the TSP fertilizers required only 37% water-soluble P to reach maximum yields while at pH 6.4 the fertilizers required 63% water-soluble P. Results of this study show that higher levels of water -insoluble P can be tolerated in TSP fertilizers when applied to acid soils. Phosphorus uptake was not affected by soil pH, but for the mixtures containing the fertilizer residues the source having the lowest level of Fe and Al had a higher relative agronomic effectiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750467
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of water supply on the response of wheat and triticale to applications of rock phosphate and superphosphate (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Bicarbonate soil test phosphorus ; relative effectiveness ; rock phosphate ; superphosphate ; Triticum aestivum ; ×Triticosecale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of water supply on the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (×Triticosecale) to levels of freshly-applied rock phosphate and superphosphate, and the residues of these fertilizers applied 9 years previously in the field, was studied in three glasshouse experiments. The 〈 2 mm fraction of the top 10 cm of soil was used (1.8 kg soil per pot), and in one experiment, freshly-applied fertilizer was also added to the more acidic subsoil (10 to 20 cm). There were two water treatments: the soil was returned to field capacity by watering to weight, either daily (W1, adequate water) or weekly (W2, water stress). Yield of dried tops was used to calculate fertilizer effectiveness. The phosphorus (P) concentration in dried tops was used to determine critical P, which is the P concentration related to 90% of the maximum yield. Just before sowing, soil samples were collected to measure bicarbonate-extractable (soil test) P which was related to plant yield. Water stress reduced yields and maximum yield plateaus by 20 to 40%. Water stress reduced the effectiveness of all P fertilizers by between 20 to 60%, largely because of a reduction in the maximum yield potentials. In the field, water supply is seasonally dependent and it can affect the yield response of plants to freshly-applied rock phosphate and superphosphate and the residues of these fertilizers applied to the field in previous years. Relative to placing fertilizer in the topsoil, placing fertilizer in the subsoil improved effectiveness by about 26% for rock phosphate and 12% for superphosphate. The relationship between yield and P concentration in dried tops, and critical P, differed for W1 and W2. The soil test P calibration, which relates yield to soil test P, and the soil test P required to produce the same yield also differed for W1 and W2. Consequently critical P and soil test P calibrations depend on water supply, which in the field varies within and between growing seasons. This is so for freshly- and previously-applied rock phosphate and superphosphate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750156
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. shelterbelts on crops (1992)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 20 (1992), S. 253-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: allelopathy ; shelterbelt ; soil phytotoxins ; Cicer arietinum ; Lens esculentum ; Triticum aestivum ; Brassica oleracea ; Trifolium alexandrinum ; Eucalyptus tereticornis ; Brassica campestris cv toria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The economic yield of chickpea, lentil, wheat, cauliflower, barseem, and toria in a 12-m-wide strip to the south of 8 ± 1-year-old Eucalyptus tereticornis shelterbelts (three different locations) was reduced by more than half. Among all the crops under study, the yield of chickpea was reduced by the maximum extent. The content of soil phytotoxins was maximum in the litter-free top soil surface, compared to that at 30 or 60 cm depths, at all distances from the Eucalyptus. Maximum content of phytotoxins was found at 1 m from the tree line for all depths. These soil phytotoxins impaired the germination of Lens esculentum, thus indicating an allelopathic effect. It is included that the poor perfornce of crops in the sheltered area is related to an allelopathic effect of the Eucalyptus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053143
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring the effect of an abiotic stress on competition (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 100 (1994), S. 221-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Competition ; Abiotic stress ; Multiplicative interactions ; Nickel toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using recently developed solution culture techniques, the effect of a non-resource abiotic stress, nickel toxicity, was tested on intraspecific nutrient competition among wheat. The choice of an appropriate statistical model was of paramount importance in interpreting these effects. We argue that a multiplicative model is more appropriate for experiments on interactions of competition and abiotic stress. By such an analysis, nickel had no relative effect on the ability of competition to reduce plant size in two experiments, and caused a small reduction in competition in another. These results are contrary to other reports of the effect of a non-resource abiotic stress on competition and appear to be due to an increased demand for nutrients in the presence of toxic levels of nickel. The effects of an abiotic stress on competition may thus be specitic to the stress and not generalized across all abiotic stresses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316948
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant competition and disease in genetically diverse wheat populations (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 91 (1992), S. 82-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Plant disease ; Genetic diversity ; Frequency-dependence ; Triticum aestivum ; Puccinia striiformis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The direct and indirect effects of plant genetic diversity on epidemics and the influence of disease on plant competition were investigated using the wheat (Triticum aestivum)/stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) system. Replacement series consisting of a susceptible and a resistant wheat genotype or two wheat genotypes susceptible to different races of stripe rust were grown in the presence and absence of the pathogen. Stripe rust severity, number of seed heads, seed yield, and seed weight were determined separately for each wheat genotype in the mixtures and the pure stands. The frequency of susceptible genotypes in a mixture explained up to 67% of the variation in disease severity. However, competitive interactions among plant genotypes sometimes appeared to alter susceptibility and obscured the relationship. In pure stands of single genotypes, disease severity explained between 52 and 58% of the variation in seed yield. In mixtures, coefficients of determination were only 10 and 31%, suggesting a strong influence of plant-plant interactions on seed yield. These results suggest that host-parasite coevolutionary models need to account for the strong effect that specific plant genotype combinations may have on disease severity and plant reproduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317245
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant competition for light analyzed with a multispecies canopy model (1990)
    Springer
    Oecologia 82 (1990), S. 304-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Multispecies canopy model ; Canopy photosynthesis model ; Triticum aestivum ; Avena fatua ; Ultraviolet-B radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Competition for light among species in a mixed canopy can be assessed quantitatively by a simulation model which evaluates the importance of different morphological and photosynthetic characteristics of each species. A model was developed that simulates how the foliage of all species attenuate radiation in the canopy and how much radiation is received by foliage of each species. The model can account for different kinds of foliage (leaf blades, stems, etc.) for each species. The photosynthesis and transpiration for sunlit and shaded foliage of each species is also computed for different layers in the canopy. The model is an extension of previously described single-species canopy photosynthesis simulation models. Model predictions of the fraction of foliage sunlit and interception of light by sunlit and shaded foliage for monoculture and mixed canopies of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and wild oat (Avena fatua) in the field compared very well with measured values. The model was used to calculate light interception and canopy photosynthesis for both species of wheat/wild oat mixtures grown under normal solar and enhanced ultraviolet-B (290–320 nm) radiation (UV-B) in a glasshouse experiment with no root competition. In these experiments, measurements showed that the mixtures receiving enhanced UV-B radiation had a greater proportion of the total foliage area composed of wheat compared to mixtures in the control treatments. The difference in species foliage area and its position in the canopy resulted in a calculated increase in the portion of total canopy radiation interception and photosynthesis by wheat. This, in turn, is consistent with greater canopy biomass of wheat reported in canopies irradiated with supplemental UV-B.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317475
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro pollen maturation and successful seed production in detached spikelet cultures in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 286-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Spikelet culture ; In vitro pollen maturation ; Gametophytic selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two spring wheat genotypes (cv Orofen and Chinese Spring) were compared for their in vitro pollen maturation capacity in detached spikelet cultures in a defined solid medium. Under these in vitro conditions Chinese Spring produced normal trinucleate pollen in 66.8% and Orofen in only 37.5%. In both cultivars the pollen maturation process from the middle uninucleate stage took approximately 3 days longer in vitro than in vivo. The pollen maturation time depended on the microspore developmental stage at the time that the culturing started. The viability, germination capacity, and fertilizing ability of the in vitro matured pollen also differed between the two genotypes. The seed set achieved in vitro (averagely 12.8%) offers promise for the practical application of this method for producing controlled or selected offspring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197380
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Gene transfer to inflorescence and flower meristems using ballistic micro-targeting (1994)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 7 (1994), S. 135-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Flower ; Meristem ; Gene transfer Particle bombardment ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Direct gene transfer to floral meristems could contribute to cell-fate mapping, to the study of flower-specific genes and promoters, and to the production of transgenic gametes via the transformation of sporogenic tissues. Despite the wide potential of its applications, direct gene transfer to floral meristems has not been achieved so far because of the lack of suitable technology. We show in this paper that ballistic micro-targeting is the technique of choice for this purpose, and in this way, we were able to transfer genes efficiently into excised wheat immature spikes. Particle size was adjusted for optimal penetration into the L1 and L2 cell layers of the spikes with limited cell damage. Spikes at different developmental stages were shot either with a plasmid containing two genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis or with a plasmid bearing the uidA (β-glucuronidase) gene. The transient expression of these marker genes was observed in the different developmental stages tested and in cells of both the L1 and the L2 layers. The transient expression of the uidA gene was significantly increased when the sucrose concentration in the culture medium was increased from 0.06 to 0.52 M. At the highest concentration, 100% of the targeted spikes expressed the uidA gene, with an average of 69 blue cells per spike. Twelve days after microtargeting, multicellular sectors showing transgene expression and containing up to 17 cells were found in 85% of the shot immature inflorescences. This indicated that targeted cells survived particle bombardment. Sectors were found in primordia of both vegetative and reproductive organs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230582
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracellular motility, the actin cytoskeleton and germinability in the pollen of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 247-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Pollen germinability ; Intracellular movement ; Actin cytoskeleton ; Effects of dehydration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The tricellular pollen of wheat germinates rapidly on a receptive stigma without the often protracted activation period characteristic of bicellular pollens. This is associated with a high level of hydration in the mature pollen and the absence of a dormancy period. Intracellular movement of organelles continues throughout development; in the mature pollen along pathways related both to the aperture site and the distribution of the amyloplasts in the vegetative cell. The movement pathways reflect the organisation of the actin cytoskeleton, elements of which are already focused upon the germination site at the time of dispersal, a disposition only achieved during rehydration and activation in bicellular pollens. Dehydration after dispersal rapidly arrests movement, disrupts the actin cytoskeleton and leads to loss of germinability. These effects are irreversible, again in contrast to the situation found in bicellular pollens such as those of the Liliaceae, species of which have been shown to be capable of withstanding several cycles of hydration and dehydration while still retaining some capacity for germination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197374
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Embryogenic cell suspensions of Triticum aestivum x Leymus angustus F1 hybrids: characterization and plant regeneration (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 11 (1992), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Cell suspension ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Triticum aestivum ; Leymus angustus ; Plant regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Embryogenic cell suspension cultures were established from Triticum aestivum X Leymus angustus F1 hybrids, using compact nodular calli derived from inflorescence segments. Calli originating from leaf segments did not give rise to stable cell suspensions. Growth measurements of the cell suspensions revealed that they continued rapid growth up to 10 days after subculturing. Flow cytometric studies of the cell cycle over a 7 day culture period showed that the majority of cells were in G1 phase while the rest were either in S or G2. During the 7 days of culture, no significant differences in DNA distribution patterns were observed. The cells from suspension cultures produced somatic embryos when they were transferred to different solid media. The embryos germinated and gave rise to plantlets which were successfully rooted and transferred to soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235258
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  • 18
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    Plant regeneration from long term suspension culture-derived protoplasts of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 11 (1992), S. 262-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; embryogenic suspension cultures ; protoplasts ; regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Highly regenerable callus cultures have been obtained from immature embryos of hexaploid wheat cv. Oderzo. Friable fast growing calli were induced at high frequency. Suspensions were initiated from the most friable callus lines: they became established in about two months. Suspensions consisted of cell aggregates of 30 to 1000 um in diameter. Upon plating on MS hormone-free medium, suspensions regenerated green plantlets, and their regenerative capability was maintained for at least 10 months. Protoplasts were isolated from 7–8 day old suspension cultures with a yield of 4–6×106 protoplasts/g fresh weight cells. Protoplast culture was either in liquid medium or in a bead-type system with agarose beads. First divisions were detected at day 5. At day 14 visible colonies were detected and the plating efficiency was evaluated between 2 and 8% over the initial number of protoplasts plated. Protoplast-derived calli were cultured in the presence of 1 mg/l IAA and 0.5 mg/l zeatin and were used for reinitiating new suspension cultures. Upon plating onto MS hormone-free medium, with or without the addition of 0.1 mg/l GA3, calliclones were induced to differentiate. Regeneration of complete plantlets, with shoot and roots took about two months. Plantlets were grown in sterile conditions until 12–15 cm height, and were subsequently transplanted in soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235078
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    Cryopreservation of immature spring wheat zygotic embryos using an abscisic acid pretreatment (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 89-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: cryopreservation ; Triticum aestivum ; abscisic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) zygotic embryos were successfully cryopreserved, without the addition of exogenous cryoprotectants, using only an abscisic acid (ABA) pretreatment. Optimum survival was obtained when embryos were cultured in vitro for 10 days on semisolid Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L (±) ABA prior to cryopreservation. The embryos resumed growth within three days when returned to MS medium devoid of ABA but containing 2mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The embryogenic calli produced from these embryos exhibited normal plant regeneration on auxin-free media. Changes in dw/fw ratio, as well as the esterified fatty acid and sucrose concentrations correlated positively with the development of tolerance to cryopreservation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241941
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    Plant regeneration from isolated microspores of Triticum aestivum (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; microspore culture ; ovary co-culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Wheat microspores were isolated, without prior anther culture, from a range of genotypes and cultured to regenerate self-fertile plants. Microspores were isolated using a microblender and competent microspores were enriched by gradient centrifugation. The use of maltose as the sole carbohydrate in the culture medium and co-culture of microspores with wheat or barley ovaries were critical for development of microspore-derived embryos. Results were also improved when spikes were pretreated by emersion of the basal ends of detached heads in water at 25°C for 2d. This procedure leads to highly reproducible production of plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239096
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  • 21
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    Sequence analysis of wheat mitochondrial transcripts capped in vitro: definitive identification of transcription initiation sites (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 245-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondrion ; Transcription ; Guanylyltransferase ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To identify transcription initiation sites in wheat mitochondria, the nascent 5′-ends of transcripts were specifically labeled by incubation of wheat mitochondrial RNA with [α-32P]GTP in the presence of the enzyme guanylyltransferase. After separation of the resulting capped transcripts by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels, individual RNAs were recovered and directly sequenced. Four RNA sequences obtained in this way were localized upstream of the protein-coding genes atpA, coxII, coxIII and orf25. Comparison of mRNA and gene sequences allowed precise positioning of transcription initiation sites for these four genes. Sequence similarities immediately upstream of these sites define a conserved motif that we suggest as a candidate regulatory element in wheat mtDNA. The relationship between this motif and putative mitochondrial promoters in other plant species is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326239
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  • 22
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    Mitochondrial DNA variability detected in a single wheat regenerant involves a rare recombination event across a short repeat (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 456-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Reciprocal recombination ; Mitochondrial genome ; Chondriome variability ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mitochondrial genome of the selfed progeny of a plant regenerated from long-term somatic tissue culture displays specific structural rearrangements characterized by the appearance of novel restriction fragments. A mitochondrial DNA library was constructed from this selfed progeny in the SalI site of cosmid pHC79 and the novel fragments were subsequently studied. They were shown to arise from reciprocal recombination events involving DNA sequences present in the parental plant. The regions of recombination were sequenced and the nucleotide sequences were aligned with those of the presumptive parental fragments. We characterized an imperfect short repeated DNA sequence, 242 bp long, within which a 7-bb DNA repeat could act as a region of recombination. The use of PCR technology allowed us to show that these fragments were present in both parental plants and tissue cultures as low-abundance sequence arrangements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351786
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    Effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on soil nitrogen during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 232-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: 15N-labelled fertilizer ; Added N interaction ; Fertilizer N uptake ; Soil N uptake ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on the yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mexi-Pak-65) in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 33.6–51.5 and 30.5–40.9% of the N from ammonium nitrate and urea, respectively. Splitting the fertilizer N application had a significant effect on the uptake of fertilizer N by the wheat. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the two N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied according to the fertilizer N split; six split applications gave the highest added N interaction compared to a single application or two split applications for both fertilizers. Ammonium nitrate gave 90.5, 33.5, and 48.5% more added N interaction than urea with one, two, and six split N applications. A values were not significantly correlated with the added N interaction (r=0.557). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N replaced unlabelled soil N.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336328
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    Comparative analysis of a recombining-repeat-sequence family in the mitochondrial genomes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 255-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Secale cerele ; Ribosomal RNA genes ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Recombining-repeats ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial genomes of wheat and rye each contain a three-member family of recombining repeat peat sequences (the “18S/5S repeat”) that encode genes for 18S and 5S rRNAs (rrn18 and rrn5) and tRNAfMet (trnfM). Here we present, for wheat and rye, the sequence and boundaries of the “common sequence unit” (CSU) that is shared between all three repeat copies in each species. The wheat CSU is 4,429 base-pairs long and contains (in addition to trnfM, rrn18 and rrn5) a putative promoter, three tRNA-like elements (“t-elements”), and part of a pseudogene (“ψatpA c”) that is homologous to chloroplast atpA, which encodes the α subunit of chloroplast F1 ATPase. The rye CSU is somewhat smaller (2,855 base pairs) but contains much the same genic and other sequence elements as its wheat counterpart, except that two of the three t-elements as well as ψatpA c are found in only one of the three downstream flanks of the 18S/5S repeat, outside the CSU boundaries. In interpreting the seuuence data in terms of the evolutionary history of the 18S/5S-repeat family of wheat and rye, we conclude that (1) the wheat-rye form of the 18S/5S repeat most likely originated between 3 and 14 million years ago, in a lineage that gave rise to wheat and rye but not to barley, oasts, rice or maize; (2) the close linkage (1-bp apart) between trnfM and rrn18 is similarly limited in its taxonomic distribution to the wheat/rye lineage; (3) the trnfM-rrn18 pair arose via a single mutation that inserted a sequence block containing trnfM immediately upstream of rrn18; and (4) the presence of a putative promoter upstream of rrn18 in all wheat and rye repeats is consistent with all three repeat copies being transcriptionally active. We discuss these conclusions in the light of the possible functional significance of recombining-repeats in plant mitochondrial genomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351504
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    Nuclear genes control changes in the organization of the mitochondrial genome in tissue cultures derived from immature embryos of wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 515-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions ; Mitochondrial genome ; Chondriome variability ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Although the mitochondrial genomes of the Chinese Spring and Aquila varieties of wheat are normaly similar in organization, this is not so in tissue cultures initiated from their immature embryos where the mitochondrial genomes of both are rearranged and in different, characteristic, ways. However, the mitochondrial genomes of tissue cultures of reciprocal F1 crosses between these varieties were almost identical to one another, showing that nuclear genes control the rearrangement processes. These rearrangements are either due to the appearance of new structures or else result from changes in the relative amounts of subgenomic components. The severe reduction in the amount of certain molecular configurations in tissue cultures from reciprocal crosses is probably due to the presence of dominant information in the Aquila nuclear genome. Data obtained from tissue cultures initiated from F2 embryos of the cross Aquila x Chinese Spring suggest that at least two complementary genes are involved in this control. In contrast, the presence of new molecular arrangements appears to be under the control of a dominant allelic form of a Chinese Spring gene or genes. Thus, this study demonstrates that at least two sets of nuclear genes control the reorganization of the mitochondrial genome which occurs when tissue cultures are initiated from the immature embryos of wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351662
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    Allelochemicals in soil from no-tillage versus conventional-tillage wheat (Triticum aestivum) fields (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2277-2289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelochemicals ; no-tillage ; conventional-tillage ; soils ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; mass spectrometry ; Petri-dish bioassay ; fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Putative allelochemicals found in the soil of no-tillage and conventional-tillage wheat plots near Stillwater, Oklahoma, were obtained by a mild alkaline aqueous extraction procedure, bioassayed to determine their biological activity, purified, and analyzed with a capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-data analysis system. The most significant inhibition was found in bioassays of extracts from soil collected immediately after harvest in June, July, and August. No-tillage soils produced significant inhibition during the rest of the year also. Mass spectrometry showed fatty acids as the most abundant compounds. However, when bioassayed authentic samples of the five free fatty acids showed no significant biological activity toward wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01026937
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    Devil's-claw (Proboscidea louisianica), essential oil and its components (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1927-1940 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; phytotoxic ; allelochemical ; α-bisabolol ; δ-cadinene ; p-cymen-9-ol ; essential oil ; germination ; phenethyl alcohol ; piperitenone ; vanillin ; Gossypium hirsutum ; Proboscidea louisianica ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The potential allelopathic activity of devil's-claw [Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.) Thellung] essential oil and a few of the compounds it contains on the elongation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) radicles was studied using a Petri dish bioassay. Essential oil was collected by steam distillation using an all-glass-Teflon assembly. Ether extracts of the steam distillates from fresh devil's-claw were inhibitory to cotton and wheat radicle elongation. The following six components of devil's-claw essential oil identified by CGC-MS-DS were inhibitory to cotton and/or wheat at a concentration of 1 mM: vanillin, piperitenone, δ-cadinene,p-cymen-9-ol, α-bisabolol, and phenethyl alcohol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020506
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    Allelopathic activity in wheat-conventional and wheat-no-till soils: Development of soil extract bioassays (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2191-2221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cover crops ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; soybean ; Glycine max ; soil extracts ; germination bioassays ; phenolic acids ; hydroxamic acids ; allelopathy ; slope analysis ; ivy-leaved morning glory ; Ipomoea hederacea ; crimson clover ; Trifolium incarnalum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The primary objective of this research was to determine if soil extracts could be used directly in bioassays for the detection of allelopathic activity. Here we describe: (1) a way to estimate levels of allelopathic compounds in soil; (2) how pH, solute potential, and/or ion content of extracts may modify the action of allelopathic compounds on germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ivyleaved morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea L. Jacquin.); and (3) how biological activity of soil extracts may be determined. A water-autoclave extraction procedure was chosen over the immediate-water and 5-hr EDTA extraction procedures, because the autoclave procedure was effective in extracting solution and reversibly bound ferulic acid as well as phenolic acids from wheat debris. The resulting soil extracts were used directly in germination bioassays. A mixture of phenolic acids similar to that obtained from wheat-no-till soils did not affect germination of clover or morning glory and radicle and hypocotyl length of morning glory. The mixture did, however, reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of clover. Individual phenolic acids also did not inhibit germination, but did reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of both species. 6-MBOA (6-methoxy-2,3-benzoxazolinone), a conversion product of 2-o-glucosyl-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, a hydroxamic acid in living wheat plants, inhibited germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. 6-MBOA, however, was not detected in wheat debris, stubble, or soil extracts. Total phenolic acids (FC) in extracts were determined with Folin and Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. Levels of FC in wheat-conventionaltill soil extracts were not related to germination or radicle and hypocotyl length of either species. Levels of FC in wheat-no-till soil extracts were also not related to germination of clover or morning glory, but were inversely related to radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. FC values, solute potential, and acidity of wheat-no-till soil extracts appeared to be independent (additive) in action on clover radicle and hypocotyl length. Radicle and hypocotyl length of clover was inversely related to increasing FC and solute potential and directly related to decreasing acidity. Biological activity of extracts was determined best from slopes of radicle and hypocotyl length obtained from bioassays of extract dilutions. Thus, data derived from the water-autoclave extraction procedure, FC analysis, and slope analysis for extract activity in conjunction with data on extract pH and solute potential can be used to estimate allelopathic activity of wheat-no-till soils
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984946
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    A large DNA repeat of the dispersion pattern common to wheat and rye genomes (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 919-921 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ARS-related element ; dispersed repeat ; genomic DNA sequence ; molecular evolution ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A Hind III-generated fragment of wheat embryo nuclear DNA has been cloned and sequenced. The cloned fragment corresponds to a 1241 bp long, moderately repeated (60 000 copies/genome) segment of the genomic DNA. The repeat is AT-rich (67%), contains an open reading frame for 151 amino acids and several nucleotide blocks resembling the consensus domain of autonomously replicating sequences. Southern blot hybridization analyses indicate that the repeat is scattered through the wheat genome. A sequence homologous to this repeat occurs also in rye embryo nuclear DNA where it shows the same dispersion pattern as that observed for the wheat repeat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027123
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    Identification of three Wx proteins in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 31 (1993), S. 75-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wx protein ; two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; Wx locus ; waxy mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nullisomic analysis of waxy (Wx) protein of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. “Chinese Spring” using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that threeWx loci,Wx-A1, Wx-B1, andWx-D1, located on chromosome arms 7AS, 4AL, and 7DS, produce three distinct Wx subunit groups, subunit group-A (SGA), SGB, and SGD, respectively. SGA has a higher molecular weight and a more basic isoelectric point (pI) than the other two. SGB and SGD have the same molecular weight but a slightly different pI range. Owing to the detection of these three subunit groups, we were able to identify the expression of three waxy genes in wheat endosperm and to find two types of mutants among Japanese wheat cultivars, one lacking SGA and the others SGB. These results suggest the possibility of breeding a waxy wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02399821
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    A moderately repeated DNA sequence of wheat and rye genomes (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 603-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ARS-related DNA repeat ; DNA sequence ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A 371 base pair segment (bordered by Hind III and Eco RI cutting sites) of wheat embryo nuclear DNA has been cloned and sequenced. It is AT-rich (68%), shares some sequence features with autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) elements, and occurs in approximately 7600 copies per haploid genome. When used as probe for blot hybridization to Hind III-digested wheat DNA, it gives an irregular series of hybridization bands. Essentially the same hybridization pattern was observed for rye DNA. It is concluded that this segment is distributed irregularly but, apparently, according to the same rule in both wheat and rye genomes.
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    Isolation and analysis of a cDNA clone encoding the small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 23 (1993), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; cDNA clone ; ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase ; small-subunit ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length cDNA clone from hexaploid bread wheat, encoding the small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, has been isolated from an endosperm cDNA library. The cDNA insert has an open reading frame which encodes a protein of 473 amino acids (52.1 kDa). The presence of a chloroplast/amyloplast transit peptide of 22 amino acids is proposed. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibits a high degree of homology with the small subunit ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase proteins from rice (with 90% of identical amino acids) and potato (with 86% of identical amino acids) and contains conserved sequence elements which are thought to represent the substrate binding and allosteric activator sites. The genes are organised as single-copy loci on chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D in the wheat genome and are highly expressed during grain development. Homologous transcripts are expressed in leaves and roots.
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    Molecular cloning of the Arabidopsis thaliana sedoheptulose-1,7-biphosphatase gene and expression studies in wheat and Arabidopsis thaliana (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1191-1200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Calvin cycle genes ; gene expression ; SBPase ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report here the isolation and nucleotide sequence of genomic clones encoding the chloroplast enzyme sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase) from Arabidopsis thaliana. The coding region of this gene contains eight exons (72–76 bp) and seven introns (75–91 bp) and encodes a polypeptide of 393 amino acids. Unusually, the 5′ non-coding region contains two additional AUG codons upstream of the translation initiation codon. A comparison of the deduced Arabidopsis and wheat SBPase polypeptide sequences reveals 78.6%, identity. Expression studies showed that the level of SBPase mRNA in Arabidopsis and wheat is regulated in a light-dependent manner and is also influenced by the developmental stage of the leaf. Although the Arabidopsis SBPase gene is present in a single copy, two hybridizing transcripts were detected in some tissues, suggesting the presence of alternate transcription start sites in the upstream region.
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    Nucleotide sequence of a wheat chloroplast gene encoding the proteolytic subunit of an ATP-dependent protease (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 15 (1990), S. 947-950 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: clpP gene ; rps12 gene ; ribosomal protein S12 ; intron ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039435
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    Nucleotide sequence of the wheat chloroplast petB and petD genes encoding apocytochrome b-563 and subunit IV of the cytochrome bf complex (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 745-747 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast genes ; cytochrome b6 ; introns ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023441
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    Nucleotide sequence of a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cDNA clone encoding the waxy protein (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 1099-1101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; cDNA clone ; waxy protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016086
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    Nucleotide sequence of a nuclear tRNATyr gene from Triticum aestivum (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 1207-1208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; nuclear tRNATyr gene ; DNA sequence ; transcription ; processing ; splicing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00047729
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    Nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA in wheat,Triticum aestivum L. (Gramineae) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 159-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: rRNA ; PCR ; ITS ; DNA sequence ; nucleotide ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029159
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    Sequence and organization of a 7.2 kb region of wheat mitochondrial DNA containing the large subunit (26S) rRNA gene (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 347-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: mitochondrial DNA ; repeated sequences ; ribosomal RNA ; t-elements ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report the sequence of a 7.2 kilobase pair DNA fragment containing a copy of the wheat mitochondrial gene (rrn26) that encodes the mitochondrial large-subunit ribosomal RNA (26S rRNA). The mature 26S rRNA was determined by direct RNA sequencing to be 3467 nucleotides long, and to share a 5′-terminal pentanucleotide (5′-AUCAU), thought to be important in post-transcriptional processing, with the wheat mitochondrial small-subunit (18S) rRNA. Two other prominent features of the sequence were noted. First, upstream of rrn26 are located two tandem copies of a 70 base pair element containing a putative mitochondrial promoter motif (TCGTATAAAAA). Second, downstream of rrn26 is a sequence element that, if transcribed, would produce and RNA with a secondary structure resembling that of tRNAs but differing sufficiently from the latter structure to preclude any transcript from functioning normally in translation. These upstream and downstream sequence elements may play a role in the expression of rrn26 in wheat mitochondria.
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    The wheat mitochondrial genome contains an ORF showing sequence homology to the gene encoding the subunit 6 of the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 395-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: mitochondria ; nad6 ; NADH-ubiquinone reductase ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A region of the mitochondrial (mt) DNA of wheat was studied because of its homology with other plant mtDNAs. Sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 247 amino acids. Comparison of the sequence of the putative polypeptide with the protein sequence data of the Swiss-Prot library reveals homology with subunit 6 of the NADH-ubiquinone complex of mitochondria from Marchantia polymorpha, Podospora anserina, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and of chloroplasts from M. polymorpha and Oryza sativa. No similarity was detected when compared with the subunit 6 of animal mitochondria, probably due to the rapid evolution of the sequence. A single 1.2 kb transcript appears in northern RNA blots. We found 15 edited sites of which only 13 give amino acid changes. This is the first report of a mt nad6 gene in higher plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040599
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    Embryo yield in wheat anther culture is influenced by the choice of sugar in the culture medium (1990)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 9 (1990), S. 14-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Anther culture ; Sugars ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of employing different sugars in wheat anther culture has been investigated using four Spring wheat cultivars. The most responsive cultivar, Orofen, gave a three to four-fold increase in embryo yield when maltose was used in place of sucrose, with 50 embryos being produced for every 100 anthers cultured. Measurement of sugar concentrations in the culture media indicated that sucrose was more rapidly hydrolysed than maltose. However, neither the osmotic potential of the medium nor the concentration of glucose appeared to be critical factors in determining embryo yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232126
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    Genetics of resistance toPuccinia graminis tritici andPuccinia recondite tritici in four South African wheats (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 401-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Puccinia graminis tritici ; Puccinia recondita Tritici ; Triticum aestivum ; Rust resistance ; Gene identification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genes for resistance toPuccinia graminis tritici andPuccinia recondita tritici identified in four South African wheats were:Sr6,Sr8a,Sr9e, andLr13 in ‘W3762’;Sr5,Sr8a,Sr9b,Sr12,Sr24,Lr13, andLr24 in ‘W3760’;Sr2,Sr24,SrC,Lr13, andLr24 in ‘W3751’; andSr7a,Sr23,Sr36, andLr16 in ‘W3755’. GenesSr2,Sr9e, andSr24 also conferred adult plant resistance to the predominant pathotypes ofP. graminis tritici. GenesSr7a,Sr23, andSrC, when present alone, did not confer acceptable adult plant resistance, even though low seedling reactions were associated with them when tested with the same pathotypes. Genetic recombination betweenLr13 andSr9e was estimated at 12.5%±2.3%.
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    In vitro microspore reaction of different German wheat cultivars (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 77-80 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Anther culture ; 1B/1R translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The in vitro microspore androgenesis reaction of 25 commercial German spring (including 4 Triticum durum) and 50 winter wheat cultivars was investigated. Tremendous genotypical differences were found in microspore response. The best-responding winter wheat cultivai, “Florida”, is characterized by the presence of a 1B/1R wheat-rye translocation chromosome. The significance of this finding and other genetic systems for future use of haploids in plant breeding is discussed.
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    Determination of the transmission frequency of chromosome 4S l of Aegilops sharonensis in a range of wheat genetic backgrounds (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 519-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Preferential transmission ; Triticum aestivum ; Aegilops sharonensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The transmission of chromosome 4S l from Aegilops sharonensis was observed in a range of wheat genetic backgrounds. Chromosome 4S l was transmitted at a very high frequency (at least 97.8%) in all crosses. The genetic background appears to only have a small effect on transmission. The frequency of transmission of chromosome 4S l was the same in each genetic background through both the male and female gametes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219443
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    Seed set after pollination with in-vitro-matured, isolated pollen of Triticum aestivum (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 576-580 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pollen culture ; Pollen maturation ; Pollination ; Triticum aestivum ; Gliadins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Immature pollen of two varieties of Triticum aestivum, at the stage right after the first pollen mitosis, was isolated from individual anthers and cultured in microcultures of microliter droplets. In a specifically designed medium, some of the pollen grains developed to maturity. These were applied to excised stigmas on agar, where they produced pollen tubes. Application to flowers in vivo led to seed set. Pollen was matured in vitro from a variety that produced a different protein banding pattern on SDS-PAGE as compared to the variety that was pollinated. The protein banding in the produced seeds showed the hybrid pattern, demonstrating that the seeds were not produced by self-pollination in this in-breeding species but by pollination with the in-vitro-matured pollen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226721
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    Characterization of HSP-70 cognate proteins from wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 615-620 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: HSP-70 ; BiP/GRP-78 ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Chaperone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Animal and plant cells contain a family of constitutively expressed HSP-70 cognate proteins that are localized in different subcellular locations and are presumed to play a role in protein folding and transport. Utilizing antibodies raised against the yeast endoplasmicreticulum-localized HSP-70 cognate termed BiP/GRP-78, as well as antibodies raised against the Escherichia coli HSP-70 protein DnaK, we have identified and characterized a large family of closely related proteins in wheat. One protein band of 78 kDa that is apparently closely related to yeast BiP was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. This band cross-reacted with the yeast BiP but not with the DnaK-specific antibodies. The yeast BiP antibodies also recognized a cytoplasmic protein of 70 kDa that is probably related to the HSC-70 cognate proteins. These two proteins were further confirmed as HSP-70 cognates by their ability to bind to an ATP-agarose column. Probing of proteins from purified wheat mitochondrial preparations with the yeast BiP and DnaK-specific antibodies showed that this organelle contained a family of HSP-70-related proteins. The yeast BiP antibodies recognized two mitochondrial proteins of 60 and 58 kDa, but failed to detect any protein in the size rang of 70 to 80 kDa. However, the presence of immunologically distinct proteins of 90 and 78 kDa, as well as of lower molecular weight from this family in the mitochondria, was shown by probing with the DnaK-specific antibodies. A new protein of 30 kDa, cross-reacting with anti-yeast BiP antibodies, was detected only in developing seeds, close to their maturity. The evolution of HSP-70 cognate proteins in wheat as shown in this study is discussed.
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    Characterization of variability and relationships among components of partial resistance to leaf rust in CIMMYT bread wheats (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 674-680 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Puccinia recondita tritici ; Triticum aestivum ; Rust resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A study of spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) germ plasm developed at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) showed highly significant phenotypic variability for each component of partial resistance (namely, uredial appearance period, latency period, uredial number and uredial size) to Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici. All of the wheat genotypes displayed longer uredial appearance and latency periods and decreased uredial number and uredial size when compared to the susceptible check cultivar ‘Morocco’. Positive correlations between uredial appearance period and latency period, and uredial number and uredial size, and negative correlations between uredial appearance and latency periods and uredial number and uredial size, inclusive, suggested that the components of partial resistance were either tightly linked or under pleiotropic genetic control. Compared to ‘Morocco’, all entries had slow disease progress in the field and variation occurred in the germ plasm for the area under the leaf rust progress curve. Disease progress was negatively correlated with uredial appearance and latency periods, whereas a positive correlation was observed with uredial number and uredial size. Certain genotypes displayed high levels of partial resistance resulting in low disease incidence in the field.
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    Differences in the heat-shock response between thermotolerant and thermosusceptible cultivars of hexaploid wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 941-946 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Genetic differences ; Heat-shock proteins ; Heat-shock response ; DNA polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Heat-shock protein (HSP) gene expression in two wheat lines cv ‘Mustang’ (heat-tolerant) and cv ‘Sturdy’ (heat-susceptible) were analyzed to determine if wheat genotypes differing in heat tolerance also differ in in-vitro HSP synthesis (translatable HSP mRNAs) and steady-state levels of HSP mRNA. Several sets of mRNA were isolated from seedling leaf tissues which had been heat-stressed at 37 °C for various time intervals. These mRNAs were hybridized with HSP cDNA or genomic DNA probes (HSP17, 26, 70, 98, and ubiquitin). Protein profiles were compared using in-vitro translation and 2-D gels. The Northern slot-blot data from the heat-stress treatment provide evidence that the heat-tolerant cv ‘Mustang’ synthesized low molecular weight (LMW) HSP mRNA earlier during exposure to heat shock and at a higher level than did the heat-susceptible cv ‘Sturdy’. This was especially true for the chloroplast-localized HSP. The protein profiles shown by 2-D gel analysis revealed that there were not only quantitative differences of individual HSPs between the two wheat lines, but also some unique HSPs which were only found in the ‘Mustang’ HSP profiles. The high level of RFLP between the two wheat lines was revealed by Southern blot hybridization utilizing a HSP17 probe. These data provide a molecular basis for further genetic analysis of the role of HSP genes in thermal tolerance in wheat.
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    The modification of a common wheat-Thinopyrum distichum translocated chromosome with a locus homoeoallelic to Lr19 (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1992), S. 73-78 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Intergeneric gene transfer ; Allosyndetic recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ‘Chinese Spring’ ph1b and ph2b mutants, as well as the nulli 5B tetra 5D stock were utilized in an attempt to effect homoeologous chromatin exchange between the ‘Indis’ chromosome translocation [derived from Thinopyrum distichum (Thunb.) Löve] and chromosome arm 7DL of common wheat. A homoeoallele of Lr19 and linked genes for yellow flour-pigmentation were utilized as markers. Seven selections with recombinations involving the foreign, translocated segment were recovered. Four of these had white endosperms and were leaf-rust resistant. The remaining lines were leaf-rust resistant and had levels of endosperm pigmentation intermediate to those of ‘Indis’ and ‘Chinese Spring’. The recombined translocation segments coding for white endosperm are no longer associated with chromosome 7D. The original translocated segment may, therefore, not be fully homoeologous to 7DL. The recombinants with white endosperm also lack the stem-rust resitance gene Sr25, but retained the segregation distorter locus, Sd-1. However, it seems as though an enhancer locus (or loci) of Sd-1 had been lost.
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    Characterization of wheat/Aegilops ventricosa introgression and addition lines with respect to the Mv genome (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 197-204 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Aegilops ventricosa ; DNA probes ; Introgression lines ; Addition lines ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Stable wheat-Aegilops introgression lines with 42 chromosomes (H-93), derived by repeated selfing from a cross (Triticum turgidum x Aegilops ventricosa) x T. aestivum, have been characterized using the following DNA probes and isozyme markers: (1) single or low-copy DNA fragments from Ae. ventricosa; (2) known cDNA probes corresponding to α1-thionin, monomeric α-amylase inhibitor, the CM3 subunit of tetrameric α-amylase inhibitor, and sucrose synthase from wheat; (3) anonymous cDNA probes from wheat that have been mapped by Sharp et al. (1989); (4) isozyme markers corresponding to aconitase, shikimate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, and endopeptidase. Meiotic metaphases of appropriate hybrids involving selected H-93 lines have been investigated by the Giemsa C-banding technique. The substitution of whole chromosomes [(5A) 5Mv; (4D) 4Mv; (5D) 5Mv; (7D) 7Mv] and chromosomal segments (1Mv; 3Mv; 5Mv; 7Mv) from the Mv genome of Aegilops ventricosa has been demonstrated. The distribution of selected markers among putative wheat-Ae. ventricosa addition lines has also been investigated. The 7Mv addition has been characterized for the first time, while the identity of the previously reported 5Mv and 6Mv additions has been confirmed.
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    Restriction fragment patterns of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA of Dasypyvum villosum (L.) candargy and wheats (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 44-48 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; T. durum ; Aegilops longissimum ; Dasypyrum villosum ; Endonuclease ; Cytoplasm donor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships and cytoplasmic types, restriction endonuclease fragment patterns of chloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) DNAs isolated from two different accessions of Dasypyrum villosum (L.) candargy were compared with those of tetraploid wheat (Triticum durum Desf., PI265007), hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv Chinese Spring), Aegilops longissimum (S. and M., in Muschli) Bowden and Hordeum vulgare L. T. aestivum and T. durum had identical restriction patterns for their cp and mtDNAs in digestions with four different enzymes. Likewise, no differences were found between the restriction fragment patterns of two accessions of D. villosum. But, there were distinct differences in chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment patterns between D. villosum and tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. A. longissimum (G609) showed a similar pattern to those wheats for PstI digestion of cpDNA. Organellar DNA from Hordeum vulgare (cv Himalaya) showed a distinctly different restriction pattern from those of wheat and D. villosum. These results suggest that D. villosum is unlikely to be the donor of cytoplasm to wheats, and its cytoplasmic organelles were also different from those of A. longissimum.
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    Transfer of Ph I genes promoting homoeologous pairing from Triticum speltoides to common wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 97-101 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; T. speltoides ; Meiotic chromosome pairing ; Alien transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diploid-like chromosome pairing in polyploid wheat is controlled by several Ph (pairing homoeologous) genes with major and minor effects. Homoeologous pairing occurs in either the absence of these genes or their inhibition by genes from other species (Ph I genes). We transferred Ph I genes from Triticum speltoides (syn Aegilops speltoides) to T. aestivum, and on the basis of further analysis it appears that two duplicate and independent Ph I genes were transferred. Since Ph I genes are epistatic to the Ph genes of wheat, homoeologous pairing between the wheat and alien chromosomes occurs in the F1 hybrids. Using the Ph I gene stock, we could demonstrate homoeologous pairing between the wheat and Haynaldia villosa chromosomes. Since homoeologous pairing occurs in F1 hybrids and no cytogenetic manipulation is needed, the Ph I gene stock may be a versatile tool for effecting rapid and efficient alien genetic transfers to wheat.
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    Wheat chromosome 2D carries genes controlling the activity of two DNA-degrading enzymes (1994)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 30-32 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; DNase ; Nuclease ; Cytogenetics ; Gene mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA-degrading enzymes of 24.0 kDa and 27.0 kDa were observed to have different activities in two common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, ‘Wichita’ and ‘Cheyenne’. A substrate-based SDS-PAGE assay revealed that these two enzymes were much more active in ‘Wichita’ than in ‘Cheyenne’. Genes controlling the activities of these two enzymes were localized on chromosome 2D by testing DNA-degrading activities in reciprocal chromosome substitution lines between ‘Wichita’ and ‘Cheyenne’. While the allele on ‘Wichita’ chromosome 2D stimulated the activities of the 24.0- and 27.0-kDa enzymes in Cheyenne, the allele on ‘Cheyenne’ chromosome 2D did not reduce the activities of the 24-kDa and 27-kDa enzymes in ‘Wichita’. Whether these genes code for the DNA-degrading enzymes themselves or for factors that regulate the enzyme activities remains unknown.
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    Identification of callus types for long-term maintenance and regeneration from commercial cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 609-617 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Cereals ; Gramineae ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Immature embryos, inflorescences, and anthers of eight commercial cultivars of Triticum aestivum (wheat) formed embryogenic callus on a variety of media. Immature embryos (1.0–1.5 mm long) were found to be most suitable for embryogenic callus formation while anthers responded poorly; inflorescences gave intermediate values. Immature embryos of various cultivars showed significant differences in callus formation in response to 11 of the 12 media tested. No significant differences were observed when the embryos were cultred under similar conditions on MS medium with twice the concentration of inorganic salts, supplemented with 2,4-D, casein hydrolysate and glutamine. Furthermore, with inflorescences also no significant differences were observed. Explants on callus formation media formed two types of embryogenic calli: an off-white, compact, and nodular callus and a white compact callus. Upon successive subcultures (approximately 5 months), the nodular embryogenic callus became more prominent and was identified as ‘aged callus’. The aged callus upon further subculture, formed an off-white, soft, and friable embryogenic callus. Both the aged and friable calli maintained their embryogenic capacity over many subculture passages (to date up to 19 months). All embryogenic calli (1 month old) from the different callus-forming media, irrespective of expiant source, formed only green shoots on regeneration media that developed to maturity in the greenhouse. There were no significant differences in the response of calli derived from embryos and inflorescences cultured on the different initiation media. Also, the shoot-forming capacity of the cultivars was not significantly different. Anther-derived calli formed the least shoots. Aged and friable calli on regeneration media also formed green shoots but at lower frequencies. Plants from long-term culture have also been grown to maturity in soil.
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    Progeny tests of barley, wheat, and potato regenerated from cell cultures after in vitro selection for disease resistance (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 359-365 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Helminthosporium ; Fusarium ; Phytophthora ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Because plant cells cultured in vitro express genetic variability and since they can be regenerated into functional plants, procedures have been designed to use this system for the production of plants with new important agronomic characteristics, particularly for disease resistance. For barley, wheat, and potato somaclones have been found that were less susceptible to a toxin of Helminthosporium, fusaric acid, Fusarium coeruleum, F. sulphureum, or Phytophthora infestans, when screened in the first in-vitro-derived generation. Here the progeny of such somaclones is evaluated after natural and artificial infection, using greenhouse-grown or field material. The progenies of the same somaclones did not express detectable differences, which indicated that no heterozygous mutations occurred. Most lines and clones differed in their level of susceptibility to the pathogen compared to the level of the starting material, but these data were in no instance significant. It is discussed here whether this lack of significance is due to a lack of genetic differences or whether the test procedures are in adequate for detecting and securing the slight, probably quantitative, alterations.
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    Characterisation of the wheat Mr 15000 “grain-softness protein” and analysis of the relationship between its accumulation in the whole seed and grain softness (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 589-597 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Grain softness ; Friabilin ; Milling quality ; Triticum aestivum ; Seed storage-proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Mr 15000 protein associated with water-washed wheat starch granules from soft wheats was shown to be heterogeneous: it could be divided into a fraction containing one or moreα-amylase inhibitor subunits and a fraction largely composed of a previously uncharacterised polypeptide(s) referred to as the “grainsoftness protein” (GSP). The major N-terminal sequence and sequences of peptides derived from protease digests of GSP are reported. An antiserum specific for GSP was used to show that GSP accumulated in both hard and soft wheat grains, but the GSP in soft grains associated more strongly with starch granules than the GSP in hard grains. A positive correlation between grain softness and accumulation of GSP in the seed was demonstrated for a range of cultivars. This differs from the qualitative relationship, based on the isolated starch fraction, between GSP and grain softness that has already been reported. Analysis of wholemeal extracts with the antiserum demonstrated that the accumulation of GSP in the seed was dependent on the short arm of chromosome 5D, which also encodes theHa locus. In addition, examination of near-isogenic lines differing in hardness indicated that the gene(s) controlling GSP was (were) linked with theHa locus. The findings indicate that GSP may be the product of theHa locus and thus be the major factor that determines the milling characteristics of bread wheats.
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    A monoclonal antibody chromosome marker analysis used to locate a loose smut resistance gene in wheat chromosome 6A (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 787-793 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Ustilago tritici ; Alien substitution ; Molecular marker ; Gene location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many genes have been located in wheat chromosomes, yet little is known about the location of genes for resistance to Ustilago tritici, which causes loose smut. Crosses were made between the loose smut susceptible alien substitution lines Cadet 6Ag(6A) and Rescue 6Ag(6A) (lines in which Agropyron chromosome 6 is substituted by wheat chromosome 6A) and four cultivars resistant to U. tritici race T19: ‘Cadet’, ‘Kota’, ‘Thatcher’ and ‘TD18’. The segregating progeny were tested for reaction to race T19 and for the level of binding with a monoclonal antibody specific to a chromosome 6A-coded seed protein. The antibody, which does not bind to seed protein extracts in the absence of the 6A chromosome, was used as a chromosome marker. An association was established between resistance to race T19 and the presence of chromosome 6A for each of the cultivars tested, indicating that resistance to race T19 resides in chromosome 6A. Ustilago tritici race T19 resistance in ‘Cadet’ appears to be located in the short arm of chromosome 6A, based on the evaluation of the Cadet 6A long ditelosomic stock, which was susceptible, and the Cadet 6A-short: 6-Agropyron- short alien translocation stock, which was resistant.
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    Molecular analysis of plants regenerated from embryogenic cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1994), S. 821-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Tissue culture ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Total DNAs of plants regenerated from immature embryo-derived 2-month-old embryogenic calli of wheat (cultivars Florida 302, Chris, Pavon, RH770019) were probed with six maize mitochondrial genes (atpA, atp6, apt9, coxI, coxII, rrn18-rrn5), three hypervariable wheat mitochondrial clones (K′, K3, X2), five random pearl millet mitochondrial clones (4A9, 4D1, 4D12, 4E1, 4E11) and the often-used wheat Nor locus probe (pTA71), in order to assess the molecular changes induced in vitro. In addition, protoplast-derived plants, and 24-month-old embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli and cell suspension cultures of Florida 302 were also analyzed. No variation was revealed by the wheat or millet mitochondrial clones. Qualitative variation was detected in the nonembryogenic suspension culture by three maize mitochondrial genes (coxI, rrn18-rrn5, atp6). A callus-specific 3.8-kb Hind III fragment was detected in all four cultivars after hybridization with the coxI gene. The organization of the Nor locus of the plants regenerated from Florida 302 and Chris was stable when compared to their respective control plants and calli. The Nor locus in regenerants of Pavon and RH, on the other hand, was found to be variable. However, Nor locus variability was not observed in 14 individual seed-derived control plants from either Pavon or RH sources. In Pavon, a 3.6-kb Taq I or a 5.6-kb Bam HI+ Eco RI fragment was lost after regeneration. In one of the RH regenerants, which lost a fragment, an additional fragment was observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221134
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    Identification and localization of molecular markers linked to the Lr9 leaf rust resistance gene of wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 110-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Leaf rust ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum spelta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Near-isogenic lines (NILs) for the leaf rust resistance gene Lr9 were screened for polymorphisms at the molecular level. RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) primers as well as RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) markers were used. Out of 395 RAPD primers tested, three showed polymorphisms between NILs, i.e., an additional band was found in resistant lines. One of these polymorphic bands was cloned and sequenced. Specific primers were synthesized, and after amplification only resistant lines showed an amplified product. Thus, these primers define a sequence-tagged site that is specific for the translocated fragment carrying the Lr9 gene. A cross between a resistant NIL and the spelt (Triticum spelta) variety ‘Oberkulmer’ was made, and F2 plants were analyzed for genetic linkage. All three polymorphisms detected by the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and one RFLP marker (cMWG684) showed complete linkage to the Lr9 gene in 156 and 133 plants analyzed, respectively. A second RFLP marker (PSR546) was closely linked (8±2.4 cM) to the Lr9 gene and the other four DNA markers. As this marker maps to the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 6B of wheat, Lr9 and the other DNA markers also map to the distal region of 6BL. All three PCR markers detected the Lr9 gene in independently derived breeding lines and varieties, thus proving their general applicability in wheat breeding programs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222402
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    RFLP markers associated with Sr22 and recombination between chromosome 7A of bread wheat and the diploid species Triticum boeoticum (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 1039-1045 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Sr22 ; Triticum aestivum ; T. boeoticum ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the bread wheat variety Schomburgk, and related lines in its pedigree, identified RFLP markers associated with the segment of chromosome 7A carrying the Sr22 gene derived from the diploid species T. boeoticum. The distribution of the RFLP markers indicated that at least 50% of 7AS and 80% of 7AL in Schomburgk is of T. boeoticum origin. Evaluation of five sets of nearisogenic lines, backcross lines in 20 different genetic backgrounds and an F2 population segregating for Sr22 demonstrated a very low level of recombination between the 7A chromosomes of T. boeoticum and T. aestivum. Several recombinants carrying Sr22 but with a much reduced segment of T. boeoticum were identified and these may prove useful in the breeding of further varieties with Sr22.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224536
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    Identification of wheat-Agropyron cristatum monosomic addition lines by RFLP analysis using a set of assigned wheat DNA probes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 70-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron cristatum ; Alien addition ; RFLP ; Non-radioactive labelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A non-radioactive digoxigenin-labelled DNA method was used successfully to identify RFLP markers in 54 Triticum aestivum cv ‘Chinese Spring’ — Agropyron cristatum (2n=28, genome PPPP) P-genome monosomic addition lines. Southern analysis using a set of 14 DNA probes identifying each homoeologous chromosome arm, combined with two restriction enzymes HindIII and EcoRI, indicated that six A. cristatum chromosomes (1P, 2P, 3P, 4P, 5P and 6P) and five A. cristatum chromosome arms (2PS, 2PL, 5PL, 6PS and 6PL) have been individually added to the wheat genome. The added chromosomes of three lines were Agropyron translocated chromosomes. It was also found that two addition plants possessed an Agropyron-wheat translocation. These results showed that RFLP analysis using the set of assigned wheat probes was a powerful tool in detecting and establishing homoeology of alien A. cristatum chromosomes, or arms, added to wheat, as well as in screening the alien addition material. The creation of the monosomic addition lines should be useful for the transfer of disease-resistance genes from A. cristatum to wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226985
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    Identification of RFLP markers linked to the cereal cyst nematode resistance gene (Cre) in wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 927-930 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Restriction fragment length polymorphism ; CCN ; Genetic mapping ; Triticum aestivum ; Heterodera avenae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cereal cyst nematode (CCN) (Heterodera avenae Woll.) is an economically damaging pest of wheat in many of the worlds cereal growing areas. The development of CCN-resistant cultivars may be accelerated by the use of molecular markers. The Cre gene of the wheat line “AUS 10894” confers resistance to CCN. Using a pair of near-isogenic lines (NILs) that should differ only in a small chromosome segment containing the Cre locus, we screened 58 group-2 probes and found two (Tag605 and CDO588) that detect polymorphism between the NILs. Nulli-tetrasomic and ditelosomic lines confirmed that the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers identified were derived from the long arm of wheat chromosome 2. Crosses between “AUS 10894” and “Spear” and the NIL “AP” and its recurrent parent “Prins” were used to produce F2 populations that gave the expected 3∶1 segregation ratio for the resistance gene. Linkage analysis identified two RFLP markers flanking the resistance gene. Xglk605 and Xcdo588 mapped 7.3 cM (LOD=6.0) and 8.4 cM (LOD=6.7), respectively, from the Cre locus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224519
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    Dosage effects of chromosomes of homoeologous groups 1 and 6 upon bread-making quality in hexaploid wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 281-287 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Glutenin ; Gliadin ; Aneuploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The endosperm storage proteins, glutenin and gliadin, are major determinants of bread-making quality in hexaploid wheat. Genes encoding them are located on chromosomes of homoeologous groups 1 and 6. Aneuploid lines of these groups in spring wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’ have been used to investigate the effect of varying the dosage of chromosomes and chromosome arms upon bread-making quality, where quality has been assessed using the SDS-sedimentation test. Differences between the group 1 chromosomes for quality were greater than those between the group 6 chromosomes. The chromosomes were ranked within homoeologous groups for their effect on quality as follows (〉=better quality): 1D〉1B〉1A and 6A〉6B=6D. The relationship of chromosome dosage with quality was principally linear for four of the chromosomes, but not for 6B and 6D. Increases in the dosage of 1B, 6A and, especially, 1D, were associated with significant improvements in quality, whereas increases in the dosage of 1A were associated with reductions in quality. The effects of 1A and 1D were such that the best genotype for quality was nullisomic 1A-tetrasomic 1D. For group 1, effects of the long arm appeared in general to be more important than effects of the short arm. For group 6, effects were found associated with the long arms as well as with the short arms, a surprising result in view of the absence of genes encoding storage proteins on the long arms. Significant interactions were found between chromosomes and genetic backgrounds, and between individual chromosomes. Analysis of trials grown over two years demonstrated that, although additive environmental differences over years and genotype x years interaction were present, they were relatively small in magnitude compared with purely genetic differences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224399
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    Hybridization between Triticum aestivum L. and Agropyron michnoi Roshev. (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 312-316 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron michnoi ; Intergeneric hybrid ; Chromosome pairing ; Self-fertile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybrids between Triticum aestivum cv ‘Chinese Spring’ (2n=6x=42, AABBDD) and Agropyron michnoi Roshev. (2n=4x=28, PPPP) were obtained by embryo culture. Their spike characteristics were similar to those of common wheat but, unlike their parents, they were long-awned. The average meiotic chromosome pairing at MI of F1 hybrids was: 6.39 I +3.75 rodII+8.64 ringII+0.81 III+0.30 IV+0.04 V, the bivalent and multivalent formation of which was much higher than expected from the genomic formulae. It is especially worthwhile to note that the F1 hybrids were self-fertile, self set being 0.15%, and seeds were easily obtained from the backcross of f1 plants with hexaploid and tetraploid wheats; here the seed set was more than 20.0%. The polyploid taxa and the position of A. Michnoi in Agropyron are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228669
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    Cytological analysis on the distribution and origin of the alien chromosome pair conferring blue aleurone color in several European common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) strains (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 551-558 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Triticum monococcum ; blue aleurone color ; Chromosome substitution/translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Meiotic chromosome pairing and Giemsa C-banding analyses in crosses of several European blue-grained wheat strains with Chinese Spring double ditelosomic and other aneuploid lines showed that Triticum aestivum Blaukorn strains “Berlin,” “Probstdorf,” “Tschermak,” and “Weihenstephan” are chromosome substitutions, in which the complete wheat chromosome 4A pair is replaced, whereas the strains “Brünn” and “Moskau” are 4B substitutions. The alien chromosome pair in all of these strains is an A genome chromosome (4A) from diploid Triticum monococcum or T. boeoticum not present in common tetraploid and hexaploid cultivated wheats. The Blaukorn strain Weihenstephan “W 70a86” possesses, in addition to a rye chromosome pair 5R compensating for the loss of part of chromosome 5D, a 4A/5DL translocation replacing chromosome pair 4B of wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219448
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    A comparative evaluation of two methods of selecting locations used for testing spring wheat cultivars (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 301-304 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Genotype ; Environment interactions ; Cluster analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary One of the considerations of regional cultivar evaluation programs is to optimize the number of locations used for testing. Although optimization of numbers of locations using cluster analysis has been previously attempted, no objective comparison of methods has yet been made. A new clustering method that uses the pairwise contribution of locations to the cultivar x location mean square as the distance measure (LB) was compared to another method that employs diallel correlations as the distance measure (CL). Data from six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) cultivars grown at 13 locations for five years were used in the initial cluster analysis. Another set of data, from a separate year, consisting of yields of the original 6 cultivars and a set of 12 independent cultivars was then used to check the validity of the original groupings and to compare the two methods. When the 6 original cultivars were considered, the LB technique was found to be superior to the CL. When the 12 independent cultivars were used, neither method was considered to be superior. Because of the lack of flexibility on the part of the LB method, neither technique could be deemed as fully adequate.
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    Dosage response of rye genes in a wheat background (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 1-5 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Secale cerale ; Alien gene expression ; Endosperm protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A series of hexaploid wheat lines containing zero, two or four doses of rye chromosome arm 1RS was used to investigate the response to changes in dosage by the rye genes when in a wheat background. The quantity of protein produced by the secalin protein genes contained on 1RS was directly related to the number of copies of 1RS present in the line. No response could be detected by representative wheat proteins suggesting that the increase in secalin protein observed was due to an increase in mRNA produced when four copies of the secalin gene was present. These results suggest that increasing the dosage of alien genes introgressed into wheat may be a useful tool for enhancing their expression. Mention of a trade name or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee, warranty or recommendation of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the University of Missouri and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223973
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    Use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect spacer size heterogeneity in plant 5S-rRNA gene clusters and to locate such clusters in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 684-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: PCR ; 5S-ribosomal RNA ; Non-transcribed spacer ; Triticum aestivum ; Chromosome location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have used the polymerase chain reaction to analyse variation in the size of individual 5S-ribosomal gene spacer sequences. This reaction can be used to demonstrate inter- and intraspecific variation in spacer size, and combined with DNA sequencing it may thus be a valuable taxonomic tool. Two sets of nested polymerase chain reaction primers were designed to amplify the nontranscribed spacer DNA between repeated 5S-rRNA genes. These “universal” primers were used to generate fragments from the genomic DNA from several unrelated monocotyledonous plants. Ribosomal RNA spacer sequences generated in these experiments could also be used to locate 5S-rRNA gene clusters on specific chromosomes in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum). Three distinct spacer sizes were observed after amplification. These were assigned locations on chromosomes by analysing amplification products of genomic DNA from nullisomic/tetrasomic and ditelosomic wheat stocks. “Large” 508-bp 5S repeats are located on the short arm of chromosome 5B and “short” 416-bp and 425-bp repeat unit variants are located on the short arms of chromosomes 1B and 1D, respectively. No other loci were detected. The spacer fragments were cloned, sequenced, and shown to be homologous to wheat 5S-rRNA spacers previously identified. Spacers of uniform size but with some sequence heterogeneity were shown to be located at each locus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226685
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    Geographical variation in heading characters among wheat landraces, Triticum aestivum L., and its implication for their adaptability (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 259-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Heading characters ; Geographical variation ; Adaptation strategy ; Genetic resource ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Heading time and its constituent traits, photoperiodic response, narrow-sense earliness and vernalization requirement, were surveyed for 158 wheat landraces. Wide varietal variation was observed in each character. Nearly half of the variation for each character was explained by a geographical difference in origin. Based on these data and the growing environments in each locality, we analyzed “adaptation strategy”, seen as the adjustment of heading time in terms of differences in the constituent traits, both individually and combined. The difference among localities indicated that wheat landraces had been selected for early heading as an adaptation strategy to water stress and/or high temperature in early summer. This change was caused by a reduction in photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness. The vernalization requirement was also reduced for adaptation to relatively mild winters. Adaptation strategy deduced from the variation within each locality was also different amongst localities. In the central region of wheat evolution, where wide variations existed in both photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness, the late-heading trait was achieved by either one of these traits individually or both of them combined. On the contrary, in the eastern and the western regions, wide variation in heading time was achieved by the unique combination of photoperiodic response and narrowsense earliness. A sampling strategy for wheat germ plasm is also discussed.
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    Isozyme and cytological markers of some Psathyrostachys juncea accessions (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 528-534 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Psathyrostachys juncea ; Triticum aestivum ; Isozyme markers ; Chromosome banding ; Intergeneric hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Psathyrostachys juncea (synonymous to Elymus junceus; 2n=2x=14, NN) has unique biotic and abiotic attributes that could contribute towards wheat improvement. The effectiveness of such an intergeneric hybridization program depends greatly on being able to establish diagnostic markers of the alien chromosomes. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) analyses of six enzyme systems have identified five biochemical markers — malate dehydrogenase (MDH), esterase (EST), shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), and β-amylase (β-AMY) — to be of positive diagnostic value; glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) banding profiles were of no definite value in the background of Triticum aestivum cvs ‘Chinese Spring’ and ‘Seri-82’, the potential recipients of Ps. juncea chromosomes. The Giemsa C-banding karyotype distinctively separates the Ps. Juncea chromosomes from each other and from those of T. aestivum with little banding site polymorphisms prevalent among its accessions analyzed, indicating the usefulness of C-bands as cytological markers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224148
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    Production and cytogenetic analysis of BC1, BC2, and BC3 progenies of an intergeneric hybrid between Triticum aestivum (L.) Thell. and tetraploid Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 698-703 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron ; Intergeneric hybrids ; Backcross derivatives ; Chromosome pairing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybrids between Triticum aestivum cv ‘Chinese Spring’ and Agropyron cristatum 4x (2n= 5x=35, ABDPP genomes) with a high level of homoeologous meiotic pairing between the wheat chromosomes were backcrossed 3 times to wheat. Pollination of the F1 hybrid with ‘Chinese Spring’ resulted in 22 BC1 seeds with an average seed set of 1.52%. Five BC1 plants with 39–41 chromosomes were raised using embryo rescue techniques. Chromosome pairing in the BC1 was characterized by a high frequency of multivalent associations, but in spite of this there was no evidence of homoeologous pairing between chromosomes of wheat and those of Agropyron. All of the plants were self sterile. The embryo rescue technique was again essential to produce 39 BC2 plants with chromosome numbers ranging from 37 to 67. The phenomenon of meiotic non-reduction was also observed in the BC3 progenies. In this generation male and female fertility greatly increased, and meiotic pairing was fairly regular. Some monosomic (2n=43) and double monosomic (2n=44) lines were produced. Analysis of these progenies should permit the extraction of the seven possible wheat-Agropyron disomic addition lines including those with the added chromosomes carrying the genes involved in meiotic non-reduction and in suppression of Ph activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224171
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    Production of multiple wheat-rye 1RS translocation stocks and genetic analysis of LMW subunits of glutenin and gliadins in wheats using these stocks (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 719-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rye translocations ; Triticum aestivum ; Glutenin ; Gliadin ; Glu-3 loci ; Gli-1 loci
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A triple (1AL.1RS/1BL.1RS/1DL.1RS) and three double (1AL.1RS/1BL.1RS, 1AL.1RS/1DL.1RS, 1BL.1RS/1DL.1RS) wheat-rye 1RS translocation stocks were isolated from a segregating population using the Gli-1, Tri-1 and Sec-1 seed proteins as genetic markers. These stocks carried 42 chromosomes and formed the expected multivalents (frequency of 14–25%) at metaphase 1. They gave floret fertility ranging from 40–60%. These stocks were subsequently used to determine the genetic control of low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin subunits in ‘Chinese Spring’ and ‘Gabo’ by means of two-step one-dimensional SDS-PAGE. All of the B subunits and most of the C subunits of glutenin were shown to be controlled by genes on the short arms of group-1 chromosomes in these wheats. The other C subunits were not controlled by group-1 chromosomes. The triple translocation line served as a suitable third parent in producing test-cross seeds for studying the inheritance of the LMW glutenin subunits and gliadins in wheat cultivars, e.g. ‘Chinese Spring’ and ‘Orca’. The segregation patterns of the LMW glutenin subunits in these cultivars revealed that the subunits were inherited in clusters and that their controlling genes (Glu-3) were tightly linked with those controlling gliadins (Gli-1). The LMW glutenin patterns d, d and e in ‘Orca’ segregated as alternatives to the patterns a, a and a in ‘Chinese Spring’ controlled by Glu-A3, Glu-B3 and Glu-D3 loci on chromosome arms 1AS, 1BS and 1DS, respectively, thus indicating that these patterns were controlled by allelic genes at these loci.
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    Thinopyrum bessarabicum: biochemical and cytological markers for the detection of genetic introgression in its hybrid derivatives with Triticum aestivum L. (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 365-370 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Thinopyrum bessarabicum ; Protein-isozyme markers ; Chromosome banding ; Intergeneric hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Thinopyrum bessarabicum (2n = 2x = 14, JJ) with its unique property of salt tolerance provides a potential means for the transfer of this important and complex trait into cultivated wheat through intergeneric hybridization. To accomplish this, diagnostic markers for detecting the presence of Th. bessarabicum chromosomes in a wheat background have to be established. The C-banded karyotype of Th. bessarabicum distinctly identifies individual Th. bessarabicum chromosomes and separates them from those of Triticum aestivum. Also, seven protein/isozymes, i.e., malate dehydrogenase, high-molecular-weight glutenin, Superoxide dismutase, grain esterase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, β-amylase and α-amylase, were identified as being positive markers specific to Th. bessarabicum; these were also expressed in the T. aestivum/Th. bessarabicum amphiploid. These diagnostic biochemical markers could be useful in detecting and establishing homoeology of Th. bessarabicum chromosomes in T. aestivum/Th. bessarabicum intergeneric hybrid derivatives.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222103
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    Genetics of gliadins coded by the group 1 chromosomes in the high-quality bread wheat cultivar Neepawa (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 389-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Gliadin loci ; Group 1 chromosomes ; Recombination ; Electrophoresis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The inheritance and biochemical properties of gliadins controlled by the group 1 chromosomes of the high-quality bread wheat cultivar Neepawa were studied in the progeny of the cross Neepawa x Costantino by six different electrophoretic procedures. Chromosome 1B of Neepawa contains two gliadin loci, one (Gli-B1) coding for at least six ω- or γ-gliadins, the other (Gli-B3) controlling the synthesis of gliadin N6 only. The map distance between these loci was calculated as 22.1 cM. Amongst the chromosome 1A gliadins, three proteins are encoded at the Gli-A1 locus whereas polypeptides N14-N15-N16 are controlled by a remote locus which recombines with Gli-A1. Six other gliadins are controlled by a gene cluster at Gli-D1 on chromosome 1D. Canadian wheat cultivars sharing the Gli-B1 allele of Neepawa were found to differ in the presence or absence of gliadin N6. The electrophoretic mobilities of proteins N6 and N14-N15-N16 were unaffected by the addition of a reducing agent during two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamid-gel electrophoresis, suggesting the absence of intra-chain disulphide bonds in their structure.
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    Use of RFLP markers for the identification of alleles of the Pm3 locus conferring powdery mildew resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 959-963 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Mildew resistance ; Pm3 locus ; Near-isogenic lines ; RFLP marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers linked to genes for resistance to powdery mildew (Pm) in wheat using a series of ‘Chancellor’ near-isogenic-lines (NILs), each having one powdery mildew resistance gene. A total of 210 probes were screened for their ability to detect polymorphism between the NILs and the recurrent parent. One of these restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers (Xwhs179) revealed polymorphism not only between the NILs for the Pm3 locus, but also among NILs possessing different alleles of the Pm3 locus. The location of the marker Xwhs179 was confirmed to be on homoeologous chromosome group 1 with the help of nullitetrasomic wheat lines. The linkage relationship between this probe and the Pm3 locus was estimated with double haploid lines derived from a cross between wheat cvs ‘Club’ and ‘Chul’ (Pm3b). The genetic distance was determined to be 3.3±1.9 cM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211048
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  • 76
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    Waxy protein deficiency and chromosomal location of coding genes in common wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 179-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Waxy (Wx) protein ; Triticum aestivum ; Null allele ; Geographical distribution ; Chromosomal location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Deficiency of the wheat waxy (Wx) proteins (Wx-A1, Wx-B1 and Wx-D1) was studied in 1,960 cultivars derived from several countries. Gel electrophoretic analyses revealed that the null allele for the Wx-A1 protein occurred frequently in Korean, Japanese and Turkish wheats but was relatively rare in cultivars from other countries and regions. About 48% of the wheats deficient for the Wx-B1 protein were from Australia and India. One Chinese cultivar lacked the WxD1 protein. While 9 Japanese cultivars were deficient in both the Wx-A1 and Wx-B1 proteins, no cultivars lacked both the Wx-A1 and Wx-D1 proteins, both the Wx-B1 and Wx-D1 proteins or all three Wx proteins. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed polymorphisms of the three Wx proteins that varied according to isoelectric points or molecular weight. The Wx-A1 gene coding the Wx-A1 protein and the Wx-B1 gene coding the Wx-B1 protein were localized in the distal regions of chromosome arms 7AS and 4AL, respectively, by deletion mapping using the deletion lines developed in the common wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225138
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  • 77
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    Genetic control of amylose content in wheat endosperm starch and differential effects of three Wx genes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 276-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Amylose content ; Monosomic ; Substitution line ; Triticum aestivum ; Wx protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The endosperm starch of the wheat grain is composed of amylose and amylopectin. Genetic manipulation of the ratio of amylose to amylopectin or the amylose content could bring about improved texture and quality of wheat flour. The chromosomal locations of genes affecting amylose content were investigated using a monosomic series of Chinese Spring (CS) and a set of Cheyenne (CNN) chromosome substitution lines in the CS genetic background. Trials over three seasons revealed that a decrease in amylose content occurred in monosomic 4A and an increase in monosomic 7B. Allelic variation between CS and CNN was suggested for the genes on chromosomes 4A and 7B. To examine the effects of three Waxy (Wx) genes which encode a granule-bound starch synthase (Wx protein), the Wx proteins from CS monosomics of interest were analyzed using SDS-PAGE. The amount of the Wx protein coded by the Wx-B1 gene on chromosome arm 4AL was reduced in monosomic 4A, and thus accounted for its decreased amylose content. The amounts of two other Wx proteins coded by the Wx-A1 and Wx-D1 genes on chromosome arms 7AS and 7DS, respectively, showed low levels of protein in the monosomics but no effect on amylose content. The effect of chromosome 7B on the level of amylose suggested the presence of a regulator gene which suppresses the activities of the Wx genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225154
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  • 78
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    The 5S DNA units of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 183 (1992), S. 183-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Poaceae ; Triticum aestivum ; 5S DNA sequences ; chromosomal5S Dna loci ; wheat evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A collection of 44 cloned 5S DNA units fromTriticum aestivum cv. ‘Chinese Spring’ were grouped into 12 sequence-types based on sequence similarity and the respective consensus sequences were then produced. The relationship between these 12 consensus sequences (T. aestivum S 1-S 8 andT. aestivum L 1-L 4), together with two clones sequenced byGerlach andDyer, and the 5S DNA consensus sequences from diploidTriticum spp. were then determined by numerical methods. Both phenetic and cladistic analyses were carried out. The following wheat 5S DNA sequences were found to group with respective sequences from diploidTriticum spp.:T. aestivum S 4, S 6 withT. tauschii S;T. aestivum S 3 withT. monococcum S andT. monococcum S-Rus 7;T. aestivum L 1 andT. aestivum L-G&D withT. speltoides L;T. aestivum L 2, L 3 withT. tauschii L;T. aestivum L 4 withT. monococcum L andT. monococcum L-Rus 12. The analyses suggested that 5 out of the 65S Dna loci present in wheat were identified at the sequence level. The locus that could not be identified in this analysis was the5S Dna-B 1 locus. A group ofT. aestivum sequences (T. aestivum S 1, S 7, S 8, S-G&D) were found to be distinct from the other 5S DNA sequences in the data base. The existence of the distinct group of 5S DNA sequences suggests that there is a gap in our current understanding of wheat evolution with respect to the5S Dna loci.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940802
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  • 79
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    Intercellular movement of protoplasm in vivo in developing endosperm of wheat caryopses (1990)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 153 (1990), S. 193-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Endosperm ; Intercellular protoplasmic movement ; Plasmodesma ; Nuclear migration ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Earlier work in our laboratory indicated that protoplasmic constituents can migrate from one cell to another in certain tissues of higher plants. Further investigations have been conducted using garlic bulbs and wheat nucellus for microscopic observation of intercellular protoplasmic movement in vivo. These gave preliminary indications of the dynamic characteristics of migrating nuclei and cytoplasm. The present paper gives recent results providing new evidence for intercellular protoplasmic movement that is neither hindered by the presence of cell wall nor the narrowness of channels of intercellular connection. By careful manipulation, intact endosperm sacs could be taken from developing caryopses (6–8 days after fertilization) without apparent injury to constituent cells. Shortly after the living specimen is mounted on the microscopic stage, asynchronous intercellular protoplasmic movement can be observed here and there. It can be seen that protoplasm extrudes in rapid but intermittent movements from one cell to the next by vigorous contraction. Although various cell constituents may move together, they can also be quite independent of each other. The moving units, though undergoing violent deformation, resume their normal shape and structure following intercellular migration. Evidently this kind of movement is a naturally occurring and active phenomenon closely related to the physiological state of the tissue. Electron microscopic studies reveal that a limited number of plasmodesmatal channels undergo modification and enlarge to 100–400 nm, through which the protoplasmic constituents pass.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01354004
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  • 80
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    Prospective companion cells differentiate into abnormal sieve elements in colchicine-treated roots ofTriticum aestivum (1993)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 176 (1993), S. 151-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Roots ; Companion cells ; Colchicine ; Abnormal sieve elements ; Plastids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Companion cells (CCs) of seminal roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flank protophloem sieve elements (PSEs) on their inner side. In roots growing in the presence of 2 mM colchicine prospective CCs are induced to differentiate into abnormal sieve elements. The most convincing evidence that they deviate from their programmed developmental sequence is the deposition of dense crystalloid inclusions within their plastids, a feature characterizing sieve elements of gramineous species. These plastids, however, are ultrastructurally different from those of normal and abnormal PSEs in that they contain only one kind of crystalloid inclusion, exceptionally dense stroma, swollen vesicular structures and plastoglobuli. Mitochondria accumulate in large groups and appear unusually swollen and deformed. Walls develop abnormal thickenings which are deposited irrespective of the position of plasmodesmata. Nuclei become polyploid and appear highly lobed, but degenerate similarly to those in normal sieve elements. Aggregates of paracrystalline material occur in the cytoplasm between the nucleus and cell wall. The end walls display features characterizing developing sieve plates, callose is deposited around plasmodesmata, but sieve pores are not formed. Aberrant CCs may reach “maturity” and co-exist with colchicine-affected PSEs. Their arrangement may be similar to or differ from that of normal phloem poles. Not all cells in CC files are induced to deviate into abnormal sieve elements, nor does their development occur in sequence. Because developmental changes also occur in polyploid cells, which result from colchicine blocked cell divisions, it is concluded that cell division is not a prerequisite for cell differentiation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01378952
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  • 81
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    Plasmodesmal-mediated cell-to-cell transport in wheat roots is modulated by anaerobic stress (1994)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 178 (1994), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Adenosine triphosphate ; Anaerobiosis ; Fluorescein-dextrans ; Plasmodesmata ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cell-to-cell transport of small molecules and ions occurs in plants through plasmodesmata. Plant roots are frequently subjected to localized anaerobic stress, with a resultant decrease in ATP. In order to determine the effect of this stress on plasmodesmal transport, fluorescent dyes of increasing molecular weight (0.46 to 10 kDa) were injected into epidermal and cortical cells of 3-day-old wheat roots, and their movement into neighboring cells was determined by fluorescence microscopy. Anaerobiosis was generated by N2 gas or simulated by the presence of sodium azide, both of which reduced the ATP levels in the tissue by over 80%. In the absence of such stress, the upper limit for movement, or size exclusion limit (SEL), of cortical plasmodesmata was 〈1 kDa. The ATP analogue TNP-ADP (mw 681) moved across the plasmodesmata of unstressed roots, indicating that plasmodesmata may be conduits for nucleotide (ATP and ADP) exchange between cells. Upon imposition of stress, the SEL rose to between 5 and 10 kDa. This response of plasmodesmata to a decrease in the level of ATP suggests that they are constricted by an ATP-dependent process so as to maintain a restricted SEL. When roots are subjected to anaerobic stress, an increase in SEL may permit enhanced delivery of sugars to the affected cells of the root where anaerobic respiration could regenerate the needed ATP.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01404123
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    Identification of resistance genes to Puccinia striiformis in seedlings of Ethiopian and CIMMYT bread wheat varieties and lines (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 199-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: yellow (stripe) rust races ; Triticum aestivum ; Yr genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Onder geconditioneerde klimaatsomstandigheden zijn 42 Ethiopische en CIMMYT rassen en lijnen van broodtarwe (Triticum aestivum) in het kiemplantstadium geïnoculeerd met 19 isolaten van gele roest die onderling verschilden in hun pathogeniteit voor 20 differentiërende tarwerassen waarvan de resistantie-achtergrond bekend is. De genom-gen relatie is toegepast om resistentiegenen te identificeren. Vier rassen en lijnen bleken resistent te zijn tegen alle isolaten. Verondersteld wordt dat hun resistentie berust op genen die niet eerder herkend waren of op een combinatie van bekende genen die niet compatibel was met de gebruikte isolaten. In het overige tarwemateriaal kon de aanwezigheid worden aangegeven van de resistentiegenenYr2, Yr3, Yr4, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9 enYrA. Het van rogge afkomstige en door het CIMMYT veel gebruikte resistentiegenYr9 was in 28 rassen en lijnen (67%) aanwezig. In het onderzochte tarwemateriaal isYr4 het enige voor Oost en Centraal Afrika effectieve resistentiegen omdat de daar voorkomende gele roest pathogeniteit bezit voor de overige genen. Het herkennen van pathogeniteit van gele roest voor bepaalde resistentiegenen is verbeterd door het toevoegen van tarwerassen met monogene resistentie aan het internatinale gebruikte tarwesortiment voor de determinatie van gele-roestfysio's.
    Notes: Abstract In a controlled environment, the reaction was observed of 42 bread wheat varieties and lines inoculated with 19 isolates of yellow rust differing in their virulence to 20 differential varieties. Five varieties and lines showed resistance to all isolates. The remaining ones appeared to have the genesYr2, Yr3, Yr4, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9 andYrA, either singly or in combination.Yr9 derived from rye was present in 67% of the varieties and lines.Yr4 is the only effective gene in that material as, in Eastern and Central Africa, yellow rust has virulence to the otherYr genes. Recognition of virulence toYr genes is enhanced by the use of a supplemental set of differential varieties supposedly carrying a single gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974257
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    Identification of three Wx proteins in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 31 (1993), S. 75-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wx protein ; two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; Wx locus ; waxy mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nullisomic analysis of waxy (Wx) protein of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. “Chinese Spring” using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that threeWx loci,Wx-A1, Wx-B1, andWx-D1, located on chromosome arms 7AS, 4AL, and 7DS, produce three distinct Wx subunit groups, subunit group-A (SGA), SGB, and SGD, respectively. SGA has a higher molecular weight and a more basic isoelectric point (pI) than the other two. SGB and SGD have the same molecular weight but a slightly different pI range. Owing to the detection of these three subunit groups, we were able to identify the expression of three waxy genes in wheat endosperm and to find two types of mutants among Japanese wheat cultivars, one lacking SGA and the others SGB. These results suggest the possibility of breeding a waxy wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553602
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    Evaluation of various methods for the detection of barley yellow dwarf virus by the tissue-blot immunoassay and its use for virus detection in cereals inoculated at different growth stages (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; oat ; Avena sativa ; barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; serology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Various modifications of the tissue-blot immunoassay (TBIA) for the detection of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV, luteovirus) were compared. Similar results were obtained by using three different labelled molecules; goat anti-rabbit antibodies conjugated to alkaline phosphatase, protein A conjugated with alkaline phosphatase and goat anti-rabbit antibodies conjugated with colloidal gold. Blocking the nitrocellulose membrane with polyvinyl alcohol for 1 min was effective and allowed the procedure to be shortened by one hour. TBIA was sensitive enough to detect BYDV in old dry tissue wich had been soaked in water for 1 h. BYDV was monitored by TBIA in wheat, oat and barley after inoculation at heading, flowering and grain filling growth stages. The later the inoculation date, the greater the chance of detecting the virus in stem bases rather than in the upper part of the stem. The later the inoculation the less virus moved, from the inoculated tiller to other tillers of the same plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01871967
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    Genetic variation in partial resistance to leaf rust in winter wheat: disease progress, foliage senescence and yield reduction (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 3-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Puccinia recondita ; Triticum aestivum ; Photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting De relatie stussen de epidemiologie van bruine roest, bladveroudering en oprengstderving werden bestudeerd bij zeven wintertarwegenotypen die verschilden in partiële resistentie tegen bruine roest. Bruine roest versnelde de veroudering van blad en aar. Fotosynthesemetingen wezen echter uit dat de fotosynthesecapaciteit van het resterende groene oppervlak niet werd beïnvloed. Verschillen tussen de genotypen in opbrengstderving werden voornamelijk veroorzaakt door verschillen in bladveroudering en daarmee in cumulatieve lichtinterceptie (r=0.83) en gewasfotosynthese. De reductie in cumulatieve lichtinterceptie was nauw gerelateerd aan de cumulatieve ziektedruk (in puistdagen) (r=0.85), welke ook nauw was geassocieerd met de opbrengstderving (r=0.88). De opbrengstreductie werd echter even goed voorspeld door de tijdsduur tot 50% reductie van het groene bladoppervlak en de puistdichtheid halverwege de epidemie als door cumulatieve lichtinterceptie en cumulatieve ziektedruk, waardoor beide eerste criteria gebruikt kunnen worden in de selectie voor partiële resistentie tegen bruine roest.
    Notes: Abstract Relations between leaf rust progress, foliage senescence and yield reduction were studied for seven winter wheat genotypes, differing in their partial resistance to leaf rust. Leaf rust accelerated leaf and ear senescence. Photosynthesis measurements showed, however, that the photosynthetic capacity of the remaining green surface was not affected. Differences between genotypes in yield reduction were largely explained by differences in leaf senescence and, therefore, in cumulative light interception (r=0.83) and crop photosynthesis. Reduction in cumulative light interception was closely related to the area under the disease-progress-curve (r=0.85), which was also closely associated with yield reduction (r=0.88). However, the time taken to reach a 50% reduction of green leaf area and the pustule density on 1 July (i.e. halfway through the epidemic) were just as good predictors of yield reduction as cumulative light interception and area under disease-progress-curve, suggesting that the former are useful criteria in the selection for partial resistance to leaf rust.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01976602
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    Effects of powdery mildew and weather on winter wheat yield. 1. Variation of weather between years (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 29-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; simulation ; SUCROS87 ; NWHEAT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Om systemen voor geleide bestrijding van ziekten te verbeteren, werd de vraag gesteld of schaderelaties, vastgesteld in jaren met specifieke weersomstandigheden, ook gebruikt kunnen worden in andere jaren. Twee bestaande modellen van tarwe en een combinatie van beide, werden gebruikt om het effect van weer op opbrengst te berekenen, eerst bij afwezigheid van meeldauw. De berekende opbrengsten in verschillende jaren toonden geen samenhang met de behaalde opbrengsten, gecorrigeerd voor een jaarlijkse toename, in Nederland. Verschillen tussen de modellen konden worden toegeschreven aan de wijze waarop de groei en ontwikkeling van tarwe vroeg in het seizoen wordt berekend.
    Notes: Abstract A vital question to upgrade disease management systems is whether damage functions, established in years with specific weather conditions, can be applied also in other years. A simulation approach was used to explore effects of weather on yield and damage. Two existing models of wheat and a third, a combination of both, were used to compute yield, first in absence of mildew. In a second paper, effects of mildew will be reported. Yields simulated for different years were not significantly correlated with yields harvested, adjusted for their increase over years, in the Netherlands. Differences in performance between the models could be attributed to the method of simulating development and growth early in the cropping season.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01976604
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    An advisory model for control of Puccinia recondita in winter wheat (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 97 (1991), S. 275-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; brown rust ; monitoring ; epidemiology ; yield loss ; disease management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Epidemics ofPuccinia recondita and resulting yield loss of winter wheat were studied in field experiments over three seasons in the Netherlands. Results are reported and used to construct an advisory model for control of brown rust, based on rust monitoring. If the fraction of leaves with rust (I) at a certain development stage is determined, the average number of rust sori per leaf (M) was estimated by: M=EXP(1.84+1.39ln(ln[1/(1-I)]). The final number of sori per leaf (Mf) at early dough was forecast by an exponential growth: Mf=M·EXP(RGR·t). The relative growth rate (RGR) averaged 0.163/day and the forecasting period, t, until early dough, was derived from published data. The forecast number of sori-days per leaf (S, AUDPC-value) was then obtained by: S=(Mf-M)/RGR. Yield loss (kg/ha) by brown rust was 1.15 times the number of sori-days per leaf at low rust intensities. The efficacy of the fungicides used was 85%. The forecast avoidable yield loss (L, kg/ha) was calculated by: L=0.85 (1.15 S). Economic thresholds for brown rust control at different development stages are given for Dutch wheat fields at a cost level of 270 kg/ha for one fungicide application.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974223
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    5S ribosomal gene clusters in wheat: pulsed field gel electrophoresis reveals a high degree of polymorphism (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 232 (1992), S. 215-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: 5S ribosomal genes ; Triticum aestivum ; Pulsed field gel electrophoresis ; Genetic fingerprinting ; Hypervariability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The long-range structure of 5S rRNA gene clusters has been investigated in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by means of pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Using aneuploid stocks, 5S rRNA gene clusters were assigned to sites on chromosomes 1B, 1D, 513 and 5D. Cluster sizes were evaluated and the copy number of 5S DNA repeats was estimated at 4700-5200 copies for the short repeating unit (410 bp) and about 3100 copies for the long repeat (500 bp) per haploid genome. A comparison of wheat cultivars revealed extremely high levels of polymorphism in the 5S rRNA gene clusters. With one restriction enzyme digest all varieties tested gave unique banding patterns and, on a per fragment basis, 21-fold more polymorphism was detected among cultivars for 5S DNA compared to standard restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detected with single copy clones. Experiments with aneuploid stocks suggest that the 5S rRNA gene clusters at several chromosomal sites contribute to this polymorphism. A number of previous reports have shown that wheat cultivars are not easily distinguished by isozymes or RFLPs. The high level of variation detected in 5S rRNA gene clusters therefore offers the possibility of a sensitive fingerprinting method for wheat. 5S DNA and other macro-satellite sequences may also serve as hypervariable Mendelian markers for genetic and breeding experiments in wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279999
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    Molecular cytological evidence for gradual telomere synthesis at the broken chromosome ends in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of plant research 106 (1993), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-0860
    Keywords: Chromosome breakage ; Gametocidal gene ; Healing ; Telomere repetitive sequence ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Telomere formation of the normal and broken chromosomes of common wheat,Triticum aestivum, was investigated byin situ hybridization using the biotin-labeled probe of telomere repetitive sequences (pAtT4) ofArabidopsis thaliana with subsequent amplification by an antibody. After double and triple amplification, prominent signals appeared at all the telomeric regions of the normal chromosomes. Prominent signals also emerged at the broken ends of the telocentric and deletion chromosomes that had passed through more than one generation since the appearance. However, broken ends that had passed through only the stages of gametogenesis, fertilization, embryogenesis and root development did not show complete signals such as found in normal telomeres. These findings indicate that a certain time or stage is required for synthesis of the telomeric repetitive sequences with a complete length. Nevertheless, because the broken ends without complete telomere sequences were also healed, restoration of the normal complement of telomere sequences is not necessary for healing of broken ends.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02344591
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    Control of Mn status and infection rate by genotype of both host and pathogen in the wheat take-all interaction (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 123 (1990), S. 267-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Gaeumannomyces graminis ; genotypes ; interaction ; manganese ; oxidation ; take-all ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Take-all is a world-wide root-rotting disease of cereals. The causal organism of take-all of wheat is the soil-borne fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici (Ggt). No resistance to take-all, worthy of inclusion in a plant breeding programme, has been discovered in wheat but the severity of take-all is increased in host plants whose tissues are deficient for manganese (Mn). Take-all of wheat will be decreased by all techniques which lift Mn concentrations in shoots and roots of Mn-deficient hosts to adequate levels. Wheat seedlings were grown in a Mn-deficient calcareous sand in small pots and inoculated with four field isolates of Ggt. Infection by three virulent isolates was increased under conditions which were Mn deficient for the wheat host but infection by a weakly virulent isolate, already low, was further decreased. Only the three virulent isolates caused visible oxidation of Mn in vitro. The sensitivity of Ggt isolates to manganous ions in vitro did not explain the extent of infection they caused on wheat hosts. In a similar experiment four Australian wheat genotypes were grown in the same Mn-deficient calcareous sand and inoculated with one virulent isolate of Ggt. Two genotypes were inefficient at taking up manganese and were very susceptible to take-all, one was very efficient at taking up manganese and was resistant to take-all, and the fourth genotype was intermediate for both characters. All genotypes were equally resistant under Mn-adequate conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011280
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  • 91
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    Manganese nutrition and accumulation of phenolics and lignin as related to differential resistance of wheat genotypes to the take-all fungus (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 255-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Gaeumannomyces graminis ; lignin ; manganese ; Mn-efficiency ; phenolics ; roots ; resistance mechanisms ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Differential resistance of four Triticum aestivum L. genotypes to isolates of take-all fungus (Gaeuman-nomyces graminis var. ritici Walker) was tested in a complete factorial experiment set up in a growth chamber using Mn-deficient Wangary sand amended with four rates of Mn. Mn-efficient cultivars produced more dry matter at low supply of Mn. Fertilization with Mn significantly increased its accumulation in roots and shoots. The most sensitive measure of take-all infection was the total length of root stellar lesions; these lesions were reduced by Mn fertilization and were shorter in Mn-efficient genotypes. The resistance-enhancing effect of Mn was the most obvious in the Mn-inefficient genotype (Bayonet) and the least obvious in the Mn-efficient one (C8MM). Phenolics biosynthesis in roots was clicited by fungal infection, especially in the case of the highly virulent isolate. The weakly virulent isolate increased phenolics concentration in roots much more if no Mn was added, indicating that the resistance-enhancing effect of Mn may not be directly exerted through the effects on phenolics biosynthesis. Lignin concentration in roots decreased due to Mn fertilization, while no effect of take-all infection was noted. It appears that biosynthesis of phenolics and lignin in wheat roots has a low Mn requirement which can be satisfied at environmental Mn concentrations below those necessary for optimum plant growth. ei]Section editor: A C Borstlap ei]Section editor: H Lambers
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016291
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  • 92
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    Effect of various metal ions on growth of two wheat lines known to differ in aluminium tolerance (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 489-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; analog ; boron ; copper ; gallium ; iron ; lanthanum ; manganese ; scandium ; tolerance ; Triticum aestivum ; toxicity ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of aluminium (Al), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), iron (Fe), gallium (Ga), scandium (Sc) and lanthanum (La) on growth of an Al-tolerant and an Al-sensitive line of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were measured in solution culture. The concentrations of nutrients in the basal nutrient solution were (μM) 500 Ca, 100 Mg, 300 K, 600 N (150 NH4, 450 NO3), 600 SO4, 2.5 P, 3 B, 2.5 Fe, 0.5 Zn, 0.5 Mn, 0.1 Cu at a pH of 4.7. The major solution nutrient concentrations were maintained at the nominal concentration with monitoring, frequent additions and weekly renewal. Differentiation in yield between the Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive line only occurred in the presence of Al indicating that, in the long term, none of the other metals tested could be used as an analog for Al. The visual symptoms in the roots of Cu toxicity (in both lines) and Al toxicity (in the sensitive line) were similar. The solution concentration (μM) at which yield of the roots of the tolerant line was reduced by 50% was, in order of increasing tolerance, Cu 0.5, Sc 1.1, La 7.1, Ga 8.6, Al 15, Zn 19, Fe 84, B 490 and Mn 600.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025090
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  • 93
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    Genotype-environment interaction and correlation between vegetative and grain production measures of potassium use-efficiency in wheat (T. aestivum L.) grown under potassium stress (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: efficiency ratio ; harvest index ; potassium ; Triticum aestivum ; utilization index ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient use-efficiency (NUE) is commonly measured in relation to vegetative growth without regard for economic productivity of crops whose valued product is reproductive. Although vegetative measures can be useful, particularly in forage crops, their validity in the quantification of NUE in grain crops is questionable. This study was undertaken primarily to examine the relationship between vegetative and economic potassium use-efficiency (KUE) in several wheat (T. aestivum) genotypes under conditions of potassium stress. Genotype environment interaction for vegetative KUE was also examined. Vegetative KUE was assessed as shoot fresh weight, efficiency ratio (VKER) and utilization index (VKUI) whereas economic KUE was evaluated as grain weight, total weight and economic efficiency ratio (EKER). Significant genotype-environment interactions for shoot weight, VKER and VKUI were observed. In some instances interaction was associated with crossovers between genotypes indicating that it can affect selection. Correlations between vegetative and economic measures of KUE were generally nonsignificant, but negative and significant for shoot weight of three-week-old plants and grain weight. It appears that if genotypes differ considerably for harvest index and it is not positively correlated with total biomass, vegetative measures of KUE are unreliable as indicators of economic KUE. Therefore, economic rather than vegetative measures should be used to evaluate KUE in crops whose valued product is reproductive. ei]{gnH}{fnMarschner} ei]{gnH.}{fnLambers}
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010784
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  • 94
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    The influence of NO3 - and NH4 + nutrition on the carbon and nitrogen partitioning characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) plants (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 289-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium assimilation ; carbon partitioning ; nitrate assimilation ; nitrogen partitioning ; Triticum aestivum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The carbon and nitrogen partitioning characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) grown hydroponically at a constant pH on either 4 mM or 12 mM NO3 - or NH4 + nutrition were investigated using either 14C or 15N techniques. Greater allocation of 14C to amino-N fractions occurred at the expense of allocation of 14C to carbohydrate fractions in NH4 +-compared to NO3 --fed plants. The [14C]carbohydrate:[14C]amino-N ratios were 1.5-fold and 2.0-fold greater in shoots and roots respectively of 12 mM NO3 --compared to 12 mM NH4 +-fed wheat. In both 4 mM and 12 mM N-fed maize the [14C]carbohydrate:[14C]amino-N ratios were approximately 1.7-fold and 2.0-fold greater in shoots and roots respectively of NO3 --compared to NH4 +-fed plants. Similar results were observed in roots of wheat and maize grown in split-root culture with one root-half in NO3 --and the other in NH4 +-containing nutrient media. Thus the allocation of carbon to the amino-N fractions occurred at the expense of carbohydrate fractions, particularly within the root. Allocation of 14N and 15N within separate sets of plants confirmed that NH4 --fed plants accumulated more amino-N compounds than NO3 --fed plants. Wheat roots supplied with 15NH4 + for 8 h were found to accumulate 15NH4 + (8.5 μg 15N g-1 h-1) whereas in maize roots very little 15NH4 + accumulated (1.5 μg 15N g-1 h-1) It is proposed that the observed accumulation of 15NH4 + in wheat roots in these experiments is the result of limited availability of carbon within the roots of the wheat plants for the detoxification of NH4 +, in contrast to the situation in maize. Higher photosynthetic capacity and lower shoot: root ratios of the C4 maize plants ensure greater carbon availability to the root than in the C3 wheat plants. These differences in carbon and nitrogen partitioning between NO3 --and NH4 +-fed wheat and maize could be responsible for different responses of wheat and maize root growth to NO3 - and NH4 + nutrition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012534
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  • 95
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    Development of an ELISA for estimation of the copper nutritional status of wheat and cotton (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 453-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: copper deficiency ; cotton ; ELISA ; Gossypium hirsutum ; immunoassay ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies were carried out with hydroponically grown wheat and cotton to develop the Cu-requiring protein phenolase as a biomarker of Cu nutrient status. Isozymes of phenolase whose levels were reduced by Cu deficiency were identified by Western blots. A competitive enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed that could detect as little as 25 ng of phenolase. The ELISA revealed that Cu-sufficient cotton leaves had about 4-fold more phenolase antigen than did Cu-sufficient wheat leaves. In both species, the level of phenolase was reduced by 2- to 5-fold in leaves of Cu-deficient plants. Because the immunoassay for phenolase protein is rapid, inexpensive, and can be carried out with small amounts of leaf material, it has potential as a tool for assessment of the Cu status of crop plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025081
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  • 96
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    Molecular cytogenetic analysis of repeated sequences in a long term wheat suspension culture (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 33 (1993), S. 287-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: cell culture ; karyotype instability ; rDNA ; repetitive DNA ; retroelement ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A rapidly growingTriticum aestivum L. (wheat) derived long term suspension culture (named TaKB1), that is probably not regenerable, was analysed for karyotype rearrangements, stability and changes in repetitive DNA. The cell line has an average chromosome number of 21 and the DNA amount of unreplicated cells of TaKB1 measured by flow cytometry is about 30% lower than an unreplicated (1C) bread wheat genome.In situ hybridization of a repetitive DNA sequence (pSc119.2), which occurs as tandemly repeated blocks (heterochromatin) in wheat, shows that chromosomes from the TakB1 line have fewer and weaker subtelomeric locations of the sequence than wheat, suggesting deletions of distal chromosome segments and a reduction in the sites and copy number of the sequence. Thein situ hybridization pattern and chromosome morphology allowed 27 chromosome types to be identified in the cell line. No two analysed cells contained the same chromosome complement, although some chromosome types were present in every cell. Using Southern hybridization the structure and copy number of a retroelement (Wis-2) and its flanking sequence was shown to be the same in the TaKB1 cell line and wheat. Anin situ analysis of rDNA in the TaKB1 cell line (using the probe pTa71) showed a reduction in number of sites and rRNA genes in each cell from that in wheat. Interphase cells of the cell line showed dispersed signal throughout the nucleolus with no evidence for clusters of condensed and inactive rRNA genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02319014
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  • 97
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    Variation for root traits and their genetic control in spring wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 59 (1991), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; root ; combining ability ; correlation ; dry matter ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat root characters which influence vital plant processes have scarcely been explored for their genetic control. This study was conducted to i) examine the diversity of root traits and associated shoot traits in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars; ii) study the nature of genetic control of selected traits; and iii) examine associations among root and shoot traits. Three experiments were conducted in the greenhouse with plants grown in the vermiculite medium in clear plastic tubes. In the first experiment, 42 spring wheat cultivars were grown for three weeks and measurements were taken on root length, leaf length, root number, leaf number, root dry weight, and top dry weight. In the second study, 15F1's originating from a partial diallel mating of six cultivars along with the parents were evaluated for 4 weeks. The data on root length, leaf length, and root number were subjected to diallel analysis according to Griffing's method 4, fixed model. A third experiment consisted of studying 2 F2 populations with 141 plants per population. In the first study the 42 cultivars exhibited a wide range of variation for all six traits. Diallel analysis revealed significant effects of both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for root length, leaf length, and root number. Parents with high GCA estimates were identified. Significant positive correlation coefficients were found among root and shoot traits. Analysis of F2's for root length indicated quantitative nature of inheritance of root length.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025355
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  • 98
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    Classification of landraces and improved cultivars of hexaploid wheats (Triticum aestivum, T. compactum and T. spelta) grown in the USA and described in 1922 (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 59 (1991), S. 33-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Triticum compactum ; club wheat ; Triticum spelta ; spelt wheat ; classification ; genetic diversity ; landraces ; cultivars ; USA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In 1922 Clark, Martin and Ball published descriptions of 207 hexaploid wheat landraces and improved cultivars, collected in the USA: 189 bread wheat accessions (Triticum aestivum), 24 club wheats (T. compactum) and four spelt wheats (T. spelta). After omitting 24 bread wheat accessions with identical descriptions as other accessions, the descriptions were used here to classify the remaining 183 accessions into five clusters on the basis of 10 selected characters. Clusters 1 and 3 include mainly accessions introduced from North and West Europe. These accessions must derive from the European Zeeuwse and Gelderse landrace groups. Hence most of the accessions belonging to these two clusters belong to the North and West European heritage. Cluster 2 includes most of the accesions introduced from Australia and Canada, or belonging to the club wheats. Most accessions from the USSR1 are included in cluster 4. Here we also find Turkey and related landraces. All but one pubescent accessions are included in cluster 5. The wide variation of US wheats, described in 1922, forms the basis of the Foundation Germplasm wheats as defined by Cox (1991). Apparently no hard white winter wheat landraces and cultivars were described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025359
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  • 99
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    Growth of wheat leaf rust colonies in susceptible and partially resistant spring wheats (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 45 (1990), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat leaf rust ; Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ; partial resistance ; histology ; growth curve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The average size of wheat leaf rust colonies, measured using epifluorescence microscopy was significantly larger in the highly susceptible genotype Morocco than in the susceptible genotype Kaspar and the partially resistant genotypes Westphal 12A, Akabozu and BH 1146. This was already so three days after inoculation. Colony growth in partially resistant genotypes was continuously retarded compared to colonies in the highly susceptible genotype Morocco. No evidence was found for an initial inhibition of the growth of colonies in partially resistant genotypes. In partially resistant genotypes formation of uredial beds and sporulating areas started at a smaller colony size than in susceptible genotypes. Wheat leaf rust colonies in primary leaves of all genotypes studied were much larger than colonies in flag leaves measured at the same number of days after inoculation. Growth and sporulation of not intertwined colonies was not influenced by either a high or a low number of neighbouring colonies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032152
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  • 100
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    Abortion of infection structures of wheat leaf rust in susceptible and partially resistant wheat genotypes (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 45 (1990), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ; wheat leaf rust ; partial resistance ; histology ; abortion ; adult plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Arrest of the growth of wheat leaf rust infection structures was studied with fluorescence microscopy in seedling leaves and flag leaves of the susceptible spring wheat genotypes Morocco and Kaspar and the partially resistant genotypes Westphal 12A and Akabozu. The percentages non-penetrants and substomatal vesicle abortion were low in all genotypes. In the partially resistant genotypes the percentage abortion of infection structures was higher than in the susceptible genotype Morocco. Aborted infection structures had formed one or two haustorial mother cells. In adult plants differences in the percentage aborted infection structures between susceptible and partially resistant genotypes were more pronounced than in seedlings. The so-called late abortion was not observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032153
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