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  • nitrogen  (232)
  • Yeast  (218)
  • AERODYNAMICS
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
  • Animals
  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • Physics
  • Springer  (452)
  • 1990-1994  (416)
  • 1975-1979  (36)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in protein composition ofSaccharomyces brewing strains in response to heat shock and ethanol stress (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Heat shock protein (HSP) ; Yeast ; Saccharomyces ; Viability ; Thermotolerance ; Ethanol tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Heat shock and ethanol stress of brewing yeast strains resulted in the induction of a set of proteins referred to as heat shock proteins (HSPs). At least six strongly induced HSPs were identified in a lager brewing strain and four HSPs in an ale brewing strain. Four of these HSPs with molecular masses of approximately 70, 38, 26 and 23 kDa were also identified in two laboratory strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. The appearance of HSPs correlated with increased survival of strains at elevated temperatures and high concentrations of ethanol. These results suggest that HSPs may play a role in the ethanol and thermotolerance of yeasts. The properties of these proteins and membrane fatty acids in relation to heat and ethanol shock are being investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569628
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The involvement of trehalose in yeast stress tolerance (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Yeast ; Trehalose ; Osmotolerance ; Viability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A total of 12 yeast strains from various genera were examined for their ability to produce ethanol in the presence of high concentrations of glucose. From these studies, the yeastsTorulaspora delbrueckii andZygosaccharomyces rouxii were observed to the most osmotolerant. These osmotolerant yeast strains were also observed to possess high concentrations of intracellular trehalose. Futhermore, these strains were found to be tolerant to long-term storage at −20°C and to storage at 4°C in beer containing 5% (v/v) ethanol. Cells containing high trehalose levels at the time of freezing or cold storage exhibited the highest cell viabilities. Trehalose concentration was observed to increase during growth on glucose, reaching a maximum after 24–48 h. Increasing the incubation temperature from 21 to 40°C also resulted in an increase in intracellular trehalose content. These results suggest that trehalose plays a role in enhancing yeast survival under environmentally stressful conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575882
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activities ofβ-glucanases andβ-glucosidases during blastospore formation inSaccharomycopsis fibuligera (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Yeast ; β-Glucanase ; β-Glucosidase catabolite repression ; Sporulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The activities of three glycosidases, β-glucosidase and β(1,3)- and β(1,6)-glucanases have been monitored during growth and blastospore formation inSaccharomycopsis fibuligera. The assays were carried out on the cell-free culture and in a cell-free extract and a wall autolysate preparation from the growing cells. In complex medium containing 1% glucose an increase in the level of all three enzymes was associated with the transition from mycelium to blastospores. When the level of glucose was increased to 5% blastospore formation was repressed and the level of β-glucanases only increased at the end of the fermentation. The β-glucosidase activity increased during the growth phase. In a defined medium in which slow growth in a wholly yeast-like form was observed, growth was not associated with a high level of β-glucanase activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577654
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet-switching by gypsy moth: effects of diet nitrogen history vs. switching on growth, consumption, and food utilization (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 225-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar (L.) ; diet switching ; nitrogen ; specialization ; plant-animal interactions ; insect behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)) larvae were reared from hatch on 1.25% N or 3.5% N artificial diet (previous diet) and switched reciprocally to the other diet (current diet) after molting into the second, third, fourth, or fifth instar. The nitrogen concentration of food consumed during previous instars had a strong residual effect on the growth rate in subsequent instars when a diet switch was made during instars two through four, but did not affect growth rate of fifth-instar larvae despite effects on food consumption and utilization. In early instars, larvae reared on 1.25% N artificial diet and then switched to 3.75% N diet had lower mass-adjusted growth rates than larvae continuously reared on 3.75% N diet. Conversely, larvae reared on 3.75% N diet and switched to 1.25% N had higher mass-adjusted growth rates than larvae reared continuously on 1.25% N diet. Relative to larvae previously reared on 1.25% N diet, fifth-instar male larvae previously reared on 3.75% N diet had slightly lower consumption rates, higher net growth efficiency (ECD), and higher gross growth efficiency (ECI). Larvae previously reared on 3.75% N diet tended to have lower food assimilation efficiency (AD) and lower nitrogen assimilation efficiency (AD(N)). Although both previous and current diet nitrogen concentration strongly affected larval growth and food utilization, the interaction term between these was not significant for any response variables except ECD and ECI. Because the interaction term reflects the effect of switching per se, the results indicate that there was a metabolic cost associated with switching, but no inherent net cost or benefit of diet-switching to growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341086
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of nitrogen and foliar biomass on population parameters of cabbage insects (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 7-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Plutella xylostella ; Trichoplusia ni ; Hellula phidilealis ; Artogeia rapae ; nitrogen ; population growth ; cabbage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of different nitrogen (N) fertilization rates (0, 45, 90, and 168 kg N/ha), plant nitrogen concentration, and plant biomass on abundance and population growth of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), cabbage budworm, Hellula phidilealis (Walker), imported cabbageworm, Artogeia rapae (L.), and cross-striped cabbageworm, Evergestis rimosalis (Guenée), were investigated in Homestead and Sanford, Florida in 1987. The effects of these factors on the parasitization of P. xylostella were also examined. In Homestead, abundance of most insect pests and parasitized P. xylostella increased with an increase in the level of N applied and with an increase in plant biomass. Similar results were found in Sanford, although results were not consistently significant. Abundance of most insect pests was significantly positively correlated with plant N concentration. Multiple regression analyses indicated that foliar biomass was significantly more important than N fertilization rate and subsequent plant N concentration at predicting abundance of insect pests and parasitized P. xylostella on cabbage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367163
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salting coefficients for gases in seawater from scaled-particle theory (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 4 (1975), S. 523-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Salting coefficient ; scaled-particle theory ; gas solubilities ; seawater ; helium ; neon ; argon ; oxygen ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Experimental values of the salting coefficients for He, Ne, Ar, O2, and N2 in seawater are compared with values calculated from scaled-particle theory. The agreement is reasonably good; the average difference between calculated and observed values at 25°C is 0.007. Scaled-particle theory predicts correctly thatk s should decrease as the temperature increases and that this effect should be most pronounced at low temperatures. However, the predicted magnitude ofdK s/dt is only about half of that observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00650690
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the rate-determining step and the role of potassium in the catalytic synthesis of ammonia (1992)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 13 (1992), S. 45-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Ammonia ; synthesis ; nitrogen ; rate-determining step ; potassium promotion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The simple concept of a single rate-determining step, the dissociation of N2(a), in ammonia synthesis is inconsistent with experimental results. It is proposed that three reaction steps, N2(a) → 2N(a) (1) N(a) + H(a)→NH(a) (2) NH3(a)→NH3(g) (3) are dominant in determining the rate of synthesis. Under industrial conditions reactions (2) and (3) are more important than (1). The role of K+ as promoter in these reactions is discussed, especially as an “anchor” for adsorbed oxygen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00770946
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of nitrogen and carbon dioxide chemisorption on platinum black (1992)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 16 (1992), S. 159-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Chemisorption ; nitrogen ; carbon dioxide ; platinum ; water gas shift reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between sites responsible for nitrogen chemisorption and sites responsible for stronger adsorption of carbon dioxide on platinum black is reported. A 2 to 1 ratio has been found between molecules of more strongly adsorbed carbon dioxide and molecules of nitrogen chemisorbed on individual samples. This relationship has allowed us to deduce the structure of chemisorbed carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is relatively weakly chemisorbed on platinum. Reasons for the weakness of this chemisorption are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00764366
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ecosystem of a mesotrophic lake-II. Interactions among nutrient load, river flow, and epilimnion depth (1991)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 53 (1991), S. 263-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Lake ecosystem ; chl-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; river flow ; thermocline ; simulation model ; multiple regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The management variables which primarily affect phytoplankton biomass (as chl-a) in Lake Mjøsa, Norway, are total phosphorus loading (TP) and the timing and volume of water through flow (by active storage reservoirs). The response of the lake to changes in these factors is studied using a simulation model of the lake ecosystem. Chl-a responses from both observed data and the simulated results are extracted by multiple regression. Results show that decreasing TP load decreases chl-a, but less at low TP levels (〈 10 mg TP · m−3). There is also a certain time period for peak river flow which gives the least yield of chl-a per unit TP. This time period occurs in early summer (i.e., around June 10) if the total phosphorus load is low, and later if the load is high. Both observations and simulation results show that a high water flow increases chl-a at low epilimnion depths (〈 15 m), but that the same high water flow decreases chl-a when epilmnion is deep.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877062
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic analysis of ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 172-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Yeast ; protein degradation ; ubiquitin conjugating enzymes ; signals for proteolysis ; stress response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Selective degradation of cellular proteins serves to eliminate abnormal proteins and to mediate the turnover of certain short-lived proteins, many of which have regulatory functions. In eukaryotes a major pathway for selective protein degradation is ATP-dependent and is mediated by the ubiquitin system. This pathway involves substrate recognition by components of a ubiquitin-protein ligase system, covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties to proteolytic substrates, and subsequent degradation of these conjugates by a multicatalytic protease complex. Recent genetic evidence suggests that the remarkable selectivity of this process is largely controlled at the level of substrate recognition by the ubiquitin ligase system. InSaccharomyces cerevisiae, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes UBC1, UBC4 and UBC5 have been identified as key components of this highly conserved degradation pathway. Genetic analysis indicates that ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is essential for cell viability and that UBC4 and UBC5 enzymes are essential components of the eukaryotic stress response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923510
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of nutritional and genetic factors on larval performance of the cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; cinnabar moth ; insect genetics ; larval performance ; Lepidoptera ; nutritional ecology ; nitrogen ; sugar ; Tyria jacobaeae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a laboratory experiment using full-sibs, 60% of the variation in pupal weight of the monophage Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) could be explained by variation in the nitrogen concentration of the food plant, Senecio jacobaea L. and only 4% by variation in sugar concentration. Larval weight and growth rates of young and old larvae were also positively correlated with nitrogen and sugar concentration. Developmental time was negatively correlated with nitrogen concentration. In a second experiment full-sib families differed significantly in larval weight at day 7, mortality, growth rate and developmental time. Pupal weight did not differ significantly among families, but was positively correlated with nitrogen concentration of Senecio. Larval performance was not significantly influenced by concentrations of sugars or alkaloids. We conclude that larval performance of Tyria during most of the larval period is mainly determined by genetic factors, but pupal weights are primarily determined by nitrogen concentration of the food plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185638
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fermentation of hardwood hemicellulose hydrolysate byPachysolen tannophilus, candida shehatae andPichia stipitis (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1990), S. 157-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Lignocellulosic waste ; Yeast ; Ethanol production ; Optimization study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Hardwood hemicellulose hydrolysate has been utilized as a substrate for ethanol production. Among the three different yeasts tested, the best performances have been obtained, in decreasing order, usingPachysolen tannophilus, Candida shehatae andPichia stipitis. Several pretreatments of this raw material have been studied to improve ethanol yields; in one such pretreatment a strain ofP. tannophilus produced ethanol with a yield of 0.29 gethanol/gsugars (gP/gS); which is only 15% less than the values observed with synthetic media. Neither aeration nor acetone addition improved the fermentation of this substrate; in fact, only a marked stimulation of biomass growth has been observed at the expense of both ethanol and xylitol production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577690
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sugar uptake in a 2-deoxy-d-glucose resistant mutant ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: 2-Deoxy-d-glucose ; Yeast ; Catabolite repression ; Derepression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The non-metabolizable and toxic glucose analogue 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DOG) has been widely employed to screen for regulatory mutants which lack catabolite repression. A number of yeast mutants resistant to 2-DOG have recently been isolated in this laboratory. One such mutant, derived from aSaccharomyces cerevisiae haploid strain, was demonstrated to be derepressed for maltose, galactose and sucrose uptake. Furthermore, kinetic analysis of glucose transport suggested that the high affinity glucose transport system was also derepressed in the mutant strain. In addition, the mutant had an increased intracellular concentration of trehalose relative to the parental strain. These results indicate that the 2-DOG resistant mutant is defective in general glucose repression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575600
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The intron of the yeast actin gene contains the promoter for an antisense RNA (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 269-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Actin ; Intron ; Antisense RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using Northern blot analysis we have detected an approximately 840 nucleotide-long RNA which is complementary to the 5′ leader sequence and the first ten nucleotides of the coding sequence of the yeast actin (ACT1) messenger RNA. We have determined two transcription start sites for this actin antisense RNA (ASR1), both within the ACT1 intron, at about 80 and 90 nucleotides downstream from the 5′ splice site. Analysis of a cDNA clone showed that this RNA species overlaps the entire trailer sequence and approximately 20 nucleotides of the coding sequence of the nearby yeast YPT1 gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312620
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitochondrial modifications in a single nuclear mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae affected in cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 507-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mutants ; Cytochrome ; Mitochondria ; Oxidative phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper reports studies of bioenergetic modifications in a TTR1 single-nuclear mutant, isolated as resistant to triethyltin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase, and effective in cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation. This mutant appears to have lost the wildtype cell ability to respond to a decrease of oxygen concentration in the growth medium by a decrease of cytochrome concentration in the cell. ATP synthesis rate in mutant cells in both the prestationary and stationary phase of growth appeared increased in comparison to wild-type cells, as too was respiration rate. A comparative study of mitochondria extracted from wild-type and from TTR1 mutant cells showed an increase in respiration rate, an increase in ATP synthesis rate, and an increase in TPP+ uptake in mutant mitochondria. The specific ATPase activity, as well as its sensitivity to TET, appears to be similar for mitochondria extracted from both strains. It was proposed that the modification of mitochondrial biogenesis in the TTR1 mutant may be due to a response of the cell to an increase in ATP hydrolysis caused by the mutation. It is also possible that the modification in cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulation which appeared to occur in this mutant affects protein(s) involved in mitochondrial biogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313079
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosome location of a family of genes encoding different acidic ribosomal proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 535-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Chromosome mapping ; Acidic ribosomal proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary DNA probes from the genes encoding the acidic ribosomal proteins L44, L44′ and L45, as well as from reporter genes for chromosomes IV, VII, XII and XV, have been hybridised to Southern blots of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA resolved by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The protein L44′ and protein L45 genes have been found to hybridise to chromosome IV, identified by the CAT1 gene probe, while the protein L44 probe hybridises with a band containing chromosomes VII and XV, identified by the ATPase 1 and HIS3 genes respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313084
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mismatch-stimulated plasmid integration in yeast (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 329-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mismatch repair ; Plasmid integration ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A single base pair mismatch (G:T or A:C) in the CYC1 gene of the integrative plasmid pAB218 stimulates up to a five-fold integration into the yeast chromosome. Analysis of chromosomal sites of plasmid integration suggests that the mismatch-stimulated integration is not targeted as would be expected if crossovers, localised in the region of the mismatch, were a necessary step in mismatch repair. Instead, the observed mismatch-stimulated plasmid integration could be due to potentially recombinogenic structures formed during mismatch repair, such as single-stranded gaps or denatured DNA regions extending around the plasmid molecule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00355064
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Properties of two nuclear pet mutants affecting expression of the mitochondrial oli1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 343-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: PET genes ; Yeast ; Mitochondria ; ATP synthase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This study details the characteristics of two temperature-conditional pet mutants of yeast, strains ts1860 and ts379, which at the non-permissive temperature show deficiencies in the formation of three mitochondrially encoded subunits of the ATP synthase complex. By analysis of mitochondrial translation products, and of mitochondrial transcription in temperature shift experiments from the permissive (22°C) to the non-permissive (36°C) temperature, it was concluded that the nuclear mutations in both mutants primarily inhibit synthesis of ATP synthase subunit 9, and that reductions in subunit 8 and 6 synthesis are secondary pleiotropic effects. Following transfer to 36°C, cells of mutant ts379 display a near complete inhibition of subunit 9 synthesis within 1 h, coincident with a marked reduction in the level of the cognate oli1 mRNA. On the other hand, near complete inhibition of subunit 9 synthesis in strain ts1860 occurs after 3 h at 36°C, at which time there is little change in the level of subunit 9 mRNA. In both mutants the mRNA levels for subunits 6 and 8 are not significantly affected at the time of inhibition of subunit 9 synthesis. Provision of an alternative source of subunit 8, translated extra-mitochondrially for import into the organelle, does not overcome the mutant phenotype of either mutant at 36°C, confirming that subunit 8 is not the sole or primary deficiency in each mutant. The mutants indicate that the products of a least two nuclear genes (designated AEP1 and AEP2) are required for the expression of the mitochondrial oli1 gene and the synthesis of subunit 9. The product of the AEP1 gene (defective in mutant ts1860) is required for translation of oli1 mRNA while the AEP2 product (defective in mutant ts379) is essential either for the stability of oli1 mRNA or for the correct processing of precursor transcripts to the mature message.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309594
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  • 19
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    Linear DNA plasmids of Pichia inositovora are associated with a novel killer toxin activity (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 389-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Pichia inositovora ; Linear plasmids ; Killer toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pichia inositovora, strain NRRL Y-18709, which contains three linear double-stranded DNA plasmids, pPinl-1, pPinl-2 and pPinl-3, was cured of these plasmids both by growing the strain in the presence of 50 μg/ml bisbenzimide, and by exposure to ultraviolet light. Both cured and uncured strains were tested for growth on a variety of carbon sources. No differences in growth response were detected, indicating no discernible involvement of the linear plasmids in the catabolism of these compounds. Culture supernatants of Pichia inositovora were shown to contain a substance larger than 100 kDa that is toxic to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, strain GS 1688. Toxin activity was optimal in YEPD assay plates containing 50 mM citrate buffer with a pH between 3.4 and 4.2. Culture supernatants from P. inositovora were also weakly active against Cephaloascus albidus, strain NRRL Y-18710, and Citeromyces matritensis, strain NRRL Y-18711. Concentrated supernatants from cured P. inositovora strains did not exhibit these activities, consistent with the hypothesis that this toxic activity is linear plasmid-encoded. Unlike the wellknown Kluyveromyces lactis system or the newly identified P. acaciae system, P. inositovora strains cured of their linear plasmids do not become detectably sensitive to toxin produced by the wild-type strain, suggesting a nonplasmid-encoded immunity function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309600
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  • 20
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    Hyper-resistance to nitrogen mustard in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is caused by defective choline transport (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 423-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Molecular cloning ; Nitrogen mustard hyper-resistance ; Choline transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The recessive hnm1 mutant allele is responsible for hyper-resistance to nitrogen mustard in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transformation with a single-copy HNM1 wild-type allele of such hyper-resistant mutants will restore wild-type sensitivity to nitrogen mustard. By contrast the presence of multi-copy vectors containing HNM1, in either a hyper-resistant hnm1 mutant or an HNM1 wild-type, will lead to a novel, mustard-sensitive phenotype unrelated to defects in DNA repair genes. Gene disruption of HNM1 revealed that this gene is nonessential for cells prototrophic for choline (CHO1) but lethal for cells with a cho1 genotype. Sensitivity to nitrogen mustard of wild-type HNM1, but not of hnm1 mutants, depends on the choline content of the growth medium, with cells grown in choline-free medium exhibiting the highest sensitivity. Sequencing of a 300 bp DNA fragment of HNM1 revealed the identity of this gene with the CTR locus, which is responsible for choline transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312732
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  • 21
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    The SNQ3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae confers hyper-resistance to several functionally unrelated chemicals (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 429-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mutagen hyper-resistance ; Yeast ; Base sequence ; Gene disruption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A multi-copy plasmid containing the SNQ3 gene confers hyper-resistance to 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4NQO), Trenimon, MNNG, cycloheximide, and to sulfometuron methyl in yeast transformants. Restriction analysis, subcloning, and DNA sequencing revealed an open reading frame of 1950 bp on the SNQ3-containing insert DNA. Gene disruption and transplacement into chromosomal DNA yielded 4NQO-sensitive null mutants which were also more sensitive than the wild-type to Trenimon, cycloheximide, sulfometuron methyl, and MNNG. Hydropathic analysis showed that the SNQ3-encoded protein is most likely not membrane-bound, while the codon bias index points to low expression of the gene.
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    Distribution of mitochondrial intron sequences among 21 yeast species (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 89-94 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Intron ; Mobile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of 21 yeast species belonging to 12 genera have been tested for the presence of sequences similar to seven S. cerevisiae mitochondrial introns (Sc cox1.1,2,3,4,5c, Sc cob.4 and Sc LSU.1) and one K. lactis mitochondrial intron (Kl cox1.2). Some introns, (Sc cox1.4, Sc cob.4, Sc LSU.1 and Kl cox1.2-all group I type), are widely distributed and are found in species with either basidiomycete or ascomycete affinities. This distribution is suggestive of recent sequence transfer between species. The remaining S. cerevisiae introns cross react with an additional species but with no set pattern. Pulsed field gel electrophoretic studies confirm that none of the tested mitochondrial introns cross react with nuclear DNA. These introns are, therefore, mitochondria-specific. Seven strains of K. lactis exhibit striking variability in intron content. In contrast to all mitochondrial introns tested, two introns of nuclear genes (the K. lactis actin gene and the S. cerevisiae RP29B gene) are not detected beyond their source species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326288
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    PDC6, a weakly expressed pyruvate decarboxylase gene from yeast, is activated when fused spontaneously under the control of the PDC1 promoter (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 373-378 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Pyruvate decarboxylase ; Gene expression ; Codon usage ; Gene fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three structural genes encode the pyruvate decarboxylase isoenzymes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PDC1 and PDC5 are active during glucose fermentation where PDC1 is expressed about six times more strongly than PDC5. Expression of PDC6 is weak and seems to be induced in ethanol medium. Consequently, pdc1Δ pdc5Δ double mutants do not ferment glucose and do not grow on glucose medium. Spontaneous mutants, derived from such a pdc1 pdc5 strain, were isolated which could again ferment glucose. They showed pyruvate decarboxylase activity due to a duplication of PDC6. The second copy of PDC6 was expressed under the control of the PDC1 promoter, which was still present in the pdc1 strain. However, the resulting PDC1-PDC6 fusion gene could only partially substitute for PDC1: to achieve normal growth and high pyruvate decarboxylase activity strains carrying PDC1-PDC6 required a functional PDC5 gene which is dispensable in a PDC1 wild-type background. Thus, expression of PDC5 depends on the state of the PDC1 locus: low in the PDC1 wild-type background and high in PDC1-PDC6 fusion strains and, as shown previously, in pdc1 mutants. The activation of PDC5 expression in PDC1-PDC6 strains may be due to particular properties of the PDC1-PDC6 fusion protein or simply to the weaker expression of PDC1-PDC6 in comparison to the wild-type PDC1 gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317064
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    Characterization of a yeast nuclear gene, AEP2, required for accumulation of mitochondrial mRNA encoding subunit 9 of the ATP synthase (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 53-61 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: AEP2 ; Yeast ; Mitochondria ; ATP synthase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The temperature-conditional pet mutant, ts379, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fails to synthesize mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit 9 at the restrictive temperature due to mutation of a single nuclear locus, AEP2. The inability to synthesize subunit 9 correlates with a lowered accumulation of the cognate oli1 mRNA indicating that the AEP2 product is involved in oli1 transcript maturation or stabilization. The AEP2 gene has been isolated in this study from a wild-type yeast genomic library by genetic complementation of ts379 at the restrictive temperature. A 1740 nucleotide open-reading frame was observed that encodes a basic, hydrophilic protein of 67534 Da which possesses a putative mitochondrial address signal. Disruption of chromosomal DNA within this reading frame produced a non-conditional respiratory mutant unable to synthesize subunit 9, identifying the AEP2 gene. Hybridization analyses indicate that AEP2 is located on chromosome XIII and produces a 2.1 kb poly(A)+ transcript. Two additional open-reading frames were found in close proximity to that of AEP2. The three open-reading frames shared no significant homology with entries in several data bases.
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    Recombination of yeast mitochondrial DNA does not require mitochondrial protein synthesis (1979)
    Springer
    Current genetics 1 (1979), S. 21-31 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mitochondrial genes recombine extensively in yeast zygotes. In heteropolar crosses (ω+ × ω−) in which the ω− “allele” consists of an insertion, there is preferential recovery of ω+ and markers closely linked to it. This polarity has been postulated to be a consequence of one-way gene conversion beginning at the ω locus (ω- to ω+). We have shown that most or all mitochondrial recombination in homopolar and heteropolar crosses, and the phenomenon of polarity itself, does not require products of protein synthesis on mitochondrial ribosomes. (i) Yeast strains were grown and mated, and the zygotes plated and grown, on glucose medium with erythromycin to inhibit and dilute out the products of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Recombination frequencies and polarity at the cap1 and oli1 loci were normal compared to controls in some homopolar (ω+ × ω−) and heteropolar crosses. Apparent changes in recombination frequencies and polarity were seen in other crosses but are attributable to locus-specific petite induction by erythromycin. (ii) Homopolar (ω+ × ω+) and heteropolar crosses between pairs of petite mutants retaining the cap1, ery1, and oli1 loci also showed nearly normal recombination at the cap1 and oli1 loci, as determined by test-crossing the petite progeny. The petite mutants and zygotes cannot do mitochondria) protein synthesis. These results support the recombinational model of polarity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413304
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    Yeast ribosomal proteins: XI. Molecular analysis of two genes encoding YL41, an extremely small and basic ribosomal protein, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 185-190 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ribosomal protein gene ; Sequence analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two genes encoding ribosomal protein YL41 were cloned from Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomal DNA. Both genes contain an uniterrupted region of only 75 nucleotides coding for a protein of 3.3 kD. Within the coding regions the nucleotide sequences are virtually identical, whereas in both the 5′-and 3′-flanking regions the two genes differ significantly from each other. The deduced protein shows an arginine and lysine content of 68 percent, i.e., 17 out of 25 residues, and the basic residues are evenly distributed over the molecule. When compared to the ribosomal protein sequences currently available no counterpart to YL41 could be found in prokaryotes and it seems likely that YL41 is a eukaryotespecific ribosomal protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312608
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    The DNA-binding protein RAP1 is required for efficient transcriptional activation of the yeast PYK glycolytic gene (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 405-412 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Trans-acting Factor ; RAP1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We show by deletion mutagenesis, followed by in vivo and in vitro analysis, that the binding of a protein factor to the upstream activation sequence (USA) of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae glycolytic gene PYK, encoding pyruvate kinase, is required for efficient transcription of the corresponding coding region. In addition, gel electrophoretic mobility shift and DNase I protection studies, involving yeast gene products expressed in E. coli, suggest that this trans-acting DNA-binding protein is encoding by the RAP1 gene. The identification of RAP1 binding sites located within the UAS element of the yeast PYK, PGK (phosphoglycerate kinase) and ENO1 (enolase) genes, and in the 5′-upstream region of the ADHI (alcohol dehydrogenase) gene, suggests that a mechanism of coordinate gene expression involving several of the glycolytic genes may exist in yeast.
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    Ty virus-like particles in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain NCYC74 (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 485-491 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ty elements ; Virus like particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic analysis of thin sections of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC74 has revealed the presence of many clumped cytoplasmic particles that morphologically resemble Ty element virus-like particles (VLPs). Accumulation of Ty VLPs has only previously been observed in S. cerevisiae strains that over-express a cloned Ty element. The particles in NCYC74 co-purify with Ty RNA, Ty-specific antigens and a reverse transcriptase activity. Furthermore, they appear to be recognised by antibodies to Ty VLPs during indirect immunofluorescence experiments. These observations provide compelling evidence that the cytoplasmic particle in NCYC74 are indeed Ty VLPs.
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    Analysis of interchromosomal mitotic recombination (1990)
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    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 29-39 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Recombination ; DNA repair ; UV irradiation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A novel synthetic locus is described that provides a simple assay system for characterizing mitotic recombinants. The locus consists of the TRP1 and HIS3 genes inserted into chromosome III of S. cerevisiae between the CRY1 and MAT loci. Defined trp1 and his3 alleles have been generated that allow the selection of interchromosomal recombinants in this interval. Trp+ or His+ recombinants can be divided into several classes based on coupling of the other alleles in the interval. The tight linkage of the CRY1 and MAT loci, combined with the drug resistance and cell type phenotypes that they respectively control, facilitates the classification of the recombinants without resorting to tetrad dissection. We present the distribution of spontaneous recombinants among the classes defined by this analysis. The data suggest that the recombination intermediate can have regions of symmetric strand exchange and that co-conversion tracts can extend over 1–3 kb. Continuous conversion tracts are favored over discontinuous tracts. The distribution among the classes defined by this analysis is altered in recombinants induced by UV irradiation.
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    Two group I mitochondrial introns in the cob-box and coxI genes require the same MRS1/PET157 nuclear gene product for splicing (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 117-124 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial RNA splicing ; Nuclear pet - mutant ; Group I introns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have studied the role of the product of the nuclear gene PET157 in mitochondrial pre-mRNA splicing. Cytoduction experiments show that a mitochondrial genome deleted for the three introns bI3, aI5 and aI6 is able to suppress the pet157-1 mutation: the strain recovers respiratory competency indicating that the product of the PET157 gene is only required for mitochondrial premRNA splicing. Characterization of the high molecular weight pre-mRNAs which accumulate in the pet157 mutant demonstrate that the product of the PET157 gene is required for the excision of two group I introns bI3 and aI6 (corresponding to aI5β) located in the cob-box and coxI genes respectively. Furthermore, the pet157 mutant strain accumulates the bI3 maturase in the form of a polypeptide of 50K (p50) previously observed in mitochondrial mutants defective in the excision of bI3. We have shown by restriction analysis and allelism tests that the pet157-1 mutation is allelic to the nuclear mrs1 mutation, previously described as specifically blocking the excision of bI3. Finally, revertants obtained by the deletion of bI3 or aI6 from the mitochondrial DNA were isolated from the MRS1 disrupted allele, confirming the involvment of the product of the MRS1/PET157 gene in the excision of the two introns bI3 and aI6.
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    Resistance to cadmium is under the control of the CAD2 gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 181-185 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: S. cerevisiae ; Yeast ; Cadmium resistance ; CAD2 gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A cadmium-resistant strain, X3382-3A, which is able to grow in a medium containing 0.2 mM cadmium sulfate, was picked out from our laboratory stock strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cadmium resistance of this strain is controlled by a single dominant nuclear gene, denoted as CAD2. The locus of CAD2 was mapped by gene linkage to a site 15.5 centimorgans to the right of the his7 locus on the right arm of chromosome II. The cadmium resistance of the strain carrying CAD2 was evaluated for its properties of cadmium uptake, cadmium distribution and cadmium-metallothionein formation, in comparison with those of some other strains. The results suggest that the novel type of cadmium resistance controlled by CAD2 does not involve production of a cadmiumm-metallothionein.
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    Repair of gamma ray-induced S1 nuclease hypersensitive sites in yeast depends on homologous mitotic recombination and a RAD18-dependent function (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 33-37 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Pulsed field gel-electrophoresis ; S1 nuclease sensitive sites ; Repair ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Repair under non-growth conditions of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and chromatin sites sensitive to S1 endonuclease (SSS) induced by 60Cobalt-gamma rays were monitored in repair-competent and deficient strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by pulsed field gelelectrophoresis. In stationary-phase cells of a repair-competent RAD diploid, and an excision-deficient rad3-2 diploid, SSS are repaired as efficiently as DSB, whereas in a repair-competent RAD haploid, and a rad 50-1 diploid, neither SSS nor DSB are repaired. The rad18-2 diploid repairs DSB well but is defective in SSS repair. Obviously, SSS repair in yeast chromatin, like DSB repair, depends on recombination, but unlike DSB repair depends additionally on RAD18 function.
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    Effects of hap mutations on heme and cytochrome formation in yeast (1990)
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    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 179-183 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Heme ; Cytochromes ; Regulation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Simultaneous effects of mutations in the transcriptional regulatory genes, HAP1, HAP2 and HAP3, on all respiratory cytochromes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were determined. Cytochrome behavior in hap mutants and in cyc4 and rhm1 mutants, altered in regulation of 5-aminolevulinate synthase, was compared. Although hap mutants were isolated as trans-acting, transcriptional regulators of the CYC1 (iso-1-cytochrome c) gene, each mutant exhibits partial deficiencies in all cytochrome types. In hap2 and hap3 strains all cytochromes were decreased proportionally to about 40–50% of wild type values. In contrast, hap1 caused a decrease in all cytochromes and an accumulation of a pigment, probably Zn porphyrin. Apparently apocytochrome and heme biosynthesis retain coordination in hap2 and hap3, but not in hap1, mutants. Unlike cyc4 and rhm1 mutants, hap mutants do not exhibit 5-aminolevulinate-dependent restoration of cytochromes. The hap1 mutant grew at nearnormal rates on glycerol, whereas hap2 and hap3 mutants grew very slowly. The frequency of [rho-] was high (16–18%) in hap2 and hap3 strains. Results are consistent with generalized control of mitochondrial replication directed by the HAP1-HAP2 system and heme-directed control of formation of all apocytochromes mediated by HAP1. Neither system exerts all-or-nothing control.
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    The effect of DNA replication on mutation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC8 gene (1990)
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    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 275-280 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; DNA replication ; Effect on mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Incubation in YPD medium under permissive conditions when DNA replication is going on, strongly stimulates the induction of cdc+ colonies of UV-irradiated cells of yeast strains HB23 (cdc8-1/cdc8-3), HB26 (cdc8-3/cdc8-3) and HB7 (cdc8-1/cdc8-1). Inhibition of DNA replication by hydroxyurea, araCMP, cycloheximide or caffeine or else by incubation in phosphate buffer pH 7.0, abolishes this stimulation. Thus the replication of DNA is strongly correlated with the high induction of cdc+ colonies by UV irradiation. It is postulated that these UV-induced cdc+ colonies arise as the result infidelity in DNA replication.
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    The yeast Yarrowia lipolytica has two, functional, signal recognition particle 7S RNA genes (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 289-292 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yarrowia lipolytica ; 7SL RNA ; Essential genes ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cells containing a deletion of either the SCR1 or SCR2 genes, which code for the 7SL RNA component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) homologue, were found to be viable. Two independent approaches demonstrated that cells containing deletions of both genes were inviale. Therefore, Yarrowia lipolytica contains two (and only two) functional 7SL RNA genes.
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    The RAD50 gene, a member of the double strand break repair epistasis group, is not required for spontaneous mitotic recombination in yeast (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 111-116 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitotic recombination ; Hyper-recombination ; RAD50 ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutations in the RAD50 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been shown to reduce double strand break repair, meiotic recombination, and radiation-inducible mitotic recombination. Several different point mutations (including ochre and amber alleles) have been previously examined for effects on spontaneous mitotic recombination and did not reduce the frequency of recombination. Instead, the rad50 mutations conferred a moderate hyper-rec phenotype. This paper examines a deletion/interruption allele of RAD50 that removes 998 of 1312 amino acids and adds 1.1 kb of foreign DNA. The results clearly indicate that spontaneous mitotic recombination can occur in the absence of RAD50; in fact, the frequency of recombination is elevated over the wild-type cell. One possible interpretation of these observations is that the initiating lesion in spontaneous recombination events in mitosis might not be a double strand break.
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    Flow cytometry as a tool to discriminate respiratory-competent and respiratory-deficient yeast cells (1990)
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    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 265-267 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Flow cytometry ; Rhodamine 123 ; Respiratory chain ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cationic lipophilic dye Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) is selectively enriched in mitochondria in a membrane potential-dependent manner. Application of drugs which interfere with the electron flow of the respiratory chain lead to a severe reduction of mitochondrial dye uptake. In this communication we show that the same effect is observed after Rh123-staining of respiratory-deficient yeast mutants. Based on this observation we used flow cytometry to discriminate respiratory-compentent and respiratory-deficient yeast cells. Combined with a cell sorter we were able to selectively enrich respiring and non-respiring yeast cells, repectively, from a mixture of cells.
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    Interactions between chromosomal omnipotent suppressors and extrachromosomal effectors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
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    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 243-248 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mistranslation ; ψ-factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chromosomal omnipotent suppressor mutations recovered in ψ+ strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were brought into ψ− cytoplasm. SUP46, SUP138 and SUP139 acted as dominant omnipotent suppressors in the ψ− cytoplasm though their suppressor activity was substantially reduced. SUP46 and SUP138 conferred recessive thermosensitivity and antibiotic sensitivity in ψ− cytoplasm as in ψ+ cytoplasm. On the other hand, sup111 through sup115, which acted as recessive omnipotent suppressors in the ψ+ cytoplasm, manifested no, or very low, suppressor activity in the ψ− cytoplasm. They, however, still enhanced the efficiency of the SUP29 tRNA suppressor in ψ− cytoplasm. A multicopy plasmid carrying the wild-type SUP35 gene enhanced the efficiency of sup111 in ψ− cytoplasm.
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    Expression of the gene encoding subunit II of yeast QH2: Cytochrome c oxidoreductase is regulated by multiple factors (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 459-464 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; QH2: cytochrome c oxidoreductase ; Mitochondrial biogenesis ; Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Saccharmmyces cerevisiae, the COR2 gene codes for the 40 kDa subunit II of the QH2: cytochrome c oxidoreductase, an enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Regions in the 5′ flank of this gene important for regulated expression were identified by assaying β-galactosidase activities in cells carrying different COR2-lacZ fusion genes. Sequences downstream of position-201 relative to the translational initiation codon are sufficient to confer regulation by carbon source, whereas sequences downstream of position-153 do not give rise to significant expression. A binding site for the abundant general transcription factor GFI is present in the region between-201 and-153 just upstream from sequences which resemble the consensus DNA recognition sequence of the regulatory protein complex HAP2/HAP3: 5′-TNATTGGT-3′. By quantitating RNA levels and assaying β-galactosidase activities we show that synthesis of COR2, which is not a hemoprotein, is regulated by HAP1, HAP2/HAP3 and heme.
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    Isolation and genetic study of Triethyltin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
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    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 465-472 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mutant ; Triethyltin chloride ; Protein phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae resistant to triethyltin (an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase) on non-fermentative media, and non-resistant to this drug on fermentative media, were isolated and named TTR1, TTR2 and TTR3. Apart from triethyltin resistance, these mutants show the following common characteristics: (1) Increased intracellular cytochrome c concentration. (2) Increased respiration rate. (3) Decreased growth yield. (4) Increased growth sensitivity to several drugs inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation: namely, CCCP (permeabilizing inner mitochondrial membrane to protons), valinomycin (permeabilizing inner mitochondrial membrane to potassium) and oligomycin (inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase). (5) Increased sensitivity to carbon source starvation. For each mutant, these characteristics appeared to be due to a single pleiotropic nuclear mutation. Mutation TTR1 causes additional phenotypic characteristics which do not appear in mutants TTR2 and TTR3: (1) Pinkish coloration of colonies which is more pronounced after a long growth period. (2) Inability of the cells to store glycogen. (3) Growth defect of the cells on a galactose-containing medium. (4) Inability of a diploid homozygote mutant strain to sporulate. All these phenotypic characteristics have already been described in yeast mutants deregulated in cAMP-dependant protein phosphorylation. Crossing of a strain bearing the TTR1 mutation with a strain mutated in the adenylate cyclase structural gene suggested that the TTR1 phenotype is due to a modification in regulation of cAPK by cAMP, making cell multiplication possible without intracellular cAMP.
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    Characterization of a respiratory-deficient mutant of Pachysolen tannophilus (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 493-497 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Yeast ; Petites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A pleiotropic, respiration-deficient mutant was isolated from the petite negative yeast Pachysolen tannophilus after UV mutagenesis. The mutant is unable to utilize xylose, arabinose, galactose or glycerol, and shows no detectable respiration when grown on glucose. Cytochrome c oxidase, xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase activities are lacking. Mitochondrial ultrastructre is altered. The results support the hypothesis that functioning mitochondria are necessary for xylose utilization in this organism.
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    Blockage to exonuclease III digestion in the chromatin of Saccharomyces cerevisiae maps to the in vitro — determined binding site of a trans-acting regulatory factor (1990)
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    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 17-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ty2 ; Protein/DNA binding ; Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A series of transposable element-induced mutations at the HIS4 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been attributed to the transposition of a Ty element into the 5′ regulatory region of this gene. Various Ty-containing His+ revertants have been isolated and the HIS4/Ty junction region sequenced. The only difference found in this region between a His- and a weak His+ strain was a single point mutation, an A→G transition. The position of Ty remained unaltered. Examination of lacZ fusion plasmids further implicated this A→G transition as being reponsible for the altered phenotype, the bp transition representing an allele of a cis-acting regulatory element. Subsequent gel retardation and methylation interference experiments revealed that this A→G mutation enabled the binding of a trans-acting factor (TyBf) in vitro. In this paper we show that the TyBf binding site is in a region of chromatin hypersensitive to digestion by DNase I. The binding site is protected in vivo from digestion with exonuclease III, suggesting the presence of a bound protein in His+ (“on”) but not His- (“off”) Ty-containing strains. We propose that a trans-acting factor binding in vivo, presumably TyBf, is responsible for the activation of HIS4 expression in these insertion mutants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00321110
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    Yeast SCO1 protein is required for a post-translational step in the accumulation of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 13-15 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Cytochrome c oxidase ; Post-translational regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Biogenesis of functional cytochrome c oxidase in yeast requires the product of the nuclear gene SCO1. Strains deleted for this gene fail to accumulate the mitochondrially-synthesized cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II, despite the presence of the respective mRNAs. Here we present data which demonstrate that the observed phenotype does not result from a failure to translate the mRNAs, but from a preferential degradation of the newly synthesized subunits. The SCO1 protein is therefore involved in a post-translational step in the accumulation of cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II. We propose that the SCO1 protein is required for the correct assembly of both subunits into the cytochrome c oxidase complex.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00321109
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    Isolation and genetic study of p-fluoro-dl-phenylalanine-resistant mutants overproducing β-phenethyl-alcohol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 449-452 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mutant ; p-Fluoro-dl-phenylalanine ; β-Phenethyl-alcohol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary p-Fluoro-dl-phenylalanine (PFP)-resistant mutants which produce a large amount of β-phenethyl-alcohol, a rose-like flavor component, were isolated from the isogenic strains X2180-1A and X2180-1B of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells of these mutants accumulated phenylalanine and tryptophan more than 3-fold times that of wild-type cells, while they accumulated less than half the tyrosine. The activity of prephenate dehydrogenase (PDG) (EC 1.3.1.12) was markedly decreased while that of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase (EC 4.1.2.15) was increased. Genetic analysis revealed that the mutation occurred at the TYR1 locus, encoding PDG, and that the mutated TYR1 gene, tyr1-pfp, caused both PFP resistance and β-phenethyl-alcohol overproduction. This was supported by molecular genetic studies with cloned tyr1-pfp DNA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334770
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    Isolation and characterization of S. cerevisiae mutants deficient in amino acid-inducible peptide transport (1991)
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    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 457-463 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Peptides ; Transport ; Regulation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The transport of small peptides into the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is subject to complex regulatory control. In an effort to determine the number, and to address the function, of the components involved in peptide transport and its regulation, spontaneous mutants resistant to toxic di- and tripeptides were isolated under inducing conditions. Twenty-four mutant strains were characterized in detail and fell into two phenotypic groups; one group deficient in amino acid-inducible peptide uptake, the other with a pleiotropic phenotype including a loss of peptide transport. Complementation analysis of recessive mutations in 12 of these strains defĩned three groups; ptr1 (nine strains), ptr2 (two strains), and ptr3 (one strain). Isolation and screening of 31 additional N-methyl-N-nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced, peptide transport-deficient mutants produced one ptr3 and 30 ptr2 strains: no additional complementation groups were detected. Uptake of radiolabeled dileucine was negligible in ptr1 and ptr2 strains and was reduced by 65% and 90% in the two ptr3 mutants, indicating that all strains were defective at the transport step. We conclude that the S. cerevisiae amino acid-inducible peptide transport system recognizes a broad spectrum of peptide substrates and involves at least three components. One gene, PTR3, may play an indirect or regulatory role since mutations in this gene cause a pleiotropic phenotype.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334772
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    Molecular evolution of the HSP70 multigene family (1994)
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    Journal of molecular evolution 38 (1994), S. 1-17 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: HSP70 ; Heat shock ; Evolution ; Phylogeny ; Yeast ; Multigene family ; Subcellular compartmentalization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eukaryotic genomes encode multiple 70-kDa heat-shock proteins (HSP70s). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSP70 family is comprised of eight members. Here we present the nucleotide sequence of the SSA3 and SSB2 genes, completing the nucleotide sequence data for the yeast HSP70 family. We have analyzed these yeast sequences as well as 29 HSP70s from 24 additional eukaryotic and prokaryotic species. Comparison of the sequences demonstrates the extreme conservation of HSP70s; proteins from the most distantly related species share at least 45% identity and more than one-sixth of the amino acids are identical in the aligned region (567 amino acids) among all proteins analyzed. Phylogenetic trees constructed by two independent methods indicate that ancient molecular and cellular events have given rise to at least four monophyletic groups of eukaryotic HSP70 proteins. Each group of evolutionarily similar HSP70s shares a common intracellular localization and is presumed to be comprised of functional homologues; these include heat-shock proteins of the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. HSP70s localized in mitochondria and plastids are most similar to the DnaK HSP70 homologues in purple bacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively, which is consistent with the proposed prokaryotic origin of these organelles. The analyses indicate that the major eukaryotic HSP70 groups arose prior to the divergence of the earliest eukaryotes, roughly 2 billion years ago. In some cases, as exemplified by the SSA genes encoding the cytoplasmic HSP70s of S. cerevisiae, more recent duplication events have given rise to subfamilies within the major groups. The S. cerevisiae SSB proteins comprise a unique subfamily not identified in other species to date. This subfamily appears to have resulted from an ancient gene duplication that occurred at approximately the same time as the origin of the major eukaryotic HSP70 groups.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175490
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    Polymorphisms in tandemly repeated sequences ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae mitodhondrial DNA (1991)
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    Journal of molecular evolution 32 (1991), S. 396-404 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Polymirphism ; Repeated sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A spontaneously arising mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variant ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae has been formed by two exta copies of a 14-bp sequence (TTAATTAAATTATC) being added to a tandem repeat of this unit. Similar polymorphisms in tandemly repeated sequences have been found in a comparison between mtDNAs from our strain and others. In 5850 bp of intergenic mtDNA squence, polymorphisms in tandemly repeated sequences of three or more base pairs occur approximately every 400–500 bp whereas differences in 1–2 bp occur approximately every 60 bp. Some polymorphisms are associated wit optional G+C-rich sequences (GC clusters). Two such optional GC clusters and one A+T repeat polymorphism have been discovered in the tRNA synthesis locus. In addition, the variable presence of large open reading frames are documented and mechanisms for generating intergenic sequence diversity inS. cerevisiae mtDNA are discussed.
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    Sequence rearrangements at theori 7 region ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial DNA (1991)
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    Journal of molecular evolution 32 (1991), S. 439-442 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial DNA ; ori ; rep ; Polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Threeori elements (ori 2,ori 5, andori 7) have been sequenced inSaccharomyces cerevisiae strain Dip 2 and compared to the equivalentori elements of a second strain (B). Bothori 2 andori 5 exhibit 98% base matching between strains Dip 2 and B. In contrast, the thirdori element (ori 7) exhibits extensive sequence rearrangements whereby a segment located downstream in the consensus strain occurs within theori structure in Dip 2. This represents a novel polymorphic form of the yeast mitochondrial genome.
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    Historical changes in sediments of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA: consequences of changes in the water balance of a terminal desert lake (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 12 (1994), S. 87-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Great Basin ; climatic variations ; productivity ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; hardwater lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from the shallow and deep basins of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, revealed variations in composition with depth reflecting changes in lake level, river inflow, and lake productivity. Recent sediments from the period of historical record indicate: (1) CaCO3 and organic content of sediment in the shallow basin decrease at lower lake level, (2) CaCO3 content of deep basin sediments increases when lake level decreases rapidly, and (3) the inorganic P content of sediments increases with decreasing lake volume. Variations in sediment composition also indicate several periods for which productivity in Pyramid Lake may have been elevated over the past 1000 years. Our data provide strong evidence for increased productivity during the first half of the 20th Century, although the typical pattern for cultural eutrophication was not observed. The organic content of sediments also suggests periods of increased productivity in the lake prior to the discovery and development of the region by white settlers. Indeed, a broad peak in organic fractions during the 1800's originates as an increase starting around 1600. However, periods of changing organic content of sediments also correspond to periods when inflow to the lake was probably at extremes (e.g. drought or flood) indicating that fluctuations in river inflow may be an important factor affecting sediment composition in Pyramid Lake.
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    Factors affecting sulfur incorporation into lake sediments: paleoecological implications (1990)
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    Journal of paleolimnology 4 (1990), S. 1-22 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: sulfate ; carbon ; nitrogen ; hydrogen ; organic matter ; enrichment factor ; lake sediments ; paleolimnology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the use of S as a paleolimnological tracer of limnetic sulfate concentration. A positive relationship (p〈0.05) was found between limnetic sulfate and sediment S concentrations for the Great Lakes, English Lakes, and lakes from the Adirondack and Northern New England regions. There is a positive correlation (p〈0.05) between C and S concentration in sediment across all regions studied. The importance of C in affecting S content in sediment was also examined by a series of cores taken at different water depths in Big Moose Lake (Adirondacks). There was a strong relationship between C and S among cores with sediment from deeper water having higher C and S concentrations (r 2=0.99). Sulfur from the shallower cores had greater concentrations of chromium-reducible S (pyrite), while cores from deeper waters had a greater proportion of organic S fractions including C-bonded S and ester sulfates. For assessing historical changes in S accumulation in sediments, enrichment factors were calculated for the PIRLA lakes. Pre-1900 net sediment accumulation rates of S were very similar across all regions. Sulfur enrichment was greatest in Adirondack sediment which had total post-1900 S accumulation of 1.1 to 7.4 times pre-1900 S accumulation. Sediment from Northern New England (NNE) generally had lower S concentration than Adirondack sediments and S enrichment factors ranged from 1.2 to 2.1. Sediment from the Northern Great Lakes States region had similar S concentration and distribution with depth to NNE sediment. In two Northern Florida lakes, sediment showed little variation in S concentration with depth, but in two other lakes from the same region, there was higher S concentration in deeper layers. Lakes which had the greatest enrichment factors also exhibited the most marked changes in C:S ratios. Ratios of C:N showed little variation (10.6 to 26.1) among the PIRLA lakes. A first order model indicated slow decomposition within these organic rich sediments. Elemental concentrations and ratios of sediment from a variety of lakes and reservoirs were complied. Maximum and minimum elemental ratios for all the data were 28 to 8.1 for C:N, 0.81 to 0.11 for C:H, and 675 to 12.5 for C:S, respectively. For the C:S ratios in all regions except the Great Lakes, the maximum ratio was less than 231. Both the maximum and minimum amount of N and H concentration of organic matter is related to biotic processes. The minimum concentration of S is regulated not only by nutrient demands but also by non-assimilatory processes. Sulfur incorporation into sediments is a function of a complex of factors, but limnetic sulfate concentration and organic matter content play a major role in regulating the S content of sediment. Further quantification of S incorporation pathways will aid in the paleolimnological interpretation of sediment S profiles. Such information is also important in assessing how S sediment pools will respond to decreases in limnetic sulfate concentration which may occur with decreases in inputs from acidic deposition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208295
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    Using hydrophilic polymers to control nutrient release (1994)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 53-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: controlled-release fertilizer ; gel ; iron ; manganese ; nitrogen ; polyacrylamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using diverse technological approaches, many types of delivery devices have been used to supply plant nutrients at a controlled rate in the soil. One new approach is the use of hydrophilic polymers as carriers of plant nutrients. These polymers may be generally classified as 1) natural polymers derived from polysaccharides, 2) semi-synthetic polymers (primarily cellulose derivatives), and 3) synthetic polymers. By controlling the reaction conditions when forming the polymers, various degrees of cross-linking, anionic charge, and cationic charge can be added, thereby changing their effectiveness as fertilizer carriers. When fertilizer-containing solutions are mixed with hydrophilic polymers to form a “gel” prior to application in the soil, the release of soluble nutrients can be substantially delayed compared with soluble fertilizer alone. The effectiveness of a specific controlled-release polymeric system is determined in part by its specific chemical and physical properties, its biodegradation rate, and the fertilizer source used. Addition of some polymers with nutrients has been shown to reduce N and K leaching from well-drained soils and to increase the plant recovery of added N, P, Fe, and Mn in some circumstances
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    Some results of nitrogen simulations with the model ANIMO (1991)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 189-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Winter wheat ; nitrogen ; uptake ; simulation ; model ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Simulation of the nitrogen behavior in the soil and the nitrogen uptake by winter wheat was performed using the model ANIMO. As input for the model ANIMO simulations of the hydrological conditions in the soil crop ecosystem were executed with the model SWATRE. Compared with measured data the simulation of nitrogen uptake by the crop was satisfactory. The simulation of mineral nitrogen in the soil agreed reasonably well with measured data for one of the experiments used for the analysis. The agreement was less for experiments with additional fertilizer applications in May and June.
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    Forest fertilization research and practice in the Pacific Northwest (1991)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 129-140 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Douglas-fir ; nitrogen ; mineral cycling ; growth and yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Forest managers in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) use fertilization as a means to increase timber yields in managed stands. Information on the biological basis for nutrient amendments and stand growth responses to fertilization is required to effectively use fertilization as a silvicultural tool, and research programs in mineral cycling and forest nutrition have been underway in the region for about four decades. Most PNW Douglas-fir forest sites are nitrogen deficient. Mineral cycling research has shown high C/N ratios and low nitrification rates for soils in the region. Research and development projects in the Pacific Northwest have produced an information base that is used to select sites and stands for fertilization and to forecast growth after treatment. Much of the basis for operational fertilization programs in western Oregon and Washington comes from cooperative research programs; current activities for these programs are directed toward improving site-specific response information. Forest fertilization in the Pacific Northwest has become a silvicultural practice of major significance over the past two decades. Forest industry and government organizations managing forest lands in western Oregon and Washington apply nitrogen fertilizer to Douglas-fir stands over a range of soil and stand types (operational fertilization of other species is minor). About 50,000 to 55,000 ha are fertilized each year, and future programs will likely be of similar magnitude. Most current plans for management regimes including fertilization call for multiple applications.
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    Land application of poultry litter and water quality in Oklahoma, U.S.A. (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Animal manure ; eutrophication ; ground water ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; surface runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the rapid growth of the poultry industry in Oklahoma, U.S.A., more litter is applied to farm land. Thus, information is required on the impact of applications on regional soil and water resources. The effect of soil and poultry litter management on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss in runoff and subsurface flow from four 16 m2 plots (Ruston fine sandy loam, 6 to 8% slope) was investigated under natural rainfall. Plots under Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) received 11 Mg litter ha−1, which amounts to contributions of approximately 410 kg N and 140 kg P ha−1 yr−1. In spring, litter was broadcast on 3 of the plots; the upper half of one and total area of the other two. One of the total-area broadcast plots was tilled to 6 cm, the other remained as no till. The fourth plot served as a control. Relative to the control, litter application increased mean concentrations of total N and total P in runoff during the 16-week study for no-till (15.4 and 5.8 mg L−1) and tilled treatments (16.7 and 6.1 mg L−1). However, values for the half-area application (5.6 and 2.0 mg L−1) were similar to the control (5.7 and 1.3 mg L−1). Interflow (subsurface lateral flow at 70 cm depth) P was not affected by litter application; however, nitrate-N concentrations increased from 0.6 (control) to 2.9 mg L−1 (no till). In all cases, 〈 2 % litter N and P was lost in runoff and interflow, maintaining acceptable water quality concentrations. Although litter increased grass yield (8518 kg ha−1) compared to the control (3501 kg ha−1), yields were not affected by litter management. An 8-fold increase in the plant available P content of surface soil indicates long-term litter management and application rates will be critical to the environmentally sound use of this nutrient resource.
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    Effect of foliar sprayings of urea during or after anthesis on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in the grain of two wheat cultivars ofT. aestivum L. (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 79-84 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Wheat ; nitrogen ; grain protein content ; grain filling ; urea spraying
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the effect of foliar urea spraying during or after anthesis, on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in the wheat grain of two cultivars, differing in grain protein content. The experiment was carried out in the field, and 20 kg N ha−1 as urea (46-0-0) was sprayed at anthesis, 7 or 14 days after anthesis. Dry weight, N content and N percentage of the grain were determined at several stages of its development. Neither the rate nor the duration of dry matter accumulation in the grain was significantly modified by N sprayings at anthesis or later and, consequently, not its final weight. Nitrogen sprayings at anthesis or later increased the grain N content and N percentage at ripeness in both cultivars, but to a greater extent in the low grain protein cultivar. Greater N content in the grain was attributed to a rapid uptake of the N applied and not to a longer duration of the period of N accumulation. The different responses of the cultivars to N sprayings can be related to differences in N demand, and is probably associated, also, to a genetic ability to accumulate N in the grain.
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    Response of ensete (Ensete ventricosum W.) to mineral fertilizers in southwest Ethiopia (1994)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 107-113 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ensete ventricosum ; fertilizer response ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sulphur ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ensete (Ensete ventricosum W. Cheesm.) is a root crop which stores starch in the root and in the lower part of the stem. It is grown in the southwest of Ethiopia and due to its drought resistance, it is of outstanding importance for the supply of food to the local population. Until now virtually nothing is known about the response of Ensete to fertilizer application. Field trials carried out on three representative soils in Ethiopia showed that Ensete biomass yields were increased significantly on all three soils by nitrogen and phosphorus application. Potassium had only marginal effect on biomass growth but favourably influenced starch production. Sulfate application had no major impact on growth and starch yield. The yield response was well related to the level of available nutrients in the soil, as determined by electroultrafiltration (EUF). Leaf analysis provided preliminary evidence that optimum levels of N, P, and K may be 3.8%, 0.3%, and 4.8%, respectively.
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    Influence of delaying flood and preflood nitrogen application on dry-seeded rice (1992)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 55-59 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: 15N ; nitrogen ; rice ; soil N ; N fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the southern U.S. rice belt it is recommended that rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in the dry-seeded, delayed flood cultural system have the preflood N fertilizer applied and the field flooded at the fourth to fifth leaf stage of plant development. The objective of this field study was to determine if delaying the flood and preflood N application past the fifth leaf stage was detrimental to rice total N and fertilizer15N uptake, total dry matter, and grain yield. This study was conducted on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualfs) and a Perry clay (Vertic Haplaquepts). The preflood N fertilizer and flood were delayed 0, 7, 14, or 21 d past the fourth to fifth leaf stage, after which time a permanent flood was established and maintained until maturity. All treatments received 20.5 g N m−2 as15N-labeled urea in three topdress applications. All plant and soil samples were taken at maturity. Harvest index increased as the preflood N and flood were delayed past the 4 to 5 leaf stage. Total N in the grain + straw either decreased or showed a decreasing trend as the N and flood were delayed. Similarly, uptake of native soil N decreased as flood was delayed. Conversely, percent recovery of fertilizer N in the rice plant and the plant-soil system increased as the preflood N and flood were delayed. Rice grain yield was not significantly affected by delaying the preflood N and flood up to 21 d.
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    The effect of nitrogen catch crop species on the nitrogen nutrition of succeeding crops (1994)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 227-234 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: catch crop ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; plant species ; residual effects ; soil depletion ; winter hardiness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ten widely different plant species were compared for their ability to reduce soil mineral nitrogen levels in the autumn and their ability to improve the nitrogen nutrition of the succeeding crop. The species included monocots and dicots, crops that survived the winter (persistent) or were winter killed (non-persistent) as well as legumes and non legumes. Their ability to reduce soil mineral nitrogen content was dependent on both root depth and persistency of the crops in the autumn. For non-persistent catch crops most of the mineralization of plant nitrogen occurred during the winter, and for some of these so early as to allow leaching of some mineralized nitrogen. For persistent crops most of the mineralization occurred shortly after incorporation in the spring. The effect of the catch crops on nitrogen uptake by the succeeding barley crop varied from 13 to 66 kg N ha−1 and the differences between the crops could not be related to any single character, but to a combination of root depth, persistency, plant nitrate accumulation, and depletion of the soil mineral nitrogen pool in spring.
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    Fertilization of millet cv. Souna III in Senegal: dry matter production and nutrient uptake (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 35 (1993), S. 217-226 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: calcium ; dry matter distribution ; fertilizer ; harvest index ; magnesium ; manure ; millet ; nitrogen ; nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; potassium ; Senegal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a fertilizer and manure experiment, millet was grown under four treatments (no fertilizer or manure, farmyard manure, chemical fertilizer, and both). Grain yield and total aboveground biomass production of the unfertilized plot were relatively high. The observed differences in total dry matter production must be attributed to differences in nutrient availability, as amount of rainfall and its distribution were favourable. Results show only small differences in distribution of dry matter among the various plant organs between the best and the non-fertilized treatments. Nutrient supply from natural sources, defined as crop content of N, P, and K at maturity without fertilizer application, amounted to 104, 16 and 103 kg ha−1, respectively, which are very high values. Total uptake of calcium and magnesium is related to that of potassium, as the combined content of these three elements is linearly related to total aboveground biomass production. Minimum removal of nitrogen and phosphorus per ton grain dry matter amounts to 29 and 4kg, respectively, and 9 kg potassium per ton total aboveground dry matter. A possible double function of phosphorus as element of structural biomass and for maintenance of electro-neutrality is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750640
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    Long-term fertility treatments and molybdenum availability (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 21 (1990), S. 167-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Mo ; interaction ; soybean ; deficiency ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Recent on-farm liming experiments showed that Mo deficiency in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is widespread in northern Alabama. In contrast, a long-term, fertility-rotation experiment in the same area showed no response to Mo during 33 yr when Mo was added bienially to corn [Zea mays L.] in the rotation; however, soybean foliage had the chlorotic appearance of Mo deficiency. The objective of this study was to determine if Mo deficiency was being missed by comparing only two fertilizer treatments. Each rotation-fertilizer treatment plot was split into two, with one-half receiving MO at a 100 g ha−1 foliar rate after seedling emergence, while the other half received none. Yields were increased by Mo in 13 to 16 fertilizer treatments in 1985 and 15 out of 16 in 1986. Leaf-N concentrations and seed weight had comparable increased amounts by the Mo supplement. Without the Mo supplement, there was a response to lime but not to P, K, or a Mo-containing micronutrient mixture; with the Mo supplement, there was no response to liming, but a definite response to P and K (in addition to Mo). The lack of response to Mo when applied to corn in a 2-yr rotation over 33 yr led to the erroneous conclusion that these soils were not Mo deficient for soybean.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01087427
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    Effect of boron and nitrogen fertilization on cowpea nodulation, mineral nutrition and grain yield (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 22 (1990), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Boron ; critical level ; grain ; nitrogen ; nodulation ; nutrition ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A two year field study on the effect of nitrogen N and boron B fertilization on the nodulation, mineral nutrition and grain yield of cowpea was carried out in the Nigerian savanna where fairly widespread B deficiency has been reported. Treatments consisted of four levels of N (0, 15, 30 and 60 kg/ha in 1986 and 0, 15, 30 and 45 kg/ha in 1987) and three levels of B (0, 1.5 and 3.0 kg/ha). Cowpea responded positively though nonsignificantly to N fertilization up to 30 kg N/ha. However, N had no effect on the N, P, K and B content of index leaves. Boron application consistently reduced grain yield. Like N, applied B had no effect on the N, P, K concentration of index leaves but increased B concentration highly significantly (P 〈 0.001). The critical level of B toxicity in index leaves was approximated to be 21pm under field condition. Application of N and B depressed nodulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01116181
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    Carbon and nitrogen mineralization characteristics of organic nitrogen fertilizers in a soil-less incubation system (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 23 (1990), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Carbon ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; organic fertilizer ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The C and N mineralization characteristics of two organic N fertilizers were determined in a soil-less incubation system at three temperature regimes. Protox (derived from activated sewage sludge) initially degraded more rapidly by microbial action compared with dried blood. However, dried blood released more CO2-C and inorganic N towards the end of the incubation periods. The rate of microbial degradation increased with temperature. Mineralization characteristics of protein-based N sources are discussed in relation to organic N nutrition of vegetable crops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01063336
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    Movement and transformations of fertigated nitrogen below trickle emitters and their effects on pH in the wetted soil volume (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 23 (1990), S. 105-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonium ; fertigation ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; trickle irrigation ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The movement and transformations of ammonium-, urea- and nitrate-N in the wetted volume of soil below the trickle emitter was studied in a field experiment following the fertigation of N as ammonium sulphate, urea and calcium nitrate. Effects on soil pH in the wetted volume were also investigated. During a fertigation cycle (emitter rate 2lh−1) applied ammonium was concentrated in the surface 10 cm of soil immediately below the emitter and little lateral movement occurred. In contrast, because of their greater mobility in the soil, fertigated urea and nitrate were more evenly distributed down the soil profile below the emitter and had moved laterally in the profile to 15 cm radius from the emitter. The conversion of applied N to nitrate-N was more rapid when urea rather than ammonium-N was applied suggesting that the accumulation of large amounts of ammonium below the emitter in the ammonium sulphate treatment probably retarded nitrification. Following their conversion to nitrate-N, both fertigated ammonium sulphate and urea caused acidification in the wetted soil volume. Acidification was confined to the surface 20 cm of soil in the ammonium sulphate treatment, however because of its greater mobility, fertigation with urea (2lh−1) resulted in acidification occurring down to a depth of 40 cm. Such subsoil acidity is likely to be very difficult to ameliorate. Increasing the trickle discharge rate from 2lh−1 to 4lh−1 reduced the downward movement of urea and encouraged its lateral spread in the surface soil. As a consequence, acidification was confined to the surface (0–20 cm) soil.
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    Application of15N-labelled urea to sugar cane through a drip-irrigation system in Mauritius (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 223-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: drip-fertigation ; efficiency ; nitrogen ; sugar cane ; uptake ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen (N) fertilizer use efficiency by sugar cane in Mauritius rarely exceeds 40%. Since drip-irrigation delivers water uniformly and directly to the root zone with little run-off, application of N via the drip-irrigation system could therefore provide a means of enhancing fertilizer N use by sugar cane. A study was initiated in Mauritius to determine what benefits would accrue from applying urea (120 kg N per ha) to sugar cane through the drip-irrigation network. The data obtained showed that the efficiency of fertilizer N when measured at harvest was nearly doubled by supplying the N daily over 10 to 20 weeks by fertigation. Increased yields of sugar or cane did not, however, accompany the improved N use efficiency. Furthermore, when N was applied through the drip-irrigation network, recovery of N at harvest did not accurately reflect N use efficiency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750250
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    Effects of N fertilizer application timing on common bean production (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 29 (1991), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris L. ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen ; yield components ; side-dress ; selection criteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract There is usually a positive yield response when N is applied to common bean plants grown on N-poor soils. Recommendations include application of some or all of the N at planting, but growth and yield responses to later applications are not well documented. From 50 to 60kg N ha−1 was applied at different growth stages to three bean lines during three years. All N treatments increased yield compared to the unfertilized control. Nitrogen applied during the vegetative stage produced higher seed yields than N applied at planting, flowering, during podfill or a split application. N applied at planting or during vegetative growth increased pod-set, while application at the vegetative and reproductive stages increased seed weight. Even though N application during the vegetative stage showed a negative effect on nodulation, there was a large shoot growth response. The lower yield from N applied at planting may have been caused by less shoot growth response as well as inhibited nodulation. Based on these results the best management system using N fertilizer was an application during vegetative growth. Further studies are needed to identify bean lines capable of high N2 fixation in the presence of N and to determine optimum amounts and timing of N application to maximize biological and economic yields.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048951
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    Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, oil content, nitrogen accumulation and water use of canola (Brassica napus L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 29 (1991), S. 249-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Canola ; irrigation ; nitrogen ; nitrogen efficiency ; yield ; oil content ; water use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of N application and water supply on yield, oil content and N accumulation by canola, cultivar Marnoo, grown on a heavy clay soil in the Goulburn Murray Irrigation Region were investigated. Treatments were rainfed (Rf) or watered at a deficit of 50 mm (40–60 mm, I50) beginning in the spring. N treatments were 0, 50, 100 or 200 kg N ha−1 at sowing or as split applications of 20/80, and 50/50 kg N ha−1 at sowing and rosette, respectively. Yield (Yg) ranged from 170 to 520 g m−2. Irrigation and N increased yield in both years. Grain yields were increased by N application on the irrigated treatments when 100 or 200 kg N ha−1 was applied. Oil concentrations ranged from a maximum of 46.4% in treatment N0 to a minimum of 40.6% in treatment N200 and was inversely related to seed N concentration. Although fertilizer N decreased oil concentration, it increased the yield of oil. Nitrogen accumulation (Nb) limited yield of all treatments and was described by the equation, Yg = 806[1-EXP(−0.039*Nb)]. This implied a decrease in yield per unit of Nb at the higher rates of fertilizer addition with consequent increases in grain N concentration. The efficiency of water use in the production of grain (WUEg) and biomass (WUEb) were 7.5 and 23 kg ha−1 mm−1 respectively. Nitrogen additions increased WUEg and WUEb in both seasons. Maximum values of 8.9 (WUEg 1986) and 26.8 (WUEb 1987) were measured from treatment N200. These data suggest that the crops made efficient use of the applied water.
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    Nitrogen availability of soluble and slow release nitrogen fertilizers as assessed by electroultrafiltration (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 34 (1993), S. 121-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Controlled release fertilizers ; electroultrafiltration ; nitrogen ; ryegrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The efficiency of different nitrogenous fertilizers under forced leaching conditions was determined in pot experiments using ryegrass as an indicator plant in a sandy loam soil. Treatments were: ON (unfertilized), AN (ammonium nitrate), U (urea), DAP (diammonium phosphate), T (Triabon), FK (Floranid Komplett) and CDU (crotonylidendiurea). N source effects on N uptake, and N leached (as % of N applied) were evaluated. Results show that the fertilizers which behaved best with regard to N uptake were FK followed by Triabon and AN. The most soluble fertilizers, AN and urea, gave the highest N leaching losses. Significant correlations between EUF-NI (rapidly soluble fraction) and leaching, as well as between EUF-N (I + II) and N uptake by the plant (where EUF-N II relates to the slowly soluble fraction) were obtained.
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    Distribution of aquatic yeasts — Effect of incubation temperature and chloramphenicol concentration on isolation (1975)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 56 (1975), S. 73-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Yeast ; Candida ; Torulopsis ; Marine waters ; Estuaries ; Rivers ; Chloramphenicol ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fresh (river), estuarine, and marine waters in and along the coastline of Connecticut were cultured by the membrane filter technique at 20 and 37°C on a complex medium containing 0–1000 mg/L of chloramphenicol. Using counts on medium with 500 mg/L antibiotic as a base, ratios of total and pink yeast counts were recorded for other chloramphenicol concentrations at both temperatures for the waters sampled. Variable results were obtained; in general, both total and pink yeast counts decreased with increasing antibiotic levels, being most apparent at 〉 400 mg/L chloramphenicol. Medium without antibiotic and with 100 mg/L always produced baterial overgrowth. A total of 209 white yeasts were isolated from all platings; the genera Torulopsis, particularly T. Candida, and Candida were dominant with lesser numbers of Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, sporogenous genera, and Kloeckera. Most species isolated were found on media at all chloramphenicol levels. Comparisons were made of yeast distributions in these temperate waters with reports from other areas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00472578
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    Urea management for lowland transplanted rice as affected by application of farmyard manure (1994)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 199-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; floodwater ; nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; partial pressure of ammonia ; urea ; Vietnam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Farmyard manure (FYM) applied to rice-growing soils can substitute for industrial fertilizers, but little is known about the influence of FYM on the effectiveness and optimal management for industrial N fertilizers. A field experiment was conducted in northern Vietnam on a degraded soil in the spring season (February to June) and summer season (July to November) to determine the effect of FYM on optimal timing for the first application of urea. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with two rates of basal incorporated FYM (0 or 6 Mg ha−1) in factorial combination with two timings of the first application of 30 kg urea-N ha−1 (basal incorporated before transplanting or delayed until 14 to 16 d after transplanting). The FYM was formed by composting pig manure with rice straw for 3 months. Basal incorporation of FYM, containing 23 kg N ha−1, increased rice grain yield in both seasons. The yield increase cannot be attributed to reduced ammonia loss of applied urea-N, because FYM did not reduce partial pressure of ammonia (pNH3) following urea application in either season. Basal and delayed applications of urea were equally effective in the absence of FYM, but when FYM was applied rice yields in both seasons were higher for delayed (mean = 3.2 Mg ha−1) than basal (mean = 2.9 Mg ha−1) application of urea. Results suggest that recommendations for urea timing in irrigated lowland rice should consider whether farmers apply FYM.
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    The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia. III. Effects on soil chemical and physical properties (1993)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 21 (1993), S. 117-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: alley cropping ; maize ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; soil fertility ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Flemingia congesta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A detailed study of the soil chemical and physical properties in seven-year-old alley cropping trial containingLeucaena leucocephala andFlemingia congesta in Northern Zambia is described. There was a strong correlation between the maize yield and the total amount of nitrogen applied, both from prunings and fertiliser, suggesting that a major reason for the observed benefit from alley cropping, particularly withLeucaena, was due to an improvement in nitrogen supply.Leucaena produced significantly more biomass, and its leaves had higher concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and lower C/N and C/P ratios than did those ofFlemingia. There was also evidence that the trees had a beneficial effect on other soil chemical properties; under the hedgerows, particularly those ofLeucaena, there were higher levels of organic carbon, Mg, K and ECEC, and pH values were also highest. It is suggested that higher levels of organic carbon in the alley crop treatments were responsible for the improvements observed in soil physical properties. Lower bulk density, lower penetration resistance, and a higher infiltration rate and pore volume fraction were measured in the alley crops, although there was no significant change in the soil water release parameters. A deteriorating effect of constant applications of nitrogen fertiliser on soil fertility was observed; as the level of urea application increased, there were significant decreases in Mg, K and pH, increases in Al and soil acidity, and higher penetrometer resistance. These results highlight the urgent need for further research on biological methods of maintaining soil fertility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705224
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    Aboveground nitrogen and phosphorus use by five plantation-grown trees with different leaf longevities (1991)
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    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 167-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: leaf longevity ; nitrogen ; nutrient use efficiency ; phosphorus ; requirement ; retranslocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aboveground nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) requirement, retranslocation and use efficiency were determined for 28-year-old red oak (Quercus rubra L.), European larch (Larix decidua Miller), white pine (Pinus strobes L.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst.) plantations on a similar soil in southwestern Wisconsin. Annual aboveground N and P requirements (kg/ha/yr) totaled 126 and 13 for red oak, 86 and 9 for European larch, 80 and 9 for white pine, 38 and 6 for red pine, and 81 and 13 for Norway spruce, respectively. Nitrogen and P retranslocation from current foliage ranged from 81 and 72%, respectively, for European larch, whereas red pine retranslocated the smallest amount of N (13%) and Norway spruce retranslocated the smallest amount of P (18%). In three evergreen species, uptake accounted for 72 to 74% of annual N requirement whereas for two deciduous species retranslocation accounted for 76 to 77% of the annual N requirement. Nitrogen and P use (ANPP/uptake) was more efficient in deciduous species than evergreen species. The results from this common garden experiment demonstrate that differences in N and P cycling among species may result from intrinsic characteristics (e.g. leaf longevity) rather than environmental conditions.
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    A ground water nitrogen budget for a headwater swamp in an area of permanent ground water discharge (1991)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 209-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: ground water ; hydrology ; nitrogen ; mass balance ; nutrient retention ; swamp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ground water inputs and outputs of N were studied for a small ground water discharge swamp situated in a headwater drainage basin in southern Ontario, Canada. Darcy's equation with data for piezometers was used to measure inputs of shallow local ground water at the swamp margin and deep regional ground water beneath the swamp. Ground water flux was also quantified by measuring ground water discharge to the outlet stream draining the swamp in combination with a chemical mixing model to separate shallow and deep ground water components based on chloride differences. Estimates of shallow ground water flux determined by these two approaches agreed closely however, the piezometer data seriously underestimated the deep ground water input to the swamp. An average ground water input-output budget of total N (TN) total organic nitrogen (TON) ammonium (NH4 +-N) and nitrate (NO3 --N) was estimated for stream base flow periods which occurred on an average of 328 days each year during 1986–1990. Approximately 90% of the annual NO3 --N input was contributed by shallow ground water at the swamp margin. Deep ground water represented about 65% of the total ground water input and a similar proportion of TON and NH4 +-N inputs. Annual ground water NO3 --N inputs and outputs were similar whereas NH4 +-N retention was 4 kg ha-1 representing about 68% of annual ground water input. Annual TON inputs in ground water exceeded outputs by 7.7 kg ha (27%). The capacity of the swamp to regulate ground water N fluxes was influenced by the N chemistry of ground water inputs and the hydrologic pathways of transport within the swamp.
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    Nutrient-chlorophyll trajectories across trophic gradients (1992)
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    Aquatic sciences 54 (1992), S. 58-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Eutrophication ; lake management ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; chlorophyll-a ; slope estimator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We estimate the response of chl-a (mg · m−3) to changes in concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) by calculating the slopeS = Δchl-a/ΔTP in chl-a =f(TP) graphs. Results show that in years where algae are P-limited oligotrophic lakes respond less (median slope 0.21) to changes in nutrient concentrations than eutrophic lakes, (median slope 0.31) and these again less than hypereutrophic lakes, (median slope 1.02). We find no saturation value for the slope within the TP range considered (6–480 mg · m−3). Chl-a in eutrophic lakes responds more frequently to non-nutrient factors than oligotrophic and hypereutrophic lakes. Results obtained by replacing TP with a new nutrient parameter, TP′ = 0.056 · TP · IN0.226, in which inorganic nitrogen, IN, is factored in, suggest that nitrogen has an influence on chl-a in oligotrophic lakes. Blue-green algae respond less to changes in TP than other algal species, e.g., diatoms.
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    What controls levels of dissolved phosphate and ammonium in surface waters? (1993)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 55 (1993), S. 132-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; uptake ; regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved inorganic nutrient pools are small relative to particulate pools, and dissolved pools turnover rapidly. It has been observed that pools change little from day to day on the sampling scales usually employed. A simple model is presented where uptake and regeneration rates balance to cause a local steady state concentration for dissolved inorganic nutrients. Enrichment and dilution perturbation experiments with lake water support the idea of steady state nutrient concentrations. Although inorganic nutrient concentrations are often controlled by biota, the absolute concentrations present tell little about the activity of that biota.
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    Phosphorus and nitrogen limitation of algal biomass across trophic gradients (1994)
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    Aquatic sciences 56 (1994), S. 16-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Chlorophyll-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; lake ecosystem ; nutrient limitation ; regression analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Regression results based on data from 46 northern temperate lakes show that total phosphorus (TP) is the best predictor for phytoplankton (as chl-a) at lower trophic levels, TP 〈 200 mg · m−3. A regression including both TP and TN as regressors is the best predictor for lakes with TP 〉 200 mg · m−3. However, the good correlation is probably due to a high correlation between lake average chl-a (all years observed) and lake average TP and TN. Within single hypereutrophic lakes, TN alone is the best predictor. It was not possible to identify a medium trophic domain where TN and TP in combination was the best predictor for chl-a. The ratio TN:TP in the water decreases from about 40 to about 5 with increasing trophic level. Optimum TN:TP ratio for algal species with high abundance during late summer and autumn reflects this decreasing ratio, but within a lesser range, i.e., 20 to 5. In contrast, TN:TP ratios for species abundant during the early vernal period showed no, or an inverse, relation to the TN:TP ratio of the water.
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    Terpenes and phenolics in response to nitrogen fertilization: A test of the carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 3-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis ; carbon allocation ; fertilization ; phenolics ; nitrogen ; terpene ; Abies grandis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen fertilization resulted in a linear increase in the growth ofAbies grandis seedlings, but linear decrease in foliage concentrations of phenolic compounds. These data are consistent with the inverse relationship between growth and production of carbonbased secondary chemicals predicted by the carbon/nutrient balance (CNB) hypothesis. However, in contrast to predictions of the CNB hypothesis, nitrogen fertilization had no effect on foliage terpene concentrations. The results suggest that not all carbon-based chemicals respond in the same manner to environmental variation, and that the carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis does not adequately explain all patterns of environmentally-induced variation in secondary metabolism.
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    Inhibition of meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by ammonium ions: Interference of ammonia with protein metabolism (1978)
    Springer
    Planta 141 (1978), S. 205-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ammonia ; Meiosis ; Protein metabolism ; Proteinases ; Saccharomyces ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Meiosis and sporogenesis in yeast are completely blocked by ammonia added in low concentration (10 mM) to the sporulation medium. Premeiotic DNA synthesis is not initiated in the presence of ammonium ions. The inhibitor interferes with protein turnover by reducing both synthesis and breakdown. The in vitro activities of proteinases A and B in sporulation medium supplemented with ammonia are much lower than in the control. This may partially explain the effect of ammonium ions on protein metabolism in vivo.
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    The unusual reversion properties of a mitochondrial mutation in the structural gene of subunit I of cytochrome oxidase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveal a probable histidine ligand of the redox center (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 147-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Cytochrome oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have analyzed a mutation in the mitochondrial gene oxi3 coding for subunit I of cytochrome-oxidase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This mutation replaces one of the seven invariant histidines of the polypeptide (position 378) by a tyrosine, and leads to a respiratory deficient phenotype. A total of 157 revertants, which have recovered the ability to grow on a respiratory substrate, have been selected from this mutant (tyrosine 378). The nature of the reversion has been analysed by a rapid screening procedure and 32 of the revertants have been sequenced. They are all true backmutations reintroducing the histidine in position 378. This very exceptional situation suggests that this histidine is a ligand of the redox center of cytochrome oxidase.
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    Positive cis-acting regulatory sequences mediate proper control of POL1 transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 183-189 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; DNA-polymerase α ; Cell cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The 5′ ACGCGT3′ MluI motif, which is found in the upstream region of several yeast DNA-synthesis genes which are periodically expressed during the mitotic cell-cycle, is present twice in the 5′ non-coding region of the DNA-polymerase α gene (POL1). Deletion, of the most distal repeat does not affect POL1 transcription, while the adjacent 40 base-pair (bp) downstream sequence is necessary both for the proper level and the fluctuation of POL1 mRNA. This region contains the 5′ACGCGTCGCGT3′ sequence, which is sufficient to control periodic transcription of a CYC1-lacZ reporter gene with the same kinetics observed for POL1. The adjacent 29 bp AT-rich region does not show any activity by itself, but it acts synergistically in conjunction with at least one MluI hexamer to stimulate CYC1-lacZ expression. By further deletion analysis, DNA sequences necessary to initiate POL1 transcription at the proper sites have also been identified.
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    Direct selection of galactokinase-negative mutants of Candida albicans using 2-deoxy-galactose (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 203-206 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Galactokinase ; Mutant selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The galactose analogue 2-deoxy-galactose (2DG) has been widely used to select for mutations in the gene encoding the galactose pathway enzyme galactokinase (GalK). We have tested the effect of 2DG on Candida albicans to see if it could be used to obtain GalK- mutants in this diploid asexual yeast. 2DG was shown to be toxic to wild-type cells. Enzyme assays demonstrated that 2DG can induce GalK as efficiently as galactose. Examination of the initital rate of galactose uptake indicated that the galactose transport system is constitutive. 2DG-resistant mutants were isolated from mutagenized cultures and shown to have very low levels of GalK activity. The potential genetic applications of this system of direct mutant selection are discussed.
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    The UGA43 negative regulatory gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains both a GATA-1 type zinc finger and a putative leucine zipper (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 301-307 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Repressor ; Zinc finger ; Leucine zipper ; GATA-1 ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The UGA43 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for repression of inducible genes involved in the utilization of 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or urea as nitrogen sources. The UGA43 gene has been cloned by complementation of a uga43 mutation. The N-terminal region of the UGA43 protein is very similar to the DNA-binding zinc-finger region typical of the GATA regulatory factor family in vertebrates. UGA43 is the first reported instance of a GATA protein with a negative regulatory function. The C-terminal region of the predicted UGA43 protein contains a putative leucine zipper. Sequencing of three uga43 mutant alleles suggests that the GATA and putative leucine-zipper regions are both required for the repressive activity of UGA43. UGA43 appears to be a highly regulated gene. On “poor” nitrogen sources, UGA43 transcripts are measured at high levels whereas they are nearly undetectable in conditions of nitrogen catabolite repression. The levels measured on “poor” nitrogen sources are further increased in uga43 mutant cells, suggesting that UGA43 exerts negative autoregulation.
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    The CCS1 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is involved in mitochondrial functions is identified as IRA2 an attenuator of RAS1 and RAS2 gene products (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 325-329 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; cAMP ; RAS ; GAP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ccs1-1 mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has been previously described, is associated with an increase in cytochrome content, in respiration, and in ATP synthesis. In addition, this mutation leads to the same phenotype as cells de-regulated in the cAMP pathway. From a yeast genomic library, we have isolated a DNA fragment in a recombinant plasmid pCD1 which complements the ccs1-1 mutation. Homologous integration of this DNA in the genome occurs at the CCS1 locus. An 11 kb of the DNA insert is necessary for complementation. Sequencing part of the fragment identifies CCS1 as the IRA2 gene. The IRA2 gene is known to encode an attenuator of RAS gene product activity which stimulates the GTPase activity of the RAS proteins. This result underlines the involvement of cAMP-dependent phosphorylation in mitochondrial function. We present the sequence of 1 kb DNA upstream of the putative ATG of the IRA2/CCS1 gene product which is devoid of an ORF and could contain several regulatory sites.
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    The glycerol kinase (GUT1) gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: cloning and characterization (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 21-25 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Glycerol kinase ; GUT1 ; ADR1 control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The GUT1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, encoding glycerol kinase, was cloned and sequenced. The cloned genomic DNA fragment contains an open reading frame potentially coding for a protein of 709 amino acids with homology to bacterial glycerol kinases (40.8% identity over 502 amino acids, and 42.1% identity over 496 amino acids, in comparison to the smaller E. coli and B. subtilis enzymes). Disruption of GUT1 showed that the gene is required for growth on glycerol, but not on glucose or ethanol media. No glycerol kinase activity was detected in the disruption mutant. According to enzyme activity and transcript analysis, synthesis of glycerol kinase is repressed by glucose, and derepression is ADR1-dependent.
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    ‘Phase variation’-type regulation of gene expression and gene replacement mediated by FLP recombinase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 26-31 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; FLP ; Phase variation-type expression ; Gene replacement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Expression of a neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) gene has been designed to be regulated by an FLP-mediated switching of the orientation of the NPTII coding region located on the invertible DNA segment in episomal yeast plasmids. Inversion of the segment from inverted to direct orientation with respect to the promoter resulted in a dramatic increase in G418 resistance. FLP also promoted a double reciprocal exchange between the transforming and the resident 2-μm plasmid, leading to insertion of the FLP and REP2 genes into the transforming plasmid. The results demonstrate a possible use of FLP recombinase for ‘phase variation’-type regulation of gene expression and gene replacement in eukaryotic cells.
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    Heat shock changes the response of the pso3 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to 8-methoxypsoralen photoaddition (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 100-104 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA repair ; Heat shock ; Hyperthermia ; Mutagenesis ; pso3-1 mutant ; Psoralen ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A putative tolerance, induced by heat shock (HS), to the lethal and mutagenic effects of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) photoaddition and hyperthermia was analyzed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the wild-type strain N123 and the isogenic DNA repair-deficient mutant pso3-1. In wild-type cells, the HS (38°C for 1 h) did not modify either the survival or the mutation frequency observed after 8-MOP photoaddition, even though it conferred protection against the lethal effect of hyperthermia (50°C). In the pso3-1 mutant, HS induced an increase of the survival, and a decrease of the mutation frequency, after 8-MOP photoaddition and it also protected against the lethal effect of hyperthermia. The responses induced by HS were specific for 8-MOP photoaddition, since they were not observed after 254 nm ultraviolet-light damage. These results indicate that the protection conferred by HS depends of the type of lesion, and operates through the induction of different repair processes. In the pso3-1 mutant, HS could channel the repair intermediates to and error-free repair pathway.
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    Characterization of a second nuclear gene, AEP1, required for expression of the mitochondrial OLI1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 126-135 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: AEP1 ; Yeast ; Mitochindria ; ATP synthase ; PET gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Due to mutation in a single nuclear locus, AEP1, the temperature-conditional pet mutant ts1860 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fails to synthesize mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit 9 at the restrictive temperature of 36°C. The presence at this temperature of near-normal levels of the cognate oli1 mRNA in mutant ts1860 indicates that, as previously shown, the product of the AEP1 gene is required for translation of the mitochondrial oli1 transcript. In this study the AEP1 gene has been cloned from a wild-type yeast genomic library by genetic complementation of a temperature-conditional aep1 strain at the restrictive temperature. A 2,330-bp genomic fragment which restores subunit 9 synthesis in aep1 mutant strains was characterized. This fragment encoded five open reading frames: the longest of these, at 1,554 nucleotides, was identified as the AEP1 gene, since disruption of this reading frame generated a non-conditional pet strain unable to synthesize subunit 9. The predicted product of AEP1 is a basic, hydrophilic protein of 59,571 Da which possesses a putative mitochondrial address sequence. Hybridization studies with AEP1-specific probes indicate that the gene is located on chromosome XIII and produces several poly(A)+ transcripts ranging in size from 0.9 to 2.7 kb. None of the identified reading frames share significant homologies with entries of several data bases.
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    Reorientation of the distal region in linkage group IIR of fission yeast (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 179-180 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mapping ; Yeast ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic map of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been revised in the distal region of chromosome arm IIR. The spo4 locus, hitherto considered the outermost marker, has been moved to an intermediate position. As a result, and in accordance with recent physical mapping data, the order of the entire distal subgroup of some 12 genetic markers is reversed relative to previously published gene maps.
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    Energy-dependent mitochondrial mutagenicity of antibacterial ofloxacin and its recombinogenic activity in yeast (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 281-284 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Ofloxacin ; Mitochondria ; Mutation ; Recombination ; Topoisomerase ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ofloxacin, a specific inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase II, is known to inhibit the growth of yeast cells and to induce rho − mutants in the yeast S. cerevisiae. The frequency of ofloxacin-induced petite mutants under non-growth conditions was found to be strongly diminished when the cells were depleted in intramitochondrial ATP. Under optimal conditions of mitochondrial mutagenesis the drug induced mitotic recombination and reverse mutation in diploid strains but failed to cure either killer plasmids or the 2 μm DNA of dividing cells. The sensitivity to ofloxacin of the strains deficient in the DNA strandbreak repair pathway (rad52) was significantly higher then that of the wild-type strains and of the mutants deficient in excision or mutagenic DNA repair. The results are compatible with the idea that the cytotoxic and genetic activity of ofloxacin in yeast probably results from the inhibited DNA ligation function of topoisomerase II creating DNA breaks that are reparable through the recombination repair pathway.
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    The byp1-3 allele of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GGS1/TPS1 gene and its multi-copy suppressor tRNAGLN (CAG): Ggs1/Tps1 protein levels restraining growth on fermentable sugars and trehalose accumulation (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 295-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Trehalose synthase ; GGS1/TPS1 gene ; Glycolysis ; Fermentable sugars ; Suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Byp1-3 is an amber nonsense allele of the Sacchromyces cerevisiae GGS1/TPS1 gene which encodes the small subunit of the trehalose synthase complex. Mutations in this gene confer an inability to grow on glucose or fructose but the phenotype of byp1-3 mutants is leaky in a strain-dependent manner. Overexpression of the isolated byp1-3 allele suppressed the growth defect of a ggs1/tps1Δ mutant. Expression of an in-vitro-generated mutant allele of GGS1/TPS1 that lacks all the coding sequences downstream from the byp1-3 mutation led to the production of a shortened protein that did not complement the ggs1/tps1Δ mutant. We have isolated, as an allele-specific multi-copy suppressor of the growth defect of the byp1-3 mutant on fructose, the gene for tRNAGLN (CAG). Thus the leaky phenotype of byp1-3 mutants is due to a low level of read through of the internal nonsense codon by tRNAGLN (CAG). Using overexpression of the isolated byp1-3 allele, as well as of the tRNAGLN (CAG) gene, we were able to demonstrate that as little as about 10% of the normal Ggs1/Tps1 protein level is sufficient for slow growth on fructose. We also show a correlation between the level of Ggs1/Tps1, the ability to accumulate trehalose in stationary phase and the ability to grow on fermentable sugars. Sequence analysis of the cloned tRNAGLN (CAG) gene showed that it is located 700 bp upstream of URA10. However, we found considerable differences to the reported sequence of URA10, in particular in the non-coding region.
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    The yeast protein Mrs6p, a homologue of the rabGDI and human choroideraemia proteins, affects cytoplasmic and mitochondrial functions (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 308-314 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Small G proteins ; YPT1 ; Yeast ; abGDI ; Mitochondria ; MRS2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract MRS6 is a newly-identified gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Its product Mrs6p shows significant homology to the mammalian GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) of Rab/Ypt-type small G proteins and to the human choroideraemia protein (CHM), the component A of Rab-specific GGTase II. The interaction of Mrs6p with G proteins is indicated by our observation that the MRS6 gene suppresses the effect of a temperature-sensitive ypt1 mutation. Disruption of the MRS6 gene is lethal to haploid yeast cells. This is consistent with the notion that Mrs6p is interacting with Rab/Ypt-type small G proteins, which are known to have essential functions in vesicular transport. Unexpeciedly, the MRS6 gene product also affects mitochondrial functions as revealed by the facts that highcopy numbers of MRS6 (1) suppress the pet - phenotype of mrs2-1 mutant strains and (2) cause a weak pet - phenotype in wild-type strains. We conclude from these results that the MRS6 gene product has a vital function in connection with Rab/Ypt-type proteins in the cytoplasm and, in addition, affects mitochondrial functions.
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    The ogd1 and kgd1 mutants lacking 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity in yeast are allelic and can be differentiated by the cloned amber suppressor (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 377-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: 2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase ; Molecular cloning ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sequencing ; Suppressor ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The activity of mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in S. cerevisiae can be impaired either by the ogd1 or the kgd1 mutation. The OGD1 gene and two suppressor genes were isolated by complementation of the ogd1 mutant. The complementation of the kdg1 mutant by the OGD1 gene, an allelism test, and meiotic mapping, revealed that the ogd1 and kgd1 mutations are allelic. The two mutations were differentiated by the cloned suppressor gene which was able to partially complement ogd1, but not kgd1. The molecular analysis of the suppressor gene revealed its identity with the natural tRNA CAG Gln gene found in the upstream region of URA10.
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    Transcript accumulation of the GGP1 gene, encoding a yeast GPI-anchored glycoprotein, is inhibited during arrest in the G1 phase and during sporulation (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 382-387 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Cell cycle ; Sporulation ; Glycoprotein gp115
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The GGP1 (GAS1) gene encodes an exocellular 115-kDa glycoprotein (gp115) of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have monitored the changes in GGP1 mRNA levels under different conditions of G1 arrest. Transcript levels rapidly decrease during transition from exponential growth to stationary phase. They also decrease in the ts cdc25 and cdc28 START mutants when brought to the restrictive temperature. In cells arrested in G1 by αF treatment, the GPP1 mRNA level undergoes a threefold reduction. During release from the G1 block the mRNA level rapidly increases with a maximum at the onset of budding. During sporulation GGP1 mRNA level steadily decreases. These results indicate that the accumulation of the GGP1 transcript is inhibited during arrest in the G1 phase and during entry into the differentiative pathway of meiosis and sporulation. The induction of expression upon entry into the mitotic cycle suggest that GGP1 could be one of the genes whose transcription is activated at START.
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    Use of reporter genes for the isolation and characterisation of different classes of sporulation mutants in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 451-454 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sporulation mutants ; Reporter genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Reporter genes consisting of sporulation-specific promoters fused to lacZ were used as markers to monitor the sporulation pathway of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Strains transformed with these lacZ gene fusions expressed β-galactosidase (assayable on plates using the substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside, X-gal) in a sporulation-dependent manner. Mutagenesis experiments performed on transformed strains resulted in the recovery of a number of novel sporulation mutants. Three classes of mutants were obtained: those which overexpressed the reporter gene under sporulation conditions, those which did not express the gene under any conditions, and those which expressed the gene in vegetative cells not undergoing sporulation. On the basis of the blue colony-colour produced in the presence of X-gal these have been described as superblue, white, and blue vegetative mutants, respectively. These were further characterised using earlier reporter genes and other marker systems. This study established that the multicopy reporter plasmids chosen do not interfere with sporulation; they are valid tools for monitoring the pathway and they provide a way to isolate mutations not readily selected by other markers.
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    Parameters affecting lithium acetate-mediated transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and development of a rapid and simplified procedure (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 455-459 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transformation ; Plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have compared a number of procedures for the transformation of whole cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and assessed the effects of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) or ethanol, both of which have been reported to enhance transformation efficiency. We find that simplified methods benefit from the addition of one of these compounds, and although differences are observed between strains as to the more beneficial reagent, peak transformation efficiency is, in general obtained with 10% DMSO or 10% EtOH. Increases of between six- and 50-fold are observed, despite a reduction in cell viability, and at this concentration the two compounds are not additive in their effects. The optimum level appears to depend on a balance between improved DNA uptake and reduced cell viability. As a result of this work we present a straightforward and rapid transformation procedure.
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    Interaction of excision repair gene products and mitotic recombination functions in yeast (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 481-486 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitotic recombination ; RAD3 gene ; Nucleotide excision repair ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have tested the ability of mutants of three additional genes in the excision repair pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to suppress the hyper-recombination and rad52 double-mutant lethality phenotypes of the rad3-102 (formerly rem1-2) mutation. Such suppression has previously been been observed with mutant alleles of RAD1 and RAD4. We had hypothesized that the rad3-102 mutation created elevated levels of DNA lesions which could be processed by the products of the RAD1 and RAD4 genes into recombinogenic double-strand breaks requiring the RAD52 product for repair. In this report, we show that the RAD2, RAD7, and RAD10 genes are also necessary for this processing. We discuss our observations of varying levels of mitotic crossingover in Rem- rad double-mutant strains.
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    LYC1 is the structural gene for lysine N-6-acetyl transferase in yeast (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 24-29 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Yarrowia lipolytica ; Lysine acetyl transferase ; Lysine catabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the yeastYarrowia lipolytica, theLYC1 locus controls the first step of the lysine degradation pathway which is catalyzed by lysine N-6-acetyl transferase (LAT). This gene was cloned by complementation of thelyc1-100 mutation. Its position in the cloned insert was determined by conversion mapping and by complementation. TheLYC1 gene encodes a 391 amino-acid polypeptide which has no homolog in protein databases. The required upstream region extends over 960 bp. When placed under the control of theGAL10 promoter inSaccharomyces cerevisiae, LYC1 drives the expression of lysine acetyl transferase activity, thus providing strong evidence that it is the structural gene encoding this enzyme.
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    Basidiomycetousras cDNA functionally replaces its homolog genes in yeast (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 30-33 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Plasmid exchange ; ras/Ras gene ; Basidiomycete ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It was shown by a plasmid exchange procedure that the Ras-encoding cDNA of the basidiomyceteLentinus edodes (namedLeras cDNA) can functionally replace its homolog genes (ScRAS1 andScRAS2) in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae to maintain the viability of an yeast strain containing genetic disruptions of bothRAS genes. The strain replaced by aLeras−cDNA-carrying plasmid, however, grew slower than the strains replaced by aScRAS1− or aScRAS2−carrying plasmid. The intracellular level of cAMP in the strain harboring theLeras−cDNA-carrying plasmid was clearly higher than that of a parental strain which maintains a plasmid carrying theS. cerevisiae cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit C1 gene,TPK1, but was lower than that in a strain harboring anScRAS2−carrying plasmid. These results suggest that theLeras cDNA can complement theras1 − ras2− mutation of yeast by virture of the stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity, although the complementation is not as efficient as that obtained by expressing theScRAS2 gene.
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    Chemical mutagenesis and DNA synthesis in cdc8, a DNA replication mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 471-474 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; DNA replication ; Chemical mutagenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Incubation of cdc8 mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in YPD under permissive conditions, when DNA replication is taking place, prior to transfer to restrictive conditions, strongly stimulates induction of cdc + colonies of ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS)- and methyl methane sulphonate (MMS)-treated yeast strains HB23 (cdc8-1/cdc8-3), HB26 (cdc8-3/cdc8-3) and HB7 (cdc8-1/cdc8-1). After diepoxybutane (DEB) treatment, both the induction of cdc + colonies and their stimulation after incubation in YPD under permissive conditions is low. The results obtained show that stimulation of induction of cdc + colonies under permissive conditions occurs not only after UV-treatment, but also after treatment with such mutagens as EMS and MMS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334774
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  • 99
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    Evidence that an endo-exonuclease controlled by the NUC2 gene functions in the induction of ‘petite’ mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 39-44 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Petite mutation ; NUC2 nuclease ; Yeast ; RAD52 ; Ethidium bromide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Defects in the RAD52 gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduce the levels of the NUC2 endo-exonuclease by approximately 90% compared to the levels in wild-type strains. To examine the potential role of this nuclease in the induction of mitochondrial ‘petite’ mutations, congenic RAD52 and rad52-1 haploids were subjected to treatment with ethidium bromide, a well-known inducer of these mutations. The rad52 strain showed a much higher resistance to ethidium bromide-induced petite formation than the corresponding wild-type strain. Two approaches were taken to confirm that this finding reflected the nuclease deficiency, and not some other effect attributable to the rad52-1 mutation. First, a multicopy plasmid (YEp213-10) carrying NUC2 was transformed into a RAD52 strain. This resulted in an increased fraction of spontaneous petite mutations relative to that seen for the same strain without the plasmid and sensitized the strain carrying the plasmid to peptite induction by ethidium bromide treatment. Second, a strain having a nuc2 allele that encodes a temperaturesensitive nuclease was treated with ethidium bromide at the restrictive and permissive temperatures. Petite induction was reduced under restrictive conditions. Enzyme assays revealed that the RAD52 (YEp213-10) strain had the highest level of antibody-precipitable NUC2 endo-exonuclease whereas the nuc2 and rad52 mutants had the lowest levels. Furthermore, addition of ethidium bromide to the reaction mixture stimulated the activity of the nuclease on double-stranded DNA. Peptite induction by antifolate-mediated thymine nucleotide depletion was also inhibited by inactivation of RAD52 indicating that the effect of reduced NUC2 endo-exonuclease was not restricted to ethidium bromide treatment. Taken collectively, these results indicate that the NUC2 gene product functions in the production of mitochondrial petite mutations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312763
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  • 100
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    In vitro mutagenesis of the mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase of S. cerevisiae reveals residues critical for its in vivo activities (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 22 (1992), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase ; RNA splicing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase (mLRS) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is involved in both mitochondrial protein synthesis and pre-mRNA splicing. We have created mutations in the regions HIGH, GWD and KMSKS, which are involved in ATP-, amino acid-and tRNA-binding respectively, and which have been conserved in the evolution of group I tRNA synthetases. The mutants GRD and NMSKS have no discernible phenotype. The mutants AWD and ARD act as null alleles and lead to the production of 100% cytoplasmic petites. The mutants HIGN, NIGH and KMSNS are unable to grown on glycerol even in the presence of an intronless mitochondrial genome and accumulate petites to a greater extent than the wild-type but less than 40%. Experiments with an imported bI4 maturase indicate that the lesion in these mutations primarily affects the synthetase and not the splicing functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351744
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