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  • Artikel  (124)
  • 15N  (64)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Time-course of nitrogen fixation in two bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) cultivars (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 18 (1994), S. 231-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): A-value ; Bradyrhizobium ; Genotype ; Growth stage ; 15N ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract TheA-value method, involving the application of a higher15N rate to a reference non-N2-fixing plant, was used to assess the magnitude of N2 fixation in two bambara groundnut cultivars at four growth stages [vegetative, 0–47 days after planting (DAP); early pod-filling, 47–99 DAP; mid-pod-filling, 99–120 DAP; physiological maturity, 120–148 DAP). The cultivars were Ex-Ada, a bunchy type, and CS-88-11, a slightly spreading type. They were grown on a loamy sand. Uninoculated Ex-Ada and CS-88-11 were used as reference plants to measure the N2 fixed in the inoculated bambara groundnuts. In this greenhouse study, soil was the major source of N in bambara groundnuts during vegetative growth, and during this period it accounted for over 80% of the N accumulaed in the plants. However, N2 fixation became the major source of plant N during reproductive growth. There were significant differences between the two cultivars in the ability to fix N2, and at physiological maturity, almost 75% of the N in CS-88-11 was derived from the atmosphere compared to 55% in Ex-Ada. Also, the total N fixed in CS-88-11 at physiological maturity was almost double that in Ex-Ada. Our data indicate that the higher N2 fixation in CS-88-11 was due to two factors, a higher intensity of N2 fixation and a longer active period of N2 fixation. The results also suggest that bambara groundnut genotypes could be selected for higher N2 fixation in farining systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647672
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrogen utilization by lowland rice as affected by fertilization with urea and green manure (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 215-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): 15N ; residual N ; Sesbania ; urea
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Field studies were conducted during two consecutive wet seasons in flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) to determine the effect of green manure on urea utilization in a rice-fallow-rice cropping sequence. Replicated plots were fertilized with 60 to 120 kg of urea N ha−1 in three split applications (50, 25 and 25%) with or without incorporation of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata L.) (100 kg N ha−1). During the first crop only 31 to 44% of the urea added was used by the rice. Incorporatingin situ grown dhaincha (GM) into the soil at transplanting had little effect on urea utilization. Forty-four to 54% of the N added was not recovered in the soil, rice crop, or as nitrate leachate during the first cropping season. Incorporation of GM had no effect on fertilizer N recovery. Only about 2% of the urea N added to the first rice crop was taken up by the second rice crop and, as in the first crop, the GM had little effect on residual N, either in amount or utilization.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750468
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fate of inorganic 15N in the profile of different coniferous forest soils (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 101-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Nutrient cycle ; Coniferous forest ; Soil properties ; 15N ; Acidification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The fate of inorganic 15N added to different coniferous forest soils was traced throughout the soil profile (0–25 cm) in a laboratory experiment under controlled conditions of temperature and water content. Six soils with different chemical climates were compared. The sequestration of labelled N was significantly explained by the clay content but the correlation was improved when C and N content were included. The level of acidification, even in soil with a fine texture, reduced the immobilization. For a similar N input, sandy soils with low C content or high acidification showed a reduced N storage capacity, so that N excess would be able to pollute the ground-water.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337740
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of extracellular-enzyme activities on solubilization rate of soil organic nitrogen (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 32-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Organic matter ; Extracellular enzymes ; Solubilization ; Mineral N ; Total soluble N ; 15N
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract In a sandy soil containing 15N-labeled active (soluble and easily degradable) and non-labelled passive (recalcitrant) fractions of soil organic matter, the rate of net N mineralization (solubilization) was determined during a 55-day incubation at 25°C, 63% water-holding capacity and different levels of soil extracellular-enzyme activities. The active fraction of soil N was labelled by preincubation (at 5°C and 74% water-holding capacity for 6 months) of soil amended with 15N-labeled plant material. Increases in the activity of extracellular-enzymes in soil were induced by the addition of glucose and KH2PO4 at the beginning of the incubation. The results show that the contents of total soluble N (NO 3 − −N+NH 4 + −N + soluble organic N) were significantly higher in glucose-amended soil compared to the unamended soil. The increases in soluble N in soil amended with 1 and 2 mg glucose g-1 dry soil corresponded to a mean rate of net solubilization of 7.9±1.4 and 18.8±0.7 nmol N g-1 dry soil day-1, respectively. The mean rate of net N solubilization (3.6±1.0 nmol N g-1 dry soil day-1) in unamended soil was significantly lower than those of glucose amended soils. The content of 15N in total soluble N in soil amended with 2 mg glucose, for example, was diluted from 3.11±0.08 atom% before the incubation to 2.77±0.03 atom% after 55 days. This indicates that 89% of soluble-N accumulated in soil by the end of the incubation originated from the active fraction of soil N and the rest, estimated at 11%, originated from the passive fraction. The activities of soluble and total proteases as well as the rate of N solubilization in the soil increased with the application of glucose. The activity of these extracellular enzymes was highly correlated with the rates of net N solubilization. Thus, increases in extracellular-enzyme activities in glucose-amended soils had a priming effect on the solubilization of 15N-labeled active and non-labeled passive fractions of soil organic N. It seems that the activity of extracellular-enzymes expressed in terms of total and soluble protease activities could be a rate-limiting factor in the processes of soil organic N solubilization.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00418669
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bi-directional transfer of nitrogen between alfalfa and bromegrass: Short and long term evidence (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 77-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): alfalfa ; bi-directional N transfer ; bromegrass ; long-term N transfer ; short-term N transfer ; 15N
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Transfer of N from legumes to associated non-legumes has been demonstrated under a wide range of conditions. Because legumes are able to derive their N requirements from N2 fixation, legumes can serve, through the transfer of N, as a source of N for accompanying non-legumes. Studies, therefore, are often limited to the transfer of N from the legume to the non-legume. However, legumes preferentially rely on available soil N as their source of N. To determine whether N can be transferred from a non-legume to a legume, two greenhouse experiments were conducted. In the short-term N-transfer experiment, a portion of the foliage of meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rhem.) or alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was immersed in a highly labelled 15N-solution and following a 64 h incubation, the roots and leaves of the associated alfalfa and bromegrass were analyzed for 15N. In the long-term N transfer experiment, alfalfa and bromegrass were grown in an 15N-labelled nutrient solution and transplanted in pots with unlabelled bromegrass and alfalfa plants. Plants were harvested at 50 and 79 d after transplanting and analyzed for 15N content. Whether alfalfa or bromegrass were the donor plants in the short-term experiment, roots and leaves of all neighbouring alfalfa and bromegrass plants were enriched with 15N. Similarly, when alfalfa or bromegrass was labelled in the long-term experiment, the roots and shoots of neighbouring alfalfa and bromegrass plants became enriched with 15N. These two studies conclusively show that within a short period of time, N is transferred from both the N2-fixing legume to the associated non-legume and also from the non-legume to the N2-fixing legume. The occurrence of a bi-directional N transfer between N2-fixing and non-N2-fixing plants should be taken into consideration when the intensity of N cycling and the directional flow of N in pastures and natural ecosystems are investigated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010113
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The fate of spring applied fertilizer N during the autumn-winter period: comparison between winter-fallow and green manure cropped soil (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 160 (1994), S. 201-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): ammonium nitrate ; green manure ; incorporation of plant material ; 15N ; N loss ; N mineralization ; NO emission ; oilseed rape ; organic N pool
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A field experiment was carried out at a pilot plot that was cropped with oilseed rape, and then left partly fallow and partly cropped with a green manure (mustard) during the autumn after harvest of the oilseed rape. The rape residues were incorporated in the soil. Methods used to quantify the N fluxes from harvest until sowing of the next crop were (1) 15N balance method, (2) total mineral N analysis and (3) NO emission measurements. Losses of spring applied fertilizer N were negligible in cropped plots and minimal in fallow plots during the following autumn-winter period. Most of the plant-N residues was retained by the organic N pool of the upper 30-cm soil layer. The green manure contributed slightly to soil available N at sowing of the next crop. However, the incorporation of plant material resulted in a nitrate flux that was at risk of leaching on the fallow plots, and on the green manure plots after incorporation of the green manure. This nitrate was largely derived from soil organic N, not from unused fertilizer applied in spring or from immobilized fertilizer. The NO emissions from the green manure plots were significantly higher than emissions from the fallow plots. The plants had a stimulating effect on the NO emission. A relationship between the NO emission and the soil nitrate concentration could not be established. No emissions were measured after green manure incorporation due to the low temperatures at the pilot plot. However, a greenhouse experiment showed an increased emission after incorporation. The NO emissions seemed to be related with the soil ammonium concentration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010146
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Transfer of nitrogen from damaged roots of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) to closely associated roots of intact perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 166 (1994), S. 181-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): mobile N ; N transfer ; 15N ; root damage ; stored N ; white clover
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract An experiment is described in which the magnitude of N transferred from damaged white clover roots to perennial ryegrass was determined, using 15N labelling of the grass plant. There was no effect on the growth and N-fixation of the clover plants after removing part of the root system. The 15N data suggested that N had been acquired by all grass plants, even in plants grown alone with no further N supplied after labelling. However, after quantifying the mobile and stored N pools of the grass plants it was evident that significant transfer of N from clover to grass only took place from damaged clover roots. Dilution of the atom% 15N in the roots of the grass plants grown alone, and in association with undamaged clover roots, was explained by remobilisation of N within the plant.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00008331
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fertilization rates and clay fixed ammonium in two Quebec soils (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 163 (1994), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): soil mineralogy ; 15N ; clay fixed ammonium ; fertilizer rate ; fertilizer nitrogen recovery
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Clay fixed NH4 + can provide a significant sink for fertilizer N, as well as a source of N for plant uptake. Knowledge or soil NH4 + fixing capacity and release for crops is necessary to develop long-term fertilizer programs. Field experiments with corn (Zea mays L.) were carried out to investigate soil NH4 + fixing capacity and subsequent release as influenced by fertilizer rates using 15N in a Ste. Rosalie clay (fine, mixed, frigid, Typic Humaquept) and a Chicot sandy clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, frigid, Typic Hapludalf). With high N rates increased NH4 + fixation occurred only in the Ste. Rosalie soil. At the end of the first growing season, fertilizer N recovery as clay fixed NH4 + for high and normal rates of fertilizer in the Ste. Rosalie soil was 17.8% and 28.7%, respectively and the recovery for the high and normal rates in the Chicot soil was 4.6 and 10.5%, respectively. Significant amounts of clay fixed NH4 +-N were released in the soil profile in the second year after 15N application on the Chicot soil. Recently clay fixed fertilizer NH4 +N was released more rapidly than that of the native fixed NH4 +, from the surface layer of the Ste. Rosalie soil. The fertilizer fixed NH4 + seems to be in a more labile N pool than the native fixed NH4 +-N in the Chicot soil.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033946
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Solubilization of soil organic N by alkaline-hydrolysing N fertilizers (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 131-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): aqua ammonia ; di-ammonium phosphate ; gamma-irradiated soil ; 15N ; organic matter solubility ; urea
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Interactions between15N-labelled fertilizers applied at concentrations representative of the fertilizer microsite and the solubility of the nitrogenous component of soil organic matter were investigated in laboratory experiments. Soil organic N was solubilized in aγ-irradiated soil due to addition of NH3(aq), and the fertilizer-induced loss of unlabelled total N in the extracted soil (ΔTUs) increased with increasing N fertilizer concentration and soil pH. ΔTUs was linearly correlated with ammoniacal-N concentration and the pH of the fertilized soil within the range of 7.5-10 (r = 0.94). Total organic N in the soil extract (OTe) increased rapidly up to day 14 following addition of 2000 mg urea-N kg−1 soil, but was then stable up to day 28. OTe of a range of soils increased from between 5 and 148 to between 15 and 368 mg N kg−1 soil after application of 1045 mg NH3-N kg−1 soil. While up to 25% of the organic N was solubilized by the fertilizer in nine soils, the change in total organic N in the extracts (ΔOTe) of three soils was not significant. The highest ΔOTe of 399 mg N kg−1 soil (35.4% of soil organic N) was measured after application of 2000 mg NH3-N kg−1 soil. pH and ΔOTe decreased in the order of NH3(aq) 〉 urea 〉 di-ammonium phosphate 〉 ammonium sulphate at equivalent rates of N addition. A negative ΔOTe was measured following application of ammonium sulphate. ΔOTe was correlated with the pH of the fertilized soil but not ammoniacal-N concentration for different N fertilizer sources.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748773
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of root temperature on the induction of nitrate reductase activities and nitrogen uptake rates in arctic plant species (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 159 (1994), S. 187-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): ammonium ; arctic plants ; nitrate reductase ; nitrogen uptake ; 15N ; root temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract We investigated whether six arctic plant species have the potential to induce nitrate reductase (NR) activity when exposed to NO3 --nitrogen under controlled environment conditions, using an in vivo assay that uses the rate of NO2 --accumulation to estimate potential NR activity. We also assessed the effect of low root temperatures on NR activity, growth and nitrogen uptake (using 15N applications) in two of the selected species. Five of the six species (Cerastium alpinum, Dryas intergrifolia, Oxyria digyna, Saxifraga cernua and Salix arctica) were capable of inducing NR activity when exposed to solutions containing 0.5 mM NO3 - at 20°C for 10 days. Although in vivo NR activity was not induced in Saxifraga oppositifolia under controlled conditions, we conclude that it was capable of growing successfully on NO3 -, due to the presence of moderate rates of NR activity observed in both NH4 +-grown and NO3 --treated plants. Exposure of O. digyna and D. integrifolia to 3°C root temperatures for two weeks, with the shoots kept at 20°C, resulted in root and leaf NR activity rates of NO3 --treated plants being reduced to rates exhibited by NH4 +-grown plants. Although these decreases in NR in both species appeared to be due to limitations in NO3 --uptake and growth rate (rather than direct low-temperature inhibition of NR synthesis per se), direct low-temperature inhibition of root NR synthesis could not be ruled out. In contrast to the temperature insensitivity of NH4 + uptake in D. integrifolia, NO3 --uptake in D. integrifolia was inhibited by low root temperatures. We conclude that the selected arctic species have the genetic potential to utilize NO3 --nitrogen, and that low root temperatures, in conjunction with other environmental limitations, may be responsible for the lack of induction of NR in D. integrifolia and Salix arctica under field conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009280
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hyphal N transport by a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus associated with cucumber grown at three nitrogen levels (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 160 (1994), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): 15N ; Cucumis sativus ; Glomus intraradices ; hyphal N transport ; plant N status ; VA mycorrhiza
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Cucumis sativus L. cv. Aminex (F1 hybrid) was grown alone or in symbiosis with Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith in containers with two hyphal compartments (HCA and HCB) on either side of a root compartment (RC) separated by fine nylon mesh. Plants received a total of either 100, 200 or 400 mg N which were applied gradually to the RC during the experiment. 15N was supplied to HCA 42 d after plating, at 50 mg 15NH4 +-N kg−1 soil. Lateral movement of the applied 15N towards the roots was minimized by using a nitrification inhibitor and a hyphal buffer compartment. Non-mycorrhizal controls contained only traces of 15N after a 27 d labelling period irrespective of the amount of N supplied to the RC. In contrast, 49, 48 and 27% of the applied 15N was recovered in mycorrhizal plants supplied with 100, 200 and 400 mg N, respectively. The plant dry weight was increased by mycorrhizal colonization at all three levels of N supply, but this effect was strongest in plants of low N status. The results indicated that this increase was due partly to the improved inflow of N via the external hyphae. Root colonization by G. intraradices was unaffected by the amount of N supplied to the RC, while hyphal length increased in HCA compared to HCB. Although a considerable 15N content was detected in mycorrhizal roots adjacent to HCB, only insignificant amounts of 15N were found in the external hyphae in HCB. The external hyphae depleted the soil of inorganic N in both HCA and HCB, while the concentration of soil mineral N was still high in non-mycorrhizal containers at harvest. An exception was plants supplied with 400 mg N, where some inorganic N was present at 5 cm distance from the RC in HCA. The possibility of a regulation mechanism for hyphal transport of N is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00150340
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Urea N uptake efficiency of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in the presence of urease inhibitors (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 225-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Urease inhibitors ; Urea N efficiency ; 15N ; Ryegrass ; Hydroquinone (HQ) ; Phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPDA) ; N-(n-butyl) phosphorothioic triamide (NBPT)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the comparative efficiency of urea as an N fertilizer with and without the addition of different urease inhibitors. Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was used as the test plant and the N balance technique with 15N was applied. Three urease inhibitors, hydroquinone, phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPDA), and N-(n-butyl) phosphorothioic triamide (NBPT), were evaluated for their effects on urea-N uptake as well as on grass yield. The addition of urease inhibitors, except for hydroquinone in the later growth period, did not significantly influence the dry matter weight. Throughout the whole growth period, only NBPT significantly increased the total urea-N uptake. In the uninhibited system, the major fertilizer N loss occurred during the first period of grass growth, presumably via NH3 volatilization, since the environment did not favour the other pathways of N loss. However, an appreciable amount of urea N was lost during the later growth period in all inhibited systems, especially in the hydroquinone-treated system. This indicates that the application of urease inhibitors could not eliminate the urea N loss. The greater N loss in the hydroquinone-treated soil appears to be related to the inhibition by hydroquinone of nitrification.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00361616
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of nitrogen application on the A N value of soil (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 299-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): A N value ; 15N ; Nitrogen fixation ; Glycine max ; Hordeum vulgare
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Pot experiments were conducted with two soils, from Rottenhaus and Seibersdorf in Austria, to ascertain whether the rate of fertilizer N application and the test crop would influence the amount of N available in the soil as assessed by the A-value method. 15N-labelled fertilizer was applied at rates of 10, 25, 40, 60, and 100 mg N kg-1 soil, corresponding approximately to 20, 50, 80, 120 and 200 kg N ha-1 respectively, and two crop species, barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) and non-nodulating soybean (Glycine max L.) were used to determine the soil A N value under the various fertilizer regimes. The results showed that the Rottenhaus soil had a higher A N value than the Seibersdorf soil, suggesting that the former was more fertile than the latter. The A N values of both soils were significantly affected by the level of N application. When grown in the same soil, the two test crops showed significantly different fertilizer use efficiency and per cent N derived from fertilizer when the rate of N application exceeded 20 kg ha-1. Thus, the A N value as determined by the two test crops differed significantly for the same soil when the rate of N application was greater than 20 kg/ha. The difference was greater when the soil fertility level was high. The dependence of the A N value on the level of N application and the species of crop seriously compromises the suitability of this method for determining plant-associated N2 fixation. Hence, considerable caution is required when using this method to estimate plant-associated N2 fixation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369309
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    N supply by groundnuts to maize in a maize plus groundnut intercropping system, as affected by the genotype (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 215-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): N2 fixation ; N-supplying ability ; 15N ; Arachis hypogaea ; Intercropping
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Identification of legume genotypes with high N-supplying ability is important in improving and sustaining the productivity of low-input cropping systems. Hence, 15N-aided studies were made to ascertain the relative N-supplying ability of some cultivars of groundnut, a widely grown tropical legume. The study was conducted outdoors in 1991 at Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka, in tanks filled with 64 kg soil which had been tagged by incorporating 15N-labelled plant material. Maize cv. Badra was grown as a monocrop and as an intercrop with five genotypes of groundnut, X-14, MI-1, Red Spanish, ICGV 87127, and a non-nodulating line. All the nodulating genotypes derived over 90% of their N from the atmosphere. Significant genotypic differences in N2 fixation were observed. X-14 fixed the highest amount (1.95 g plant-1), while Red Spanish the lowest (0.88 g plant-1). Intercropping of maize with nodulating groundnut significantly decreased the 15N atom excess of maize, depending on the genotype. However, this decrease did not appear to be related to the amount of N2 fixed, based on aboveground material. The per cent N derived by maize from the intercropped groundnuts varied from 17% (X-14) to 39% (Red Spanish), indicating a marked genotypic variability in N-suppling ability. X-14, which fixed the largest amounts of N2, grew most vigorously compared to other genotypes, causing a growth depression in the maize. The genotype that fixes the most N2 may therefore not necessarily have the greatest N-supplying ability. The transfer of N from the legume and the consequent improvement of N nutrition in the associated cereal in low-fertility situations is therefore expected to be high when the growth of the legume is intermediate and does not suppress the growth of the cereal.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00361614
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The release and plant uptake of nitrogen from some plant and animal manures (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 285-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Manures ; N mineralisation ; N uptake ; 15N ; Added nitrogen interactions ; Priming effect
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Field and laboratory experiments were used to examine the efficiency of N uptake from various manure forms, and at different rates of application. In a field experiment, wheat was grown on soils with different amounts of 15N-labelled legume residues. The amount of N taken up by the crop was directly proportional to the amount applied, with a recovery of between 15% and 23% of the legume N. In a second field experiment, inorganic N was applied at rates varying from 0 to 120 kg N ha-1 in the presence and absence of poultry manure. The uptake of N by barley was 11 kg ha-1 greater in the manured plots when no inorganic N was applied, and 23 kg ha-1 greater when N was applied at the top rate. N uptake in a pot experiment was again shown to be directly proportional to the rate of manure application, but the amount of N taken up was strongly related to the N content of the manure. An incubation experiment demonstrated that net N mineralisation reached a maximum where residue concentrations were 1,5%. The significance of added nitrogen interactions in the context of manure-N additions is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337214
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ontogenic variation in nitrogen fixation and accumulation of nitrogen in mungbean, blackgram, cowpea, and groundnut (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 125-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): N2 fixation ; Ontogeny ; 15N ; Vigna radiata ; Vigna mungo ; Vigna unguiculata ; Arachis hypogaea
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Ontogenic variations in N2 fixation and accumulation of N by the mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were studied by a 15N-dilution technique. Pots filled with 7 kg of red yellow podzolic soil were used. Samples were taken 20, 40, 60, and 80 days after emergence which approximately corresponded to preflowering, flowering, early/mid-pod filling and late pod filling stages, respectively. During early growth (up to 40 days after emergence), the carryover of seed N accounted for a considerable fraction of the total plant N in the legumes, the highest being in the groundnut. With a correction for carryover, the groundnut derived over 45% of its N content from the atmosphere 20 days after emergence whereas the corresponding figures were 33% for the blackgram and about 28% for the cowpea and mungbean. Between flowering and early pod fill, there was a rapid increase in N2 fixation in all legumes except in groundnut which showed highest fixation from 60 to 80 days after emergence. In the mungbean, N2 fixation and uptake of soil N were insignificant 60 days after emergence while in other legumes these processes continued beyond this time. All legumes derived about 90% of their N from atmosphere by 80 days after emergence. However, due to considerable interspecific differences in total N yield the final amount of N2 fixed showed an appreciable variation among legumes. It was highest in the groundnut (443 mg N plant-1) followed by the cowpea (385), blackgram (273), and mungbean (145), respectively. The groundnut maintained nodules until the late pod filling stage while in other legumes, nodules senesced progressively following the mid-pod filling stage. During pod filling there was a net mobilization of N from vegetative tissues to developing pods in the mungbean, which amounted to about 20% of N in seeds. This mobilization was not evident in other legumes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369413
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    15N Abundance of forests is correlated with losses of nitrogen (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): 15N ; forest soils ; N deposition ; N losses
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A direct correlation was found between fractional losses of added N and the change in δ 15N‰ during 19 years in an experiment with annual additions of N at three rates to a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest in northern Sweden. This confirms that processes leading to losses of N discriminate against 15N, and opens possibilities to conduct retrospective studies of the N balance in forests.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038758
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    15N Abundance of forests is correlated with losses of nitrogen (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): 15N ; forest soils ; N deposition ; N losses
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A direct correlation was found between fractional losses of added N and the change in δ15N‰ during 19 years in an experiment with annual additions of N at three rates to a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest in northern Sweden. This confirms that processes leading to losses of N discriminate against15N, and opens possibilities to conduct retrospective studies of the N balance in forests.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02390237
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Variation in 15N enrichment of crimson clover labeled under field conditions (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): crimson clover ; field labeling ; legume ; nitrogen ; 15N ; variability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Plant material labeled with 15N is often used to determine recovery of N from green manure crops by subsequent crops. In this study, 15N enriched crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) was grown at a field site where it was to be utilized in a subsequent experiment. A foliar spray of (NH4)2SO4 (99 atom % excess 15N) was applied to a 1.2 m × 8.8 m plot of crimson clover at a rate of 10 kg N ha−1 in early March 1990, immediately prior to the period of rapid vegetative growth. Clover shoots harvested in April contained 1.72 atom % excess 15N. Total N concentration of enriched clover was similar to that in adjacent untreated clover. Clover shoots contained 20% of the applied 15N, and an additional 27% was recovered from the surface soil horizon (0 to 15 cm). A gradient was observed across the plot, with clover enrichment increasing from 1.3 to 2.2 atom % excess 15N. Recovery of applied 15N in soil was highest in the subplots with lowest clover enrichment. Variability in 15N enrichment was also observed among plant parts: leaves from the basal half of shoots had 2.2 atom % excess 15N; while leaves from the terminal half of shoots, terminal stems, and basal stems had between 1.1 and 1.4 atom % excess 15N.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029095
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrogen uptake in needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) when exposed to gaseous ammonia and ammonium fertilizer in the soil (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 231-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): air pollution ; ammonia ; ammonium ; 15N ; N concentration ; needle ; pine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Young saplings of Pinus sylvestris L. were exposed to gaseous NH3 at 53 or 105 μg m−3 for one year in open-top chambers. Saplings received 15N-labelled (NH4)2SO4 via the soil. To examine the importance of foliar N uptake, changes in the concentration of total and labelled N in the needles were followed. Increase in needle biomass and N concentration were found in trees exposed to NH3, confirming that atmospheric NH3 acted as a N fertilizer. NH3 had a greater and quicker effect than (NH4)2SO4: compared with the growth in ambient air, the N concentration in the needles exposed to NH3 had increased by 49% in four months, while the increase after highest N-fertilization (200 kg N ha−1 y−1) was only 8%. The small contribution of NH4 + fertilization to the total N concentration was not due to a deficient N uptake: the 15N concentration in the needles increased significantly with time. On the other hand, NH3 uptake in shoots may have a negative effect on the NH4 + root uptake. The relation between plant N and atmospheric NH3 concentration was non-linear and possible reasons for this observation are discussed. Fumigation with NH3 significantly decreased the ratios of K/N and P/N, showing that fumigation disrupted the nutrient balance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012996
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrous oxide and dinitrogen emissions from urine-affected soil under controlled conditions (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 127-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): urine ; nitrous oxide ; dinitrogen ; nitrification ; denitrification ; carbon ; 15N ; nitrification inhibitor
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A 15N labelling technique was used to measure N2O and N2 emissions from an undisturbed grassland soil treated with cow urine and held at 30 cm water tension and 20°C in a laboratory. Large emissions of dinitrogen were detected immediately following urine application to pasture. These coincided with a rapid and large increase in soil water-soluble carbon levels, some of this increase being attributed to solubilization of soil organic matter by high pH and ammonia concentrations. Emissions of nitrous oxide generally increased with time in contrast to dinitrogen fluxes which decreased as time progressed. Estimated losses of N2O and N2 over a 30 day period were between 1 to 5% and 30 to 65% of the urine N applied plus N mineralized from soil organic matter, respectively. Most of the N2 and N2O originated from denitrification with nitrification-denitrification being of minor significance as a source of N2O. Comparisons of the 15N enrichments in the soil mineral N pools and the evolved N2O suggested that much of the N2O was produced in the 5–8 cm zone of the soil. It is concluded that established grassland soils contain large amounts of readily-oxidizable organic carbon which may be used by soil denitrifying organisms when nitrate is non-limiting and soil redox potential is lowered due to high rates of biological activity and high soil moisture contents. ei]{gnR}{fnMerckx}
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010793
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Differences in uptake kinetics of ammonium and nitrate in legumes and cereals (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): ammonium uptake ; cereals ; kinetics ; legumes ; 15N ; nitrate uptake ; translocation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Influx isotherms were obtained for nitrate and ammonium from three legumes, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., Cicer arietinum L. and Arachis hypogaea L. and three cereals, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench., Pennisetum glaucum L. and Zea mays L. The transition in influx isotherms for both nitrogen sources was found to be within the concentration range (0.05–2.5 mM) tested. There were significant differences in Km and Vmax for ammonium between legumes and cereals. The difference in the kinetic properties for nitrate uptake between the two groups of plants only became apparent at the higher concentration tested. Legumes translocated absorbed nitrate and ammonium to shoots more rapidly than cereals. Results show that there are significant differences in uptake and translocation of ammonium and nitrate between legumes and cereals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011073
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The course of 15N-ammonium nitrate in a spring barley cropping system (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 150 (1993), S. 167-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): ammonium nitrate ; barley ; fertilizer efficiency ; 15N field experiment ; N recovery ; 15N ; plant uptake
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate was applied to spring barley growing on a Cambisol soil in western Switzerland. Immobilization, plant uptake and disappearance of inorganic nitrogen were followed at frequent intervals. Fertilizer nitrogen disappeared shortly after its application, mainly through immobilization by soil microorganisms and absorption by the crop. Some of the added nitrogen was probably denitrified as a result of humid conditions during the first days after fertilizer application. At the end of the growing season, 31% of the added nitrogen was recovered from the aerial barley plants, and 56% was immobilized by microorganisms. Most of the fertilizer nitrogen not used by the crop was immobilized in the upper 0–30 cm soil layer. This prevented downward movement of nitrate and limited nitrogen losses. Fertilizer efficiency was mainly determined by the competition between crop uptake and microbial immobilization. Careful consideration of the time of fertilization, taking into account plant growth and weather conditions, can result in an increase in fertilizer efficiency and minimal pollution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013014
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A comparison of the effects of subsoiling on plant uptake and leaching losses of sulphur and nitrogen from a simulated urine patch (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 375-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): clover ; grass ; leaching ; lysimeter ; nitrogen ; 15N ; nutrient balances ; nutrient uptake ; pasture ; subsoiling ; sulphur ; 35S
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Synthetic cow urine labelled with 35S and 15N was applied to large, undisturbed, monolith lysimeters sampled from subsoiled and non-subsoiled areas of a grass/clover pasture. For one year following the urine application, the lysimeters were subjected to a combination of natural rainfall, simulated rainfall and simulated flood irrigations. Drainage from the lysimeters was sampled regularly and monthly (approx.) pasture cuts taken. At the end of the year, the lysimeters were destructively sampled in 50 mm depth increments for soil analysis. Leachates, plant samples and soil samples were analysed for 35S and 15N. There were no significant differences in plant uptake of 35S and 15N between the subsoiled and nonsubsoiled lysimeters. Initially grass showed a higher degree of labelling than clover. Total amounts of 35S and 15N leached from the subsoiled lysimeters were approximately twice that leached from the nonsubsoiled ones. Leaching patterns differed substantially between the two nutrients. Total recoveries of 35S (in plants, leachates and soil extracts) accounted for 82% of the applied 35S for the subsoiled lysimeters and 72% for non-subsoiled ones. The unrecovered 35S is considered to have been incorporated into soil organic matter. Total recoveries of 15N (in plants, soil and leachates) were similar to those for 35S, but unrecovered 15N is attributed to loss by denitrification.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025061
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fate of nitrogen fertilizer applied on two main arables crops, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) in the loam region of Belgium (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 367-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Broadcast ; loam soil ; 15N ; N losses ; N recovery ; row application ; split dressing ; sugar beet ; winter wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Since 1986, the fate of fertilizer N (NH4NO3 or NaNO3) applied in field conditions on two main arable crops, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), has been studied using 15N. Up to a rate of 200 kg ha-1 of N, mean recovery of fertilizer by winter wheat was 70%, provided it had been split applied. Single application (with or without dicyandiamid) was less effective. For sugar beet, in 1990, 1991 and 1992, 40% of fertilizer N was found in the crop at harvest when NH4NO3 had been broadcast at 100 to 160 kg N ha-1 at sowing time. For the same N rate, recovery was 50% when row applied near the seeds and 60% for 80 kg N ha-1. For the two experimental crops, residual fertilizer N in soil was exclusively organic. It ranged from 15 to 30% of applied N and was located in the 30 cm upper layer. Losses were generally lower with winter wheat (12%) than with sugar beet (20–40%) and could be ascribed to volatilization and denitrification. Soil derived N taken up by the plant was site and year dependent.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025059
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrogen use efficiency of rice reconsidered: What are the key constraints? (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 359-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): 15N ; microbial biomass ; nitrogen uptake efficiency ; Oryza sativa ; soil nitrogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Recent field studies on irrigated rice at the IRRI research farm indicate efficient use of fertilizer-N based on plant uptake of applied N, (estimated by N difference), and utilization of acquired N for increased grain yield. These findings contrast with 15N uptake in microplot studies which underestimate the actual increase in plant N from added fertiliser. Constraints other than uptake efficiency, however, may govern fertiliser-N efficiency in farmers fields. In a study of 44 farmers' fields in Central Luzon, rice yields ranged from 2.5 to 6.2 t ha-1 and N uptake from 35 to 95 kg N ha-1 in plots without fertiliser-N addition. Farmers applied from 35 to 240 kg N ha-1, but there was no relationship between the N rate used by each farmer and the effective soil N supply. Mean N uptake efficiency from fertiliser by N difference was only 36%. We conclude that improved fertiliser-N efficiency by farmers will require a more information-intensive management strategy that makes N fertiliser inputs better fitted to the seasonal pattern of crop N demand and soil N supply.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025057
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Leaching loss of calcium, magnesium, potassium and nitrate derived from soil, lime and fertilizers as influenced by urea applied to undisturbed lysimeters in south-east Nigeria (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 281-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): Leaching ; calcium ; magnesium ; potassium ; nitrate ; tropical soils ; 15N ; urea ; shifting cultivation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Calcium hydroxide was applied to monolith lysimeters at Onne in south-east Nigeria. Eight lysimeters were cropped with maize followed by upland rice and four were uncropped. The cropped and two uncropped lysimeters received Mg, K and urea in the first season. Two uncropped lysimeters received no fertilizers. Drainage water was collected during the two growing seasons and analyzed for calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, nitrate and chloride. The fertilizer applied in the second season was not leached during the year of application. The cropped lysimeters lost 27 percent of the sum of the exchangeable Ca in the soil profile and the calcium added, and 29 percent of the corresponding sum for Mg. With no crop, the losses increased to 34 and 37 percent, respectively, but with no crop or fertilizer, the losses were similar to those from the cropped lysimeters. The loss of potassium ranged from 6 percent from the unfertilized lysimeters to 10 percent in the cropped lysimeters. The amounts of sodium leached ranged from 29 to 35 kg Na ha−1. The bulk of the calcium and magnesium leached from calcium hydroxide and fertilizers occurred in the second season when the loss was in good agreement with the amount of nitrate lost giving (Ca + Mg)/NO3 charge ratios of approximately one. Urea increased the amount of nitrate leached and led to a corresponding increase in the amounts of calcium and magnesium lost in the drainage water. The charge ratio remained unchanged when the cations were leached only with nitrate derived from the mineralization of soil organic matter. In the cropped lysimeters, this source accounted for about four times more nitrate in the drainage water than the fertilizer.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051280
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of delaying flood and preflood nitrogen application on dry-seeded rice (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 55-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): 15N ; nitrogen ; rice ; soil N ; N fertilizer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract In the southern U.S. rice belt it is recommended that rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in the dry-seeded, delayed flood cultural system have the preflood N fertilizer applied and the field flooded at the fourth to fifth leaf stage of plant development. The objective of this field study was to determine if delaying the flood and preflood N application past the fifth leaf stage was detrimental to rice total N and fertilizer15N uptake, total dry matter, and grain yield. This study was conducted on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualfs) and a Perry clay (Vertic Haplaquepts). The preflood N fertilizer and flood were delayed 0, 7, 14, or 21 d past the fourth to fifth leaf stage, after which time a permanent flood was established and maintained until maturity. All treatments received 20.5 g N m−2 as15N-labeled urea in three topdress applications. All plant and soil samples were taken at maturity. Harvest index increased as the preflood N and flood were delayed past the 4 to 5 leaf stage. Total N in the grain + straw either decreased or showed a decreasing trend as the N and flood were delayed. Similarly, uptake of native soil N decreased as flood was delayed. Conversely, percent recovery of fertilizer N in the rice plant and the plant-soil system increased as the preflood N and flood were delayed. Rice grain yield was not significantly affected by delaying the preflood N and flood up to 21 d.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054394
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fate of nitrogen (15N) from oxamide and urea applied to turf grass: A lysimeter study (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 33 (1992), S. 71-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrogen balance ; 15N ; oxamide ; slow release fertilizer ; soil microbial biomass
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Slow release N fertilizers are receiving increasing attention for use on turf grass, but their fate in the plant-soil system is still poorly understood. We aimed to quantify the uptake and recovery of N by a mixture of grasses when applied as either urea or oxamide in different diameter granules using a tracer technique (15N). The effects of the N source on soil biomass, root density and amount of readily available organic C in soil were also evaluated. In a first experiment oxamide in 4–5 mm diameter granules was compared with urea. The initial N absorption, 40 days after fertilization (d.a.f.), was higher for urea (23.5%) than for oxamide (12.1%), but after 64 days absorption efficiencies were about the same (11%) for both fertilizers. Fertilizer-derived N lost by leaching was much greater from the urea-fertilized soil (1.57 g), compared with losses from oxamide-fertilized soil (0.05 g). The total residual fertilizer N remaining in the system at the end of the experiment was 26.7% of applied urea N and 39.6% of applied oxamide N. Cumulated absorption efficiencies, calculated after dismantling the lysimeters, were 43.1% for urea and 54.8% for oxamide (roots included). A priming effect caused by a larger uptake of soil N because of the better root development was found in the oxamide-treated lysimeter. Fertilization with oxamide also caused an increase in the amount of soil microbial biomass. In a second experiment, the efficiencies and fertilizer N uptake rates from oxamide applied at two different granule sizes (1–2 mm and 5–10 mm) were evaluated. The amount of soil N taken up by the grass was linearly related to root density (r = 0.92).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01058011
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of litter quality and microarthropods on N dynamics and retention of exogenous 15N in decomposing litter (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1992), S. 241-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Decomposition ; Litter ; Microarthropods ; Nitrogen ; 15N ; Litterbags ; Cornus florida ; Quercus prinus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Surface additions of (15NH4)2SO4 were used to measure the immobilization and subsequent movement of exogenous N added to two litter types of contrasting quality (Cornus florida and Quercus prinus). Litterbaskets were used to measure the litter mass loss and N dynamics and to follow the movement of the 15N label through litter, F layer, and soil pools. Half of the litterbaskets of each species were treated with naphthalene to reduce microarthropod densities. The faster decomposing C. florida litter maintained a higher excess atom % 15N, and a greater relative concentration of the labeled input (μg 15N g−1) than did Q. prinus litter. In both litter types the excess atom % 15N, relative concentration (μg 15N g−1), and absolute amount of label recovered in the litter declined over time. This occurred during a period of net accumulation of total litter N, implying simultaneous release of the initial input and immobilization of N from other sources. The concentration of 15N in the soil increased over time, while the F layer apparently acted as an intermediary in the transfer of 15N from litter to soil. Naphthalene effectively reduced microarthropod numbers in all horizons of the litterbaskets and significantly reduced the decay rates of Q. prinus, but not C. florida litter. Naphthalene did not appear to affect total N dynamics in the litter. However, with all horizons taken together, the naphthalene-treated litterbaskets retained more total 15N than the control litterbaskets. Naphthalene also changed the vertical distribution of 15N within litterbaskets, so that the litter retained less of the 15N-labeled input and the F layer and soil horizons retained more of the labeled input than in control litterbaskets. Our major conclusions are: (1) the N pool of decomposing litter is dynamic, with simultaneous N release and immobilization activating N turnover even during the net accumulation phase; (2) litter quality is an important determinant of immobilization and retention of exogenous N inputs and, therefore, turnover of the litter N pool; and (3) microarthropod activity can significantly affect the incorporation and retention of exogenous N inputs in decomposing litter, although these changes are apparently not reflected in net N accumulation or release during the 1st year of decomposition. However, the naphthalene may have affected microbially mediated N dynamics and this possibility needs to be considered in interpreting the results.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336039
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of temperature on mineralization kinetics with a nitrification inhibitor (mixture of dicyandiamide and ammonium thiosulphate) (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrification inhibitor ; Dicyandiamide ; 15N ; Incubation ; Temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The influence of temperature on the action of a dicyandiamide nitrification inhibitor was studied during a laboratory incubation after the addition of ammonium sulphate labelled with 15N. In the control treatment, nitrification was only slightly affected by temperature and was rapid; on the 42nd day, two-thirds of the 15N was incorporated into the nitrate fraction while no further tracer was found in ammoniacal form. With the addition of dicyandiamide, the process was slowed down considerably when the temperature was maintained at 10°C, and only about 10% of the 15N was nitrified in 6 months. After 1 month of incubation at 10°C, a temperature increase to 15°C for 4 weeks modified the nitrification kinetics only slightly. However, as soon as the temperature reached 20°C, the beginning of dicyandiamide decomposition and an increase in the quantity of NO 3 - -N was observed. The inhibition was measured by the nitrification index, which was greater than 80% as long as the temperature did not exceed 15°C, and decreased to 10% after 6 months; this value was reached only after 1 year in soil maintained at 10°C. The half-life of the NH 4 + was decreased by raising the temperature. In the experimental conditions described, nitrification was inhibited by the dicyandiamide for at least 6 months provided the temperature did not exceed 15°C.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337229
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrogen fixation efficiency, interspecies N transfer, and root growth in barley-field pea intercrop on a Black Chernozemic soil (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 11-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Typic cryoboroll ; N yield ; 15N ; Root length ; Grass-legume intercrop ; Nitrogen fixation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Barley-field pea intercrops have been shown to increase N yield when grown under cryoboreal subhumid conditions. In this study, we extended previous research by testing the hypotheses that (1) the intercropped field pea fixes a greater proportion of its shoot and root N than does sole-cropped field pea; (2) N is transferred from the annual legume to the cereal during the growing season; and (3) root production is greater under intercropped than sole-cropped conditions. Unconfined microplots seeded to barley, field peas, or a barley-field pea intercrop were fertilized with N at 10 kg ha-1 as (NH4)2SO4 (5.21 atom % 15N excess). Both the intercropped and sole-cropped barley derived more than 93% of their N from the soil. In contrast, 40% of N in the intercropped field pea was derived from soil. This study provided no evidence for transfer of N from the legume to the cereal. On average, the proportion of N derived from air by both pea intercrops was 39% higher than that derived by the sole-cropped pea. Root length determined by a grid intersection method following digitization using an image analyzer tended to be higher under intercropping than in sole crops. We conclude that even on fertile soils benefits may accrue from annual intercropping that includes a legume. The benefits arise from (1) increased N production, (2) greater N-fixation efficiency, and/or (3) more shoot and root residue-N mineralization for subsequent crops.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337231
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Resin-core and buried-bag estimates of nitrogen transformations in Costa Rican lowland rainforests (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 139 (1992), S. 275-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): early-successional forest ; gross N mineralization ; moist tropics ; N immobilization ; 15N ; nutrification ; nutrient cycling ; old-growth forest
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract We compared the resin-core and buried-bag incubation methods for estimating nitrogen (N) transformation rates using the 15N pool dilution technique in alluvial soils of an early successional forest (ESF) and an old-growth forest (OGF) at the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. Soil cores (38×100-mm) from both forests were incubated in situ for 7 days. The two methods gave generally similar estimates of net N mineralization rates for the two forests. Estimates of ammonium production by the resin-core method were higher than those by the buried-bag method in ESF, but did not differ significantly in OGF (p〈0.05). Estimates of nitrate production by the two methods did not differ significantly. Nitrate averaged 74% and 81% of the total inorganic N production in ESF and OGF, respectively. Net N mineralization in ESF (6.6 mmol m-2d-1) did not differ significantly from that in OGF (5.0 mmol m-2d-1). Fluxes of ammonium and nitrate were high for both forests, but the OGF tended to have higher gross mineralization and nitrification rates than ESF. Approximately 60% of the gross nitrate production and less than 30% of the ammonium were immobilized by microorganisms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009319
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Interception and uptake of NH4 and NO3 from wet deposition by above-ground parts of young beech (Fagus silvatica L.) trees (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Fagus silvatica L. ; wet deposition ; N-uptake ; 15N
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Uptake of NH4 and NO3 by above ground parts of beech trees was studied by spraying young trees with varying concentrations of 15N labeled solutions, different N-forms, and spray regimes over four months. Following treatment, the trees were harvested and analyzed for 15N and major element content. Throughfall was collected and analyzed in addition in order to study the interaction between nitrogen uptake and cation leaching. Significant amounts of N were taken up by the above ground plant parts in all treatments as indicated by 15N analysis of the trees as well as by throughfall measurements. NH4 uptake exceeded the uptake of NO3 if applied in the same concentration. Uptake of N increased linearly with increasing concentration in the spray solution and with spray intensity. The uptaken N was translocated within the plant. The contribution of N from uptake by above ground parts to the total N content of tissues differed and reached a maximum level of 6% in leaves. No effect of above ground N uptake on the total N content of tissues was found. Calculating atmospheric N inputs to forest ecosystems by throughfall measurements may underestimate the actual N input.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010972
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fate of 15N-labelled nitrogen fertilizer applied to kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): ammonium ; field ; kiwifruit ; 15N ; nitrogen fertilizer ; recovery ; soil nitrogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The fate of 15N-labelled ammonium fertilizer applied once to six-year-old field-grown kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward’) vines was measured over three years. The three main treatments were nitrogen (N) applied singularly at 100 or 200 kg N ha−1 in early spring (two weeks before bud burst) or split with 100 kg N ha−1 (unlabelled) in early spring and 100 kg N ha−1 (15N-labelled) ten weeks later. All N treatments were applied to vines with a history of either 50 or 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1. For three years after 15n application, components of the vines and soil (0–600 mm depth) were sampled at harvest in late autumn and the N and 15N contents determined. By the first harvest, all plant uptake of 15N had occurred and this represented 48–53% of the 15N applied. There was no significant effect of current N fertilizer treatment or of N history on 15N recovery by vines. Removal of 15N in harvested fruit was small at 5–6% in the first year and 8% over 3 years. After 2–3 years, most plant 15N occurred in the roots and this component declined only slowly over time. In contrast, there was a large temporal decline in 15N in above-ground plant components due to the annual ‘removal’ in leaf fall and pruning. An associated experiment showed that when 15N-labelled prunings and leaves were mulched and returned to the soil, only about 9% was recovered by plants within 2 years. Almost all remaining mulched material had been immobilised into the soil organic N. In all treatments, about 20% of the added 15N remained in soil at the first harvest. This was almost entirely in organic fractions (〈0.4% in inorganic N) and mostly in the surface 150-mm layer. The 15N content in soil changed little over time (from 20 to 17% between the first and third harvests respectively) and indicated that most of the N had been immobilised into stable humus forms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009370
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Variations in 15N abundance in a forest fertilization trial: Critical loads of N, N saturation, contamination and effects of revitalization fertilization (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): 15N ; forest decline ; nitrogen deposition ; revitalization fertilization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract 15N abundances of current needles of Norway spruce collected during 23 yrs of a forest fertilization experiment were studied in order to follow ecosystem gains and losses of N. Unlabelled ammonium nitrate at four rates (N0–N3), phosphorus at three rates (P0–P2), and potassium plus other elements including micronutrients at two rates (K0–K1), had been applied to plots in a complete factorial design. Nitrogen had been applied annually at average rates of 0, 34, 68 and 102 kg N ha-1 yr-1. Tree growth had responded positively to additions of N, but the response was remarkably more positive to the N2P2K1 treatment. In N1 treatments, δ15N (‰) declined over time. This was consistent with an earlier study, and should reflect a change in 15N abundance towards that of fertilizer N (minus discrimination during uptake), which in turn means accretion of most of the N added. As in the earlier study, in which N3 plots lost most of the N added, the present N3 plots showed an increasing δ15N (‰). This pattern was not significantly affected by additions of P and K plus other elements, although a weak negative effect of P on N accretion was indicated, i.e. there was a tendency δ15N (‰) to be higher when P was added. This, and another recent result based on an N budget, shows that so-called revitalization fertilization may well increase growth of trees, but also promotes losses of N from the ecosystem. As in the previous study, a decline in δ15N (‰) on control plots provided evidence of contamination. Given a removal of 100 kg N ha-1 at stem harvest and a leaching of 2 kg N ha-1 yr-1, our data on 15N suggest that a load of 9 kg N ha-1 yr-1 would saturate the ecosystem after 100 years. This load is only about twice the annual deposition at the site.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010967
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of variations in soil water potential, depth of N placement, and cultivar on postanthesis N uptake by wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 143 (1992), S. 45-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): 15N ; nitrogen harvest index ; nitrogen uptake efficiency ; soil water potential ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the influence of soil water potential, depth of N placement, timing, and cultivar on uptake of a small dose of labeled N applied after anthesis by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Understanding postanthesis N accumulation should allow better control of grain protein concentration through proper manipulation of inputs. Two hard, red spring-wheat cultivars were planted in early and late fall each yr of a 2-yr field experiment. Less than 1 kg N ha−1 as K 15NO3 was injected into the soil at two depths: shallow (0.05 to 0.08 m) and deep (0.15 to 0.18 m). In both years an irrigation was applied at anthesis, and injections of labeled N were timed 4, 12, and 20 days after anthesis (DAA). Soil water potential was estimated at the time of injection. Mean recovery of 15N in grain and straw was 57% of the 15N applied. Recovery did not differ between the high-protein (Yecora Rojo) and the low-protein (Anza or Yolo) cultivars. Mean recovery from deep placement was 60% versus only 54% from shallow placement (p 〈 0.01). Delaying the time of injection decreased mean recovery significantly from 58% at 4 DAA to 54% at 20 DAA. This decrease was most pronounced in the shallow placement, where soil drying was most severe. Regressions of recovery on soil water potential of individual cultivar x yr x planting x depth treatments were significant only under the driest conditions. Stepwise regression of 15N recovery on soil water potential and yield parameters using data from all treatments of both years resulted in an equation including soil water potential and N yield, with a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.64. The translocation of 15N to grain was higher (0.89) than the nitrogen harvest index (0.69), and showed a highly significant increase with increase in DAA. This experiment indicates that the N uptake capacity of wheat remains reasonably constant between 4 and 20 DAA unless soil drying is severe.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009127
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biological nitrogen fixation in trees in agro-ecosystems (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 141 (1992), S. 177-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): A-value ; acetylene reduction assay ; agroforestry ; isotope dilution ; 15N ; nitrogen fixation ; nodules ; trees ; ureide technique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The integration of trees, especially nitrogen fixing trees (NFTs), into agroforestry and silvo-pastoral systems can make a major contribution to sustainable agriculture by restoring and maintaining soil fertility, and in combating erosion and desertification as well as providing fuelwood. The particular advantage of NFTs is their biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), their ability to establish in nitrogen-deficient soils and the benefits of the nitrogen fixed (and extra organic matter) to succeeding or associated crops. The importance of NFTs leads to the question of how we can maximise or optimize their effects and how we can manage BNF and the transfer of nitrogen to associated or succeeding plantings. To be able to achieve these goals, suitable methods of measuring BNF in trees are necessary. The total nitrogen difference (TND) method is simple, but is better suited for low than high soil N conditions. The acetylene reduction assay (ARA), although sensitive and simple, has many technical limitations especially for NFTs, and the estimates of BNF have generally been very low, compared to other methods. For NFTs, the 15N techniques are still under development, but have already given some promising results (e.g., has been used to measure large genetic variability in BNF within different NFTs). Various factors affect BNF in trees. They include the age of trees, the microbial component, soil moisture, temperature, salinity, pH, soil N level and plant nutrient deficiencies. Some of the factors, e.g. temperature, affect the symbiosis more than plant growth, and differences in the effects of these factors on BNF in different NFT genotypes have been reported. These factors and research needs for improving BNF in trees are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011316
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrogen accumulation in sole and mixed stands of sweet-blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), ryegrass and oats (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): intercropping ; isotope dilution ; Lupinus angustifolius ; 15N ; nitrogen fixation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Nitrogen fixation was measured in monocropped sweet-blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), lupin intercropped with two ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cultivars or with oats (Avena sativa) on an Andosol soil, using the 15N isotope dilution method. At 117 days after planting and at a mean temperature below 10°C, monocropped lupin derived an average of 92% or 195 kg N ha−1 of its N from N2 fixation. Intercropping lupin with cereals increased (p〈0.05) the percentage of N derived from atmospheric N2 (% Ndfa) to a mean of 96%. Compared to the monocropped, total N fixed per hectare in intercropped lupin declined approximately 50%, in line with the decrease in seeding rate and dry matter yield. With these high values of N2 fixation, selection of the reference crop was not a problem; all the cereals, intercropped or grown singly produced similar estimates of N2 fixed in lupin. It was deduced from the 15N data that significant N transfer occurred from lupin to intercropped Italian ryegrass but not to intercropped Westerwoldian ryegrass or to oats. Doubling the 15N fertilizer rate from 30 to 60 kg N ha−1 decreased % Ndfa to 86% (p〈0.05), but total N fixed was unaltered. These results indicate that lupin has a high potential for N2 fixation at low temperatures, and can maintain higher rates of N2 fixation in soils of high N than many other forage and pasture legumes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010183
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of time of application on the utilization of nitrogen fertilizer by asparagus, estimated using 15N (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): asparagus ; Asparagus officinalis ; nitrogen fertilizer ; 15N ; plant uptake ; soil nitrogen fractions ; time of application
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the production of a 6-year-old asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) crop was examined over 2 years by the application of 0, 50 or 100 kg N ha−1 as ammonium sulphate at three times; 1) prior to fern growth (9 months before harvest), 2) prior to harvest, or 3) early-harvest prior to the main period of spear production. The utilization of N fertilizer was examined by applying 15N-enriched ammonium sulphate to 2 m×2.5 m microplost within the 50 kg N ha−1 treatments. There was a 12% response in spear production to added N in the first harvest year only and there was no significant effect of rate or time of N application. Plant uptake of added 15N by the end of the first harvest period was 25, 11 and 4% of the total applied for the pre-fern, pre-harvest and early-harvest treatments respectively. About 60% of the 15N applied pre- or early-harvest remained in the soil at the end of the first harvest period. Most of the 15N in soil in the pre-harvest treatment occurred as inorganic N and had been leached into the 150–600 mm soil depth. In contrast, most of the 15N that remained in soil from the early-harvest application was in the 0–75 mm depth and 40% of this had been immobilized into organic N. In the short-term (less than one year), utilisation of 15N-labelled N fertilizer by asparagus was greatest when applied prior to fern growth. However, after 2 years there was no difference between treatments in 15N recovery in plant or soil. Thus, time of application of N fertilizer had no long-term effect on production or utilization of N fertilizer by asparagus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009369
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fate of 15N-labelled nitrogen fertilizer applied to kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 59-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): kiwifruit ; 15N ; plant uptake ; remobilisation ; temporal changes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Temporal changes in the nitrogen (N) and 15N content of various components of six-year-old kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward’) vines which had received 15N-labelled ammonium fertilizer were measured. The fertilizer was applied singularly at 100 or 200 kg N ha−1 in early spring (two weeks before bud burst) or split with 100 kg N ha−1 (unlabelled) in early spring and 100 kg N ha−1 (15N-labelled) ten weeks later. All treatments were applied to vines with a history of either 50 or 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1. The N concentration of leaf and fruit tissue was generally lower in the 100 kg N ha−1 treatment than in the 200 kg N ha−1 treatments and this effect was greater than that of N fertilizer history. During the first 8 weeks after bud burst there was a rapid accumulation of N in leaves (ca. 80 kg N ha−1). Analysis of xylem sap at 4 weeks after bud burst revealed that about 60% of the N utilised for new growth was from remobilisation of N stored within the vines and about 40% from soil and fertilizer N. This was unaffected by rate of N application. Plant uptake of added 15N was rapid and almost complete within 10 weeks of application in either early spring or early summer. Initially, most 15N was present in the leaf and root components but these subsequently declined due to translocation into other components of the vine. The decline in leaf 15N coincided with an equivalent accumulation of 15N in the fruit. The 15N enrichment of the ‘annual’ components (leaves, fruit and current-season's shoots) was about twice that of the structural components (one-year-old shoots, cordon, stem and structural roots) during the first year after application. By the third year the 15N concentration of the annual components had declined to similar levels to that of the structural components. These changes were used to estimate the annual throughput of N from soil in vines which received no N fertilizer in years 2 and 3 at 50% of total above-ground N and only 7% in roots. This was equivalent to about 120 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Where fertilizer N (200 kg ha−1) was applied in year 2 the annual throughput of N from soil and fertilizer was about 170 kg N ha−1.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009371
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phosphorus requirements and nitrogen accumulation by three mungbean (Vigna radiata (L) Welzek) cultivars (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 267-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): fertilizer ; genotype ; isotope dilution ; legume ; 15N ; nitrogen fixation ; nodule ; phosphorus use efficiency
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A promising approach for overcoming poor crop yields in phosphorus (P)-deficient soils is to exploit the genetic variation among plants to grow under low P conditions. We examined the P requirements of three mungbean cultivars, T-77, MI-5 and E-72, using four P rates, 0, 30, 60 and 90 mg P kg-1 soil (designated P0, P1, P2 and P3, respectively). Nodulation was highest in T-77, and unlike the other cultivars, nodule numbers were not increased by P application. Similarly, growth of T-77 was the highest, and was not influenced by P rates. In contrast shoot yields of MI-5 and E-72 at P0 were only 76 and 65%, respectively, of the maximum obtained under P application. Nodule dry weight and the amount of N fixed (Ndfa) in each cultivar was enhanced by P application, with T-77 generally giving the lowest response, and accumulating the highest Ndfa. The data suggest a higher P requirement for N2 fixation (especially for T-77) than for growth. All plants increased their P uptake as P rates increased, with T-77 accumulating the highest amount of P at each P level. Differences in the physiological P use efficiency, PPUE (g shoot mg-1 P) among genotypes were generally not significant, neither were there any consistent trends as P rates changed. The ability to absorb P therefore appeared to be more important than PPUE in enhancing growth. We conclude from our data that it is possible by selection to obtain plants capable of good growth and high N2 fixation in soils of low P; cultivar T-77 is a good example.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029078
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    13C isotope discrimination correlates with biological nitrogen fixation in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 139 (1992), S. 145-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): 13C ; carbon isotope discrimination ; 15N ; % Ndfa ; N2 fixation ; salinity ; soybeans
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A preliminary study was conducted on greenhouse-grown soybean plants to investigate if carbon isotope (13C) discrimination (Δ) is related with the capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2). Seven soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cultivars (Goldsoy, A-100, Lee, Ada, D61-2694, Alto and Evans) inoculated with a mixture of Bradyrhizobium japonicum were tested. A salinity treatment imposed on one set of plants increased the range in Δ (18.72 × 103 − 19.56 × 103 without salinity to 18.72 × 103 − 20.36 × 103 with salinity) and N2 fixation (79.4%–84.9% without salinity to 73.6%–84.9% with salinity) attainable in the seven cultivars studied. For the full range of treatments, Δ was negatively correlated (r=−0.62*) with N2 fixation. Thus, subject to confirmation from further study, Δ may prove a useful tool in the selection of legume genotypes with a high capacity for N2 fixation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012852
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The role of VAM fungi in nitrogen dynamics in maize-bean intercrops (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 144 (1992), S. 85-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) ; Costa Rica ; dystrandept ; intercropping ; maize (Zea mays L.) ; N transfer ; 15N ; VAM fungi (Glomus etunicatum)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Nitrogen (N) transfer from N-fixing legumes via vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi to associated non-fixing plants has been demonstrated in greenhouse experiments. To date, this transfer has been shown only where mineral N is applied shortly before harvest, and hence is readily available. We have yet to demonstrate VAM-mediated N transfer where soil-N is limiting, a condition under which most traditional legume-nonlegume intercrops are grown. In this study, 15N-enriched soil (with 0.28%N) was used to distinguish between the uptake of soil- and atmospherically-derived N in maize grown with beans in the presence or absence of VAM fungi. VAM infection did not result in transfer of fixed N or soil N from bean to maize, despite a VAM-stimulated increase in N fixation in bean. In fact, beans were more competitive for soil N when mycorrhizal. N content in beans increased by 75% with a concomitant 22% decrease in mg N per maize plant. The competitive effect may have resulted from a VAM-mediated shift in carbon allocation in beans (but not maize) from shoots to roots.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018848
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evaluation of reference plants by labelling with 35S in the estimation of N2 fixation by 15N isotope dilution (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 145 (1992), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): isotope dilution ; lupins ; 15N ; 35S ; symbiotic N2 fixation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Lupins, canola, ryegrass and wheat fertilized with Na2 35SO4 and either 15NH4Cl or K15NO3(N:S=10:1), were grown in the field in unconfined microplots, and the sources of N and S (fertilizer, soil, atmosphere, seed) in plant tops during crop development were estimated. Modelled estimates of the proportion of lupin N derived from the atmosphere, which were obtained independently of reference plants, were used to calculate the proportion of lupin N derived from the soil. Total uptake of N and S and uptake of labelled N and S increased during crop development. Total uptake of S by canola was higher than lupins, but labelled S uptake by lupins exceeded uptake by canola. The form of N applied had no effect on uptake of labelled and unlabelled forms of N or S. Ratios of labelled to unlabelled S and ratios of labelled to unlabelled N derived from soil sources decreased during growth, and were less for S than for N for each crop at each sampling time. Although ratios of labelled to unlabelled soil-derived N were similar between crops at 155, 176 and 190 days after sowing, ratios of labelled to unlabelled S for lupins were higher than for the reference crops and declined during this period. The ratios of labelled to unlabelled S in lupins and the reference plants therefore bore no relationship either to ratios of labelled to unlabelled soil-derived N in the plants, or to total S uptake by the plants. Therefore the hypothesis that equal ratios of labelled N to unlabelled soil-derived N in legumes (Rleg) and reference plants (Rref) would be indicated by equal ratios of labelled to unlabelled S was not supported by the data. The results therefore show that the accuracy of reference plant-derived values of Rleg cannot be evaluated by labelling with 35S.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010346
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Dynamique des populations deRastrococcus invadens [Hom.: Pseudococcidae] au Congo; Influence de l'introduction accidentelle du parasitoïde asiatiqueGyranusoïdea tebygi [Hym.: Encyrtidae] (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 123-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Rastrococcus invadens ; Gyranusoïdea tebygi ; manguier ; frangipanier ; parasitoïde ; hyperparasitisme ; lutte biologique ; dynamique des populations ; Rastrococcus invadens ; Gyranusoidea tebygi ; mango ; frangipani ; parasitoid ; hyperparasitoid ; biological control ; population dynamics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary The study of fruit-trees mealybugRastrococcus invadens Williams [Hom.: Pseudococcidae] population dynamics, before and after accidental introduction of the Indo-Pakistani primary parasitoidGyranusoidea tebygi Noyes [Hym.: Encyrtidae], was investigated in Congo, on two of its host-plants, mango (Mangifera indica L.,Anacardiaceae) and frangipani (Plumeria alba L.,Apocynaceae). It shows that before introduction of the exotic parasitoid, the local entomophagous complex is little abundant and diversified. The population dynamics of the pest, very different on the two host-plants, seems more linked to the physiological and phenological characteristics of the plant than to climatic factors. On the two host-plants, the mealybug is able to develop 5 generations per year, each of 70–80 days. Three to four months after its introduction,G. tebygi developed 50 to 90% of parasitism that significantly affects mealybug population dynamics. Eight to nine months later its establishment among low densities of the pest confirm its acclimatation. The 50 to 60% ofG. tebygi mortality attributable to the 8 species of the hyperparasitoid complex do not seem to prevent it from being an efficient parasitoid. The impact ofR. invadens parasitoid complex was compared to the one of cassava mealybug.
    Notizen: Résumé L'étude de la dynamique des populations de la cochenille farineuse des arbres fruitiersRastrococcus invadens Williams [Hom.: Pseudococcidae], avant et après l'introduction accidentelle du parasitoïde primaire indo-pakistanaisGyranusoïdea tebygi Noyes [Hym.: Encyrtidae], a été entreprise au Congo, sur 2 de ses plantes hôtes, le manguier (Mangifera indica L.,Anacardiaceae) et le frangipanier (Plumeria alba L.,Apocynaceae). Avant l'introduction du parasitoïde exotique, le complexe entomophage local s'est révélé peu abondant et diversifié. Le profil de gradation des populations du ravageur, très différent sur les 2 plantes hôtes, semble davantage lié aux caractéristiques physiologiques et phénologiques du végétal qu'aux facteurs climatiques. La cochenille est capable de développer 5 générations de 70–80 jours par an sur les 2 plantes hôtes. Trois à quatre mois après son introduction, les 50 à 90% de parasitisme développés parG. tebygi ont affecté significativement la dynamique des populations de la cochenille. Huit à neuf mois plus tard, son maintien sur de faibles effectifs du ravageur confirme son acclimatation. Les 50 à 60% de mortalité provoqués par les 8 espèces du complexe hyperparasitaire ne paraissent pas limiter son efficacité. Le complexe parasitaire deR. invadens est comparé à celui de la cochenille du manioc.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372981
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biological control of alligator weed: Unsuccessful attempts to control terrestrial growth using the flea beetleDisonycha argentinensis [Col.: Chrysomelidae] (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Disonycha argentinensis ; alligator weed ; terrestrial growth ; biological control ; Disonycha argentinensis ; milieu terrestre ; lutte biologique ; Alternanthera philoxeroides
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé En Australie, la lutte biologique contreAlternanthera philoxeroides, mauvaise herbe se développant en milieu aquatique, a été couronnée de succès mais les auxiliaires utilisés, un ColéoptèreAgasicles hygrophila et un LépidoptèreVogtia malloi sont inefficaces en milieu terrestre. Un autre Coléoptère,Disonycha argentinensis, fut donc introduit en Australie pour lutter contre le développement de cette mauvaise herbe en milieu terrestre. Les descendants des adultes récoltés au Brésil dans des zones similaires par le climat et le biotope à celles où croît la mauvaise herbe en Australie ont été relâchés mais ne se sont pas installés. Des œufs furent pondus par des femelles lâchées dans une grande cage sur le terrain et des adultes ont ainsi été obtenus, mais ceux-ci ne se reproduisirent pas. Cet échec peut s'expliquer par le microclimat ou la prédation qui auraient empêché l'installation deDisonycha argentinensis. Cependant ces résultats ne devraient pas empêcher des essais d'installation de cet insecte en Amérique du Nord, en Chine ou ailleurs.
    Notizen: Abstract Biological control of alligator weed growing in aquatic habitats in Australia is successful but the agents, a flea beetleAgasicles hygrophila and a mothVogtia malloi, do not control terrestrial growth. Consequently another flea beetleDisonycha argentinensis was introduced into Australia specifically to control the terrestrial growth. Progeny of adults collected in Brazil from areas similar in climate and habitat to areas infested with alligator weed in Australia, were released but failed to become established. Eggs were laid by females released into a large field cage and some completed development, but the new adults failed to reproduce. Tentative conclusions are that microclimate or predation may have prevented establishment ofD. argentinensis but the results should not preclude attempts to establish this insect in North America, China or elsewhere.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372420
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biology and host specificity ofOncochila simplex [Hem.: Tingidae], a candidate for the biological control of leafy spurgeEuphorbia esula L. “complex” (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 79-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): weeds ; herbivore ; phytophagous ; mauvaises herbes ; phytophage ; lutte biologique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des études bionomiques et trophiques d'Oncochila simplex (Herrich-Shaeffer) (Hem.: Tingidae), agent potentiel de lutte contreEuphorbia esula L. «complex» aux Etats-Unis ont été réalisées au cours des années 1979–1982 au laboratoire USDA/ARS, à Rome et pendant les années 1981–1982 au laboratoire USDA/ARS, Albany (Californie). Les adultes et les nymphes d'Oncochila simplex hivernent à la base de leurs plantes hôtes, à 4–5 cm au-dessous du sol. Dans la région de Piacenza (Italie du Nord), les adultes réapparaissent à la fin mars et sont présents pendant 5 générations successives jusqu'à la fin de septembre. Au laboratoire, sous des conditions de jour long (16L∶8D), la reproduction a été continue, atteignant 11 générations en 1981. Le cycle de développement dure de 33 à 40 jours. Les femelles insèrent leurs œufs au-dessous du mésophylle des tiges. Une moyenne de 175±109 œufs/femelle a été enregistrée. Sur un échantillon de 1 580 œufs, 83% ont été fertiles.Oncochila simplex a 4 stades larvaires et les adultes peuvent vivre de 50 à 70 jours. Dans les essais sans choix, les larves néonates d'O. simplex ont présenté un développement sur les plantes du genreEuphorbia (sous-genreEsula) et sur salades et maïs. Dans les essais à l'extérieur, une génération s'est développée surEuphorbia lathyris, mais aucune sur salades et maïs. Le développement des larves néonates sur salade et maïs en conditions artificielles n'implique pas que ces plantes puissent constituer des hôtes possibles à l'extérieur. Notre hypothèse selon laquelleO. simplex a un spectre trophique limité a été confortée par les données de la littérature; aucune mention de cette espèce n'a été faite sur salade ou sur maïs. Nous concluons queO. simplex devrait être proposé comme agent de lutte biologique contreE. esula aux Etats-Unis.
    Notizen: Abstract Bionomical and host-range studies of the lacebug,Oncochila simplex (Herrich-Shaeffer) (Hemiptera: Tingidae), a candidate for the biological control of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L. “complex”) in the United States, were made during the years 1979 to 1982 at the USDA-ARS Rome Laboratory, and during 1981 and 1982 at the USDA-ARS Albany, California laboratory. A total of 26 test plant species, varieties, or population was used. Oncochila simplex overwinters as adults and nymphs at the base of its host, 4 to 5 cm below the soil surface. In the Piacenza area (northern Italy) adults first appeared at the end of March and were present as 5 successive generations until the end of September. In the laboratory, under long day (L: D-16: 8) conditions, reproduction was continuous, amounting to 11 generations during 1981. Each life cycle was completed in 33 to 40 days. The ♀♀ laid eggs under the mesophyll of stems. An average of 175±10.93 eggs per female were produced. Of a sample of 1,580 eggs, 83% were fertile.Oncochila simplex has 4 nymphal instars. Adults lived 50–70 days. In no-choice tests, neonate nymphs ofO. simplex developed on plants of the genusEuphorbia (subgenusEsula) and on lettuce and corn. In field trials, this lacebug completed a generation onEuphorbia lathyris L., but not on lettuce and corn. The development of neonate nymphs under forced conditions on lettuce and corn does not necessarily indicate that these plants are suitable hosts in nature. Our hypothesis of the restricted host range ofO. simplex is also supported by the literature, in which there are no reports of this species from lettuce, corn or other plants of agricultural importance. We conclude thatO. simplex should be introduced as a biological control agent against leafy spurge in the United States.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372976
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Rearing ofChaetorellia australis (Dipt., Tephritidae) on an artificial diet (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 253-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Chaetorellia australis ; Tephritidae ; Diptera ; rearing ; Centaurea solstitialis ; biological control ; weeds ; Chaetorellia australis ; Diptera ; Tephritidae ; élevage artificiel ; Centaurea solstitialis ; lutte biologique ; mauvaises herbes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Le TephritideChaetorellia australis qui attaque les capitules floraux deCentaurea solstitialis L. et qui est considéré comme auxiliaire potentiel dans la lutte biologique contre cette mauvaise herbe, est élevé pour la première fois et pendant 2 générations consécutives sur un milieu nutritif artificiel. Avec une densité de 0,5 œuf/g de substrat nutritif, on obtient finalement 18% d'adultes, mais quand la densité des œufs augmente, ce rendement diminue. A une température de 25°C, la durée de développement du stade œuf jusqu'au stade adulte varie entre 20 et 25 jours pour les 2 générations étudiées. La longévité moyenne des adultes de la première génération est d'environ 32 jours pour les mâles et de 34,9 jours pour les femelles. La fécondité est de 53,3 œufs par femelle et le taux d'éclosion est de 88,8%. Ces paramètres biologiques sont plus ou moins similaires à ceux observés dans la population sauvage.
    Notizen: Abstract Larvae of the tephritid flyChaetorellia australis Hering, which infests flowerheads of the yellow starthistleCentaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae), and which is a candidate species for biological control, of that weed, were reared for the first time and for two consecutive generations on an artificial diet. At a density of 0.5 eggs per g diet a yield of 18.5% F1 adults (over hatched eggs), was obtained. When the density of eggs per g diet increased, the yield decreased. At 25°C the duration of development from egg to adult was 20–25 days for both generations. F1 adults reared on artificial diet had an average longevity of 32.0 days for males and 34.9 days for females. The fecundity was 53.3 eggs per female and the egg hatchability 88.8%. These and other biological parameters are similar to those of wild flies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372425
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Host specificity and biology ofHeteropsylla spinulosa [Hom.: Psyllidae] introduced into Australia and Western Samoa for the biological control ofMimosa invisa (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 293-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Heteropsylla spinulosa ; Mimosa invisa ; host specificity ; biology ; biological control ; Heteropsylla spinulosa ; Mimosa invisa ; spécificité ; biologie ; lutte biologique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La biologie et la spécificité du psyllideHeteropsylla spinulosa Muddiman, Hodkinson & Hollis récolté surMimosa invisa Von Martius ont été examinées au Brésil et en Australie. On a observé l'oviposition sur 19 des 100 espèces de plantes examinées, mais toutes les larves sont mortes sans se nourrir, à l'exception de celles qui étaient surMimosa invisa. On a montré queHeteropsylla spinulosa est spécifique deMimosa invisa; le psyllide a donc été introduit et il s'est établi en Australie et en Samoa-Occidentale.
    Notizen: Abstract The biology and host specificity of the psyllidHeteropsylla spinulosa Muddiman, Hodkinson & Hollis collected fromMimosa invisa Von Martius, was studied in Brazil and in Australia. Oviposition was recorded on 19 of 100 plant species tested but nymphs died without feeding, except onM. invisa. H. spinulosa was shown to be specific toM. invisa and was subsequently released and established in Australia and Western Samoa.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372430
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A survey of black scale,Saissetia oleae [Hom.: Coccidae] parasitoids [Hym.: Chalcidoidea] in southern California (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 373-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Saissetia oleae ; Chalcidoidea ; parasitoids ; biological control ; abundance ; Saissetia oleae ; Chalcidoidea ; parasitoïde ; lutte biologique ; abondance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Un examen d'ensemble des parasitoïdes de la Cochenille noireSaissetia oleae (Olivier), présents en Californie méridionale a été conduit entre septembre 1987 et septembre 1989. 1 610 spécimens ont été obtenus à partir de 308 récoltes de rameaux d'agrumes d'olivier et de laurier-rose, infestés de cochenille noire et provenant de 19 sites. Les spécimens consistaient en neuf espèces de parasitoïdes primaires et six espèces de parasitoïdes secondaires. Les quatre espèces primaires suivantes étaient abondantes en Californie méridionale:Metaphycus bartletti Annecke et Mynhardt,Metaphycus helvolus (Compere),Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe) (=Scutellista cyanea Motschulsky) etDiversinervus elegans Silvestri. Les parasitoïdes secondaires les plus communs étaientMarietta mexicana (Howard),Cheiloneurus noxius Compere etTetrastichus minutus (Howard). Dans la région côtière du Sud de la Californie,M. bartletti était le parasitoïde le plus abondant, suivi dans l'ordre, parD. elegans, S. carulea etM. helvolus. Dans les régions intermédiaire et intérieure,M. helvolus était le plus abondant.D. elegans était second en abondance dans la région intermédiaire, mais rare dans la région intérieure.M. bartletti était second en abondance dans la région intérieure et troisième en abondance dans la région intermédiaire.
    Notizen: Abstract A survey of black scaleSaissetia oleae (Olivier) parasitoids present in southern California was conducted between September 1987 and September 1989. From 308 collections of black scale-infested citrus, olive, and oleander twigs from 19 sites in southern California, 1,610 specimens were collected. Nine primary and six secondary parasitoid species were identified. Four primary species were abundant in southern California:Metaphycus bartletti Annecke & Mynhardt,M. helvolus (Compere),Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe) (=S. cyanea Motschulsky), andDiversinervus elegans Silvestri. The most common secondary parasitoids wereMarietta mexicana (Howard),Cheiloneurus noxius Compere, andTetrastichus minutus (Howard). In the coastal region of southern California,M. bartletti was the most abundant parasitoid, followed in order byD. elegans, S. Caerulea, andM. helvolus. In the intermediate and interior regions,M. helvolus was most abundant.D. elegans was second most abundant in the intermediate region, but was rare in the interior region.M. bartletti was second in abundance in the interior region and third in the intermediate region.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373111
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Host specificity and aspects of the biology ofCalligrapha pantherina (Col.: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent ofSida acuta [Malvaceae] andS. rhombifolia in Australia (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 409-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Calligrapha pantherina ; chrysomelid ; biological control ; weed ; host specificity ; Sida acuta ; Sida rhombifolia ; Calligrapha pantherina ; Sida acuta ; Sida rhombifolia ; lutte biologique ; mauvaise herbe
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La spécificité de la chrysomèle originaire du Mexique,Calligrapha pantherina, vis-à-vis de son hôte a été contrôlée, dans les installations de la quarantaine du C.S.I.R.O. à Brisbane (Australie), sur 80 espèces de plantes appartenant à 28 familles, étroitement liées aux Malvacées ou comprenant des espèces d'importance économique. C. pantherina pond et se développe avec succès sur son hôte préférentielS. acuta et avec moins de succès surS. rhombifolia etS. spinosa, qui sont toutes des mauvaises herbes d'Australie. On a décrit les aspects de l'oviposition, du développement larvaire, de l'alimentation des adultes et de la longévité deC. pantherina. C. pantherina fut lâchée en Australie en 1989 et s'est bien installée surS. acuta mais seulement en quelques sites surS. rhombifolia.
    Notizen: Abstract The host specificity of a chrysomelid beetle,Calligrapha pantherina Stål, from Mexico, was verified in the CSIRO quarantine facilities in Brisbane, Australia on 80 species of plants in 28 families, either closely related to Malvaceae or in families containing economically important species.C. pantherina oviposited and developed successfully on its preferred host,S. acuta, and less successfully onS. rhombifolia andS. spinosa, all of which are weeds in Australia. Aspects of oviposition, larval development, and adult feeding and longevity ofC. pantherina are described.C. pantherina was released in Australia during 1989 and readily established onS. acuta but established at only a few sites onS. rhombifolia.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373114
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phytophagous insects collected fromParkinsonia aculeata [Leguminosae: Caesalpiniaceae] in the Sonoran desert region of the southwestern United States and Mexico (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 465-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Parkinsonia ; biological control ; weeds ; Insecta ; Sonoran desert ; Australia ; Parkinsonia ; lutte biologique ; mauvaises herbes ; Insecta ; désert Sonoran ; Australie
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Parkinsonia aculeata L. (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae), mauvaise herbe du nord de l'Australie, fut l'objet d'un programme de lutte biologique entre 1983 et 1987. Soixante-cinq espèces d'insectes phytophages furent récoltés surP. aculeata dans la région du désert Sonoran, (sud-ouest des Etats-Unis) et au Mexique. Six ordres (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera et Thysanoptera) et 30 familles furent représentés. Parmi les 12 espèces qui sont potentiellement des agents de lutte biologique, une seule est acceptable selon des tests de spécificité et a été libérée en Australie.
    Notizen: Abstract Parkinsonia aculeata L. (Leguminosae: Caesalpiniaceae), a weed in northern Australia, was the target of a biological control programme from 1983–1987. Sixty-five phytophagous insect species were collected fromP. aculeata growing in the Sonoran desert region of the southwestern United States and Mexico. Six orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera and Thysanoptera) and 30 families were represented. Of the 12 species with potential as biological control agents, only one has passed specificity testing and has been released in Australia.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373119
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Temporal relationships betweenZea mays, ostrinia nubilalis (Lep.: Pyralidae) and endophyticBeauveria bassiana (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 525-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Beauveria bassiana ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; endophytic relationship ; biological control ; insect pathology ; Zea mays ; Beauveria bassiana ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; lutte biologique ; relation endophyte ; pathologie de l'insecte ; Zea mays
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Le champignon entomopathogène,Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin a été épandu sur maïs, au stade cornet (V7) par application foliaire d'une formulation granulée de grits de maïs contenant des conidies ou par injection d'une suspension de conidies. Toutes les plantes ont été infestées à l'aide de larves de la Pyrale du maïs,Ostrinia nubilalis, au stade V7 (cornet), V12 (fin de stade cornet), ou V17 (apparition de la panicule). Les plantes infestées au stade cornet et à la fin du stade cornet ont eu significativement plus de chenilles de Pyrale en train de miner que les plantes infestées au stade début de panicule mâle. Le pourcentage de plantes infestées parB. bassiana n'était pas significativement différent entre ces 3 stades phénologiques. Au fur et à mesure que les plantes se développaient,B. bassiana était isolé de différentes parties de la plante, la moelle étant plus souvent infestée que les ligules. Les applications foliaires deB. bassiana ont entraîné la destruction immédiate de la pyrale chez les plantes infestées au stade cornet. La baisse de l'efficacité deB. bassiana aux stades intermédiaires par comparaison avec son efficacité au moment de la récolte est discutée.
    Notizen: Abstract The entomopathogenic fungus,Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, was applied to whorl-stage (V7) corn,Zea mays L., by foliar application of a granular formulation of corn grits containing conidia or by injection of a conidial suspension. All plants were infested with European corn borer larvae,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), at the V7 (whorl), V12 (late-whorl), or V17 (pretassel) stage of plant development. Plants infested at whorl and late-whorl stages had significantly more European corn borer tunneling than did plants infested at the pretassel stage. The percentage of plants colonized byB. bassiana did not differ significantly among the whorl, late-whorl, and pretassel stages. As the plants matured,B. bassiana was isolated from different plant areas, with the pith more frequently colonized than the leaf collars. Foliar application ofB. bassiana provided immediate suppression ofO. nubilalis in those plants infested at whorl stage. The reduced efficacy ofB. bassiana at the intermediate plant stages relative to efficacy at harvest is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372322
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Feeding behavior ofEuseius stipulatus andTyphlodromus phialatus on the citrus red mitePanonychus citri [Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae] (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 537-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Phytoseiidae ; predation ; biological control ; preference ; Phytoseiidae ; lutte biologique ; Citrus ; relation prédateur proie ; préférence alimentaire
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé On a étudié le comportement alimentaire des deux principales espèces de phytoséiides présents dans les vergers de Citrus en Espagne,Euseius stipulatus (Athias-Henriot) etTyphlodromus phialatus Athias-Henriot. Les expériences ont été menées en élevant l'acarien prédateur sur feuilles d'oranger, avec un excès de sa proiePanonychus citri (McGregor). Dans les essais avec tous les stades de l'acarien rouge, le nombre moyen de proies tuées par heure est de 5.12 et 2.00, le pourcentage d'attaques réussies de 58% et 21% et le temps moyen passé à se nourrir sur chaque proie de 5.1 min et 12.2 min respectivement pour les femelles d'E. stipulatus etT. phialatus. Tous les stades de développement, excepté le stade œuf, peuvent être consommés parE. stipulatus tandis queT. phialatus se nourrit de tous les stades, à l'exception des mes. Chez les deux espèces, les femelles deP. citri sont attaquées avec moins de succès que les immatures. Lorsque les proies sont constituées de femelles adultes ou d'œufs deP. citri le nombre moyen de proies tuées quotidiennement est de 4.51 femelles pourE. stipulatus, et de 2.01 femelles et 2.12 œufs pourT. phialatus. Si l'on considère le nombre d'œufs pondus par les acariens prédateurs durant la même période,E. stipulatus ingère seulement 30% du total des proies tuées, alors queT. phialatus ingère un nombre de proies variable selon les individus, allant de 40 à 100%. Ces différences d'alimentation chez ces deux espèces pourraient expliquer en partie leurs différences d'efficacité observées sur le terrain, en tant qu'agents de lutte biologique.
    Notizen: Abstract Observations were made on the feeding behavior of the two main phytoseiid species in Spanish Citrus orchards,Euseius stipulatus (Athias-Henriot) andTyphlodromus phialatus Athias-henriot. The experiences were carried out by rearing the predatory mites on excised orange leaves, and always with an excess of the prey the Citrus Red Mite (=CRM)Panonychus citri (McGregor). In experiments with all stages of CRM, the number of prey killed per hour was 5.12 and 2.00, the percentage of successful attacks, 58% and 21%, and the mean time spent feeding on each prey was 5.1 and 12.2 minutes for starving females ofE. stipulatus andT. phialatus respectively.E. stipulatus feeds on all stages of the prey except eggs, andT. philatus, on all stages, except males. Both species attack much less successfully females ofP. citri rather than immatures. In experiments with adult females and eggs ofP. citri as prey, the mean number of prey killed daily was 4.51 females forE. stipulatus, and 2.01 females and 2.12 eggs forT. philatus. Considering this killing rate and the number of eggs laid by the predators in the same period, it can be concluded thatE. stipulatus consumes only 30% of the content of the preys killed, whereasT. philatus consumes a percentage of prey variable between individuals and ranging from 40% to 100%. These differences in feeding behavior between the two species could partly explain differences in their efficiency as biocontrol agents ofP. citri observed in the field.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372323
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biocontrol of the apple sawfly,Hoplocampa testudinea, with entomogenous nematodes (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 575-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Apple sawfly ; Hoplocampa testudinea ; biological control ; nematodes ; Steinernema ; Heterorhabditis ; Hoplocampe de la pomme ; Hoplocampa testudinea ; lutte biologique ; nématodes ; Steinernema ; Heterorhabditis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé On a effectué quatre types d'expériences pour évaluer la pathogénicité de nématodes entomogènes contre l'hoplocampe des pommes,Hoplocampa testudinea Klug (Hymenoptera:Tenthredinidae). En boîte de Petri,Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) souche DD 136,S. carpocapsae souche All,S. feltiae (Filipjev) etHeterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar ont causé 100% de mortalité larvaire 72 h aprè le traitement. En conditions de plein champs sous des pommiers nains, un seul traitement avec 40 ou 80S. carpocapsae souche All/cm2 a causé une mortalité significative (〉 80%). Un second traitement avec des nématodes n'a pas amené une augmentation significative de la mortalité. En 1990, des traitements tardifs avec 40S. carpocapsae souche All/cm2 dans des quadrats de 50×50 cm disposés sous des pommiers nains ont été effectués au printemps 1989. Au printemps 1990, respectivement 22 et 25 hoplocampes adultes émergeaient des quadrats traités avec 40 et 80S. carpocapsae souche All/cm2, tandis que 78 adultes ont émergé des quadrats traités avec de l'eau. Pulvérisé sur le feuillage, un seul traitement avec la souche All deS. carpocapsae a significativement réduit le pourcentage de fruits ayant des dommages secondaires. On discute de la possibilité d'utiliser des nématodes entomogènes dans le cadre d'un programme de lutte intégrée, avec une attention particulière à l'intégration avec le programme de lutte contre les populations du charançon de la prune,Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst (Coleoptera:Curculionidae).
    Notizen: Abstract Four types of experiments were conducted to assess the pathogenicity of entomogenous nematodes against the apple sawfly,Hoplocampa testudinea Klug (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). In Petri dish,Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) DD 136 strain,S. carpocapsae All strain,S. feltiae (Filipjev) andHeterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar caused 100% larval mortality 72 h after the treatments. In semi-field conditions under dwarf apple trees, a single treatment with either 40 or 80S. carpocapsae All strain/cm2 caused significant (〉80%) larval mortality. No significant increase in mortality was obtained with a second application. In 1990, late treatment with 80S. carpocapsae All strain/cm2 caused significant (39.1%) pupal mortality. In 50×50 cm quadrats under dwarf apple trees, treatment with 40 and 80S. carpocapsae All strain/cm2 were done in spring 1989. In spring 1990, respectively 22 and 25 apple sawfly adults emerged from quadrats treated with 40 and 80S. carpocapsae All strain/cm2, whereas 78 adults emerged from untreated quadrats. In a foliar application experiment, a single treatment withS. carpocapsae All strain significantly reduced the percent of fruit showing secondary damage. The possibility of using entomogenous nematodes as part of an integrated pest management in apple orchards is discussed, with particular reference to the integration of programs aimed at managing plum curculio,Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) populations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372327
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The biology and host specificity of the stem-boring weevilListronotus setosipennis [Col.: Curculionidae] A potential biocontrol agent forParthenium hysterophorus [Asteraceae] (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 591-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Parthenium ; Listronotus ; biocontrol ; biology ; host-specificity ; Parthenium ; Listronotus ; lutte biologique ; biologie ; spécificité
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Le charançon foreur de tigeListronotus setosipennis (Hustache) [Col: Curculionidae] est répandu et nuisible à son hôteParthenium hysterophorus L. [Asteraceae] au nord de l'Argentine et au sud du Brésil. Des expériences détaillées sur les hôtes ont montré que sa gamme d'hôtes était restreinte et, malgré qu'il se soit nourri et développé sur le tournesol durant des essais, il s'est avéré être un agent sans risque pour le contrôle biologique contreP. hysterophorus. Le charançon fut lâché dans la nature au Queensland, en Australie, de 1982 à 1986 et s'est établi sur plusieurs milliers d'hectares à différents endroits. Malgré cela, il se répand lentement et l'effet sur la plante est encore négligeable.
    Notizen: Abstract The stem-boring weevilListronotus setosipennis (Hustache) is widespread and damaging to its hostParthenium hysterophorus L. in northern Argentina and southern Brazil. In detailed host-testing it was shown to have a restricted host-range and, despite some feeding and development on sunflower in tests, to be a safe biological control agent againstP. hysterophorus. Field releases in Queensland, Australia took place from 1982 to 1986 and the weevil has established over several thousand hectares at numerous sites. Spread is however slow and the effect on the plant still negligible.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372329
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Observations on the life cycle and establishment ofCochylis atricapitana (Lep: Cochylidae), a moth used for biological control ofSenecio jacobaea in Australia (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 641-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Senecio jacobaea ; ragwort ; Cochylis atricapitana ; biological control ; establishment ; Senecio jacobaea ; Cochylis atricapitana ; lutte biologique ; lâcher
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les larves du lépidoptère nocturneCochylis atricapitana (Stephens) sont monophages sur le séneçonSenecio jacobaea L. (Asteraceae). Certains aspects du cycle biologique deC. atricapitana ont été étudiés. Les femelles pondent une moyenne de 158 œufs avec un maximum de 355. La majorité des œufs sont pondus individuellement, à côté des nervures primaires et secondaires, à la face inférieure des feuilles. La période d'incubation est de 4,2 jours à 30°C et de 14,4 jours à 15°C. Il faut 40 jours pour obtenir une génération, avec une température de 23°C et une photopériode de 16 heures. Les jeunes chenilles creusent des galeries dans les feuilles, couronnes, tiges et bourgeons de la plante. Il y a cinq stades larvaires et les chenilles entrent en diapause au dernier stade. Dans le sud du Victoria, les adultes sont actifs de la fin septembre au début de février.C. atricapitana s'est installé sur deux sites et les dégâts sur séneçon ont été observés dans 52% des sites où les lépidoptères ont été lâchés.
    Notizen: Abstract Larvae of the mothCochylis atricapitana (Stephens) are monophagous leaf, crown, stem or bud borers of ragwort,Senecio jacobaea L. (Asteraceae). In the present investigation, aspects of the life cycle ofC. atricapitana were determined. Moths ofC. atricapitana lay an average of 158 eggs/female with as many as 355 eggs being laid by a single female. The majority of eggs are laid individually along the primary and secondary veins on the underside of ragwort leaves. Egg incubation ranges from 4.2 days at 30°C to 14.4 days at 15°C. At a constant 23°C under a 16 hour photoperiod,C. atricapitana takes approximately 40 days to complete a generation. Caterpillars make their way to young, actively growing ragwort shoots or buds, and begin mining into the plant tissue, boring into the leaf, crown, stem or bud.C. atricapitana has five larval instars and enters diapause as a final instar larva. In southern Victoria, moths ofC. atricapitana fly from late September through to the beginning of February. Adults emerge after overwintering towards the end of spring or beginning of summer.C. atricapitana has established at two sites while larvae, or signs of damage have been observed at approximately 52% of release sites.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372335
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Dispersal ofAleochara bilineata [Col.: Staphylinidae] following inundative releases in urban gardens (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 55-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Staphylinidae ; Aleochara bilineata ; beneficial arthropods ; dispersal ; predation ; biological control ; arthropodes utiles ; dissémination ; prédation ; lutte biologique ; Staphylinidae ; Aleochara bilineata
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Aleochara bilineata (Gyllenhal) [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] est un prédateur et un parasite courants de la mouche des racines [Diptera: Anthomyiidae] dans les cultures commerciales et les jardins potagers. Pour évaluer l'activité de dissémination deA. bilineata dans les jardins potagers, on a lâché des coléoptères marqués à raison de 0 et de 1000 en 1987, et de 0, 250, 500, et 1000/jardin potager/semaine en 1988. Trois pour cent des coléoptères ainsi marqués ont été recapturés dans les jardins potagers d'origine. Les populations naturelles deA. bilineata sont très faibles dans tous les jardins potagers et on ne constate aucune augmentation décelable de 1987 à 1988. Les recaptures sont proportionnelles aux taux de lâchers. On n'observe aucune différence significative dans les taux de recapture entre les sexes. Les recaptures et les distributions non uniformes deA. bilineata marqués dans les jardins potagers révèlent qu'ils ont pu voler au moins à 5 km de distance dans les conditions urbaines et choisir certains jardins plutôt que d'autres comme emplacements propices à l'accouplement, la quête de nourriture et l'oviposition.
    Notizen: Abstract Aleochara bilineata (Gyllenhal) [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] is a common predator and endoparasite of root maggot [Diptera: Anthomyiidae] in both commercial crops and home gardens. To test dispersal activity ofA. bilineata in home gardens, marked beetles were released at rates of 0 and 1,000 in 1987 and 0, 250, 500, and 1,000/gardens/wk in 1988. Three percent of marked beetles were recaptured in release gardens. NaturalA. bilineata populations were very small in all gardens, and there was no detectable increase from 1987 to 1988. Recaptures were proportional to release rates. There was no significant difference in recapture rates between sexes. Recaptures and non-uniform distributions of markedA. bilineata in control gardens revealed that they were capable of flying at least 5 km under urban conditions, and of selecting particular gardens as suitable mating, foraging, and oviposition sites.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372974
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biology ofPhanerotoma hendecasisella [Hym: Braconidae] a parasitoid ofDiaphania indica [Lep.: Pyralidae] (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 3-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Phanerotoma hendecasisella ; biological control ; biology ; Phanerotoma hendecasisella ; lutte biologique ; biologie
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé On a mené des études sur l'endoparasitoïde oophage solitairePhanerotoma hendecasisella Cam. [Hymenoptera, Braconidae] pour déterminer sa biologie surDiaphania indica (Saunders) [Lepidoptera, Pyralidae]. Les larves passent par trois stades déterminés par la forme et la taille des mandibules. La durée moyenne de développement de l'œuf à l'adulte était de 26,51 jours à 26,06°C et 73,88% d'humidité relative. Il n'y a pas de période de préoviposition. Le rapport des sexes était: 1∶1,12 (♂/♀). La longévité moyenne de l'adulte n'était pas différente pour les mâles et les femelles.
    Notizen: Abstract Studies were conducted on the solitary egg-larval endoparasitoidPhanerotoma hendecasisella Cam. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] to determine its biology onDiaphania indica (Saunders) [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae]. Larvae pass through 3 stages as determined by the shape and size of the mandibles. Mean developmental period from egg to adult was 26.51 days at 26.06 °C and 73.88% RH. There is no preoviposition period. The sex ratio was 1∶1.12 (male/female). Mean adult longevity was not different for ♂♂ and ♀♀.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372968
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Infectivity of two members of theEntomophthora muscae complex [Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales] forMusca domestica [Dipt.: Muscidae] (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 11-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Entomophthora muscae ; Musca domestica ; Muscidae ; infectivity ; biological control ; Entomophthora muscae ; Musca domestica ; Muscidae ; pathogénie infectieuse ; lutte biologique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des études sur les doses mortelles ont été conduites avec deux membres du complexe d'Entomophthora muscae (Cohn) Fresenius du sud de la Californie (CA) et du Danemark (DA) infectant les mouches domestiques,Musca domestica L., du sud de la Californie. Les conidies primaires de la forme danoise furent significativement plus infectieuses (DL 50=34 conidies/mm2) que les conidies primaires de la forme californienne (DL 50=67 conidies/mm2) pour des mouches (≪jeunes≫) âgées de 2 à 7 jours. La pathogénie infectieuse (simple essai expérimental) pour les mouches (≪vieilles≫) âgées de 10 à 14 jours des conidies primaires de la forme californienne (DL 50=34 conidies/mm2) était similaire à celle de la forme danoise pour les mouches jeunes. Les conidies secondaires de la forme californienne furent nettement plus infectieuses (DL 50=0,36 conidies/mm2) que les conidies primaires de chaque forme. La dose n'avait pas d'effet significatif sur la période d'incubation pour les conidies primaires de chaque forme, mais des doses croissantes entraînaient des périodes d'incubation significativement plus courtes pour les mouches exposées aux conidies secondaires de la forme californienne.
    Notizen: Abstract Dose-mortality studies were conducted with 2 members of theEntomophthora muscae (Cohn) Fresenius complex from southern California (CA) and Denmark (DA) infecting house flies,Musca domestica L., from southern California. Primary conidia of the DA form were significantly more infective (LC50=34 conidia/mm2) than primary conidia of the CA form (LC50=67 conidia/mm2) for 2–7 days old (‘young’) flies. Infectivity (single experimental trial) for 10–14 day old (‘old’) flies of primary conidia of the CA form (LC50=34 conidia/mm2) was similar to that of the DA form for young flies. Secondary conidia of the CA form were markedly more infective (LC50=0.36 conidia/mm2) than primary conidia of either form. Dose had no significant effect on incubation period for primary conidia of either form, but increased doses resulted in significantly shorter incubation periods for flies exposed to secondary conidia of the CA form.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372969
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Acceptance of eggs ofRivula atimeta, Naranga aenescens [Lep.: Noctuidae] andHydrellia philippina [Dipt.: Ephydridae] by insect predators on rice (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): rice ; predation ; biological control ; predator effectiveness ; riz ; prédation ; lutte biologique ; efficacité prédatrice
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Huit insectes prédateurs communs dans l'écosystème du riz aux Philippines ont été comparés au laboratoire pour leur capacité à se nourrir sur les œufs de la chenilleRivula atimeta Swinhoe. Une échelle basée sur les taux de prédation a été établie:Metioche vittaticollis (Stal) (Gryllidae) était le prédateur le plus vorace suivi parAnaxipha longipennis (Serville)(Gryllidae), Ophionea nigrofasciata (Schmidt-Goebel)(Carabidae), Micraspis nr.crocea (Mulsant) (Coccinellidae) etConocephalus longipennis (de Haan) (Tettigonidae). Le petit Miride,Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, se nourrissait aussi facilement sur les œufs.Paederus fuscipes (Curtis) (Staphilinidae) etCoccinella repanda (Thunberg) (Coccinellidae) se nourrissait dans une mesure très limitée.Metioche vittaticollis etCyrtorhinus lividipennis ont été aussi testés vis-à-vis des œufs de la NoctuelleNaranga aenescens Moore et de la Mineuse du Riz,Hydrellia philippina Ferino. Le taux de prédation deM. vitaticollis était identique sur les trois proies, maisC. lividipennis manifestait un taux de prédation plus élevé sur les œufs deN. aenescens. Dans les cages de plein air, de 1,6 m2, on permettait à différentes densités deM. vittaticollis et d'O. nigrofasciata de se nourrir sur des œufs deR. atimeta exposés durant deux jours.Metioche vittaticollis consommait 13 et 26 œufs aux densités respectives de 1 et 2 prédateurs par cage, mais la prédation n'était pas beaucoup plus élevée à la densité de 8. La prédation due àO. nigrofasciata n'était pas significative.
    Notizen: Abstract Eight insect predators common in the rice ecosystem in the Philippines were compared in the laboratory on their ability as to feed on the eggs of green hairy caterpillar,Rivula atimeta Swinhoe. A ranking, based on feeding rates was made:Metioche vittaticollis (Stål) (Gryllidae) was the most voracious predator, followed byAnaxipha longipennis (Serville)(Gryllidae), Ophionea nigrofasciata (Schmidt-Goebel)(Carabidae), Micraspis nr.crocea (Mulsant) (Coccinellidae) andConocephalus longipennis (de Haan) (Tettigoniidae). Also the smallCyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter (Miridae), readily fed upon the eggs.Paederus fuscipes Curtis (Staphilinidae) andCoccinella repanda (Thunberg) (Coccinellidae) fed to a very limited extent.Metioche vittaticollis andCyrtorhinus lividipennis were also tested on eggs of green semilooper,Naranga aenescens Moore, and rice whorl maggot,Hydrellia philippina Ferino. The feeding rate ofM. vittaticollis was similar on the 3 different preys, butC. lividipennis had a higher feeding rate onN. aenescens eggs. In 1.6 m2 field cages, different densities ofM. vittaticollis andO. nigrofasciata were allowed to feed on exposedR. atimeta eggs during 2 days.Metioche vittaticollis consumed 13 and 26 eggs at predator densities of 1 and 2 per cage respectively, but was not much higher at density 8. Predation byO. nigrofasciata was not significant.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372970
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Functional response ofCurinus coeruleus (Col.: Coccinellidae) toHeteropsylla cubana (Hom.: Psyllidae) on artificial and natural substrates (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 555-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Functional response ; Curinus coeruleus ; Heteropsylla cubana ; Leucaena leucocephala ; biological control ; host-plant resistance ; Réponse fonctionnelle ; Curinus coeruleus ; Heteropsylla cubana ; Leucaena leucocephala ; lutte biologique ; variétés résistantes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des résultats obtenus en laboratoire sur la réponse fonctionnelle des adultes deCurinus coeruleus (Mulsant) aux nymphes deHeteropsylla cubana Crawford sur des substrats differents ont révété un effet significatif du substrat sur l'ingestion des nymphes à différents densités. Les substrats utilisés étaient composés de matière foliaire deLeucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit d'espèces apparentées en plus d'un substrat de papier comme témoin. Les résultats obtenus pourraient être utiles en ce qui concerne des projets intégrant lutte biologique et sélection de variétés résistantes.
    Notizen: Abstract Laboratory measurements of the functional response of adultCurinus coeruleus (Mulsant) to nymphs ofHeteropsylla cubana Crawford on filter paper and on leaves of different host plants showed a significant effect of these different substrates on nymph consumption at several different densities. Moreover, this effect may be explained by the influence of the substrate on the search rate of the predator. Host plants tested includedLeucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Witt,L. diversifolia (Schlecht.) Benth. andL. pallida Britton and Rose. Results obtained may be relevant to plant-protection research programs involving the integration of biological control with host-plant resistance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372325
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Availability of soil and fertilizer nitrogen to wetland rice following wheat straw amendment (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 97-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Added N interaction ; Fertilizer N ; 15N ; Organic amendment ; Oryza sativa ; Wetland rice
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary A pot experiment was conducted to study the availability of soil and fertilizer N to wetland rice as influenced by wheat straw amendment (organic amendment) and to establish the relative significance of the two sources in affecting crop yield. Straw was incorporated in soil at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% before transplanting rice. Inorganic N as 15N-ammonium sulphate was applied at 30, 60, and 90 μg g-1 soil either alone or together with wheat straw in different combinations. After harvesting the rice, the plant and soil samples were analyzed for total N and 15N. Straw incorporation significantly decreased the dry matter and N yield of rice, the decrease being greater with higher rates of straw. The reduction in crop yield following the straw incorporation was attributed mainly to a decrease in the uptake of soil N rather than fertilizer N. The harmful effects of organic matter amendment were mitigated by higher levels of mineral N addition. The uptake of applied N increased and its losses decreased due to the straw incorporation. Mineral N applied alone or together with organic amendment substantially increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N. The increase was attributed to a real added N interaction.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336371
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of encapsulated calcium carbide on dinitrogen, nitrous oxide, methane, and carbon dioxide emissions from flooded rice (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 116-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Denitrification ; Flooded soil ; 15N ; Urea ; Wetland rice ; Oryza sativa L
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The efficiency of N use in flooded rice is usually low, chiefly due to gaseous losses. Emission of CH4, a gas implicated in global warming, can also be substantial in flooded rice. In a greenhouse study, the nitrification inhibitor encapsulated calcium carbide (a slow-release source of acetylene) was added with 75, 150, and 225 mg of 75 atom % 15N urea-N to flooded pots containing 18-day-old rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants. Urea treatments without calcium carbide were included as controls. After the application of encapsulated calcium carbide, 3.6 μg N2, 12.4 μg N2O-N, and 3.6 mg CH4 were emitted per pot in 30 days. Without calcium carbide, 3.0 mg N2, 22.8 μg N2O-N, and 39.0 mg CH4 per pot were emitted during the same period. The rate of N added had a positive effect on N2 and N2O emissions, but the effect on CH4 emissions varied with time. Carbon dioxide emissions were lower with encapsulated calcium carbide than without. The use of encapsulated calcium carbide appears effective in eliminating N2 losses, and in minimizing emissions of the “greenhouse gases” N2O and CH4 in flooded rice.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336375
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Soil N dynamics and N yield of barley grown on Breton loam using N from biological fixation or fertilizer (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1991), S. 10-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Agroecological rotation ; Hordeum vulgare ; Microbial biomass ; 15N ; Rotation effects ; Pot experiment ; Soil nitrogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Soil N dynamics and barley yields (Hordeum vulgare L.) were compared in pot experiments using surface samples from a Gray Luvisol under three cropping systems at Breton, Alberta: (1) an agroecological 8-year rotation including cereals, forage, and fababeans (Vicia faba L.) as green manure, from wich two plots were selected, one following fababeans, and the second following 3 years of forage; (2) a continuous grain system, with fertilizer N at 90 kg ha-1 year-1; and (3) a classical Breton 5-year rotation [following oats (Avena sativa L.)] involving forage and cereals, without returning crop residues to the land, selecting one plot with PKS treatment and a second as control. The fertilizer N equivalent for the cropping system; “AN” value and “A” value (analogous to AN), but in fertilizer 15N units, soil biomass, and C and N mineralization were monitored. In the first agroecological plot (after fababeans), grain and total plant biomass production were 116% greater than from the continuous grain treatment. Barley plants in the two agroecological plots derived 48.5% and 37.8%, respectively, of their N requirement from non-labelled soil N sources not present in the continuous grain plot. At crop maturity, the recovery of 15N microbial biomass was 1.5 times higher in soil from the first agroecological plot than from the continuous grain plot. The fertilizer N equivalent was 2670 mg pot-1 (485 kg ha-1) for the first and 1850 mg pot-1 for the second agroecological treatment. Fertilizer N equivalent values exceed net amounts of N mineralized by a factor of 4. Recovery by the barley crop of 15N added at 55 mg pot-1 was more efficient in the agroecological treatments (45%–51%) than in the continuous grain or classical Breton treatments (35%–37%). It was concluded (1) that past soil history may be associated more with the ability of barley plants to compete for available N, and hence the use of N, than with net soil N mineralization; and (2) an increased supply of N to crops following the incorporation of fababean residues, manure application, and the soil N-conserving effect of growing legumes were all partly responsible for the observed differences in soil fertility.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369382
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The use of mean pool abundances to interpret 15N tracer experiments (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): ammonium ; mineralization ; nitrate ; nitrification ; 15N ; plant ; soil
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Details are presented of a simple mathematical framework that allows 15N tracer experiments to be interpreted in terms of the main processes of the soil/plant nitrogen cycle. The calculations, all of which can be performed on a scientific calculator, yield the rates of gross mineralization and nitrification and the crop nitrogen uptake occurring as ammonium and nitrate. Two procedures are presented. One requires paired experiments with labelled ammonium and unlabelled nitrate as one treatment, and unlabelled ammonium and labelled nitrate as the other. The second procedure requires only the labelled ammonium, unlabelled nitrate treatment. Example calculations are presented using actual experimental data. The interpretative procedure uses the fact that the rate of isotopic dilution in an ammonium pool labelled with 15N is a function of the rate at which unlabelled ammonium is introduced into the pool via mineralization. Similarly, the rate of isotope dilution in an 15N labelled nitrate pool is a function of the rate at which unlabelled nitrate is introduced into the pool via nitrification.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010423
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The use of mean pool abundances to interpret 15N tracer experiments (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 97-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): ammonium ; mineralization ; nitrate ; nitrification ; 15N ; plant ; soil
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A pulse dilution 15N technique was used in the field to determine the effect of the ammonium to nitrate ratio in a fertilizer application on the uptake of ammonium and nitrate by ryegrass and on gross rates of mineralization and nitrification. Two experiments were performed, corresponding approximately to the first and second cuts of grass. Where no substantial recent immobilization of inorganic nitrogen had occurred, mineralization was insensitive to the form of nitrogen applied, ranging from 2.1–2.6 kg N ha-1 d-1. The immobilization of ammonium increased as the proportion of ammonium in the application increased. In the second experiment there was evidence that high rates of immobilization in the first experiment were associated with high rates of mineralization in the second. The implication was that some nitrogen immobilized in the first experiment was re-mineralized during the second. Whether this was nitrogen taken up, stored in roots and released following defoliation was not clear. Nitrification rates in this soil were low (0.1–0.63 kg N ha-1 d-1), and as a result, varying the ratio of ammonium to nitrate applied markedly altered the relative uptake of ammonium and nitrate. In the first experiment, where temperatures were low, preferential uptake of ammonium occurred, but where 〉90% of the uptake was as ammonium, a reduction in yield and nitrogen uptake was observed. In the second experiment, where temperatures and growth rates were higher, the proportion of ammonium to nitrate taken up had no effect on yield or nitrogen uptake.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010424
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The contribution of associative and symbiotic nitrogen fixation to the nitrogen nutrition of non-legumes (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): actinorhizal plants ; associative nitrogen fixation ; cereals ; grasses ; isotope dilution ; 15N
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract During the past 10 years estimates of N2 fixation associated with sugar cane, forage grasses, cereals and actinorhizal plants grown in soil with and without addition of inoculum have been obtained using the 15N isotope dilution technique. These experiments are reviewed in this paper with the aim of determining the proportional and absolute contribution of N2 fixation to the N nutrition of non-legumes, and its role as a source of N in agriculture. The review also identifies deficiencies in both the totality of data which are currently available and the experimental approaches used to quantify N2 fixation associated with non-legumes. Field data indicate that associative N2 fixation can potentially contribute agronomically-significant amounts of N (〉30–40 kg N ha-1 y-1) to the N nutrition of plants of importance in tropical agriculture, including sugar cane (Saccharum sp.) and forage grasses (Panicum maximum, Brachiaria sp. and Leptochloa fusca) when grown in uninoculated, N-deficient soils. Marked variations in proportions of plant N derived from the atmosphere have been measured between species or cultivars within species. Limited pot-culture data indicate that rice can benefit naturally from associative N2 fixation, and that inoculation responses due to N2 fixation can occur. Wheat can also respond to inoculation but responses do not appear to be due to associative N2 fixation. 15N dilution studies confirm that substantial amounts of N2 can be fixed by actinorhizal plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011009
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrogen fixation by white clover when competing with grasses at moderately low temperatures (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 133 (1991), S. 47-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): clover ; competition ; grass ; Lolium perenne ; 15N ; nitrogen fixation ; Phleum pratense ; temperature ; Trifolium repens
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract It was the aim of this study to determine the way in which low temperature modifies the effect of a competing grass on nitrogen fixation of a forage legume. White clover (Trifolium repens L.) was grown in monoculture or in different planting ratios with timothy (Phleum pratense L.) or perennial ryegress (Lolium perenne L.) in growth chambers at either 7.5/5°C (LoT) or 15/10°C (HiT) average day/night temperatures, and with 2.5 or 7.5 mM 15N-labelled nitrate in the nutrient solution. Competition with grass led to a marked increase in the proportion of clover nitrogen derived from symbiosis (% Nsym). This increase was slower at LoT where % Nsym was reduced considerably; it was closely related to the reduction in the amount of available nitrate as a result of its being utilized by the grass. Nitrogen concentration in white clover herbage and dry matter yield per clover plant were reduced, for the most part, when a competing grass was present. The amount of nitrogen fixed per plant of white clover decreased markedly with temperature. Low temperature consequently accentuated competition for nitrate. The capacity of white clover to compete successfully was limited by its slower growth and nitrogen accumulation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011898
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Endomycorrhizal fungi in nitrogen transfer from soybean to maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 138 (1991), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Glycine max (L.) Merrill ; Glomus versiforme (Karsten) Berch ; interspecific plant interaction ; nitrogen-transfer ; 15N ; Zea mays L.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Using 15N as a tracer, interspecific N-transfer was studied during the course of plant development. The use of barriers of differing permeabilities between donor and receiver plants allowed separation of the effect of mycorrhizal colonization, root or hyphal contact and interplant hyphal bridging, on 15N-transfer from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) to maize (Zea mays L.). More transfer was measured between mycorrhizal plants, but transport of 15N from the labelled host plant to Glomus versiforme (Karsten) Berch did not seem to occur at the symbiotic interface, suggesting that the fungus is independent of its host for its N-nutrition, and that the role of hyphal bridges in N-transfer between plants, is not significant. Uptake by the receiver plant of the N excreted by the donor plant root system appears to be the mechanism of N-transfer between plants. The factor most affecting 15N-transfer between plants was found to be the extent of the contact between plant root systems. The presence of the endomycorrhizal fungus in plant roots reduced 15N-loss from soybean, but at the same time, its extensive hyphal network improved the efficiency of the maize root system for the recovery of the 15N excreted by soybeans. The net result was a better conservation of the N resource within the plant system. The transfer of N between mycorrhizal plants was particularly enhanced by the death of the soybean.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011805
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Endomycorrhizal fungal species mediate 15N transfer from soybean to maize in non-fumigated soil (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 138 (1991), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): fumigation ; Glomus intraradices ; G. vesiculiferum ; G. versiforme ; Glycine max, grass-legume mixture ; 15N ; nitrogen transfer ; soil microorganisms ; Zea mays
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on 15N transfer from soybean to maize was studied in fumigated and non-fumigated soil. Three Glomus species and a non-inoculated control were compared. In spite of higher levels of root colonization and more abundant hyphae associated with plants growing in fumigated soil, mycorrhizae-enhanced 15N transfer to maize was significant only in non-fumigated plots. High 15N transfer was not only associated with high mycelium density in soil but also with low soil microbial carbon, suggesting that the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on soil microbial populations may be an important factor affecting N transfer between mycorrhizal plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011806
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Transfer of fixed nitrogen from white clover to associated grasses in swards grazed by dairy cows, estimated using 15N methods (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 215-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): clover ; grazing effects ; 15N ; nitrogen cycling ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen transfer ; Trifolium repens
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Pasture swards containing perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) alone or with one of five different white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivars were examined for production and transfer of fixed nitrogen (N) to grass under dairy cow grazing. Grass-only swards produced 21% less than mixed clover-grass swards during the second year after sowing. Production from grass-only plots under a mowing and clipping removal regime was 44% less than from grass-only plots under grazing. Much of this difference could be attributed to N transfer. In swards without clover, the ryegrass component also decreased in favour of other grasses. The average amount of fixed N in herbage from all clover cultivars was 269 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Above-ground transfer of fixed N to grasses (via cow excreta) was estimated at 60 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Below-ground transfer of fixed N to grasses was estimated at 70 kg N ha−1 yr−1 by 15N dilution and was similar for all clover cultivars. Thus, about 50% of grass N was met by transfer of fixed N from white clover during the measurement year. Short-term measurements using a 15N foliar-labelling method indicated that below-ground N transfer was largest during dry summer conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009451
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Host plant testing ofUrophora quadrifasciata [Diptera: Tephritidae] againstCarthamus tinctorius and two North American species ofCentaurea (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 115-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Biological control ; diffuse knapweed ; spotted knapweed ; lutte biologique ; centaurée “diffuse” ; centaurée “spotted”
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les tests de spécificité d'hôtes ont été effectués en exposant 3 espèces de plantes (Carthamus tinctorius L., et deux espèces indigènes,Centaurea americana Nutt. etC. rothrockii Greenman) àUrophora quadrifasciata (Meig.), agent introduit de lutte biologique contre les centaurées “diffuse” et “spotted”. Les résultats des tests, en accord avec la littérature existante, indiquent qu'U. quadrifasciata a une spécificité réduite à quelques plantes hôtes très proches des espèces de centaurées introduites. De ce fait, il n'y a aucune menace concernant les espèces de plantes américaines ayant une importance économique et écologique.
    Notizen: Abstract Host specificity ofUrophora quadrifasciata (Meig.) [Dipt.: Tephritidae], an introduced biological control agent of diffuse and spotted knapweed, was investigated by exposing flies to safflower,Carthamus tinctorius L., and 2 native knapweeds,Centaurea americana Nutt. andC. rothrockii Greenman. Results of the tests, and literature records indicate thatU. quadrifasciata is host specific to a few closely related plants of introduced knapweed species, and thus poses no threat to economically and ecologically important plant species in the United States.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374642
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Release density, efficiency and disappearance ofTrichogramma nubilale for control of European corn borer (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 105-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Insecta ; Richogrammatidae ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; biological control ; inundative release ; Insecte ; Trichogrammatidae ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; lutte biologique ; lâcher inondatif
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Nous évaluons combien deTrichogramma nubilale devraient être lâchés en une seule localité pour lutter contreOstrinia nubilalis dans le maïs doux. Six parcelles de 8,6×16 m recevaient de 18,4 à 2 090 femelles deT. nubilale/unité de surface, quand les pieds étaient au milieu du stade du dernier verticille, où l'unité de surface, est la surface du plant/m2. Pour évaluer le contrôle potentiel de nos lâchers, nous exposons les ooplaques d'O. nubilalis élevés au laboratoire aux parasitoïdes lâchés en quatre fois après le lâcher. Quand une ooplaque était parasitée parT. nubilale, 75,7% des œufs de l'ooplaque étaient parasités. Nous développons des équations pour estimer le pourcentage d'ooplaques qu'une seule femelle s'attendait à parasiter en une journée (efficacité du parasitisme) et les taux de disparition de femelle (mort et dispersion) si tous deux étaient constants durant notre expérience. Le taux exponentiel de disparition était −0,52±0,03 jour−1, ce qui impliquait que 40% des femelles restantes disparaissaient par jour. L'efficacité du parasitisme était 0,050% parasitisme/femelle/unité de surface/jour, ce qui impliquait que 351 000 femelles/ha seraient nécessaires pour atteindre 90% de parasitisme. En clair, pour queT. nubilale soit un agent de lutte biologique assuré de succès, il faut accroître l'efficacité du parasitisme et réduire les taux de disparition.
    Notizen: Abstract We evaluated how manyTrichogramma nubilale should be released at a single location to controlOstrinia nubilalis in sweet corn. Six 8.6×16 m plots received 18.4 to 2 090 ΦΦT. nubilale/SAI when plants were in the mid to late whorl stage, where SAI, surface area index, is the plant surface area/m2. To evaluate the potential control by our releases, we exposed laboratory-rearedO. nubilalis egg masses to the released parasitoids at 4 times after the release. When an egg mass was parasitized byT. nubilale, 75.7% of the eggs in the egg mass were parasitized. We developed an equation to estimate the percent of egg masses that a single female was expected to parasitize in a day (efficiency of parasitism) and female disappearance (death and dispersal) rates, if both were constant during our experiment. The exponential disappearance rate was −0.52±0.03 day−1, which implied that 40% of the remaining ΦΦ disappeared per day. The efficiency of parasitism was 0.050% parasitism/Φ/SAI/day, which implied that at least 351,000 ΦΦ/ha would be needed to achieve 90% parasitism. Clearly, forT. nubilale to be a successful biological control agent, efficiency of parasitism must be increased and disappearance rates must be reduced.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374641
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Assessing augmentative releases of parasitoids using the «Recruitment method», with reference toEdovum puttleri, a parasitoid of the colorado potato beetle [Coleoptera: chrysomelidae] (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 193-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): parasitoids ; recruitment ; evaluation ; Edovum puttleri ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; potato ; biological control ; augmentation ; parasitoïde ; recrutement ; évaluation ; Edovum puttleri ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; pomme de terre ; lutte biologique ; accroissement
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé En 1987, le lâcher approximatif de 17.700 adultes deE. puttleri femelles, contre la première génération des œufs de doryphores dans un champ de pommes de terre à S. Deerfield au Massachusetts, entraînait un parasitisme, établi par la mesure directe de l'hôte et du parasitoïde, de 3.6% uniquement. Les niveaux de non viabilité indiquaient un pourcentage supplémentaire de 2,8% d'hôtes tués par «host-feeding» pour un impact total de 6,4%. Le lâcher en 1988 de 126.300 parasitoïdes contre la 1re génération d'hôtes dans un champs de pommes de terre de 0,4 ha au même endroit, produisait uniquement des niveaux légèrement supérieurs de parasitisme (10,6%) et d'«host-feeding» (2,0%). Le lâcher en 1987 de 32.800 hyménoptères contre la 2e génération d'œufs entraînait uniquement 0,7% de parasitisme et 0,3% d'«host-feeding» par suite de la toxicité des résidus d'une seule application de fenvalerate (PydrinR) utilisée pour lutter contre la cicadelle de la pomme de terreEmpoasca fabae (Harris). Le lâcher en 1988 de 47.400 hyménoptères contre la 2e génération d'hôtes entraînait, en l'absence de toute application insecticide, 34,4 % de parasitisme et 16,1 % d'«host-feeding» pour un impact total de 50,5%. La différence dans les niveaux de parasitisme entre les générations de l'hôte supporte l'idée que les adultes d'E. puttleri réclament à l'extérieur une source d'hydrates de carbone tels que le miellat de pucerons pour se reproduire. Dans l'Etat du Massachusetts, les populations de pucerons de la pomme de terre, ne se développent typiquement pas jusqu'à la fin de la première génération larvaire. La méthode «de recrutementα deVan Driesche & Bellow (1988) pouvait être une approche satisfaisante pour déterminer les résultats de lâchers croissants de parasitoïdes.
    Notizen: Abstract Release of approximately 17,700 experienced adult femaleEdovum puttleri Grissell against 1st generation Colorado potato beetle eggs in 1987 in a 0.4 ha potato field in S. Deerfield, Massachusetts resulted in only 3.6% parasitism as assessed by direct measurement of host and parasitoid recruitment. Levels of non-viability indicated an additional 2.8% of hosts killed by parasitoid hostfeeding, for an overall impact of 6.4%. Release in 1988 of 126,300 parasitoid against 1st generation hosts in a 0.4 ha potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) field at the same site produced only slightly higher levels of parasitism (10.6%) and host feeding (2.0%). Release in 1987 of 32,800 wasps against 2nd generation eggs resulted in only 0.7% parasitism and 0.3% host feeding due to the toxicity of fenvalerate (PydrinR) residues from a single application applied for control of the potato leafhopper,Empoasca fabae (Harris). Release in 1988 of 47,400 wasps against the 2nd host generation in the absence of any pesticide applications resulted in 34.4% parasitism and 16.1% host feeding, for a total impact of 50.5%. Difference in parasitization levels between host generations supports the idea thatE. puttleri adults require an in-field carbohydrate source such as aphid honeydew to reproduce. In Massachusetts, aphid populations in potato typically do not develop until the end of the 1st larval generation. The recruitment method ofVan Driesche & Bellows (1988) proved to be a satisfactory approach for determining results of augmentative parasitoid releases.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374555
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Host-specificity of a root borer,Bembecia chrysidiformis [Lep.: Sesiidae], a potential control agent forRumex spp. [Polygonaceae] in Australia (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 235-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Bembecia chrysidiformis ; Rumex spp. ; biological control ; host-specificity ; Mediterranean region ; Bembecia chrysidiformis ; Rumex spp. ; lutte biologique ; spécificité plante-hôte ; région méditerranéene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Bembecia chrysidiformis (Esper) [Lep.: Sesiidae] a été étudiée pour ses possibilités de lutte contre les mauvaises herbesRumex spp. (Polygonaceae) en Australie. Les adultes de cet insecte sud-européen apparaissent entre la fin du printemps et l'été. Les œufs sont pondus sur les tiges florales des plantes deRumex spp. et les larves se développent dans les racines jusqu'au printemps suivant. Dans la nature on trouve des larves dans les plantes des sous-genresRumex etAcetosa. Dans les tests de spécificité avec les larves du premier stade, un certain nombre de genres au sein de la famille desPolygonaceae furent attaqués. Les larves ne survécurent pas sur les plantes appartenant à d'autres familles, sauf dansPersea americana Miller(Lauraceae), Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Miller (Cistaceae) etQuercus ilex L. (Fagaceae) où les larves attaquent la tige. Cet insecte fut jugé apte à être introduit en Australie après étude de sa biologie, de ses plantes-hôtes ainsi que de l'absence de cas d'attaque signalés sur d'autres espèces.
    Notizen: Abstract Bembecia chrysidiformis (Esper) [Lep.: Sesiidae] was examined for its natural history and specificity toRumex spp. (Polygonaceae) which are weeds in Australia. Adults of this southern European insect appear in late spring to summer. Eggs are laid on the dried, seed bearing stems of perennialRumex plants. The larvae tunnel inside the root during summer through to the next spring. In nature, the larvae are round inRumex species of the subgeneraRumex andAcetosa. In host-specificity tests with 1st instar larvae, the roots of a number of genera within thePolygonaceae were attacked. Larvae died on a range of plants from other families except inPersea americana Miller(Lauraceae), Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Miller (Cistaceae) andQuercus ilex L. (Fagaceae) where larvae fed on the stems. The insect was judged safe for release in Australia by assessing aspects of its biology, its known host plants, and the lack of reported attack on other plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374559
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Diapause induction in the thrips predatorAmblyseius cucumeris [Acarina: phytoseiidae] under greenhouse conditions (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 253-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Amblyseius cucumeris ; Frankliniella occidentalis ; biological control ; diapause ; greenhouse ; Amblyseius cucumeris ; Frankliniella occidentalis ; lutte biologique ; diapause ; serre
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Le prédateur d'acariensAmblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) est un agent important de lutte biologique pour les thrips dans les serres commerciales, mais son efficacité à l'automne et durant l'hiver est limitée par une diapause induite par les conditions de jour court. L'influence de la photopériode et de la température sur l'induction de la diapause a été étudiée pour fournir des informations pour une utilisation fructueuse du prédateur. Pour des photopériodes de 8 h de lumière et de 16 h d'obscurité et des températures de photophase de 22°C, l'incidence de la diapause était inversement liée à la température de la scotophase; décroissant de 100% de diapause à 15°C, à une diapause nulle à 21°C. En obscurité continue, la diapause était induite par les thermopériodes de 20∶10 et 22∶17, mais non 25∶15°C (T∶C) (8 h de thermophase). La longueur du jour critique pour induire la diapause à 22∶17°C (T∶C) était 12.45 h, ce qui était en harmonie avec la tendance à l'installation de la diapause chez les acariens récoltés de septembre à novembre, dans une population établie en serre. La plupart desA. cucumeris diapausaient uniquement quand ils étaient exposés aux conditions induisant la diapause au cours de leur développement larvaire et rien ne stoppait la ponte quand ils étaient transférés comme adultes, de conditions non diapausantes à des conditions diapausantes. Après 14 générations de sélection génétique pour une lignée sans diapause, l'incidence de cette dernière était encore de 33,3%.
    Notizen: Abstract The predatory miteAmblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) is an important biological control agent for thrips in commercial greenhouses, but its effectiveness in fall and winter is limited by reproductive diapause induced under short day conditions. Influence of photoperiod and temperature on diapause induction was investigated to provide information for successful management of the predator. Under 8∶16 (L∶D) photoperiods and 22°C photophase temperatures, diapause incidence was inversely related to scotophase temperature, decreasing from 100% diapause at 15°C to no diapause at 21°C. In continuous darkness, diapause was induced by thermoperiods of 20∶10 and 22∶17 and 22∶17 but not 25∶15°C (T∶C) (8h thermophase). Critical daylength for inducing diapause under 22∶17°C (T∶C) was 12.45 h, which was consistent with the trend in diapause incidence in mites collected from an established greenhouse population September to November. MostA. cucumeris diapaused only when exposed to diapause inducing conditions throughout their juvenile development and none stopped laying eggs when transferred from nondiapause to diapause inducing conditions as adults. After 14 generations of genetic selection for a nondiapause strain, diapause incidence was 33.3%.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374561
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    RearingTrichogramma nubilale [Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae] on eggs of the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta [Lepidoptera: Sphingidae] (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 443-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; Trichogramma ; rearing ; augmentation ; Manduca sexta ; lutte biologique ; Trichogramma ; élevage ; augmentation ; Manduca sexta
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'œuf fraîchement congelé du ver du tabacManduca sexta (L.) (TBH; tobacco hornworm) est un support efficace et excellent pour la production à grande échelle deTrichogramma nubilale Ertle & Davis. Chaque œuf-hôte peut produire 10.7±2.8 (n=7)T. nubilale. La proportion de ♀♀ s'est stabilisée à 80–90% avec 69.9±26.6 (n=8) œufs ovariens par femelle. Jusqu'à 3 ♀♀ ont été observées en train de pondre simultanément dans un œuf unique de ver TBH. Le superparasitisme (〉10 descendants) doit être évité, car il peut entraîner des limitations spatiales ou nutritionnelles nuisant au bon développement deT. nubilale.
    Notizen: Abstract The fresh frozen egg of the tobacco hornworm (TBH)Manduca sexta (L.), is an efficient and superior host for mass production ofTrichogramma nubilale Ertle & Davis. Each host egg may produce 10.7±2.8 (n=7) large, robust, and activeT. nubilale. The proportion of ♀♀ stabilized at 80–90% with 69.9±26.6 (n=8) ovarian eggs per female. As many as 3 ♀♀ were observed ovipositing simultaneously into a single TBH egg. Superparasitism (〉10 progeny) should be avoided because it may cause nutritional or space limitations on the development of effectiveT. nubilale.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377950
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The introduction ofMimorista pulchellalis [Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae] into South Africa for the biological control of jointed cactus,Opuntia aurantiaca 1. Biology and mass-rearing techniques (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Mimorista ; biocontrol ; jointed cactus ; biology ; Mimorista ; lutte biologique ; figuier de Barbarie ; biologie
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé On a procédé à une étude de laboratoire sur la pyrale importée en Afrique du Sud pour lutter contre le figuier de Barbarie. On a trouvé que les adultes étaient crépusculaires, les femelles pondant en moyenne 48±3,5 œufs sur une période de 4 à 8 jours. Les larves éclosaient la nuit et minaient ordinairement les parties terminales des cladodes de cactus en un lieu où avait lieu la croissance du jeune cactus. Le cycle se déroulait entièrement à l'intérieur du cactus, la chrysalidation ayant lieu typiquement dans l'écorce sèche de la cladode, sur laquelle les œufs étaient pondus. L'élevage en masse de la pyrale était facile si l'on utilisait des plants avec des jeunes pousses de cactus.
    Notizen: Abstract A laboratory investigation was conducted on a pyraustid moth imported from South America for jointed cactus control. It was found that the moths were crepuscular, with females laying an average of 48±3.5 eggs over a period of 4–8 days. Larvae hatched out at night and usually tunnelled into the terminal ends of cactus cladodes at a site where young cactus growth occurred. The lifecycle was completed inside the cactus, pupation typically occurring in the dry husk of the cladode on which the egg was laid. Mass-rearing of the moth was easy if plants with young cactus growth were used.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374637
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Adaptation d'Oecophylla longinoda [Formicidae-Formicinae] aux variations spatio-temporelles de la densité de proies (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 29-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Fourmis ; Oecophylla ; prédation ; lutte biologique ; Ants ; Oecophylla ; predation ; biological control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary The predatory activity of 12 societies ofOecophylla longinoda Latreille was observed for 124 hours during which 2,482 prey items were captured. Predation took place in trees containing the nests (“habitual” territory) and in “secondary” territories usually situated on the ground. The 7 following situations were observed. Ant activity I) In the “habitual” tree situation; 2) During the passage of a column of Dorylinae; 3) In the “secondary” hunting territory of a society settled on a tree close to the bank of a river; a zone where numerous insects gathered to drink; 4) In a society centred on a mango tree in which the biological cycle (seasonal variations, blossoming time, fruit ripening) and its impact on predation byOecophylla was closely observed; 5) In a “habitual” situation when a swarm of fermites fell into the territory of a society; 6) In a “secondary” territory situated beneath a house verandah, to which numerous winged insects were attracted each night by the verandah light; 7) In the “secondary” territories of two contiguous societies during both the combat and the calm periods. “Secondary” territories are generally situated in zones, such as on the forest floor, along side water courses or beneath lights where there is a concentration of prey. At such sites,Oecophylla often capture wingless insects which they rarely catch on trees. Due to their pronounced territoriality, permanent surveillance and very efficient recruitment,Oecophylla respond extremely quickly to any increase in prey numbers. Owing to the great diversity in their potential prey, this species can be considered very effective as a biological control agent. For example, a society comprising 12 nests will capture about 45,000 prey items per year. When corrected for the numbers of individuals involved and the period of activity, the predation level of this species is similar to that ofFormica lugubris.
    Notizen: Résumé L'activité prédatrice de 12 sociétés d'Oecophylla longinoda Latreille a été étudiée durant 124 h d'observations pendant lesquelles 2 482 proies ont été capturées. La prédation s'exerce sur les arbres supportant les nids ainsi que sur des territoires «secondaires» habituellement situés sur le sol. Les 7 situations suivantes sont comparées: 1) En forêt, durant les périodes «habituelles»; 2) Durant le passage d'une colonne de Magnans; 3) Le territoire de chasse «secondaire» d'une société installée sur un arbre situé en bordure de rivière correspond à une zone où de nombreux insectes se concentrent pour s'abreuver; 4) L'arbre support est un manguier dont on suit le cycle biologique (inter-saison, floraison, fruits mûrs) et son impact sur la prédation par lesOecophylla; 5) On compare la situation «habituelle» à ce qui se passe lorsqu'un essaimage de Termites est rabattu sur les territoires d'une société; 6) Le territoire «secondaire» est situé sous la véranda d'une maison éclairée chaque nuit où de nombreux insectes ailés sont attirés; 7) Les territoires «secondaires» de 2 sociétés étant contigus, on compare les périodes de combats aux périodes calmes. Les territoires «secondaires» sont situés sur des zones de concentration en proies (insectes de la litière des forêts, zones où ils viennent s'abreuver, attraction par la lumière, la nuit). LesOecophylla y capturent souvent des insectes aptères, cas relativement rare sur l'arbre support. Ces territoires sont défendus contre les ouvrières d'autres sociétés. Du fait de leur territorialité très marquée avec surveillance permanente du territoire et un recrutement très efficace, lesOecophylla répondent très rapidement à toute prolifération en proies. A cela s'ajoute une grande diversité de proies potentielles de sorte que cette espèce peut être considérée comme très efficace en lutte biologique, les ouvrières réagissant spécifiquement à toute abondance d'un type d'insecte. Pour une société comprenant 12 calies, le nombre de proies capturées par an est de l'ordre de 45 000. Ramené à un nombre équivalent d'individus et de jours d'activité, il est du même ordre que celui desFormica lugubris (Cherix, 1986).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374635
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Trichilogaster sp. [Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae], a potential biocontrol agent for the weedAcacia pycnantha [Fabaceae] (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 295-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Trichilogaster ; Acacia ; biocontrol ; gall former ; host-specificity ; Trichilogaster ; Acacia ; lutte biologique ; producteur de galles ; spécificité vis-à-vis de l'hôte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Le cynips,Trichilogaster sp., a été introduit d'Australie afin d'évaluer ses aptitudes en tant qu'agent de lutte en Afrique du Sud contre l'arbuste/arbre envahissantAcacia pycnantha Benth. Des essais de spécificité vis-à-vis de l'hôte ont permis d'établir que l'emploi de l'insecte est sans danger: en présence de 19 espèces d'arbustes/arbres (dont 16 espèces étroitement apparentées), l'hyménoptère n'a formé de galles que surA. pycnantha. Cependant, la formation de galles sur la plante hôte est demeurée de faible amplitude: sur 3 ans d'élevage, uniquement 21 à 29% des branches ont été atteintes. Le pourcentage de branches atteintes n'a été influencé ni par la présence prolongée des mâles dans les enceintes d'essai (certaines ▪▪ deTrichilogaster spp. sont parthénogénétiques), ni par le stade de croissance des bourgeons reproductifs exposés à l'oviposition. L'emploi deTrichilogaster sp. est déconseillé avant que la possibilité d'homéostasie entre plante et insecte, d'association erronée entre les populations/souches/sous-espèces de plantes hôtes et l'insecte ait été examinée, d'autant plus que des pourcentages de formation de galles de 30% se sont avérés inefficaces lors d'une association du même genre entreTrichilogaster spp. etAcacia.
    Notizen: Abstract The gall wasp,Trichilogaster sp., was imported from Australia to assess its potential as an agent for the control of the invasive shrub/treeAcacia pycnantha Benth. in South Africa. Host specificity tests indicate safety for release; of 19 tree/shrub species tested, including 16 species closely related toA. pycnantha, galls developed only onA. pycnantha. However, galling intensity remained consistently low on the host plant; only 21–29% of the branches exposed to the wasp were galled during 3 years of rearing. Neither the prolonged presence of males in test cages (someTrichilogaster species are thelytokous) nor the stage of maturity of reproductive buds exposed to oviposition affected the percentage of branches galled. It is not recommended thatTrichilogaster sp. be released before the possibility of insect-plant homeostasis or mis-matching of wasp and host plant populations/strains/subspecies is investigated, especially since galling intensities of 30% were ineffective in reducing seed production of a relatedTrichilogaster species/Acacia association.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374565
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A review of the hymenopterous natural enemies of cockroaches with emphasis on biological control (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 335-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): cockroache ; parasitoid ; biological control ; blatte ; parasitoïde ; lutte biologique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Certains aspects de la biologie et de l'action potentielle des hyménoptères parasites de blattes, des famillesAmpulicidae, Evaniidae, Pteromalidae, Eulophidae, Eupelmidae, etEncyrtidae ont été étudiés. Un intérêt particulier a été porté aux parasites d'espèces importantes de blattes, en particulier à celles qui ont été utilisées à titre expérimental dans des programmes de lutte intégrée. Les parasites les plus prometteurs furentAprostocetus hagenowii (Ratzeburg) contre les espècesPeriplaneta, etComperia merceti (Compere) contreSupella longipalpa (F.). Les études futures devraient se concentrer sur des techniques pratiques d'augmentation des populations de parasites, qui seraient compatibles avec d'autres méthodologies de lutte dans un environnement urbain.
    Notizen: Abstract The biology and control potential of hymenopterous natural enemies of cockroaches in the familiesAmpulicidae, Evaniidae, Pteromalidae, Eulophidae, Eupelmidae, andEncyrtidae were reviewed. Emphasis was placed on parasitoids of major domiciliary cockroach species, especially those that have had experimental usage in integrated pest management programs. The most promising parasitoids wereAprostocetus hagenowii (Ratzeburg) againstPeriplaneta species, andComperia merceti (Compere) againstSupella longipalpa (F.). Future research should focus on practical augmentation techniques that will be compatible with other control methodologies in the urban environment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377938
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Incidence of natural enemies of the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae] on a native host in Mexico (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 369-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; biological control ; Mexico ; Lebia ; Myiopharus ; Edovum puttleri ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; lutte biologique ; Mexique ; Lebia ; Myriopharus ; Edovum puttleri
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Dans la partie centrale du Mexique, zone d'origine deLeptinotarsa decemlineata (SAY) et de ses principales plante hôtes,L. decemlineata y est associé à un complexe d'ennemis naturels. Les obscrvations conduites durant 2 ans dans l'état de Morelos au Mexique révélaient, l'existence de 4 espèces de pentatomides asopine, 7 espèces de Carabes recherchant leurs proies au niveau des feuilles, et 2 Coccinelles parmi les prédateurs deL. decemlineata. Les parasitoïdes comprennent 3 espèces de tachinides etEdovum puttleri, eulophide oophage. Ces ennemis naturels comportent plusierus prédateurs qui n'avaient jamais été mentionnés antérieurement comme attaquantL. decemlineata.
    Notizen: Abstract In central Mexico, the center of origin forLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) and its principal host plants,L. decemlineata is associated with a diverse complex of natural enemies. Observations during 2 years in Morelos, Mexico revealed 4 species of asopine pentatomids, 7 species of foliar searching carabids, and 2 coccinellids among the predators ofL. decemlineata. Parasitoids include 3 species of tachinids andEdovum puttleri Grissel, an eulophid egg parasitoid. These natural enemies include several predators that have not previously been reported attackingL. decemlineata.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377941
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Essais de lutte biologique contre la Cochenille du manioc au Gabon: I. — Établissement, dispersion du parasite exotiqueEpidinocarsis lopezi [Hym.: Encyrtidae] et déplacement compétitif des parasites indigènes (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 455-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): lutte biologique ; établissement ; Epidinocarsis lopezi ; hyperparasite ; déplacement compétitif ; Cochenille du manioc ; Gabon ; biological control ; establishment ; Epidinocarsis lopezi ; hyperparasite ; competitive displacement ; Cassava mealybug ; Gabon
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary The exotic parasite,Epidinocarsis lopezi De Santis (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) was introduced in Gabon for the biological control of the Cassava mealybug (CM),Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero in 1986. The establishment of the parasite after introduction, shows a speed of dispersal of 70 to 120 km/year. The parasite spread more slowly in the rain forest than in the savannah zone. Changes in the parasitization rates according to CM density shows that the parasite is capable of maintaining a percentage of parasitism of 20 to 56% over a range of host densities of 2 to 16 parasitizable mealybugs. The establishment of the introduced parasite results in a competitive displacement of the local primary parasites and in a decline of the relative abundance of the hyperparasites in the fauna associated with the CM.
    Notizen: Résumé Le parasite exotiqueEpidinocarsis lopezi de Santis (Hyménoptère, Encyrtidae) a été introduit au Gabon en vue de la lutte biologique contre la Cochenille du manioc,Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. L'établissement du parasite constaté un an après son introduction montre que la vitesse de dispersion est de 70 à 120 km par an. La dispersion du parasite cst nettement plus lente en zone de forêt qu'en zonc de savane. L'évolution du pourcentage de parasitisme actif en fonction de la densité du ravageur montre que le parasite est capable de se maintenir à un taux de parasitisme compris entre 20 et 56%, pour des densités de population comprises entre 2 et 16 cochenilles par apex. L'établissement du parasite exotique se traduit dès la première année par un déplacement compétifif des parasites primaires indigènes de la biocoenose du manioc et une nette régression de l'abondance relative des hyperparasites dans l'entomocoenose. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent par ailleurs que pour un niveau trophique donné, l'abondance, exprimée en nombre d'hôtes parasités, est un bon indicateur de la compétitivité d'un parasite par rapport aux autres.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377952
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Predation of cotton leafworm first instar larvae,Alabama argillacea [Lep.: Noctuidae] (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 481-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Cotton leafworm ; Alabama argillacea ; biological control ; predation ; Alabama argillacea ; lutte biologique ; prédation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La destruction des premiers stades larvaires d'Alabama argillacea (Huebner) par les prédateurs naturels a été étudiée sur coton dans la région de Jaboticabal, Etat de Sao Paulo, Brésil, durant l'année 1986. La présence des arthropodes prédateurs indigènes montre une «attaque» de 78,0% et 88,9% des larves après exposition respective de 24 et 48 heures. Le rapport prédateur/proie de 1∶1 (1 chenille pour 1 prédateur — clé/plante) maintient un niveau de plus d'une petite larve d'A. argillacea par plante. Les arthropodes prédateurs les plus visibles dans les champs étudiés sont: les coccinelles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); les fourmis (Pheidole sp.) etConomyrma sp.;Dermaptera Doru lineare (Eschs);Hemiptera Geocoris sp.,Nabis sp., etOrius insidiosus Say; et les araignées (Theridion volubile, Chrysso pulcherrima, Misumenops sp.,Chiracanthium sp. etOxyopes salticus Hentz.
    Notizen: Abstract Natural predation first instar larvae of the cotton leafworm (CLW)A. argillacea was studied in cotton fields in Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, during 1986. The presence of naturally occurring arthropod predators showed a first instar larvae predation rate of 78.6 and 88.9% after 24 h and 48 h of exposure, respectively. A predator prey ratio of 1∶1 (1 CLW key predator per 1 prey/plant) maintained a level of no more than 1 CLW small larvae per plant. The most evident arthropod predators in the studied fields were: beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), antsPheidole sp. andConomyrma sp.;Dermaptera Doru lineare (Eschs);Hemiptera Geocoris sp., andOrius insidiosus Say; and the spidersTheridion volubile, Chrysso pulcherrima, Misumenops sp.,Chiracanthium sp., andOxyopes salticus Hentz.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374430
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Life cycle and abundance oflongitarsus jacobaeae [Col.: Chrysomelidae], biocontrol agent ofSenecio jacobaea (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 605-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Longitarsus jacobaeae ; Senecio jacobaea ; biological control ; life cycle ; Longitarsus jacobaeae ; Senecio jacobaea ; lutte biologique ; cycle biologique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Le cycle biologique et l'abondance de la chrysomèleLongitarsus jacobaeae (Waterhouse) ont été étudiés dans les dunes littorales de Hollande. L'espèce hiverne à l'état d'œuf. Les œufs peuvent être parasités par un hyménoptère Mymaridae. On ne peut pas trouver de larves avant le printemps. Il y a 3 stades larvaires qu'on peut distinguer par la mesure et la couleur de leur capsule céphalique. Au début, il y a beaucoup de larves par plante infestée (jusqu'à 214); en fin de printemps leur nombre est fortement réduit. Les adults apparaissent en Juin et Juillet et ils sont communs jusqu'en Octobre. Mais on peut les trouver normalement jusqu'à la fin de Décembre. Ce cycle est nettement différent de celui décrit pour l'espèce en Suisse, en Italie et en Grande Bretagne. Ces différences et les conséquences pour la lutte biologique contre le Séneçon avecLongitarsus sont discutées.
    Notizen: Abstract The life cycle and abundance of the tansy ragwort flea beetle,Longitarsus jacobaeae (Waterhouse), were investigated in a dune area in the Netherlands. The beetle overwinters in the egg stage, which is parasitised by a Mymarid wasp. No larvae were found until spring. Three larval instars can be separated by head capsule size and coloration. Initial larval numbers are high (up to 214 larvae per plant), but drop to very low levels by late spring. Adults appear during June or July, the numbers are high until October, the adults can be found until the end of December. This life cycle differs remarkably from those described for the species in Switzerland, Italy and Britain. Possible causes for these differences are discussed, as well as implications for the use ofLongitarsus in biological control.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374443
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The introduction ofMimorista pulchellalis [Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae] into South Africa for the biological control of jointed cactus,Opuntia aurantiaca. 2. Field evaluation (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 77-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Mimorista ; biocontrol ; jointed cactus ; evaluation ; Mots Clés ; Mimorista ; lutte biologique ; figuier de Barbarie ; évaluation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La pyraleMimorista pulchellalis a été surveillée durant les deux années qui suivirent sa libération dans une infestation de figuier de Barbarie en Afrique du Sud. Les densités de pyrale et de cactus ont été estimées en utilisant un système de quadrats distribués au hasard et l'impact de la pyrale sur la population de cactus a été quantifiée. Les pyrales semblaient adaptées à survivre sur la forme étiolée des plants de cactus tuant approximativement 1% de l'accroissement annuel des petits plants. Les gros plants étaient aussi attaqués, mais les dégâts étaient négligeables. La pyrale existait en faibles nombres durant toute la période d'étude et elle présentait généralement 3 générations par an.
    Notizen: Abstract The mothMimorista pulchellalis was monitored over 2 years after liberation in a jointed cactus (Opuntia aurantiaca) infestation in South Africa. Moth and cactus densities were estimated using a system of randomly-assigned quadrats and the impact of the moth on the cactus population quantified. Moths appeared adapted to survive on the etiolated form of jointed cactus plants, killing approximately 1% of the increment in small plants annually. Large plants were also attacked but damage was negligible. The moths occurred in low numbers throughout the study period and generally went through 3 generations in a year.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374638
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chamaesphecia doryliformis [Lep.: Sesiidae], a second root borer for the control ofRumex spp. [Polygonaceae] in Australia (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 245-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Chamaesphecia doryliformis ; Rumex spp. ; biological control ; host-specificity ; Mediterranean region ; Chamaesphecia doryliformis ; Rumex spp. ; lutte biologique ; spécificité plante hôte ; région méditerranéenne
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La biologie et la spécificité deChamaesphecia doryliformis (Ochsenheimer) [Lep.: Sesiidae] sont décrites, et l'efficacité potentielle de cet insecte en tant qu'agent de lutte biologique contre les mauvaises herbes du genreRumex (Polygonaceae) en Australie est discutée. L'insecte est localisé dans la partie occidentale du bassin Méditerranéen, principalement en Afrique duNord. Les adultes apparaissent et pondent au printemps. Les larves se développent à l'intérieur des racines des plantes ayant déjà fleuri. Les plantes attaquées appartiennent aux sous-genresRumex etAcetosa. Au cours de tests de spécificité avec des larves du 1er stade, seules des plantes de la famille desPolygonaceae furent l'objet de dégâts. L'insecte fut jugé apte à être introduit en Australie après que l'étude de sa biologie et de sa spécificité eut démontré que lesPolygonaceae endémiques ne seraient pas menacées.
    Notizen: Abstract The host-specificity and biology ofChamaesphecia doryliformis (Ochsenheimer) [Lep.: Sesiidae] are described and the insect is assessed for its potential as a biological control agent for weeds of the genusRumex (Polygonaceae) in Australia. The insect is found in the western Mediterranean region, chiefly in north Africa. Adults emerge from pupation in late spring to summer when they lay eggs. The larvae feed inside the roots of post-reproductive plants belonging to the subgeneraRumex andAcetosa. In host-specificity tests 1st instar larvae attacked only plants of thePolygonaceae. The insect was judged safe to release in Australia after assessing its level of host-specificity, and attributes of its biology which indicate that native AustralianPolygonaceae will not be endangered.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374560
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Selection of healthy and nuclear polyhedrosis virus infectedAnticarsia gemmatalis [Lep.: Noctuidae] as prey by nymphalNabis roseipennis [Hemiptera: Nabidae] in laboratory and on soybean (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 265-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Nabis roseipennis ; Anticarsia gemmatalis ; Baculoviridae ; nuclear polyhedrosis ; soybean ; predation ; biological control ; Nabis roseipennis ; Anticarsia gemmatalis ; Baculoviridae ; polyédrose nucléaire ; soja ; prédation ; lutte biologique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Lorsque, en laboratoire et sur le soja, le choix entre des larves saines et des larves infectées par le virus de la polyédrose nucléaire (NPV) a été offert aux nymphes deNabis roseipennis, ces dernières ont démontré une préférence pour les larves infectées. En laboratoire, (boîtes de Pétri), les nymphes de petite (2e et 3e stade larvaire) et de grosse taille (5e et 6e stade) ont attaqué un nombre significativement plus élevé de larves malades que de larves saines à tous les stades de développement larvaire testés (du 1er au 5e) et aux périodes d'exposition (2, 5, et 24 heures), excepté qu'à la période de 2 h, le nombre de 1er et de 3e stade larvaire attaqué par les nymphes de grosse taille n'a pas différé de manière significative (P≤0,05). Dans la pépinière et après une période de 2 jours, la mise en cage desNabis roseipennis avec des plants de soja individuels a entraîné un pourcentage d'attaque par les nymphes de petite et de grosse taille généralement bas, allant de 5,6 à 36,7%. Quant au soja, et comme pour les boîtes de Pétri, les nabids ont montré qu'ils préféraient de manière significative, les larves malades aux larves saines. Ils ont attaqué les malades quel que soit le stade de développement des nabids et des larves, le pourcentage de larves malades attaquées allant alors de 28,0 à 65,4% (P≤0,05). Cette préférence pour les larves malades, aussi bien sur le soja qu'en laboratoire, indique que cette préférence n'est pas due à la proximité de l'hôte et de la proie dans les boîtes de Pétri. La préférence pour les larves malades peut être due à l'affaiblissement du mécanisme de défense qui a lieu pendant les stades avancés de la maladie.
    Notizen: Abstract Nabis roseipennis Reuter nymphs demonstrated a preference for nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) — infected over healthyAnticarsia gemmatalis Hübner larvae when offered a choice of larval prey in Petri dishes and on soybean. In Petri dishes, small (second-third instar) and large (fifth-sixth instar) nymphs attacked a significantly greater number of diseased than healthy larvae at all larval instars tested (first-fifth instars) and exposure periods (2, 5 and 24 h), except that at 2 h the number of 1st and 3rd instar larvae attacked by large nymphs did not differ significantly (P≤0.05). Nabis roseipennis caged with larvae on individual soybean plants in the greenhouse resulted in a generally low percentage of attack by small and large nymphs after 2 days, ranging from 5.6 to 36.7%. As in the Petri dishes, the nabids showed a significant preference for diseased larvae over healthy larvae attacked for all nabid and larval sizes on soybean, with the percentage of diseased larvae attacked ranging from 28.0 to 65.4% (P≤0.05). This preference for diseased larvae on soybean as well as in Petri dishes demonstrates that the preference was not due to the close proximity in which the host and prey were found in the Petri dishes. The preference for diseased larvae may be due to a reduction in a defensive response in late stages of disease.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374562
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    ReleasingAmblyseius spp. [Acarina: Phytoseiidae] to controlThrips tabaci [Thysanoptera: Thripidae] on cabbage (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 561-573 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Amblyseius barkeri ; Amblyseius cucumeris ; Thrips tabaci ; cabbage ; biological control ; Amblyseius barkeri ; Amblyseius cucumeris ; Thrips tabaci ; chou ; lutte biologique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Deux espèces d'acariens prédateurs,Amblyseius barkeri (Hugues [=A. mckenziei Schuster & Pritchard] etAmblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans), ont été testés comme agents de lutte biologique potentiels contreThrips tabaci Lindeman sur chou.A. barkeri colonisa les pommes des choux durant les essais préliminaires. Des lâchers en plein champ de différents nombres d'A. barkeri en 1987 ont démontré que les thrips sur choux étaient réduits proportionnellement au nombre d'acariens lâchés, mais le dommage dû aux thrips demeurait identique. En 1988, des lâchers en plein champ d'un même nombre d'A. cucumeris, mais à des périodes différentes, ont démontré que les premiers lâchers réduisaient au maximum le nombre de thrips et les dommages à la récolte, mais cette corrélation n'était pas établie quand les pyréthroides sont employés. Nous concluons qu'un lâcher inoculatif d'Amblyseius spp. est une stratégie potentielle utilisable contre les thrips du chou, en perfectionnant le choix du nombre et du moment des lâchers, pour rendre la lutte acceptable sur le plan commercial.
    Notizen: Abstract Two species of predaceous mites,Amblyseius barkeri (Hughes) [=A. mckenziei Schuster & Pritchard] andA. cucumeris (Oudemans) [Acarina: Phytoseiidae] were evaluated as potential biological control agents forThrips tabaci Lindeman [Thysanoptera: Thripidae] on cabbage.A. barkeri colonized cabbage heads in preliminary trials. Field releases of different numbers of mites per plant during 1987 showed thatA. barkeri reduced the number of thrips in cabbage heads at harvest, and the reduction was proportional to the number of mites released, but thrips damage was unaffected. ReleasingA. cucumeris at different times during 1988, but releasing the same number of mites each time, we found that earlier releases resulted in fewer thrips and less damage at harvest; these relationships were not present, however, in plots treated with pyrethroid insecticides. We conclude that inoculative release ofAmblyseius spp. is a potentially useful thrips management strategy, but improvements in release timing and strategy will be required to provide commercially acceptable control.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374439
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Laboratory biology and host range ofHydrellia balciunasi [Diptera: Ephydridae] (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 575-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Biological control ; aquatic weed ; host range ; Hydrellia balciunasi ; Hydrilla verticillata ; lutte biologique ; mauvaise herbe aquatique ; gamme d'hôtes ; Hydrellia balciunasi ; Hydrilla verticillata ; durée de développement
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Hydrellia balciunasi, originaire d'Australie, a été évaluée en quarantaine en Floride, pour déterminer ses potentialités comme agent de lutte biologique contre la mauvaise herbe aquatique,Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. Les larves sont des mineuses des feuilles. La durée moyenne de développement de cette mouche était de 22,8 jours à une température de 27°C. La durée moyenne du stade œuf était de 3,0 jours. Le stade larvaire comptait en moyenne 11,5 jours et celui des pupes 8,3 jours. La fécondité moyenne était de 35,5 œufs. La moyenne de longévité de la femelle et du mâle était respectivement de 19,7 et de 15,6 jours. Le rapport mâle: femelle était 1.1∶1. En plus du riz, 14 espèces de plantes proches d'Hydrilla et appartenant à 4 familles ont été testées dans des essais de développement larvaire sans choix. En outre, 27 espèces de plantes appartenant à 16 familles étaient testées en essais de choix multiples. Les larves minaient seulement 2 espèces dePotamogeton et se développaient (1%) seulement surP. crispus L. qui est une mauvaise herbe introduite. Les femelles pondaient des œufs sur la majorité des plantes testées. L'autorisation de libérer cette mouche aux États-Unis a été obtenue du Gouvernement fédéral et de celui de l'État de Floride. La mouche fut libérée à partir de la quarantaine, le 24 mai 1989.
    Notizen: Abstract Hydrellia balciunasi Bock, a native of Australia, was evaluated in quarantine in Florida, USA, for its potential as a biocontrol agent of the submersed aquatic weed,Hydrilla verticillata (L.f) Royle. Larvae are leafminers. Mean total development time at 27°C was 22.8 days. Mean duration of the egg stage was 3.0 days, larval was 11.5 days, and puparial was 8.3 days. Mean fecundity was 35.5 eggs. Mean female longevity was 19.7 days, and mean male longevity was 15.6 days. The sex ratio was 1.1∶1 (male: female). Fourteen plant species closely related to hydrilla in 4 families plus rice were tested in no-choice larval development tests and an additional 27 plant species in 16 families were tested in multi-choice tests. Larvae mined in 2 test plant species,Potamogeton pusillus L. andP. crispus L., but developed (1%) only on the introduced weedP. crispus L. Females oviposited on most test plants. Permission to release this fly in the United States was received from federal and state (Florida) officials, and it was released from quarantine on 24 May 1989.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374440
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Insect natural enemies of coffee green scales [Hemiptera: Coccidae] in Kenya and their potential for biological control ofCoccus celatus andC. viridis in Papua New Guinea (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 519-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Coccus celatus ; Coccus viridis ; Metaphycus stanleyi ; Metaphycus baruensis ; Diversinervus stramineus ; Coccophagus rusti ; biological control ; Coccus celatus ; Coccus viridis ; Coccus alpinus ; Metaphycus stanleyi ; Metaphycus baruensis ; Diversinervus stramineus ; Coccophagus rusti ; lutte biologique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les cochenilles vertesCoccus celatus De Lotto etC. viridis Green font partie des plus grands fléaux du caféier en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée (P.N.G.) Des études sur les ennemis naturels des cochenilles vertes ont été menées au Kenya pour trouver les espèces appropriées à introduire en P.N.G. Il s'est avéré que ces ennemis naturels forment des communautés différentes, en particulier ceux trouvés dans les hautes terres centrales où 3 parasitoïdes primaires,Metaphycus stanleyi Compere,M. baruensis Noyes andDiversinervus stramineus Compere — (Encyrtidae) y dominent surC. celatus etC. alpinus De Lotto. Il est suggéré que ces 3 parasitoïdes soient des agents de lutte biologique possible contreC. celatus. Plusieurs insectes prédateurs ont été trouvés en compagnie deC. celatus dans les hautes terres centrales, mais la plupart n'étaient actifs que dans les populations de cochenilles sans fourmis. Un seul ennemi naturel deC. viridis, l'aphélinide parasitoïde primaireCoccophagus rusti Compere, a été trouvé. Cette espèce, quoiqu'il en soit, pourrait être un agent potentiel de lutte biologique du fait de son utilisation antérieure contre cette cochenille.
    Notizen: Abstract Coffee green scales,Coccus celatus De Lotto andC. viridis (Green), are major pests of coffee in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Surveys for insect natural enemies of coffee green scales were conducted in Kenya to find species suitable for introduction to PNG. Natural enemy communities in Kenya were found to be diverse, particularly those located in the central highlands where 3 primary parasitoids,Metaphycus stanleyi Compere,M. baruensis Noyes andDiversinervus stramineus Compere (Encyrtidae), were dominant onC. celatus andC. alpinus De Lotto. It is suggested that these 3 parasitoids may be potential biological control agents forC. celatus. Several insect predators were found associated withC. celatus in the central highlands but most were only common in ant-free scale populations. An aphelinid primary parasitoid,Coccophagus rusti Compere, was the only natural enemy ofC. viridis located. This species, however, could be of potential as a biological control agent, especially in view of its previous use in biological control against soft scales.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374434
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Denitrification losses from puddled rice soils in the tropics (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Denitrification ; Flooded soil ; 15N ; Nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; Wetland rice ; Urea
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Although denitrification has long been considered a major loss mechanism for N fertilizer applied to lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) soils, direct field measurements of denitrification losses from puddled rice soils in the tropics have only been made recently. This paper summarizes the results of direct measurement and indirect estimation of denitrification losses from puddled rice fields and reviews the status of research methodology for measurement of denitrification in rice fields. The direct recovery of (N2+N2O)-15N from 15N-enriched urea has recently been measured at sites in the Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia. In all 12 studies, recoveries of (N2+N2O)-15N ranged from less than 0.1 to 2.2% of the applied N. Total gaseous N losses, estimated by the 15N-balance technique, were much greater, ranging from 10 to 56% of the applied urea-N. Denitrification was limited by the nitrate supply rather than by available C, as indicated by the values for water-soluble soil organic C, floodwater (nitrate+nitrite)-N, and evolved (N2+N2O)-15N from added nitrate. In the absence of runoff and leaching losses, the amount of (N2+N2O)-15N evolved from 15N-labeled nitrate was consistently less than the unrecovered 15N in 15N balances with labeled nitrate, which presumably represented total denitrification losses. This finding indicates that the measured recoveries of (N2+N2O)-15N had underestimated the denitrification losses from urea. Even with a probable two-or threefold underestimation, direct measurements of (N2+N2O)-15N failed to confirm the appreciable denitrification losses often estimated by the indirect difference method. This method, which determines denitrification losses by the difference between total 15N loss and determined ammonia loss, is prone to high variability. Measurements of nitrate disappearance and 15N-balance studies suggest that nitrification-denitrification occurs under alternate soil drying and wetting conditions both during the rice cropping period and between rice crops. Research is needed to determine the magnitude of denitrification losses when soils are flooded and puddled for production of rice.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335854
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evolution of dinitrogen and nitrous oxide from the soil to the atmosphere through rice plants (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Denitrification ; Flooded soil ; 15N ; Urea ; 15N balance ; Wetland rice ; Oryza sativa L.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary It is commonly assumed that a large fraction of fertilizer N applied to a rice (Oryza sativa L.) field is lost from the soil-water-plant system as a result of denitrification. Direct evidence to support this view, however, is limited. The few direct field, denitrification gas measurements that have been made indicate less N loss than that determined by 15N balance after the growing season. One explanation for this discrepancy is that the N2 produced during denitrification in a flooded soil remains trapped in the soil system and does not evolve to the atmosphere until the soil dries or is otherwise disturbed. It seems likely, however, that N2 produced in the soil uses the rice plants as a conduit to the atmosphere, as does methane. Methane evolution from a rice field has been demonstrated to occur almost exclusively through the rice plants themselves. A field study in Cuttack, India, and a greenhouse study in Fort Collins, Colorado, were conducted to determine the influence of rice plants on the transport of N2 and N2O from the soil to the atmosphere. In these studies, plots were fertilized with 75 or 99 atom % 15N-urea and 15N techniques were used to monitor the daily evolution of N2 and N2O. At weekly intervals the amount of N2+N2O trapped in the flooded soil and the total-N and fertilized-N content of the soil and plants were measured in the greenhouse plots. Direct measurement of N2+N2O emission from field and greenhouse plots indicated that the young rice plant facilitates the efflux of N2 and N2O from the soil to the atmosphere. Little N gas was trapped in the rice-planted soils while large quantities were trapped in the unplanted soils. N losses due to denitrification accounted for only up to 10% of the loss of added N in planted soils in the field or greenhouse. The major losses of fertilizer N from both the field and greenhouse soils appear to have been the result of NH3 volatilization.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335863
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Availability of soil and fertilizer nitrogen to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) following rice-straw amendment (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 10 (1990), S. 134-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): 15N ; N immobilization ; N loss ; N uptake ; Rice straw ; Soil N ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary A pot experiment was conducted to study the N availability to wheat and the loss of 15N-labelled fertilizer N as affected by the rate of rice-straw applied. The availability of soil N was also studied. The straw was incorporated in the soil 2 or 4 weeks before a sowing of wheat and allowed to decompose at a moisture content of 60% or 200% of the water-holding capacity. The wheat plants were harvested at maturity and the roots, straw, and grains were analysed for total N and 15N. The soil was analysed for total N and 15N after the harvest to determine the recovery of fertilizer N in the soil-plant system and assess its loss. The dry matter and N yields of wheat were significantly retarded in the soil amended with rice straw. The availability of soil N to wheat was significantly reduced due to the straw application, particularly at high moisture levels during pre-incubation, and was assumed to cause a reduction in the dry matter and N yields of wheat. A significant correlation (r=0.89) was observed between the uptake of soil N and the dry matter yield of wheat with different treatments. In unamended soil 31.44% of the fertilizer N was taken up by the wheat plants while 41.08% of fertilizer N was lost. The plant recovery of fertilizer N from the amended soil averaged 30.78% and the losses averaged 45.55%
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336249
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The relative roles of N fixation, fertilizer, crop residues and soil in supplying N in multiple cropping systems in a humid, tropical upland cropping system (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 121 (1990), S. 73-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): corn ; cowpea ; humid tropics ; multiple cropping ; N fertilizer ; N fixation ; orthoxic ; palehumult ; residues ; soybean ; upland rice ; 15N
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This work provides information relevant to the nitrogen (N) management strategy of multiple cropping in upland systems in the humid tropics of the transmigration areas of Sumatra, Indonesia. The experiment was conducted on a red yellow podzolic (orthoxic palehumult) soil at Kota Bumi in Lampung Province, Indonesia, where the annual rainfall of 2430 mm allows three consecutive crops per year to be grown. Two sequential systems were studied—rice-soybean-cowpea and rice-corn-cowpea. For each crop, crop residues and fertilizer applied to subplots were labelled with 15N so that the crop N uptake for the planted crop and subsequent crops could be partitioned into that derived from N fixation (legume only), fertilizer, crop residues and soil. The experiment was conducted over two years (6 crops). The percentage of soybean and cowpea N derived from N fixation was 33% for soybean and 12–33% for cowpea. Removal of N in seed exceeded the amount derived from fixation. Efficiency of utilization of fertilizer N ranged from 9–18% of that applied for wet season upland rice (900–1300 mm rainfall) to 32–40% for dry season corn (410–840 mm rainfall). Residual fertilizer N recovery by subsequent erops was as high as 14% of that applied to corn and as low as 2% of that applied to rice. Legume residues were an effective source of N to the following crop, particularly cowpea residues applied to rice, where percent recovery was higher than from fertilizer. Cereal residues were of lower value as a source of N. Percent utilization of N in crop residues by the following crop was related to the % N in the residues and the rainfall received by the following crop (R2=0.69, P=0.01).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013099
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The relative roles of N fixation, fertilizer, crop residues and soil in supplying N in multiple cropping systems in a humid, tropical upland cropping system (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 122 (1990), S. 73-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): corn ; cowpea ; humid tropics ; multiple cropping ; N fertilizer ; N fixation ; orthoxic ; palehumult ; residues ; soybean ; upland rice ; 15N
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This work provides information relevant to the nitrogen (N) management strategy of multiple cropping in upland systems in the humid tropics of the transmigration areas of Sumatra, Indonesia. The experiment was conducted on a red yellow podzolic (orthoxic palehumult) soil at Kota Bumi in Lampung Province, Indonesia, where the annual rainfall of 2430 mm allows three consecutive crops per year to be grown. Two sequential systems were studied—rice-soybean-cowpea and rice-corn-cowpea. For each crop, crop residues and fertilizer applied to subplots were labelled with15N so that the crop N uptake for the planted crop and subsequent crops could be partitioned into that derived from N fixation (legume only), fertilizer, crop residues and soil. The experiment was conducted over two years (6 crops). The percentage of soybean and cowpea N derived from N fixation was 33% for soybean and 12–33% for cowpea. Removal of N in seed exceeded the amount derived from fixation. Efficiency of utilization of fertilizer N ranged from 9–18% of that applied for wet season upland rice (900–1300 mm rainfall) to 32–40% for dry season corn (410–840 mm rainfall). Residual fertilizer N recovery by subsequent erops was as high as 14% of that applied to corn and as low as 2% of that applied to rice. Legume residues were an effective source of N to the following crop, particularly cowpea residues applied to rice, where percent recovery was higher than from fertilizer. Cereal residues were of lower value as a source of N. Percent utilization of N in crop residues by the following crop was related to the % N in the residues and the rainfall received by the following crop (R2=0.69,P=0.01).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02444106
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fate and efficiency of N fertilizers applied to pearl millet in Niger (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 221-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) ; 15N ; urea ; West Africa
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Field studies were conducted in Niger using 15N-labeled fertilizers to assess the fate and efficiency of fertilizer N in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R.Br.) production. Total plant uptake of fertilizer N was low in all cases (20%–37%), and losses were severe (25%–53%). The majority of N remaining in the soil was found in the 0- to 15-cm layer though some enrichment at lower depths was found when the N fertilizer was calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN). In a comparison of urea placement methods (band, broadcast, or point placement), no significant differences in 15N uptake or yield were noted though point placement did exacerbate 15N loss. The mechanism of N loss is believed to have been ammonia volatilization. Yields were similar whether urea or CAN was used, but 15N uptake from CAN was higher. A statistical model was developed relating millet yield and N response to midseason rainfall. In drought years, no N response was found, whereas in years of good rainfall a response was found of 15 kg grain for each kilogram of N applied (at 30 kg N ha-1 rate).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010660
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparative effects of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources applied to a flooded soil on rice yield and availability of N (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 255-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): added N interaction ; flooded soil ; nitrogen availability ; 15N ; priming effect ; rice ; soil nitrogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of organic and inorganic nitrogen (N) sources on the yield and N uptake of rice from applied and native soil-N. The residual effect of these N sources on a succeeding wheat crop was also studied. Organic N was applied in the form of 15N-labelled Sesbania aculeata L., a legume, and inorganic N in the form of 15N-labelled ammonium sulphate. The two sources were applied to the soil separately or together at the time of transplanting rice. Recovery of N by rice from both the applied sources was quite low but both sources caused significant increases in biomass and N yield of rice. Maximum increase was recorded in soil treated with organic N. The residual value of the two materials as source of N for wheat was not significant; the wheat took up only a small fraction of the N initially applied. Loss of N occurred from both applied N sources, the losses being more from inorganic N. Both applied N sources caused a substantial increase in the availability of soil-N to rice and wheat; most of this increase was due to organic N and was attributed to the so-called ‘priming’ effect or ANI (added nitrogen interaction) of the applied material.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010664
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