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  • Articles  (140)
  • Nitrogen  (99)
  • Manganese
  • 1990-1994  (29)
  • 1980-1984  (111)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (140)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Net assimilation rate and shoot area development in birch (Betula pendula Roth.) at different steady-state values of nutrition and photon flux density (1992)
    Springer
    Trees 6 (1992), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; Photon flux density ; Growth ; Betula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Small birch plants (Betula pendula Roth.) were grown in a climate chamber at different, exponentially increasing rates of nitrogen supply and at different photon flux densities. This resulted in treatments with relative growth rate equal to the relative rate of increase in nitrogen supply and with different equilibrium values of plant nitrogen concentration. Nitrogen productivity (rate of dry matter increase per plant nitrogen) was largely independent of nitrogen supply and was greater at higher photon flux density. Leaf weight ratio, average specific leaf area (and thus leaf area ratio) were all greater at better nitrogen supply and at lower values of photon flux density. The dependencies were such that the ratio of total projected leaf area to plant nitrogen at a given photon flux density was similar at all rates of nitrogen supply. The ratio was greater at lower values of photon flux density. At a given value of photon flux density, net assimilation rate and net photosynthetic rate per shoot area (measured at the growth climate) were only slightly greater at better rates of nitrogen supply. Values were greater at higher photon flux densities. Acclimation of the total leaf area to plant nitrogen ratio and of net assimilation rate was such that nitrogen productivity was largely saturated with respect to photon flux density at values greater than 230 μmol m-2 s-1. At higher photon flux densities, any potential gain in nitrogen productivity associated with higher net assimilation rates was apparently offset by lower ratios of total leaf area to plant nitrogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224491
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationships between stem structure and bending strength in Pinus radiata seedlings (1993)
    Springer
    Trees 7 (1993), S. 86-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Pinus radiata ; Stem deformation ; Nitrogen ; Stem form ; Elasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seedlings from nine families of Pinus radiata were grown in a glasshouse under conditions of high and low nitrate nitrogen availability to investigate effects on anatomical and strength characteristics of stems. Families were classified into groups dependent upon their previously determined susceptibility to stem deformation prevalent in plantations established on fertile ex-pasture. Nitrogen treatments significantly affected seedling form in terms of both branch production and stem slenderness. The high N treatment resulted in shorter seedlings, a proportion of which were obviously stunted. Stem strength of seedlings, physically supported throughout the experiment, was assessed as stem lean at harvest as well as the bending strength of the fresh stem at 50% stem height. These two variables were found not to be correlated. Stem lean at harvest was greatest in families known to be susceptible to stem deformation. These families produced stems that were also more slender than families of low susceptibility. Increased stem lean was associated mostly with increased stem slenderness while elasticity was more influenced by pith diameter, stem density and wood radius.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225474
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal variation of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and manganese contents in xylem sap of beech(Fagus sylvatica L.) in a 35-year-old limestone beech forest stand (1990)
    Springer
    Trees 4 (1990), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Calcium ; Fagus sylvatica ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mineral content ; Potassium ; Seasonalvariation ; Xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a 35-year-old calcareous beech forest stand five beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) were felled every 2 weeks, and xylem sap was obtained by means of water displacement from the lowest trunk sections, each 100 cm in length. From mid-October 1988 to mid-October 1989 a total of 130 trees were investigated. The seasonal variations of the Ca, Mg, K and Mn contents, as well as those of pH, show four characteristic phases. Additionally, distribution of the mineral contents along the trunk was studied in four trees. The seasonal increase and decrease of xylem sap mineral contents along the trunk is shown for the characteristic phenophases. The Ca, Mg, K, and Mn contents of xylem saps were determined by means of atomicabsorptionspectrophotometry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226069
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decomposition and nutrient content of litter in a fertilized eucalypt forest (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Eucalypt forest ; Litter decomposition ; Fertilizer ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The decomposition and nutrient content of litter was studied for 2 years in regrowth Eucalyptus diversicolor forest to which N (0, 200 kg ha-1 year-1) and P (0, 30, 200 kg ha-1) had been applied. The P addition increased, and the N addition decreased, the rate of dry weight loss of decomposing litter. Analysis of the coefficients of a double exponential decay model with components describing the release of labile and resistant fractions indicated that decomposition of the resistant component of litter was most affected by the fertilizer additions. Treatment with N reduced the rate of loss of this component and increased its half-life by approximately 30%, whereas P treatment increased its rate of decay and decreased its half-life by approximately 30%. P accumulated in litter during decomposition. P uptake and retention was greater in P-treated than untreated plots. The application of N reduced P accumulation in litter. An accumulation of N also occurred during decomposition, the amount of N imported into litter being greater on plots treated with N fertilizer. Treatment with N affected the amount of S in decomposing litter. Litter on N-treated plots either accumulated more S or released it more slowly than litter on plots not treated with N. The application of N as NH4NO3 decreased forest-floor litter pH, increased litter layer mass (by 15%), and increased the amount of N (by 34%) and S (by 32%) stored in the forest floor. Treatment with P reduced the amount of N (by 22%) stored in the litter layer. The application of 200 kg P ha-1 in the absence of N increased the store of P in the litter layer by 80%, but when N and P were applied together the amount of P in the litter was not significantly different between P treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337749
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mn-content of total parenteral and enteral nutrition (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 138-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Manganese ; totalparenteralnutrition ; enteralnutrition ; dailyintake ; Mangan ; total parenterale Nahrung ; enterale Nahrung ; tägliche Aufnahme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Seit 1931 ist bekannt, daß Mangan ein essentielles Spurenelement bei Tieren ist. Heute weiß man, daß Manganmangel bei Tieren zu einer Vielfalt an Stoffwechseldefekten führt. Für den Menschen ist die sichere Versorgung durch die enterale Ernährung mit 2,5–5 mg pro Tag gewährleistet, für die parenterale Ernährung wird eine Dosis von 0,15–0,8 mg pro Tag vorgeschlagen. Die Mangangehalte von Bestandteilen der Nahrung und von Infusionslösungen wurden durch Atomabsorptions-Spektrometrie bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit den (aus Tabellen) kalkulierten Werten verglichen. Der Mangangehalt der Kleinkomponenten und Zusatzstoffe einschließlich der Aromastoffe wurde ebenfalls berücksichtigt. Aus dem täglichen Gesamtverzehr wurde eine Manganaufnahme von 192–7373 µg berechnet. In der parenterelen Ernährung betrug die Manganmenge der Lösung vor Zugabe einer Supplementmischung (Oligo-Komplex) 0,2% der Gesamtdosis an Mangan. Nach Zugabe der Oligo-Komplex-Mischung wurde eine tägliche Aufnahme von 5,02±0,16 pro Tag festgestellt.
    Notes: Summary Managanese has been proven to be an essential trace element in animals since 1931. Today, it is known that manganese deficiency results in a wide variety of structural and physiological defects in animals. For humans, the safe and adequate range of intakes for manganese by enteral nutrition is 2.0 to 5 mg per day; for parenteral nutrition a range of 0.15 to 0.8 mg per day is proposed. The manganese content of components of enteral nutrition (EN) and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions is determined using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Comparison is made between calculated and measured values. The manganese present in supplementary nutrition and flavor stuffs is also measured. The intake of manganese by EN is calculated based on the daily administration, and is found to vary from 192 to 7373 µg per day. In prepared TPN-solutions, the manganese contribution of all components before adding the Oligo Complex is found to be less than 0.2% of the total manganese content. After addition of the Oligo Complex mixture, a mean daily intake of 5.02±0.16 mg per day is found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01623072
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of growth conditions on the value of crisphead lettuce (1994)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 46 (1994), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Chemical composition ; Cultivar ; Harvest data ; Lactuca sativa L. ; Lettuce ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Plant age ; Tipburn ; Quality ; Vitamin C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The marketable and nutritional quality of crisphead lettuce as affected by nitrogen supply, cultivar, and plant age at harvest was investigated in six plantings during 1989 and 1990. The optimum yield of marketable heads was obtained at a total nitrogen supply of 150 kg N per ha although only small differences were observed to the yield at 100 and 200 kg total N per ha. The total nitrogen supply included the amount of mineral nitrogen within the rhizosphere. The incidence of dry tipburn in older leaves was clearly decreased by an increased nitrogen supply, especially at late planting. The content of nitrate was increased and the content of dry matter and vitamin C decreased with increased nitrogen supply. The vitamin C content was higher for the cultivar ‘Marius’ than for ‘Saladin’. As plants got older, the nutritional quality of crisphead lettuce decreased because the content of nutrients, especially vitamin C, decreased with increased plant age at harvest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01088455
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Denitrification losses from puddled rice soils in the tropics (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Flooded soil ; 15N ; Nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; Wetland rice ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Although denitrification has long been considered a major loss mechanism for N fertilizer applied to lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) soils, direct field measurements of denitrification losses from puddled rice soils in the tropics have only been made recently. This paper summarizes the results of direct measurement and indirect estimation of denitrification losses from puddled rice fields and reviews the status of research methodology for measurement of denitrification in rice fields. The direct recovery of (N2+N2O)-15N from 15N-enriched urea has recently been measured at sites in the Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia. In all 12 studies, recoveries of (N2+N2O)-15N ranged from less than 0.1 to 2.2% of the applied N. Total gaseous N losses, estimated by the 15N-balance technique, were much greater, ranging from 10 to 56% of the applied urea-N. Denitrification was limited by the nitrate supply rather than by available C, as indicated by the values for water-soluble soil organic C, floodwater (nitrate+nitrite)-N, and evolved (N2+N2O)-15N from added nitrate. In the absence of runoff and leaching losses, the amount of (N2+N2O)-15N evolved from 15N-labeled nitrate was consistently less than the unrecovered 15N in 15N balances with labeled nitrate, which presumably represented total denitrification losses. This finding indicates that the measured recoveries of (N2+N2O)-15N had underestimated the denitrification losses from urea. Even with a probable two-or threefold underestimation, direct measurements of (N2+N2O)-15N failed to confirm the appreciable denitrification losses often estimated by the indirect difference method. This method, which determines denitrification losses by the difference between total 15N loss and determined ammonia loss, is prone to high variability. Measurements of nitrate disappearance and 15N-balance studies suggest that nitrification-denitrification occurs under alternate soil drying and wetting conditions both during the rice cropping period and between rice crops. Research is needed to determine the magnitude of denitrification losses when soils are flooded and puddled for production of rice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335854
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Influence of Cognettia sphagnetorum (Oligochaeta: Enchytraeidae) on nitrogen mineralization in homogenized mor humus (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil animals ; Enchytraeidae ; Nitrogen ; Mineralization ; Soil moisture ; Temperature ; Cognettia sphagnetorum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of the enchytraeid species Cognettia sphagnetorum on N mineralization in homogenized mor humus was examined in a laboratory study. The mor humus was incubated in containers (150 ml) for 8 months at various temperatures and with different moisture levels. Two series were used, one with C. sphagnetorum and one without. The presence of enchytraeids in the cultures increased the level of NH4 + and NO3 - by about 18% compared with the cultures without enchytraeids. Almost 40% of this difference was explained by the decomposition of dead enchytraeids. Temperature and soil moisture were the most important factors controlling the mineralization rate. The optimum moisture for N mineralization was between pF 1.6 and 1.1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335800
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potential variation of nitrogen transformations in pinyon-juniper ecosystems resulting from burning (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 10 (1990), S. 35-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Pinus edulis ; Juniperus osteosperma ; Carbon ; Nitrogen ; Nitrification ; Microbial N ; N immobilization ; Fire ecology ; Nitrifying bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Forest floor litter, duff, and underlying soils were assembled in laboratory microcosms representing pinyon, juniper, and interspace field conditions. Burning removed more than 95% of both N and C from the litter, with losses from the duff dependent on soil moisture conditions. No significant changes in total N or C were noted in the soil. Immediate increases were observed in soil NH inf4 sup+ , decreasing with depth and related to soil heating. The greatest increases were noted in both the pinyon and juniper soils that were dry at the time of the burn, with interspace soils exhibiting the least changes. Soil NH inf4 sup+ closely approximated the controls on day 90 after the burns in all treatments. Ninety days after the burn microbial biomass N was highest in the controls, followed by the wet and then the dry-burned soils, in both the pinyon and juniper microcosms. This was inversely related to the levels of accumulated NO inf3 sup- . Nitrifying bacteria populations were indirectly correlated to soil temperatures during the burn. Population levels 90 days after the burn showed increases in both the wet- and the dry-burn treatments, with those in the pinyon treatments exceeding those found in the nitial controls of pinyon soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336122
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decomposition of barley straw in a subarctic soil in the field (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 10 (1991), S. 227-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Carbon ; Nitrogen ; Cellulos ; N immobilization ; N mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The mass loss and N dynamics of barley stems and leaves, placed on the soil surface or buried, were examined over two summers. There was little difference in mass loss or N dynamics in straw placed 7.5 or 15 cm deep. However, the surface straw lost mass much more slowly and immobilized more N for a longer time than the buried straw. Filter paper had a slow rate of mass loss initially, but once started, lost mass much more rapidly than either the barley stems or leaves. Loss of mass was closely correlated with the cellulose loss in straw, whether buried or placed on the soil surface. The sustained rate of mass loss was 6.3 and 7.0% month-1, respectively, for surface and incorporated leaves compared with 3.5 and 4.3% month-1, for surface and incorporated stems. The greater loss sustained by the leaves was attributed to a lower lignin content rather than a higher N content, because the addition of N to the straw after 30 days in the field failed to increase CO2 evolution. Maximum net N immobilization occurred within 30 days for all the barley straw, except for the stems placed on the ground surface, which did not reach maximum N immobilization until the second summer. Immobilization and mineralization of N were estimated for a 3000 kg ha-1 grain crop. Surface straw immobilized 3.8 kg N ha-1 in the 1st year and 9 kg N ha-1 in the 2nd year, whereas incorporated straw immobilixed 3.5 kg N hs-1 in the 1st year and mineralized 4.5 kg N ha-1 in the 2nd year. Thus, in Alaska, residue management does not affect N fertilizer requirements in the 1st year, but an additional 13.5 kg N ha-1 is required for surface residues in the 2nd year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337372
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon dioxide evolution from wheat and lentil residues as affected by grinding, added nitrogen, and the absence of soil (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 221-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Straw ; Green manure ; Decomposition ; Particle size ; Soil ; Nitrogen ; Carbon mineralization ; CO2 evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A study was conducted to determine the effects of grinding, added N, and the absence of soil on C mineralization from agricultural plant residues with a high C:N ratio. The evolution of CO2 from ground and unground wheat straw, lentil straw, and lentil green manure, with C:N ratios of 80, 36, and 9, respectively, was determined over a period of 98 days. Treatments with added N were included with the wheat and lentil straw. Although the CO2 evolution was initially much faster from the lentil green manure than from the lentil or wheat straw, by 98 days similar amounts of CO2 had evolved from all residues incubated in soil with no added N. Incubation of plant residues in the absence of soil had little effect on CO2 evolution from the lentil green manure or lentil straw but strongly reduced CO2 evolution from the wheat straw. Grinding did not affect CO2 evolution from the lentil green manure but increased CO2 evolution from the lentil straw with no added N and from the wheat straw. The addition of N increased the rate of CO2 evolution from ground wheat straw between days 4 and 14 but not from unground wheat straw, and only slightly increased the rate of CO2 evolution from lentil straw during the initial decomposition. Over 98 days, the added N reduced the amounts of CO2 evolved from both lentil and wheat straw, due to reduced rates of CO2 evolution after ca. 17 days. The lack of an N response during the early stages of decomposition may be attributed to the low C:N ratio of the soluble straw component and to microbial adaptations to an N deficiency, while the inhibitory effect of N on CO2 evolution during the later stages of decomposition may be attributed to effects of high mineral N concentrations on lignocellulolytic microorganisms and enzymes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335771
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  • 12
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    Effects of some environmental factors on ammonia volatilization from simulated livestock urine applied to soil (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 279-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ammonia volatilization ; Nitrogen ; Soil enzymes ; Urea ; Urine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The proportion of the N that was volatilized as ammonia during 8 days, following the application of simulated livestock urine to soil, increased from 25 to 38% as the temperature of incubation was increased from 4° to 20°C in a system with a continuous flow of air at 70% relative humidity. However, volatilization was reduced if the application was followed by simulated rain; the reduction was greater as the amount of rain increased (up to at least 16 mm) and became less with an increasing length of time (up to 2–3 days) after the application of the urine. The effects of the soil water content before application of the urine, and of the relative humidity of the air, were generally small but volatilization was reduced by a combination of air-dry soil with a low relative humidity. Volatilization was slight (7%) when the flow of air was restricted to 0.5 h in every 12 h but, with an air flow for 12 h in every 24 h, the volatilization was much closer to that with a continuous flow for the whole 8-day period. When cool or dry conditions were imposed for 8 days and then more favourable conditions were instituted for a second period of 8 days, there was a substantial increase in volatilization following the change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335848
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  • 13
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    Influence of long-term fertilization with farmyard manure on soil organic matter: Characteristics of particle-size fractions (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1991), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Fertilization experiment ; Soil organic matter ; Soil particle-size fractions ; Pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of more than 100 years of fertilization with farmyard manure on soil organic matter in comparison to unfertilized soil was studied in particle-size fractions using elemental (C and N) analyses and pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry. Distinct differences in C and N concentrations and distribution and in the quality of organic matter between the size fractions and the fertilization treatments were observed. Clay-associated C and N were relatively higher in the unfertilized treatment, whereas the application of farmyard manure preferentially increased soil organic matter associated with the fine and medium silt fractions. Pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry of soil fractions 〈20 μm showed increasing values for lignin monomers and dimers and fatty acids with larger equivalent diameters, whereas the proportion of N compounds, mono- and polysaccharides and phenolics decreased in the larger size fractions. Sand fractions were particularly rich in lignin fragments, mono- and polysaccharides, and alkanes/alkenes. These relationships seemed to be independent of management practices. In the same size fractions of the different treatments, however, a higher relative abundance of N-compounds, mono- and polysaccharides, phenolics, lignin monomers, and alkanes/alkenes was observed in the unfertilized variant. Lignin dimers and fatty acids were more abundant in the farmyard manure treatment. Both trends together imply that soil enrichment in organic matter due to the application of farmyard manure largely reflects an increase in lignin building blocks and partly reflects an increase in lipids such as fatty acids in the silt fractions. Therefore these constituents are of particular importance in assessing the positive effects of farmyard manure on soil fertility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341480
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  • 14
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    Immobilization of nitrogen from urea and plant residues in a ferrallitic soil: Laboratory experiments and study by size-fractionation (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1991), S. 182-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; urea ; crop residues ; particle-size fractionation ; ferrallitic soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The fate of N when incorporated in a ferrallitic soil was investigated during a 3-month incubation, using either 15N-labelled urea or 15N-labelled crop residues (sugarcane roots and leaves). The organic matter was characterized by particle-size fractionation. The urea-derived organic 15N was mainly found in the clay-sized fractions and was ascribed to biological activity. The plant-derived 15N was observed both in the sand-sized and in the clay-sized fractions; the former pool was ascribed to the persistence of crops residues, the latter to biological immobilization. The relative proportions of organic 15N recovered in the various clay fractions (coarse, fine, and very fine) were similar, irrespective of the nature of the added 15N. The very fine clay fraction (F〈0.05 μm) showed the highest isotopic excess, and thus gave rise to the highest turnover rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337199
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  • 15
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    Effects of litter quality and microarthropods on N dynamics and retention of exogenous 15N in decomposing litter (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1992), S. 241-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Decomposition ; Litter ; Microarthropods ; Nitrogen ; 15N ; Litterbags ; Cornus florida ; Quercus prinus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Surface additions of (15NH4)2SO4 were used to measure the immobilization and subsequent movement of exogenous N added to two litter types of contrasting quality (Cornus florida and Quercus prinus). Litterbaskets were used to measure the litter mass loss and N dynamics and to follow the movement of the 15N label through litter, F layer, and soil pools. Half of the litterbaskets of each species were treated with naphthalene to reduce microarthropod densities. The faster decomposing C. florida litter maintained a higher excess atom % 15N, and a greater relative concentration of the labeled input (μg 15N g−1) than did Q. prinus litter. In both litter types the excess atom % 15N, relative concentration (μg 15N g−1), and absolute amount of label recovered in the litter declined over time. This occurred during a period of net accumulation of total litter N, implying simultaneous release of the initial input and immobilization of N from other sources. The concentration of 15N in the soil increased over time, while the F layer apparently acted as an intermediary in the transfer of 15N from litter to soil. Naphthalene effectively reduced microarthropod numbers in all horizons of the litterbaskets and significantly reduced the decay rates of Q. prinus, but not C. florida litter. Naphthalene did not appear to affect total N dynamics in the litter. However, with all horizons taken together, the naphthalene-treated litterbaskets retained more total 15N than the control litterbaskets. Naphthalene also changed the vertical distribution of 15N within litterbaskets, so that the litter retained less of the 15N-labeled input and the F layer and soil horizons retained more of the labeled input than in control litterbaskets. Our major conclusions are: (1) the N pool of decomposing litter is dynamic, with simultaneous N release and immobilization activating N turnover even during the net accumulation phase; (2) litter quality is an important determinant of immobilization and retention of exogenous N inputs and, therefore, turnover of the litter N pool; and (3) microarthropod activity can significantly affect the incorporation and retention of exogenous N inputs in decomposing litter, although these changes are apparently not reflected in net N accumulation or release during the 1st year of decomposition. However, the naphthalene may have affected microbially mediated N dynamics and this possibility needs to be considered in interpreting the results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336039
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    Effects of plant material on ammonia volatilization from simulated livestock urine applied to soil (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 92-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ammonia volatilization ; Grassland ; Nitrogen ; Soil enzymes ; Urea ; Urine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The volatilization of ammonia from simulated urine applied to small columns of soil was reduced by the presence of ryegrass growing in the soil. The ryegrass had been sown 18 weeks previously and had been cut on seven occasions to a height of 5–6 cm with the cut herbage removed. Cumulative volatilization over 8 days amounted to 39% of the urinary N from bare soil, and 23% in the presence of the ryegrass. In contrast, the volatilization of ammonia was increased by dead leaf litter placed on the soil surface, apparently due to the increase in surface area for urease activity and volatilization. Differences in the C:N ratio of the leaf litter over the range 13:1–29:1 had little effect on the extent of ammonia volatilization. When living ryegrass and dead leaf litter were examined together, the reduction in volatilization due to the ryegrass was the dominant effect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337341
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    Effects of pretreatment of soil samples on N mineralization in incubation experiments (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 14 (1992), S. 135-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; Mineralization ; Soil pretreatment ; Incubation experiment ; Freezing/thawing ; Long term field experiment ; Farmyard manure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We studied the effects of pretreating soil samples (field-fresh, drying at 40° and 105°C, freezing/thawing) on N mineralization in an incubation experiment and on the dynamics of the organic N fraction extracted by K2SO4 solution. The soil samples were collected from plots in a long-term field experiment with the application of mineral fertilizer and farmyard manure. Compared with the field-fresh soil samples, freezing/thawing resulted in higher NO 3 − -N contents while the NH 4 + -N and the organic N content were increased by drying at 105°C. During the incubation period N mineralization was highest after the samples were dried at 105°C and a little lower in those dried at 40°C. After freezing/thawing the order of magnitude of N mineralization remained the same. The difference in organic N between the beginning and the end of the incubation experiment and the mineral N content at the end of the experiment were correlated significantly. Despite this correlation, however, the change in the organic N content underestimated the N mineralization rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336263
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  • 18
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    The dynamic nature of plant-available manganese during storage of a calcareous soil (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 9-15 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Barley ; Wheat ; Manganese ; Availability ; Microorganisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of length of dry storage period and subsequent moist incubation on the availability of Mn was examined in a calcareous soil. Increasing the time of dry storage (for up to 4 years) generally increased the availability of Mn as determined by plant growth and Mn concentration in wheat and barley. Moist incubation of stored soil had variable effects on Mn availability depending on how long the soil had been stored before use and on the method used to assess Mn availability. When assessed by Mn concentration in plant tissues, increasing the moist incubation time (from 0 to 30 days) of soil stored dry for 4 years increased Mn availability in soil initially and thereafter decreased it. However, incubation time had little effect on Mn availability in soil stored for only 1 year or soil used fresh from the field. When Mn availability was assessed using a chemical extractant (DTPA; diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid), both soils showed an initial increase in Mn availability immediately on wetting. However, Mn availability in the soil stored for only 1 year decreased rapidly and remained consistently below that of soil stored for 4 years. In the latter soil, Mn availability also decreased but only after a few days. Microbial studies indicated that there was a decrease in the ratio of Mn oxidising to Mn reducing microorganisms with increasing storage time. Inoculation of one soil with another suggested that the factor responsible for the low Mn availability in soils stored for a short period could be transferred to soils stored for a longer period. These results suggest that the change in Mn availability in a calcareous soil with dry storage is a result of changes in microbial populations that cannot be fully restored by moist incubation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336281
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    Amelioration of subsoil acidity in an Oxisol of the humid tropics (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 153-159 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Calcium ; Maize ; Nitrogen ; Brazilian Amazon ; Cation leaching ; Canavalia ensiformes ; Mucuna aterrima
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This work investigated the effectsof amendments of fertilizer N and lime on subsoil acidity and maize rooting depth in an acid soil of the central Amazon basin. A split-plot designed field experiment was conducted on a clayey Oxisol (Typic Acrudox) during a 16-month period. Main plots received 0 or 4 Mt ha-1 of lime. Subplots were four crop sequences: (1) Maize-green manure (Canavalia ensiformes); (2) maize-green manure (Mucuna aterrima); (3) maize-bare fallow, with the maize receiving 300 kg ha-1 of urea-N; and (4) bare fallow, with an application of 300 kg ha-1 of urea-N at the same time as sequence 3. Plots were periodically sampled to 1.2 m. The experimental site received 4265 mm of precipitation during 16 months; approximately 60%–90% of this rain percolated through the profile. Substantial amounts of Ca were leached from the 0–30 cm horizon during the experimental period, but only limited amounts accumulated in the subsoil. Base saturation below 45 cm was less than 50% at the end of the experiment regardless of lime treatment. Roots of maize were concentrated in the 0–30 cm layers in limed plots and the 0–20 cm layers in unlimed plots. In all treatments less than 5% of the roots was found below 50 cm. An acidity balance indicated that considerable acidity was leached below the plow layer and out of the profile.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336435
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    Effect of Baythroid on nitrogen transformations in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 173-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ammonification ; Cyfluthrin ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen ; N mineralization ; N transformations ; Pesticides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted in soil to study the influence of the insecticide Baythroid on immobilization-remineralization of added inorganic N, mineralization of organic N, and nitrification of added NH inf4 su+ -N. Baythroid was applied at 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, and 6.4 μg g-1 soil (active ingredient basis). The treated soils were incubated at 30°C for different time intervals depending upon the experiment. The immobilization and mineralization of N were significantly increased in the presence of Baythroid, the effect being greater with higher doses of the insecticide. Conversely, nitrification was retarded at lower doses of Baythroid and significantly inhibited at higher doses. The results of these studies suggest that excessive amonts of insecticide residues affect different microbial populations differently, leading to changes in nutrient cycling.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336318
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  • 21
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    Fertilization of orange trees with sulfur-coated urea. Nitrogen levels in leaves and fruits (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 247-254 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Citrus ; Controlled-release fertilizers ; Nitrogen ; Nutrition ; Sulfur-coated urea ; Ammonium nitrosulphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of one application of the slow-release fertilizer, sulfur-coated urea, on the nitrogen level in leaves, fruit and bark of Washington Navel orange trees was studied during the different periods of the annual vegetative cycle, in comparison with two annual applications of the fertilizer ammonium nitrosulphate. Results indicate that a single spring application of 750 g nitrogen per tree maintains N levels in old leaves, spring shoots, ovaries, fruit and bark statistically equal to those obtained using double doses of ANS in two applications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02161180
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    Effects of roots and litter on mineralization processes in forest soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 391-405 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbon ; Clear cutting ; Exponential decay ; Forest ; Litter ; Mineralization ; Nitrogen ; Podzol ; Respiration ; Rhizosphere Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf litter breakdown and fine root production, including exudation, are two major influences upon carbon and nitrogen mineralization rates in forest soil. Sieving and root removal experiments were used to examine their effects. Although carbon mineralization rates declined in smaller particle size fractions of forest litter, this trend largely disappeared when results were calculated on an ash-free basis. Nitrogen mineralization by contrast, was greatest in smaller fractions. Much of the variation in carbon mineralization rates appeared to be associated with fine roots. A rapid initial exponential decay phase noted in laboratory respiration studies was probably associated with disappearance of available carbon in the form of root exudates and/or the microorganisms dependent on them. Clear cutting caused a marked reduction in the size of available carbon pools, reflecting decreased root exudation and rhizosphere activity. A model of mineralization is proposed which represents the available and humified carbon pools.
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    A comparative study of the tolerance of salt marsh plants to manganese (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 47-59 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Antagonism ; Halophyte ; Manganese ; Salt marsh ; Sodium ; Synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Salicornia europaea, Puccinellia maritima, Triglochin maritima, Aster tripolium, Plantago maritima, Armeria maritima, Juncus gerardii andFestuca rubra, collected as seed from a salt marsh at Portaferry, County Down, were grown on saline (340 mM NaCl) and non saline nutrient solutions at five concentrations of manganese sulphate (0.025–10.0 mM). After an eight week growing period, shoot and root yields and the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and manganese in the shoots were determined. Except forS. europaea the saline treatments had a strongly limiting effect on plant growth. Each of the species investigated showed a degree of tolerance to high concentrations of manganese which was similar to that of calcifuge species and plants characteristic of waterlogged sand dune slack communities, but which was very much greater than that ofArrhenatherum elatius a species usually excluded from acidic soils. There was little evidence to support the hypothesis that tolerance of high manganese concentrations was correlated with the position of the experimental plants in the salt marsh ecotone or that the manganese nutrition of halophytic and glycophytic marsh species differs. Whilst manganese uptake increased proportionally with solution manganese concentration, there were few other major effects of manganese on the balance of shoot cation concentrations in the plants investigated. Both antagonistic and synergistic effects of sodium on manganese uptake were recorded for different species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02206893
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    Foliar and twig macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in selected species ofEucalyptus used in rehabilitation: sources of variation (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 363-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Branch nutrients ; Calcium ; Eucalyptus saligna ; Eucalyptus wandoo ; Foliar nutrients ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rehabilitation ; Soil nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The macronutrient variation within four 6 year oldEucalyptus saligna and four 5 year oldE. wandoo growing on rehabilitated bauxite pits was determined. Significant differences in mean nutrient concentrations were generally recorded between good soil condition sites and poor soil sites, between tree individuals, branch height, and plant organ type; but mean nutrient values were not different among canopy aspects. Fully expanded leaves of the current year provided the most uniform nutrient levels among the plant organs and showed major differences between sites with good soil nutrient conditions and those with poor conditions. Differences in foliar and branch levels of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, the variation between sites, canopy heights and plant organ types, and the use of foliar nutrient levels to indicate deficiencies are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02323051
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    Effects of aluminium and micro-nutrients on the sorption of phosphorus byTrifolium repens L. cv. ‘Grasslands Huia’ from nutrient solutions during plant induced pH changes (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 389-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Absorption ; Aluminium ; Boron ; Copper ; Factorial design ; Iron ; Manganese ; Nutrient solutions ; pH ; Phosphorus uptake ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The sorption of phosphorus from nutrient solution and the pH change in the nutrient solution were monitored over a 24 hour period forTrifolium repens L. cv. ‘Grasslands Huia’ plants. Two different concentration levels of micro-nutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and Al formed the factors of a fractional replicate of a 26 factorial design. Measurements were made at four time intervals (30 minutes after the plants were placed on the pots, 3 hours, 6 hours and 24 hours later). In addition to phosphorus, fourteen other nutrients (including nitrate and ammonium) were monitored throughout the experiment. The sorption of phosphorus was significantly influenced by both aluminium and iron. The effect of aluminium and iron on phosphorus sorption is attributed to physico-chemical sorption processes involving the root surface. However the effect on the removal of phosphorus by boron, copper, manganese and zinc was observed only as first order interaction effects —B−Zn, Cu−Zn, Mn−Zn. Thus these three elements (B, Cu and Mn) only affect phosphorus removal in conjunction with zinc. Aluminium and iron together had a separate but very significant effect on the removal of phosphorus at most periods throughout the experiment. In contrast, pH was affected only by aluminium, iron (the pH drop was enhanced) and manganese (the pH drop was decreased) as main effects independent of the other treatment elements.
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    Prevalence of nitrous oxide reducing capacity in denitrifiers from a variety of habitats (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 421-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene inhibition ; Denitrifiers ; Electron acceptor ; Incubation ; Nitrate ; Nitrous oxide ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A total of 81 strains isolated by T. N. Gamble from soils from eight countries, fresh water lake sediments and nitrified poultry manure were examined for their ability to grow on N2O as their electron acceptor, as well as for their tendency to produce N2O from NO 3 − in the absence and presence of acetylene. Seventy-seven of the 81 strains were confirmed as denitrifiers. Fifty-nine of the 77 strains grew on N2O, while 12 strains produced N2O but could not utilize it. Six strains reduced NO 3 − to N2 but could not grow on N2O, suggesting that even if N2O is always an intermediate product of denitrification, it is not always a freely diffusible intermediate. The organisms, however, would consume N2O that accumulated early in growth and accumulated N2O in the presence of acetylene. Thus the total number of N2O users was 65 strains or 83% of the total tested. This implies that the N2O reducing capacity of denitrifiers occur widely in nature. A high proportion ofPseudomonas fluorescens biotype II reduced N2O. The accumulation of N2O from NO 3 − in the presence of acetylene provides strong evidence that N2O is generally an intermediate in denitrification as well as provides additional support for the usefulness of this chemical as a general inhibitor of N2O reduction.
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    Effect of autoclave sterilization of a tropical andept on seed germination and seedling growth (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Andept ; Germination ; Manganese ; Seed traps ; Seedling growth ; Steam sterilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Steam sterilization of a Typic Dystrandept in Costa Rica resulted in a six-fold increase in extractable Mn, to levels often considered toxic. Seeds of eight species, comprised of six successional taxa and two cultivars (soybean,Glycine max and raddish,Raphanus sativus) were planted in the sterilized soil and in unsterilized soil after delays of 1, 8, 15, and 28 days. Germination and mortality were not different in the two soils, indicating that steamsterilized soil can safely be used in seed traps. Six species (including both cultivars) grew better in unsterilized soil, but two of the native taxa (Phytolacca rivinoides andBocconia frutescens) grew significantly faster in sterilized soil.
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    The effects of pH and aluminium toxicity on the growth and symbiotic development of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 423-430 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acidity ; Aluminium ; Cowpea ; Nitrogen ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The interaction of pH (4 or 6), aluminium (0 or 16 ppm at pH 4) and N source (symbiotic or combined) on the growth and nutrient status of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was studied in a glasshouse experiment. Low pH significantly decreased the growth of the plants dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation but at pH 4 the addition of 16 ppm Al further depressed growth in both nitrogen regimes. Al-ions appear to exert their effect primarily on the root system, as shown by the reduction in total length and fresh weight. The symbiotic development of the plants was affected by low pH but more markedly by the Al treatment. Shoot nitrogen concentrations were reduced from ca. 2.6% at pH 6 to 1.8% and 0.9% at pH 4 without and with aluminium respectively. Calcium concentration was decreased by low pH and further by Al in both nitrogen regimes. In all Al-treated plants, the aluminium was mainly accumulated in the roots and was associated with an increase in their phosphorus concentration.
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    Effects of nitrogen nutrition on xylem sap composition of Casuarinaceae (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 291-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Casuarinaceae ; Citrulline ; Frankia ; Nitrogen ; Nutrition ; Xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The major nitrogenous compound in the xylem sap ofCasuarina equisetifolia is citrulline, irrespective of nitrogen nutrition (dinitrogen fixation, nitrate or ammonium). The detection of citrulline in non-nodulated Casuarina suggests that its formation is not confined to root nodules. This precludes the possibility of using the relative citrulline content of xylem sap for quantification of N2 fixation in Casuarina. The possibility exists, however, that the relative abundance of citrulline to other nitrogenous compounds (e.g. amides or nitrate) in the xylem sap could be used as an indicator of N2 fixation and should be evaluated further.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197162
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    The effects of managanese and nitrate supply on the levels of phenolics and lignin in young wheat plants (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 437-440 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Lignin ; Manganese ; NO 3 − Phenols ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Managanese deficiency (〈 18 μg g−1 Mn) resulted in decreased levels of phenols in wheat shoots and decreased levels of lignins in both roots and shoots. These observed reductions in phenol contents was due largely to a decrease in the alkaline labile phenol component. Levels of nitrate supplied in solution influenced both phenol and lignin production; high nitrate levels (15 mM) resulted in a reduction in phenol and lignin in the shoot but stimulated lignin production in root tissue.
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    Effects of fertilization on the nutrient distribution of aboveground components ofAbies balsamea (L.) Mill (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 433-439 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Balsam fir ; Foliar analysis ; Lime ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The following fertilizer treatments were applied to a 20-year-old aspen-birch-sprucefir stand in southeastern Maine: N at 448 kg/ha, P at 112 kg/ha, N and P applied as above in addition to 1751 kg/ha Ca and 27 kg/ha Mg. Five years after treatment, foliar concentrations of N, P and Ca for understory blasam fir exhibited significant increases in response to fertilization with those nutrients. Mean five-year height growth, adjusted for pretreatment differences, increased 36 percent in response to fertilization with N alone and in combination with P and lime.
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    Seasonal changes in foliar macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) inEucalyptus saligna Sm. andE. wandoo Blakely growing in rehabilitated bauxite mine soils of the Darling Range, Western Australia (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 377-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Eucalyptus saligna ; Eucalyptus wandoo ; Foliar nutrients ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rehabilitation ; Seasonal trends
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seasonal changes in the foliar concentration of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in sapling trees ofEucalyptus saligna Sm. andE. wandoo Blakely growing in rehabilitated bauxite mined areas in the Darling Range of Western Australia are described. Foliar N concentration decreased with age of the fully expanded leaf tissue. Leaf N concentrations were also high when rates of litter decomposition were expected to be high during the period of early spring. The greatest foliar N difference between trees growing in good soil conditions and those from poorer soil conditions also occurred during this period. Levels of P in leaves were highest in young developing leaves but once the leaves reached full size, no seasonal trend in P concentration was observed. Foliar K was lower during the winter and probably related to the period of maximum leaching by precipitation. High foliar K during summer, however, could be related to the role of K in lowering cellular water potential. Leaf Ca was highest during early sping. Low mobility of cellular Ca during the cool portion of the year was indicated. Foliar Mg showed a weak pattern of decreasing concentration with leaf age. The best season for sampling for these broadleafed evergreen species to provide information on plant nutrient status appears to be in spring.
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    The roles of nitrogen, phosphorus and Potassium in the production of sugarcane in South Africa (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 89-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sugarcane ; fertilizer use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The amounts of N and K fertilizers used in the South African sugar industry have increased dramatically in the past four decades, due partly to an increase in the area under sugarcane but also to large increases in the amounts of N and K fertilizers applied per hectare. There has also been an increase in the amount of P fertilizer used but this has been more gradual. The main fertilizer carriers for cane and their relative efficiency are discussed. During this period there has been considerable research into the nutrient requirements of sugarcane. Correlations established between soil and leaf analysis and crop responses to N, P and K fertilizers, and their effects on cane quality, are reviewed. While fertilizer recommendations based on soil and leaf analysis have provided a useful guide for determining the nutrient requirements of cane, they are continually being modified in the light of current research.
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    Simulation of nitrogen in soil and winter wheat crops: A management model that makes the best use of limited information (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 305-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; modelling ; management ; winter wheat ; soil ; crop
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A model that simulates changes in mineral N in the soil and N uptake by crops has been adapted to require as little detailed information as possible so that it is useful as an aid to management. The adapted model, which was developed in the UK, was tested against data from six experiments on winter wheat in the Netherlands. It proved reasonably successful in simulating the amounts of mineral N found in the soil in early spring and the changes that resulted from applying small amounts of fertilizer N in February. It was much less successful in simulating the effects of later, larger applications of N, mainly because the mineral N measured in the soil did not seem to respond to these applications. The uptake of N by the crops and their production of dry matter were simulated very well in some cases and rather less so in others.
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    Alleviating soil fertility constraints to food production in West Africa: Efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers applied to food crops (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 29 (1991), S. 21-33 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; urea ; calcium ammonium nitrate ; cropping density ; N use efficiency ; slow release ; urease inhibitors ; West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An overview is provided of the N efficiency research conducted within the West African Fertilizer Management and Evaluation Network (WAFMEN). Factors such as N rate, mode of N fertilizer application and choice of N sources for different agroecological zones of West Africa are discussed in relation to crop yield response. The interactive effects of cropping density and rainfall on N efficiency and yield are examined with particular emphasis on production of millet in Niger. The potential role of new, slow-release fertilizers as well as urea amended with urease inhibitors is mentioned in relation to present and future fertilizer N requirements in West Africa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048986
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    Simulation of nitrogen in soil and winter wheat crops: Modelling nitrogen turnover through organic matter (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; computer model ; organic matter turnover ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A computer model is described that simulates leaching, organic matter turnover and nitrogen uptake by a winter wheat crop. The model is assessed against a data set from the Netherlands where winter wheat was grown in two seasons (1982–3 and 1983–4) on three different soils in two different parts of the country. The model satisfactorily simulated the growth, N uptake and production of grain. It also simulated the dynamics of indigenous soil N well but it did not always account for the fate of applied fertilizer N. Some possible reasons for this and ways of improving the model are discussed.
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    Preliminary studies of the fertilizer capability of some novel high analysis multinutrient compounds (1984)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 245-257 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Adamantane-type compounds ; Fertilizer ; High analysis nutrient compounds ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Phytotoxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a preliminary assessment of the fertilizer capability of three high analysis NP(S) compounds, their possible phytotoxic effects were investigated in solution culture tubes. One of the compounds was studied in more detail in pot experiments with sand and a red-brown earth soil. Two adamantane-type compounds (APA and APAS) were capable of supplying N and P to plants, but also showed toxicity effects. With APA, this effect appeared to be dissipated in soil but not in sand. The toxic effect was alleviated by addition of soluble P or soluble P + N. Some plants absorbed excessive amounts of P, probably not all in the form of orthophosphate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051623
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    Recent research on fertilizer problems in Asian agriculture (1990)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 243-248 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; sulfur ; boron ; upland and lowland crops
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Asian agriculture has made enormous gains in food production despite rapid population growth and a shortage of land. This paper reviews the role of fertilizer in agricultural production and the results of recent research on fertilizers and plant nutrition in the region. Fertilizer use has contributed greatly to the increase in food production which has occurred largely in the high potential areas. In these areas research has shown that losses reduce the efficiency of broadcast urea and that the use of high analysis fertilizers is inducing sulfur deficiency in some areas. In upland areas, research has highlighted a major problem of boron deficiency in Thailand. Research progress is being made in understanding the magnitude of nitrogen fixation inputs and the role of shrub legumes in upland systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048762
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    Share of agriculture in nitrogen and phosphorus emissions into the surface waters of Western Europe against the background of their eutrophication (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 253-269 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sulphur ; nutrient balances ; surface waters ; North Sea ; Baltic Sea ; eutrophication ; hypertrophication ; primary production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, their relationship to each other (DIN/DIP) as predisposing (nutrient) factors, as well as prevailing weather as a triggering factor all work together to induce the primary production and hence the eutrophication (hypertrophication) process in surface waters. Sulfate likewise is a decisive predisposing factor influencing the eutrophication process by reducing N availability but increasing P availability and thus acting towards an N limitation of the primary production. This is one of the reasons why marine (coastal) waters and estuaries often exhibit N limitation with respect to primary production, while freshwater ecosystems often tend to exhibit P limitation. Within the N and P balance of agriculture of some countries of Western Europe (Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, FRG, UK and Sweden for N, resp. Netherlands, FRG and GDR for P) more the level than the efficiency of the N and P applications indicates the extent of the nutrient surplus. Despite 59–73% N utilization in plant production, the rate of 13–23% for agriculture as a whole equals to the 12–21% efficiency of N use in animal production. The varying N surplus in agriculture in the separate countries of 124 to 465 kg N ha−1 a−1 is determined almost exclusively by the level of the N application and not by its efficiency. The situation is similar for P: In spite of P utilization in plant production of 59–76%, P utilization in total agriculture is only 11–38%, or comparable to the P efficiency within animal production of 10–34%. The differing P excess balance of 55 to 88 kg P2O5 ha−1 a−1 is influenced by the level of the P application. The N and P efficacy of total agriculture hence is determined almost completely by that of animal production, since 83–95% (N basis) and 76–94% (P basis) of the total plant production (on top of the nationally varying levels of N and P use via imported feeds) are fed to animals — with the low N and P utilization cited above. Agriculture's share of the N and P emissions into surface water of several countries/regions in Western Europe (FRG, Netherlands, Italy, Denmark, Switzerland, Norway) ranges from 37 to 82% resp. 27 to 38%. Its share in the flus into the North Sea catchment basin will be about 60% for N and 25% for P related only to the anthropogenic material carried by the rivers. Agriculture's share in the atmospheric N emissions into the North and Baltic Seas can be estimated at about 65% or 55%, resp. while the remaining approx. 35% or 45%, resp. are traceable primarily to anthropogenic burning processes. For agriculture the priority lies in limiting N emissions into surface water caused by leaching, erosion and NH3 emissions, and reducing P emissions mainly through soil conservation (protection against erosion) and water protection. As regards N this means a demand for comprehensive protection of groundwater and atmosphere differentiated according to the potential for losses or the risk of losses on a site, also outside the protection zones. As regards P only those areas can be included in the demand for reduction of emissions that are actually threatened by erosion or surface runoff. Plenty of short-term and long-term measures are available to agriculture to reduce N and P emissions. Especially the long-range measures (such as creating nutrient balances on farms and fields, the integration of animal and plant production, maintaining maximum livestock densities according to the ability of areas to absorb nutrients, altered feeding programs in animal nutrition, changes in livestock keeping (slurry→deep litter), increasing the internal and external recycling of N and P) are capable of bringing about a satisfactory degree of success within the next 20 to 30 years.
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    Two post thinning fertilizer trials inPinus radiata in New South Wales, Australia (1992)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 259-267 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; timber increment ; fertilization ; Pinus radiata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two trials inPinus radiata growing on different sites in N.S.W. allowed consideration of fertilizer applications after 2nd or 3rd thinning. The trials included factorial applications of N and P at a single thinning intensity plus a further treatment which allowed assessment of different thinning intensities. The most significant growth responses were obtained by application of N and P in combination. The largest response (additional productivity compared with the unfertilized control) occurred 4 years after application and after 7 years there was no additional absolute response for either of the two sites. The largest fertilizer response was 70 m3 ha−1 over 7 years on one site and 36 m3 ha−1 on the other, indicating differences in absolute responses between sites. It was concluded that in planning treatments the most responsive sites near the end of the rotation should be selected to maximise economic returns. Foliage analyses indicated differences between sites at the commencement of the study. It was concluded that either a single year of foliage analyses at study commencement is of value, or sampling every year of the study should be used to analyse responses, but a single year of analysis during or at the end of the study would not be of value.
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    Elemental concentrations in plant tissues as influenced by low pH soils (1980)
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    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 157-161 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid mine drainage ; Aluminum ; Betula nigra ; Calcium ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Plant tissue analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soils influenced by acid mine drainage (pH〈5.0) are characterized by low concentrations of essential nutrients and increased solubility of heavy metals. The conditions typically reduce plant establishment and growth. However, river birch (Betula nigra L.) is commonly found along low pH streams in southeastern Ohio. The objective of this study was to determine the concentration of Al, Mn, Ca and Mg inB. nigra tissues. The results indicate Al and Mn are accumulating inB. nigra when compared to other species. Within river birch, Al concentrations are highest in roots; Mn concentrations are highest in leaves. There is not a concomitant reduction in Ca and Mg concentrations as suggested by soil levels.
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    Effects of artificial acid rain on decomposition of spruce needles and on mobilisation and leaching of elements (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 365-378 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid rain ; Calcium ; Decomposition ; Leaching ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mobilisation ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Spruce litter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dry matter and chemical changes in decomposing spruce needles were investigated after 16 and 38 weeks in laboratory lysimeters treated with distilled water or distilled water acidified to pH 3 or 2 with sulphuric acid. The water was added twice weekly in quantities equal to 100 or 200 mm month−1. The CO2 evolution and leaching of P, K, Mg, Mn, and Ca was followed together with pH measurements of the leachate. The loss of dry matter was approximately 25% during the first 16 weeks and approximately 37% after 38 weeks. At the first samling, 16 weeks, the amount of material decomposed was greater from the lysimeters given 100 mm month−1 of water. At this water quantity dilute sulphuric acid increased the decomposition. After 38 weeks sulphuric acid at pH 3 and 2 had decreased the decomposition at 200 mm month−1. However, the effects of acid application were small. The effect of treatment using acidified water on the content of monosaccharides was not consistent, whereas there was an indication of reduced decomposition of lignin when treated with 200 mm water month−1 at pH 3 and 2. Nitrogen was conserved in the lysimeters with small differences between the various treatments. The order of mobility of metal elements was K〉Mg〉Mn〉Ca. Increasing the quantity of water increased the leaching of K especially, whereas addition of dilute sulphuric acid increased the leaching of Mg, Mn and particularly Ca. During the first 16 weeks of the experiment, sulphuric acid reduced the leaching of P while later on this treatment increased the leaching. The pH of the leachate from the lysimeters treated with distilled water was initially 4.0–4.6 increasing to approximately 6.6 after 22 weeks. The pH of the decomposed needle material was 4.6 and approximately 5.2 after 16 and 38 weeks respectively. When treated with water at pH 3 the pH of the leachate was between 4 and 5, and the pH of the needles 4.2–5.1. Treatment with water at pH 2 gave a leachate with pH just above 2 and decreased the pH of the needles that had received 200 mm ‘rain’ month−1 to 2.9. The effect of the artificial acid rain appears to be more pronounced on the leaching of metal elements than on the biological activity and the dynamics of N and P. The treatments must be considered extreme when compared with the acidity of natural rain.
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    Soil organic matter and yield of forest and tree crops (1980)
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    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 61-67 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Girth ; Nitrogen ; Organic matter ; Plantations ; Soil fertility ; Tree crops
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three hundred and sixty eight soil samples collected from the surface layers of plantations of coffee (Coffea robusta) andGmelina arborea (a forest tree crop) were analyzed for organic carbon, total nitrogen and loss-on-ignition as the case might be. The aim was to investigate the direct influence of soil organic matter on the yield of tree crops in different ecological zones of Nigeria. Coffee yield collected at different harvests and total coffee yield were seperately regressed on soil organic carbon content. In most cases, positive regressions of coffee yield on soil organic carbon were recorded. Consistent positive correlations between each of indicators of soil organic matter and girth ofGmelina arborea were recorded in the order of organic carbon, nitrogen and loss-on-ignition. The relationship between C: N ratio and the performance of Gmelina depended on which of organic carbon and soil nitrogen was more influential at a particular location.
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    The growth and nitrogen uptake of Rhodes grass grown on soils with varying histories of legume cropping (1980)
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    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 249-255 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legumes ; Nitrogen ; Rhodes grass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) was grown under glasshouse conditions on soils that had previously grown from 1 to 6 soybean (Glycine max) or Siratro (Macroptillium atropurpureum) crops. Soil mineral N contents at sowing were higher in Siratro-cropped than soybean-cropped soils and increased with cropping history. Yields of Rhodes grass at the first harvest (14 weeks) were related to soil mineral N levels at sowing by the relationship Y=138.7 (1−0.917e−0.012x). Grass grown on all soybean soils was responsive to N at both harvests (14 and 28 weeks). Grass grown on soil that had grown three or more Siratro crops was non-responsive to N at the first harvest but responses to N were recorded on all Siratro soils at the second harvest. The amount of N removed by the grass crops was small in relation to the total amount present in the soil system. This resulted in no change in soil total N levels over the two crop periods. These results highlight the need to study N dynamics in crop systems rather than continue to measure N pool sizes when evaluating the contribution of biologically fixed N to the nutrition of subsequent non-legume crops.
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    The influence of some soil and plant factors on the concentration of copper in perennial ryegrass (1981)
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    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 275-286 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Absorption ; Availability ; Copper ; Extractable-Cu ; Lolium perenne ; Nitrogen ; Roots ; Soils ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The absorption and transport of Cu were studied in perennial ryegrass grwon on 21 soils under controlled environment conditions. Neither the concentration, nor the total amount, of Cu in the shoots was related to available Cu in the soils as assessed by extraction with 0.05M EDTA, 0.005M DTPA, or 1.95 per cent HNO3. The concentration in the roots and, more especially, absorption per unit weight of root (i.e. μg Cu g dry wt−1) were, however, highly correlated with available soil Cu. This suggests that, unless the extent of exploitation of the soil by roots is taken into account, measurements of available Cu will not be effective in predicting uptake by plants. On average, 63 per cent of the Cu absorbed by the roots was retained in the roots, and variation in the proportion retained was related to the transport of nitrogen from roots to shoots. On some soils the concentrations of N and Cu in the shoots were significantly correlated, and variation in N concentration accounted for a considerable proportion of the variance in the Cu concentration at later harvests. The relative importance of the measured soil (pH, organic matter) and plant (dry weight, N content) factors changed markedly over 6 successive harvests.
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    Effect of legume cropping and organic matter accumulation on the infiltration rate and structural stability of a granite soil under a simulated tropical environment (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 11-20 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Infiltration ; Legumes ; Nitrogen ; Physical fertility ; Tropics ; Structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An experiment was conducted under a simulated tropical environment to examine the effect of legume cropping on the infiltration rate and aggregate stability of a sandy granite soil. The stability of aggregates 〉2 mm increased from 47.3% in soil on which one siratro crop had been grown to 61.6% where six crops had been grown. In a soil on which soybeans had been grown this increase was from 39.4 to 77.1%. Infiltration rate (IR) was measured over a 30 min. period using a constant 2.5 cm head. IR in the 0 to 5 min. time period was related to soil total nitrogen by the relationship y=158.5x−0.738, (R=0.87**) where y=infiltration rate and x=soil total N(%). Beyond 5 minutes IR was determined by the sub-soil permeability. These results demonstrate the beneficial effects of legume cropping on infiltration rate and structural stability and the difficulty of improving soil water relations in soils with impermeable sub-soils.
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    The productivity of pine plantations in relation to previous land use (1981)
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    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 161-176 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aggregation ; Forests ; Land use ; Mycorrhiza ; Nitrogen ; Pasture ; Phosphorus ; Pine productivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Differences in the productivity of establishedP. radiata plantations on pasture and forest soils were found to be reproducible withP. radiata seedlings in a glasshouse environment. The growth of seedlings on pasture soil exceeded that of seedlings on native forest soil (the ‘primary pasture effect’). After a history of pine on both native and pasture soils a residual effect of pasture on seedling growth was evident (the ‘secondary pasture effect’). However, the effect of a history of pine plantation (the ‘pine effect’) was to decrease the productivity of both native and pasture soil as assessed by seedling growth. These effects were not related to changes due to land management in mycorrhizal infection or in soil structure. The analysis of seedling growth leads to the conclusion that soil fertility, particularly the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus, has changed.
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    Balance sheet of soil phosphorus and potassium as influenced by intensive cropping and fertilizer use (1981)
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    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 187-193 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertilizer ; Intensive cropping ; Lime ; Multiple cropping ; Manure ; Nutrient removal ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Weedicide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The balance sheet of phosphorus and potassium were worked out from a long term manure and fertilizer experiment conducted for eight years and is still continuing at Ranchi Agricultural College, Kanke, Ranchi, India. Increasing levels of fertilizer combination with organic manure and lime give the highest yield as well as removed the highest amount of phosphorus and potassium from the soil and gave the positive gain of soil phosphorus and potassium in intensive cropping. The highest gains of 59.0 and 278.0 kg/ha of phosphorus and potassium respectively were recorded in 150% NPK application.
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    Effect of calcium carbonate and organic matter on the growth and concentration of iron and manganese in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 295-300 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium carbonate ; Iron ; Manganese ; Organic matter ; Sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of CaCO3 and organic matter on the availability of iron and manganese was studied on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Addition of calcium carbonate caused significant decrease in dry matter and grain yield. But yields tended to increase with the addition of organic matter at the rate of 15 t/ha. The iron concentration decreased with the addition of CaCO3 at all the stages of crop growth. Like iron, concentration of manganese also decreased with the increase in added CaCO3. Organic matter increased the iron concentration both at seedling and flowering stage. The concentration of manganese was, however, dependent on the stage of the crop.
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    Availability of iron, manganese, zinc and phosphorus in submerged sodic soil as affected by amendments during the growth period of rice crop (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 37-43 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Farmyard manure ; Gypsum ; Iron ; Manganese ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Rice husk ; Sodic soil ; Submergence ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effect of amendments, gypsum (12.5 tonnes/ha), farmyard manure (30 tonnes/ha), rice husk (30 tonnes/ha) and also no amendment (control) on the availability of native Fe, Mn and P and applied Zn in a highly sodic soil during the growth period of rice crop under submerged conditions was studied in a field experiment. Soil samples were collected at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of crop growth. Results showed that extractable Fe (1N NH4OAC pH 3) and Mn (1N NH4OAC pH 7) increased with submergence upto 60 days of crop growth but thereafter remained either constant or declined slightly. Application of farmyard manure and rice husk resulted in marked improvement of these elements over gypsum and control. Increases in extractable Mn (water soluble plus exchangeable) as a result of submergence and crop growth under different amendments were accompanied by corresponding decreases in easily reducible Mn content of the soil. Application of 40 kg zinc sulphate per hectare to rice crop could substantially raise the available Zn status (DTPA extractable) of the soil in gypsum and farmyard manure treated plots while the increase was only marginal in rice husk and control plots indicating greater fixation of applied Zn. Available P (0.5M NaHCO3 pH 8.5) behaved quite differently and decreased in the following order with crop growth: gypsum〉rice husk〉farmyard manure〉control.
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    Sorption and desorption of trace elements bySpartina alterniflora detritus (1982)
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 69-80 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Estuaries ; Heavy metals ; Iron ; Manganese ; Plant densities ; Salt marshes ; Sorption ; Spartina alterniflora ; Trace elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Element and extractant-specific desorption of Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn fromSpartina alterniflora detritus was observed. Desorption of a substantial fraction of the total detrital Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn occured rapidly when the detritus was treated with 0.1N HCl or 1 MgCl2. This treatment removed precipitated/coprecipitated and adsorbed trace elements, respectively, suggesting that a large fraction of detritus-bound trace elements are in readily exchangeable, surface reaction sites. The carboxylic acid functional group cation exchange capacity of the detritus also suggests an important role of surface exchange reactions in the dynamics of trace elements during decomposition. The rate and magnitude of changes in the trace element content of detritus has important implications for estuarine biogeochemical cycling of these elements including the potential for biological uptake of trace elements by detritus-consuming fauna.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02203404
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    The acquisition of phosphorus byLupinus albus L. (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 19-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Iron ; Lupins ; Lupinus albus L. ; Manganese ; Phosphorus ; Proteoid root ; Soil/Root interface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary It has been demonstrated by an agar film technique thatL. albus can cause the breakdown of colloids of iron/silicate, iron/phosphate, aluminium/silicate and aluminium phosphate and destabilise suspensions of manganese dioxide, calcium mono-hydrogen phosphate and ferric hydroxide. Dissolution of these compounds was most marked in areas adjacent to proteoid roots (dense clusters of secondary laterals of limited growth which develop on lateral roots) and parts of the tap root. Soil associated with these regions of the root system contained more reductants and chelating agents than the bulk soil. Soil from around the roots ofL. albus exhibited much greater reducing and chelating activity than that associated with the roots of rape and buckwheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374724
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    Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen, chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 207-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcareous soil ; Chloride ; Dry matter ; Nitrogen ; Phosphate ; Soil salinity ; Triticale ; Triticum aestivum L. ; Water stress ; Wheat ; X Triticosecale Wittmack
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S1=3.5, S2=6, S3=8.5, and S4=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W1), 40% (W2) and 20% (W3) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S3 and S4 the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R2 for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373706
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    Soil and plant tests for available sulfur in wetland rice soils (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 97-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Available sulfur ; Eh ; Critical sulfur ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen/sulfur ratio ; pH ; Rice ; Soil solution ; Sulfur ; Wetland rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil tests, plant performance, and plant tissue analyses were used to study the availability of sulfur to wetland rice in 30 Philippine soils. The critical concentrations of available sulfur by the calcium phosphate, lithium chloride, ammonium acetate, and hydrochloric acid extractions were 9, 25, 30, and 5 mg/kg, respectively. The critical total sulfur limits were 0.11% in the shoot at maximum tillering 0.055% in the straw at maturity, and 0.065% in the grain. The critical N:S ratio was 15 in the shoot at maximum tillering, 14 in the straw at maturity, and 26 in the grain. The critical sulfate-sulfur limit was 150 mg/kg in the shoot at maximum tillering and 100 mg/kg in the straw at maturity. The critical sulfate-sulfur/total sulfur percentage ratio was 15% in the shoot at maximum tillering and the straw at maturity. Plant performance, judged by appearance and yield of dry matter, straw, and grain, was generally poorer in the sulfur deficient soils than in the other soils. Although the calcium phosphate and ammonium acetate methods gave a better correlation between plant performance and available sulfur than the others, all four methods separated sulfur-deficient soils from non-deficient ones. The hydrochloric acid method merits further study because it is simple and versatile.
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    Interaction of phosphorus and molybdenum and the availability of zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum and phosphorus in waterlogged rice soil (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 271-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Manganese ; Molybdenum ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted with low-land rice soil to study the effect of applying three different levels of molybdenum (0, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm) and phosphorus (0, 100 and 200 ppm), in all possible combinations, on the changes in available Mo, P, Mn, Zn and Cu in soil. The results showed that application of Mo at both the levels increased the content of extractable Mo and P but decreased those of Cu and Mo in soil whereas application of Mo at higher level only increased the content of extractable Zn in soil. Application of P at both the levels decreased the content of extractable Mo, Mn and Cu but increased that of P whereas it showed an inconsistent effect on the extractable Zn content in soil. The P × Mo interaction effect was found to be beneficial for the content of P, Mo and Zn only. During the initial period of incubation all elements except Cu recorded an increase but with the progress of incubation period the content of all the elements except Mn gradually declined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373713
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    Cu x Mn interaction and the availability of Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and P in waterlogged rice soils (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 131-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alluvial soil ; Copper ; Interaction ; Iron ; Manganese ; Moisture ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted with three clay loam lowland rice soils (Haplustalf) to study the effect of application of three different levels of Cu(0, 1.25, 2.5 ppm) and Mn (0, 10, 20 ppm) in all possible combinations on the changes in the DTPA extractable Zn, Cu, F, Mn and Brays 2 extractable P in soil. The results showed that application of Cu decreased the content of extractable Zn, Fe, Mn and P in soils, the rate of decrease gradually declining with the progress of incubation period. Application of Mn also depressed the content of extractable Cu, Fe and P but increased that of extractable Zn.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185713
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    Removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by rice-wheat double cropping system as affected by duration of rice variety, methods of planting rice and levels and sources of nitrogen (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 287-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Neem cake coated urea ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rice ; Rice-wheat ; Sulphur coated urea ; Urea ; Urea briquette
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Removal of NPK in the rice-wheat double cropping system was studied in a field experiment conducted for two crop years (1977–79) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. The double cropping system producing 8×103 kg/ha/yr grain (4.5×103 kg rice and 3.5×103 kg wheat) removed 166 kg N, 35 kg P and 174 kg K per hectare per year. Thus the rice-wheat double cropping system heavily depletes the soils of their NPK content and calls for balanced fertilization for continued high production. NPK removal was higher when a 135-day duration rice variety was grown than when a 105-day duration variety was grown, because the former resulted in overall (rice + wheat) more grains and straw. Similarly grain and straw yield and NPK removal was more with transplanted rice than when sprouted rice seeds were sown on puddled seedbed; the latter method was in turn superior to direct drilling. Use of urea briquette, neem cake coated urea and sulphur coated urea gave higher yields and resulted in removal of more NPK than prilled urea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374787
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    Plant genotype differences in the uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of mineral elements required for plant growth (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 175-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Boron ; Calcium ; Copper ; Genotypic differences ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mineral nutrition ; Molybdenum ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Plant adaptation ; Plant breeding ; Potassium ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant genotypes differ in their uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of mineral elements. Examples of genotype differences to iron, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, boron, copper, zinc, and molybdenum are discussed. Current knowledge is sufficient to indicate that many crop plants can be improved for the efficient use of mineral elements and better adaptation to mineral stress conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181957
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    Rationale of selection for specific nutritional characters in crop improvement withPhaseolus vulgaris L. as a case study (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 351-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid soils ; Cation exchange capacity ; Fertilizer use ; Nitrogen ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Phosphorus ; Selection ; Soil stresses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetic effects are obtainable for any aspect of transport, accumulation, and efficiency of nutrient use by plants, and for virtually any element. Some of the important characters are: tolerance to acid soils (18% of soils or 2.4 billion ha), tolerance to high pH induced Fe-chlorosis, and tolerance to salinity (about 1,000 m ha). Genotypes which made better use of N and P would be the means of saving fertilizers, especially important to developing countries. A 10% economy of fertilizer use represents a minimum world saving of US$6 billion annually. Phaseolus vulgaris is taken as a model to show that although we know quite a lot about the extent of its nutritional variation, e.g. adaptability to acid soils, and the crop's utilization of N and P, we are handicapped in exploiting this because of lack of genetic information. This in turn depends on knowledge of specific mechanisms, and investigating these must be a priority.
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    Soil moisture influence on micronutrient cation availability under aerobic conditions (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Gezira soils ; Iron ; Micronutrient availability ; Microbial activity ; Manganese ; Oxidation ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The three major soil series comprising the Gezira scheme (Sudan) are Hosh, Suleimi, and Laota. Surface soil samples from each soil series were employed to study the effect of soil moisture on the DTPA-extractable micronutrient cation under aerobic conditions. The study continued for 8 weeks using an incubation technique at two levels of soil moisture (continuously moist and moist/dry cycles). The DTPA-extractable Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn from air-dry soil samples were much higher compared to values from their incubated counterparts. For the three soils the CO2 production (microbial activity) reached the maximum in 5 weeks and then levelled off while the lowest values of micronutrient cation from the incubated soils were obtained between 2 to 8 weeks. Generally, the study suggests that the hot dry months preceding crop growth should increase clay surface acidity and hence availability of mironutrient cations.
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    A comparison of the cation/anion balance of ten cultivars ofTrifolium subterraneum L., and their effects on soil acidity (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 235-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Anions ; Ash alkalinity ; Cations ; Cultivars ; Manganese ; pH ; Subterranean clover ; Trifolium subterraneam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ten cultivars of subterranean clover were grown in pots on a poorly buffered, sandy soil of pH 4.9; the plants were dependent throughout upon symbiotic fixation for their supply of N. There were some marked increases in soil acidity which resulted in changes in pH of 0.76 to 1.08 (mean 0.94) units. Increasing soil acidity was associated with an increasing total content of excess cations,i.e. (Ca2+++Mg2++K++Na+)−(H2PO 4 t- +SO 4 2- +Cl−), which ranged from 15.8 to 21.9 meq pot−1. The differences between the cultivars in their effects on acidity were largely related to differences in growth rather than to marked differences in the concentration of total cations or inorganic anions. There was no obvious grouping amongst the ten cultivars in terms of either their effects on soil pH, or on their uptake of manganese.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375569
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    Tillage effects on nitrogen uptake by maize from fine textured soils in the northwestern Corn Belt, USA (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 67-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Maize ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen uptake ; Tillage ; Zea mays L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen (N) accumulation data from a replicated field study were fitted to a tanh (time) function and the derivate obtained to determine relative maximum rates of accumulation by maize. Both positive and negative effects of tillage on N accumulation rates were observed. Most of the N accumulation occurred over a 30-day period and time of N accumulation was not affected by tillage. Tilled profiles tend to contain greater NO3−N, greater aeration, and lower moisture contents than untilled profiles, and these characteristics interact to affect plant N accumulation.
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    Dynamics of organic matter in soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 275-285 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Biomass dynamics ; carbon ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient management ; Soil organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dynamics of C, N, S, and to some extent P are expressed by a knowledge of the size and turnover rates of plant constituents such as soluble C and N components, cellulose and hemicellulose, and lignin. Soil organic matter constituents include: the microbial biomass as determined chemically or microscopically, non-biomass active components determined by isotopic dilution, stabilized N constituents for which good techniques are not yet available, and resistant or old C and associated N determined by carbon dating. The processes involved in the nutrient transformations and transfers are reasonably well understood. The control mechanisms require further elucidation to be able to extrapolate from the laboratory to the field, and between field sites. Major control mechanisms requiring further insight include the effects of C availability on transformations of C and N. The other control for which every little is known is that of spatial compartmentalization. Compartmentalization ranges from landscape or management sequences to pedogenic layers, rhizosphere-mycorrhizal effects, clay-sesquioxide surfaces, aggregation, localized enzymes, and microbial effects such as membrane boundaries. Control mechanisms for concurrent mineralization-immobilization, the stabilization of microbial products, and the relative role of the biomass as a catalyst rather than as a source-sink for nutrients, must be understood. There is potential for combining a knowledge of microbial production and turnover with that of the roles of the soil organic active fraction as a temporary storehouse for nutrients. This, in conjunction with management techniques such as zero tillage and crop rotation, should make it possible to better utilize soil and fertilizer N, especially in areas of the world where the cost of nutrients is high relative to the value of the crop grown.
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    Litterfall and nutrient returns in red alder stands in western Washington (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 343-351 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus rubra ; Aluminum ; Annual returns ; Essential elements ; Litterfall ; Leaf litter ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Red alder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Litterfall was collected over 1 year from eight natural stands of red alder growing on different sites in western Washington. The stands occurred at various elevations and on different soils, and differed in age, basal area, and site index. Most litterfall was leaf litter (average 86 percent). Amounts of litterfall and leaf litter varied significantly (P〈0.05) among the sites. Average weights of litterfall and leaf litter in kg ha−1 yr−1, were 5150 and 4440, respectively. Weight of leaf litter was not significantly (P〈0.05) related to site index, stand age, or basal area. The sites varied significantly (P〈0.05) in concentrations of all elements determined in the leaf litter, except Zn. Average chemical concentrations were: N, 1.98 percent; P, 0.09 percent; K, 0.44 percent; Ca, 1.01 percent; Mg, 0.21 percent; S, 0.17 percent; SO4−S, nil; Fe, 324 ppm; Mn, 311 ppm; Zn, 53 ppm; Cu, 13 ppm; and Al, 281 ppm. There were significant correlations between some stand characteristics and concentrations of some elements, and among the different chemical components of the leaf litter. Important correlations were found between stand age and P concentration (r=−0.84,P〈0.01); weight of leaf litter and P concentration (r=0.74,P〈0.05); weight of leaf litter and K concentration (r=0.71,P〈0.05); concentrations of N and S (r=0.81,P〈0.05); and concentrations of Fe and Al (r=0.98,P〈0.01). Returns of the different elements to the soil by leaf litter varied among the different sites. Average nutrient and Al returns, in kg ha−1 yr−1, were: N, 82; Ca, 41; K, 19; Mg, 8; S, 7; P, 4; Fe, 1; Mn, 1; Al, 1; Zn, 0.2, and Cu, 〈0.1.
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    The release, diffusion and nitrification of nitrogen in soils surrounding sulfur-coated urea granules (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 345-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium sulfate ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen ; Slow-release fertilizers ; Sulfur-coated urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We have compared sulfur-coated urea granules (SCU) with ammonium sulfate granules (AS) in regard to nitrogen (N) release, diffusion, nitrification and the effect of irrigation. In the experiments plastic containers were filled with six layers of soil, separated from each other by fine nylon cloths. The fertilizer granules were placed between the two central layers, and irrigation was simulated by application of tap water to the uppermost layer. Nitrogen release from the SCU was slow, and after three months, 29.5% of the applied N remained in the granules. At the end of the experiment there was a deficit of 37.1% N in the case of the AS granules, while there was virtually none with the SCU. Throughout the experiment, N from SCU remained at a relatively even level, while 95% of the N applied as AS had disappeared after irrigation. Nitrification was rapid in both cases.
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    Soil acidity factors and nodulation ofTrifolium repens (1984)
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    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 367-379 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acidity ; Aluminium ; Calcium ; Manganese ; Nodulation ; pH Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Root elongation ; Root hairs ; Trifolium repens ; White clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of factors associated with soil acidity (low pH, low calcium, high aluminium and high manganese) on theTrifolium repens-Rhizobium trifolii symbiosis were investigted under laboratory conditions using an axenic solution-culture technique. 200 μM manganese increased root elongation in the range pH 4.3–5.5, but had no effect on root hair formation, the number of Rhizobium in the rhizosphere, or nodule formation. Root elongation and root hair formation were unaffected at pH 4.3 when 500 or 1000μM calcium was supplied, whereas multiplication of Rhizobium in the rhizosphere and nodulation were inhibited at pH 4.3 and 4.7.50–1000μM calcium had no effect either on the multiplication of Rhizobium in the range pH 4.3–5.5, or on nodule formation in the absence of aluminium. 50 μM aluminium inhibited, root elongation and root hair formation at pH 4.3 and 4.7; the effect on root elongation was reduced by increasing the calcium concentration from 50 to 1000μM. 50μM aluminium also inhibited Rhizobium multiplication in the rhizosphere and reduced nodule formation at pH 5.5 (at which aluminium precipitated out of solution), but root elongation and root hair formation were unaffected. These, effects of aluminium at pH 5.5 may explain the poor response to inoculation by white clover in acid mineral soils after liming.
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    Total concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu in certain forest soils in Greece (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 137-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Forest soils ; Greece ; Manganese ; Total concentrations ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Total concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu were determined in soil samples from 144 profiles located in remote forested areas throughout the mainland of Greece. Bio-accumulation of Mn and Zn in the humic horizon took place only in moderately acid soils (pH 5–6). Mean concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu, in the mineral section of the soil profiles, were 1383, 93, and 51 ppm, respectively. Soils from hard limestone and basic and ultrabasic igneous rock contain these three minor elements at significantly higher concentrations compared to soils from the rest of the soil parent materials. In most of the soil profiles concentration of Cu increased, and of Mn decreased, with soil depth. Concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu in the underlaying “rocks” were within the range of their average concentrations found in the mineral soil, except for hard limestone where much lower concentrations of these elements have been found. The latter supports the theory that the parent material of soils associated with limestones might not be a solution product of the limestone rock.
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    Gains and losses in soil nutrients associated with harvesting and burning eucalypt rainforest (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 437-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Burning controlled ; Calcium ; Carbon ; CEC ; Eucalyptus ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; N. mineralisation ; Potassium ; Rainforest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In mixed eucalypt/rainforest in southern Tasmania, samples of surface soil 0 to 2 cm, 2 to 5 cm, and 5 to 10 cm were taken from a clear-felled coupe before and after burning in 1982, from a similar coupe after burning in 1979, and from an uncut area adjacent to each coupe. Factors compared were bulk density; total organic C, N, P, Ca, Mg, and K; pH; exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K; cation exchange capacity; extractable P; and N-mineralisation rates. The effect of burning was found to be restricted mainly to the upper 2 cm of soil. The combustion of organic matter caused losses of 7360 kg organic C and 211 kg N/ha; 348 kg Ca and 282 kg Mg and 151 kg K/ha were added to the soil in ash. Burning caused significant increases in pH, exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K, and in extractable P; cation exchange capacity was reduced. In the 6 months after burning only K was leached from the upper 2 cm of soil. Equilibrium levels of NH4−N increased initially after the fire, but between 6 and 18 months, equilibrium levels and rate of production of NH4−N during anaerobic incubation in soil of burned coupes differed little from that in adjacent uncut forest. Rates of production of NO3−N during aerobic incubation were very low throughout the period of study. It is concluded that for soils developed on dolerite in mixed eucalypt/rainforest, a single regeneration burn probably improves the nutritional status of the soil. Nutrients lost from the area as particulate ash are in quantities that will probably be replaced in rainfall in 15 to 20 years.
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    Pertilization and nutrition experiments with conifer seedlings in pots (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 269-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium-vs nitrate-N ; Conifers ; Fertilization ; Deficiency ; Greece ; Nitrogen ; Nutrition ; Phosphate ; Pinus halepensis ; P. maritima ; P. radiata ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In conifer fertilization and nutrition experimentsPinus halepensis, P. radiata andP. maritima seedlings were grown in pots, filled with soil derived from mica schist and siliceous tertiary deposits and also in peat substrate in paperpots. Fertilization with P ofP. radiata andP. maritima seedlings growing in soil low in available P and N improved seedling height only in combination with N fertilization and fertilization with alone induced P deficiency symptoms. N fertilization with from 100 to 150 ppm (2.4 to 3.2 g N/kg, respectively) in the soil regardless of the form of N (NH4 + or NO3 −) applied in the summer or autumn together with application of 20 ppm P before sowing was the fertilization regime which produced the best seedlings. Fertilization of peat before sowingP. halepensis, P. radiata andP. maritima with omission of one of the nutrients N, P and K resulted in visible symptoms of N, P and K deficiency, respectively, in the seedlings. Comparative chemical analysis of needles from the three kinds of conifer seedlings with deficiency symptoms and healthy ones verified the visual symptoms of N and P deficiency but not so convincingly the K deficiency symptoms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181807
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    Nitrogen and yield potential of irrigated rice (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 391-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; rice ; simulation ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Yield potential of modern rice varieties and implications for N management were evaluated in a series of field studies that provided data for validation of an eco-physiological simulation model for rice. We tested the hypothesis that N was the major factor limiting yield potential of irrigated rice. The simulation model ORYZA1 was used to evaluate the observed yield differences between varieties grown with different N management and in different environments. The model explained differences in yield of the treatments resonably well on the basis of differences in radiation, temperature, leaf N content and variety coefficients for phenological development. It was demonstrated by the model and experimental data that yield levels of 6 t ha-1 in the wet season and 10 t ha-1 in the dry season can be obtained in the tropics with the current short duration varieties only when the N supply from soil and fertilizer is adequately maintained at key growth stages. Yield probabilities for rice crops were simulated for different environments using long term weather data at two Philippine sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025065
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    Nutrition ofPinus caribaea in its native savanna habitat (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 381-391 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Calcium ; Fertility ; Forestry ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Phosphorus ; Pinus caribaea ; Potassium ; Savanna ; Sodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fertility levels in soils beneathPinus caribaea trees were examined in the Mountain Pine Ridge savannas, Belize, where fire control has precipitated the development of pine woodland. Slight surface soil enrichment was recorded beneath pine canopies, but to levels well below those found beneath associated hardwoods. Estimates of total nutrient pools beneath trees showed modest cation accumulation beneath a 73 year old tree but some defecits in Ca and Mg beneath a 24 year old tree. A tap root cutting experiment on trees of the same species revealed no significant declines in foliar nutrient levels after 19 months. It is concluded that no pronounced long-term deterioration in soil fertility levels is developing beneath stands ofP. caribaea in the savanna, although some temporary nutrient declines may exist beneath young pine stands. Atmospheric inputs are the most likely source of nutrient accretion and it is suggested that the establishment of hardwood associates with pine may enhance the rates of nutrient capture from this source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372521
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    Copper nutrition of wheat in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 433-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper-nutrition ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a pot culture study, copper addition to soil increased the crop yield only in presence of nitrogen. The latter increased the utilization of both native as well as applied copper but more that of applied. It also minimised the adverse effect of applied phosphorus on copper utilization. Phosphorus at the rate 45 ppm had the tendency of decreasing copper uptake by wheat if applied without nitrogen or with its low level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375066
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    Influence of soil waterlogging on subsequent plant growth and trace metal content (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 423-427 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cobalt ; Copper ; Iron ; Manganese ; Plant uptake ; Trace metals ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The uptake of trace metals by two plant species (French bean and maize) has been measured on two soils subjected to various waterlogging regimes. Uptake of both manganese and iron was increased due to soil waterlogging, although reoxidation of the soil affected iron more than manganese. Zinc and copper uptake was influenced by a species factor; French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) showed preferential uptake of zinc, whereas maize (Zea mays) took up copper preferentially. Uptake of cobalt by both species was increased due to waterlogging, following the pattern of manganese. The abilities of these species to take up trace metals from soil followed the pattern predicted by selective extraction of soil for manganese, iron and cobalt, but not for zinc and copper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183810
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    Release of Fe, Mn and P in a calcareous vertisol and yield of upland rice as influenced by presowing soil water treatments (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 11-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Iron ; Manganese ; Oryza sativa ; Phosphate ; Rice ; Vertisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field experiment was conducted on a calcareous vertisol at Mahatma Phule Agricultural University, Rahuri to study the release of Fe, Mn and P in soil and yield of two rice cultivars due to different soil water treatments for 15 days prior to sowing. Soil saturation (daily two irrigations) for 15 days prior to sowing increased the supply of Fe, Mn and P in soil at sowing as a result of reduction in pH and Eh. Dry matter yield at different growth stages as well as grain yields of Karjat 184 (dwarf) and Tuljapur 1 (tall) also increased due to presowing soil saturation treatment. Tuljapur 1 yielded more than Karjat 184 when grown under upland conditions. Laboratory incubation studies showed reduction in soil pH (from 8.6 to 7.5) and Eh (from +501 to +362 mv) at the end of 15 days under soil submergence treatment. Availability of Fe, Mn and P was also found to be increased.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374723
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    The effect of deep placement and surface application of nitrogen fertilizers at different light intensities on growth and yield of wetland rice (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 341-351 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Deep placement ; Light intensity ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; Rice ; Surface application ; Urea ; Wetland rice ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Lowland rice (RD 3) was cultivated in containers of clay soil submerged with 5 cm water under controlled conditions in the phytotron. Deep placement of urea supergranules 5 cm in the soil significantly enhanced both plant growth and fertilizer efficiency when the plants were cultivated under high light intensity (70 Wm−2). At the highest urea level grain yield increased 119% above the control level, while growth and fertilizer efficiency was not as high when deep placement of calcium nitrate was used. The application of urea prills and calcium nitrate (18.4g Nm−2) in two split doses on the soil surface increased grain yield as much as 91% above the control level. At the lower nitrogen concentration (9.2 g N m−2), the urea prills were more efficient than calcium nitrate as indicated by the grain yield. The height of those plants fertilized by surface application was affected by the concentration and not the type of fertilizer. The number of tillers, however, was significantly higher on urea fertilized plants. When the rice plants were cultivated under low light intensity 930 Wm−2), neither the nitrogen fertilizers nor the method of application had a significant effect on growth and yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197939
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    Nutrient accumulation byPinus caribaea in its native savanna habitat (1982)
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 105-118 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Fertility ; Forestry ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Phosphorus ; Pinus caribaea ; Potassium ; Savanna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Concentrations of P, N, K, Ca, and Mg in above-ground tissues ofP. caribaea were sampled in the species'native savanna habitat. Concentrations were relatively low, but some evidence of higher consumption of K and Ca was found in trees grown on more fertile soils. Regressions were developed to predict the quantities of nutrients sequestered in above-ground tree tissues, and estimates made of the quantities stored in above-ground stands of this species in its native habitat and in several plantations elsewhere. Estimates were also made of the nutrient removals to be expected by harvesting these stands in different ways. Nutrient quantities stored in stands generally exceed those extractable from savanna surface soils, and it is suggested that inputs from the atmosphere are the most probable alternate nutrient source. A comparison of these inputs for tropical areas with the quantities required for stand growth in the savanna, and harvesting removals, suggests that an adequate supply of all elements except P exists, provided that capture by pine is effective. However, atmospheric inputs generally fall below the storage and harvest removal rates for fast growing exotic plantations of this species suggesting that multiple rotations of these plantations at current growth rates may not be feasible without artifical fertilization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185709
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    Transformation of iron and manganese in rice soils under different moisture regimes and organic matter applications (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 45-56 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Iron ; Manganese ; Moisture ; Organic matter ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Transformation of iron and manganese under three different moisture regimes,viz continuous waterlogged (W1), continuous saturated (W2) and alternate waterlogged and saturated (W3) and three levels of organic matterviz 0, 0.5 and 1.0% in all possible combinations was studied in four soils. The results showed that under waterlogged moisture regime there was a sharp increase in the content of water soluble plus exchangeable manganese accompanied by significant decrease in the content of reducible manganese in all the soils excepting the acidic soil which was very poor in active manganese content. The increase in respect of iron in similar form was, however, very small. The increase in the content of water soluble plus exchangeable manganese as well as iron under the continuous saturated and alternate waterlogged and saturated moisture regimes was always much lower as compared to that under the continuous waterlogged condition. Application of organic matter brought about an increase in the content of water soluble plus exchangeable manganese in all the soils excepting the lateritic one irrespective of moisture regimes but did not cause any change in the content of iron and manganese in insoluble complex. The content of water soluble plus exchangeable iron and of insoluble ferrous iron although recorded some increase due to organic matter application, the increase was not so marked in any of the soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185702
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    Studies on sulphur in vertisols (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 133-140 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max L. Merr ; Nitrogen ; Soybean ; Sulphur deficiency ; Vertisols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Some soil and plant test methods were evaluated for predicting response of soybean crop (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) to S application in vertisols. Morgan's reagent, 500 ppm P containing Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O and KH2PO4 solutions, 0.5N NH4OAc+0.25N HOAc and 0.15% CaCl2 were found to be suitable extractants for measuring available soil S. The critical limits of extractable S were 9.0 ppm by Morgan's reagent, 10.0 ppm by phosphate solutions, 8.0 ppm by 0.5N NH4OAc +0.25N HOAc and 14.0 ppm by 0.15% CaCl2. Morgan's reagent was regarded as superior to other soil test methods in view of its high relationship with S uptake by plants, A values and relative yield. Critical S concentration in soybean plants varied with age. It was 0.15% and 0.185% for 36 and 60 days old plants, respectively. The critical N/S ratio on the other hand appeared to be constant at about 16.5 during vegetative growth period. Constancy of critical N/S ratio in plants was attributed to the near constancy of N/S ratio in plant proteins. There was highly significant relationship between response of soybean to S and to N, supporting the conclusion of some earlier workers that any soil showing large responses to N may not be supplying adequate S from the mineralization of soil organic matter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374756
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    Manganese and iron interactions on their uptake and distribution in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 317-326 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merr. ; Iron ; Manganese ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The uptake and distribution of iron and manganese were studied in a manganese-sensitive soybean cultivar (‘Bragg’) grown over a range of supply levels of these nutrients in solution culture. At high (90 and 275 μM) manganese levels, increasing the iron concentration in solution from 2 to 100 μM partially overcame the effects of manganese toxicity. Interactions between manganese and iron occurred for dry matter yields, rate of Mn absorption by the roots, and the proportions of manganese and iron transported to the tops. No interaction was observed for the rate of root absorption of iron. The percentage distribution of manganese in the plant top increased with increasing iron, despite a reduced rate of Mn uptake. On the other hand, iron uptake was independent of solution Mn concentration and increased with increasing solution Fe. Also more iron was retained in the roots at high Mn and/or Fe levels in solution. Concentrations of manganese and iron in roots, stems and individual leaves were affected independently by the manganese and iron supplyi.e. without any interaction occurring between the two elements. In general, the concentration in a plant part was related directly to the solution concentration. Symptoms resembling iron deficiency correlated poorly with leaf Fe concentrations whereas high levels of manganese were found in leaves displaying Mn toxicity symptoms.
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    The acquisition of phosphorus byLupinus albus L. (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 391-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Intercropping Lupins ; Lupinus albus ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Significant interactions between wheat and lupins occur below ground and wheat intercropped with lupins has access to a larger pool of available P, Mn and N than has wheat grown in monoculture. This suggests that the wheat is able to take up nutrients produced or made available by lupins grown in association with it.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374894
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    Effects of N fertilisation on populations of fine roots and mycorrhizas in spruce humus (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 49-53 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertiliser ; Fine roots ; Mycorrhizas ; Nitrogen ; Picea sitchensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fertilisation with N alters the numbers, biomass and seasonal pattern of activity of fine roots and mycorrhizas in spruce humus. Production and mortality decrease, and longevity increases. Fertilisation reduces mycorrhizal infection, alters the relative proportions of mycorrhizal types and permits the appearance of new types.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182640
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    Nitrogen nutrition, photosynthesis and carbon allocation in ectomycorrhizal pine (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 415-431 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbon allocation ; Light Mycorrhizas ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Photosynthesis ; Pinus contorta ; Pinus taeda ; Pisolithus tinctorius ; Respiration ; Source-sink ; Suillus granulatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies examined net photosynthesis (Pn) and dry matter production of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizalPinus taeda at 6 intervals over a 10-month period. Pn rates of mycorrhizal plants were consistently greater than nonmycorrhizal plants, and at 10 months were 2.1-fold greater. Partitioning of current photosynthate was examined by pulse-labelling with14CO2 at each of the six time intervals. Mycorrhizal plants assimilated more14CO2, allocated a greater percentage of assimilated14C to the root systems, and lost a greater percentage of14C by root respiration than did nonmycorrhizal plants. At 10 months, the quantity of14CO2 respired by roots per unit root weight was 3.6-fold greater by mycorrhizal than nonmycorrhizal plants. Although the stimulation of photosynthesis and translocation of current photosynthate to the root system by mycorrhiza formation was consistent with the source-sink concept of sink demand, foliar N and P concentrations were also greater in mycorrhizal plants. Further studies examined Pn and dry matter production ofPinus contorta in response to various combinations of N fertilization (3, 62, 248 ppm), irradiance and mycorrhizal fungi inoculation. At 16 weeks of age, 6 weeks following inoculation with eitherPisolithus tinctorius orSuillus granulatus, Pn rates and biomass were significantly greater in mycorrhizal than nonmycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants had significantly greater foliar %P, but not %N, than did nonmycorrhizal plants. Fertilization with 62 ppm N resulted in greater mycorrhiza formation than either 3 or 248 ppm. Increased irradiance resulted in increased mycorrhiza formation.
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    Relationship between P and Mn in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 85-90 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chickpea ; Manganese ; Phosphorus ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Phosphorus and Mn relationship was studied in chickpea at two stages of growth in pot culture using 0, 7.5, 15 and 30 ppm P and 0, 5, 10 and 15 ppm Mn. The dry matter yield increased with P at both stages of growth. Manganese improved the yield only in the first stage. Initial levels of Mn enhanced while higher levels had a depressing effect on tissue P. Addition of 7.5 ppm P enhanced Mn concentration at first stage and at higher levels a marked reduction in Mn content was observed at both the stages.
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    Factors responsible for genotypic manganese tolerance in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 213-218 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cowpea ; Genotypical differences ; Manganese ; Manganese tolerance ; Manganese toxicity ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In experiments with 29 cowpea genotypes considerable variation in Mn tolerance could be found. Ranking according to Mn tolerance was almost the same in sand and water culture. Mn tolerance is not related to greater vigour or exclusion of Mn from uptake and translocation, but depends mainly on the internal tolerance to excess Mn especially in the leaf tissue. Growth depression by Mn excess is characterized by local accumulatiòn of Mn, deposition of Mn oxides, and typical macro-symptoms on the older leaves (brown spots→clorosis→shedding of the leaves). Autoradiographic studies with54Mn and extraction of the leaves with methanol and H2O indicate a causal relationship between Mn tolerance and the more homogenous distribution of Mn in the tissue. In tolerant genotypes local accumulation and deposition of Mn is inhibited or retarded. Mn applied to the petioles of fully expanded leaves induces the same toxicity symptoms on the leaf blades as Mn absorbed by the roots. There is a good agreement between the rankings of the different genotypes for Mn tolerance according to the depression of shoot dry matter production by Mn excess in long term pot experiments and the appearance of toxicity symptoms after application of Mn to the petioles. The regulation of Mn tolerance at the leaf tissue level allows a quick and non-destructive screening of large numbers of genotypes for Mn tolerance.
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    Efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium use by corn, sunflower, and sugarbeet for the synthesis of organic matter (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 219-223 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Corn ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Sugarbeet ; Sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A three-year experiment was conducted in natural conditions on chernozem soil to examine the efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium use by corn (C4 type), sunflower and sugarbeet (C3 type) grown in optimum conditions of mineral nutrition (N100P100K100 kg/ha). Plant materials were analysed for the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and dry matter mass per individual plant parts and the whole plant. Leaves of different age, of all three plant species, were analysed to find eventual differences in the efficiency of use of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the synthesis of organic matter depending on leaf age. It was found that corn had the lowest concentration of the elements studied but the highest dry matter mass. In other words, corn was more efficient than sunflower or sugarbeet in the use of these elements for the synthesis of an organic matter unit. Such results were arrived at in both sets of analyses, i.e., the analyses of leaves performed in the course of ontogenetic plant development as well as the analyses of leaves of different age.
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    Varietal differences in physiological and biochemical responses to changes in the ionic environment (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 245-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Armeria ecotypes ; Armeria maritima ; Maize ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mannose ; Phosphate ; Sodium ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Experimental assessment of differences between cultivars of crop species or ecotypes of wild species from different localities in their capacities for ion absorption and transport is made difficult by the problem of obtaining seed material of comparable ionic content. When young seedlings are used this problem is particularly acute if the seeds of the different cultivars have not been raised under identical soil conditions. Propagation of material from ecotypes under controlled conditions is one approach to the solution of this problem. Six maize cultivars have been selected for similarity of phosphate content and the capacity for phosphate absorption from 5 μM KH2PO4 has been shown to vary by threefold whereas the proportion of the accumulated phosphate that reaches the shoot differs by much less. This level of phosphate supply approached that likely to induce deficiency and when the concentration is reduced to 1 μM differences in transport capacity of up to fourfold were observed when the rate of arrival at the tip of the first leaf was continuously monitored. The rapidity with which the transport is shut off by adding 1 mM D(+) mannose to the root environment also varies significantly indicating that sizeable differences in either the accumulation of mannose or the activity of phosphomannoisomerase exist in these cultivars. Ecotypes ofArmeria maritima collected from three sites, inland serpentine, inland mine dumps and coastal salt marsh were maintained as stock plants on the same peat mixture. Samples taken from these stocks were raised on a standard culture solution to provide genetically different material grown under constant conditions. The capacities for ion uptake were shown to differ very considerably and these differences were accentuated when the plants were grown in a range of concentrations of MgSO4, NaCl and MnSO4. The absorption of phosphate and its incorporation into nucleic acids were increased temporarily in the presence of 50 mM MgSO4 but the pattern of these changes was different in the three ecotypes. The absorption of Na, Cl, and Rb was measured after treatment with a range of concentrations of NaCl and the effect of treatment with MnSO4 on subsequent absorption of Mn and SO4 was also measured. The coastal plants were significantly more efficient in their absorption of these ions when treated at the lower levels of NaCl (0.5 and 10.0 mM). The short term absorption rates were not reflected in the overall accumulation of sodium over periods of 10 weeks and the coastal plants appeared to reduce the root content of sodium by transfer to the shoot and by increased active pumping to the exterior.
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    Agronomical and physiological aspects of the role of nitrogen in yield formation of cereals (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 379-391 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Crop development ; Grain yield ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen dressing ; Nitrogen economy ; Nitrogen harvest-index ; Soil Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen exerts its influence on crop growth and grain yield in various ways. Early top dressings or a high level of soil nitrogen stimulate tiller formation and leaf growth, which results in an increase of shoot dry weight and leaf area index. Late top dressings promote the survival of ear-bearing tillers, grain set and leaf area duration. Nitrogen compounds for grain growth are mainly supplied by the vegetative aerial parts (65–80%); the remainder originating from uptake and relocation by the roots after anthesis. The proportion of the total amount of nitrogen present in the grains, the nitrogen harvest-index, centers around 0.78 under optimum conditions. The recommendations for nitrogen dressing are based on the amount of residual soil nitrogen and on the requirement of the crop in the given environment. Both components may vary considerably due to environmental constraints. Despite inaccuracies in the assessment of mineral nitrogen content of the soil and the predicted nitrogen requirement of the crop, the recommendations for splitting nitrogen dressing in winter wheat have considerably improved the efficient use of nitrogen fertilizer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02369972
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  • 88
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    Effect of soil salinity on the electro-chemical and chemical kinetics of some plant nutrients in submerged soils (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 455-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonification ; Eh ; Flooded soils ; Iron ; Manganese ; Nitrate reduction ; Phosphorus ; pH ; Salinity and extractable cations ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The electro-chemical and chemical kinetics of six California rice soils were significantly influenced by the presence of salts up to an EC of 9 mmhos/cm in saturation extract (ECe). Subsamples of each soil salinity treatment were incubated for periods up to 10 weeks after flooding. Most of the changes in Eh and pH values took place in the first 3–4 weeks after submergence. Salinity decreased pH values, but slightly increased the redox-potential. Both ammonification and nitrate reduction were significantly decreased, by increasing soil salinity. Salinity up to 9 mmhos/cm did not affect levels of Bray and Kurtz extractable P, but increased the water extractable Ca, Mg, K and Mn. In DTPA extract, salinity in incubated soils had no effect on Zn in 4 soils, but it decreased Fe in acid and neutral soils. Possible explanations for the electro-chemical and chemical kinetic changes due to flooding and salinity are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02369980
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  • 89
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    The uptake of soil and fertilizer-nitrogen by barley growing under Scottish climatic conditions (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Barley ; Fertilizer ; Mineralization ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen-15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field experiments were carried out using15N-labelled calcium nitrate, to investigate the relative uptake by barley of fertilizer-N and soil-N. On imperfectly drained till soils uptake of soil-N increased with increasing rate of fertilizer, but remained constant on a brown sand, possibly due to more efficient root exploration in the latter soil. In four out of five seasons, late uptake of soil-derived N was a major feature, and uptake from ploughed soil as compared with uptake from direct-drilled soil was correlated with seasonal rainfall patterns. Significantly higher quantities of both fertilizer- and soil-derived N were taken up by winter barley than by spring barley, reflecting the longer growth period and higher dry matter yield from the former crop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205566
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  • 90
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    Biological and biochemical analysis of soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 127-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adenylate pool ; Biomass volume ; CO2 evolution ; Chitin ; DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Enzymes ; Fluorescent antibody ; Fumigation-respiration ; Fungi Histochemistry ; Imunofluorecence ; Jones-Mollison technique ; Microcosms ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Oxygen consumption ; Phosphorus ; Phytotoxins ; Plate counts ; Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Sulphur ; Xenobiotics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary There is an immense literature on biological and biochemical analyses of soils. Such analyses have revealed the enormous richness of species in soil and their vast range of metabolic potentials and ecological diversity. Accordingly, the approaches used to investigate the soil biota and its biochemistry usually have to be modified or adapted depending upon the purpose of the investigation. Studies of micro-organisms in the soil environment, are complicated because microbial cells are commonly attached to surfaces where they live side-by-side with other populations in consortia usually containing different morphological and physiological types. Such assemblages of organisms cannot be described quantitatively using cultural techniques, such as plate counts, which underestimate both cell numbers and viable biomass. The development of more powerful observational and staining techniques has improved our knowledge of the diverse morphological and biochemical composition of soil micro-communities. Such findings have been amplified at a grosser level by laboratory studies with multi-component systems (microcosms) to mimic field situations and to assess the range of biochemical potentials of microbial consortia. But despite notable advances in analytical methods we are still, with a few exceptions, unable to detect or identify those microorganisms which carry out specific biochemical transformations or determine whether particular cells are alive, dormant or dead at the time of observation. Considerable work has been done to define some of the fundamental ecological attributes of microbial assemblages in soil. Productive work on the metabolic activities of the soil microbiota, specially geochemical transformations of C, N, S and P, has been under way for more than a century. But only in more recent years have more sensitive and reproducible analytical methods become available to measure viable biomass in soil. This will enable some insight to be gained into the role that microbial biomass plays as a labile source and sink for plant nutrients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205573
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  • 91
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    Copper deficiency inPinus radiata planted in a podzol in Victoria, Australia (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 73-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertiliser ; Foliar analysis ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Pinus radiata ; Potassium ; Soil organic matter ; Steenbjerg effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Copper deficiency inPinus radiata in Gippsland, Victoria was found to be associated with acid, organic-rich sandy podzols. A trial designed to find a Cu supplement for P and NPK fertilisation on these soils showed significant growth in stem-length following Cu-solution treatment in the nursery, and Cu fertiliser applied in the field up to at least 13.5 kg Cu ha−1. The Steenbjerg effect was evident in foliar concentrations of nutrients following fertilisation; this makes diagnosis from foliar analysis difficult. Foliar Cu∶N ratios proved a more sensitive indicator of Cu fertiliser treatment than either Cu or N alone. Two phases of seasonal drainage and podzol development were identified in the experiment. Trees growing on the better-drained, more acid soil with a high content of organic matter responded better to Cu fertiliser.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182813
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  • 92
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    Effect of substrate concentration, inorganic nitrogen, O2 concentration, temperature and pH on dehydrogenase activity in soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 285-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Dehydrogenase ; Electron transport system ; Nitrogen ; Oxygen pH ; Substrate ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dehydrogenase activity was measured in a sandy loam soil under a variety of incubation conditions using the reduction of 2-(p-iodophenyl-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT) to iodonitrotetrazolium formazan (INT-formazan). There was a high positive correlation between dehydrogenase activity and substrate concentration, incubation temperature, and soil pH. Dehydrogenase activity also displayed a high negative correlation with O2 concentrations. Ammonium sulfate at concentrations from 40 to 120 μg/g soil had no significant effect on dehydrogenase activity. However, at concentrations of 160 and 200 μg/g, dehydrogenase activity was significantly reduced. Potassium nitrate at concentrations ranging from 40 to 200 μg/g had no significant effect on soil dehydrogenase activity, whereas sodium nitrite significantly inhibited activity at concentrations of 120 and 160 μg/g soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182931
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  • 93
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    Relationships of bio-climatic zones and lithology with various characteristics of forest soils in Greece (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 101-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Base saturation ; Bio-climatic zones ; Calcium ; Clay accumulation ; Copper ; C:N ratio ; EDTA ; Forest soils ; Greece ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphate ; Potassium ; Soil classification ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soils derived from a number of different parent materials (lithologies) and developed along a climatic gradient, manifested by the altitudinal succession of natural vegetation zones (Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, Mountainous and Pseudoalpine), were sampled throughout mainland Greece. In soils derived from siliceous parent materials low in clay, acidity increase and percent base saturation decreases from the Mediterranean to the Pseudoalpine vegetation zones. Clay illuviation is found mainly in soils developed in the Mediterranean and the sub-Mediterranean zones. No such changes are apparent in clayey soils rich in bases. Organic matter content of the mineral portion of the soil profile increases by a factor of 2 with a decrease in mean annual air temperature of about 10°C. The pattern of change in clay and soil organic matter content with climate is in relatively good agreement with soil development trends in the area, when soil profiles are named according to the FAO-Unesco soil map of the world. Concentrations of Ca and Mg decrease and those of total N, total and extractable P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn increase from the Mediterranean to the Mountainous zone. Within the same zone, however, concentrations of N, Ca, K, Fe, Mn and Zn decrease, but those of Mg, total and extractable P increase with soil depth. The concentrations of most macro- and micronutrients in the humic horizon are several times higher than those in the mineral portion of the soil profile due to biological enrichment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182148
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  • 94
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    Some effects of nickel toxicity on rye grass (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Iron ; Manganese ; Nickel toxicity ; Rye grass ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Rye grass (Lolium perenne, cv.S-23) was grown for 4 weeks in a non-calcareous Seaton loam soil with varying amounts of Ni as NiSO4. The purpose of this investigation was to study the Ni toxicity and the relationship of Ni with other essential elements. Nickel depressed shoot yield at all levels except at the lowest levelviz 30 μg Ni/g soil. Nickel concentration of 50 μg/g in shoots did not reduce the dry matter production in rye grass although slight chlorosis did appear at this level. The Ni and Fe concentration of the shoots increased and that of Mn and Zn decreased with increasing rates of Ni application. Uptake of Mn and Zn decreased at all level of Ni. But Fe uptake showed a slight increase at the first two levels and a profound depression at the subsequent levels. The pattern of Ni uptake is different, being highest at the middle level and decreasing on both sides which showed that the increase of Ni concentration of shoots is not proportional to the reduction in the yield. The Ni−Fe ratio rather than Ni and Fe concentration in plants has shown better relationship with the toxic effects of Ni. The implications of Ni phytotoxicity are discussed with particular reference to serpentine soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02149717
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  • 95
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    Cation exchange capacity of plant roots in relation to nutrients uptake by shoot and grain as influenced by age (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 215-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CEC ; Iron ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Organic matter ; Paddy ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four varieties of each paddy and wheat crops were grown in pots to see their cation exchange capacities of roots and their relationships with the uptake of nutrients by shoot and grain at different physiological growth stages. The results are summarised, as follows: (i) The cation exchange capacity of roots was maximum at tillering stage which continued to decrease with an increase in the age of plants. At early stages of plant growth, significant differences in the root CEC of different varieties of paddy and wheat were recorded but the differences became almost narrow in later stages of plant life and ultimately the CEC of roots became almost similar, in all the varieties as the crops reached to maturity. Higher root CEC of paddy varieties were observed than wheat varieties throughout their physiological growth. (ii) Uptake of phosphorus, potassium, iron and manganese by shoot and grain was found significantly and positively correlated with the CEC of roots in most of the varieties of both, paddy and wheat crops throughout their plant life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181801
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  • 96
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    Absorption of gamma-emitting fission products and activation products by rice under flooded and unflooded conditions from two tropical soils (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 189-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Activation products ; Antimony ; Black soils ; Cerium ; Cesium ; Cobalt ; Concentration ratio ; Fission products ; Flooding ; Iron ; Laterites ; Manganese ; Rice ; Ruthenium ; Uptake ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The absorption of gamma-emitting fission products106Ru,125Sb,137Cs and144Ce and activation products59Fe,58Co.54Mn and65Zn by rice plants grown on two contrasting tropical soils, namely, a blak soil (pellustert) and a laterite (oxisol), and the effects of flooding were studied under controlled conditions. Results indicated greater uptake of106Ru and125Sb from the black soil than from the laterite. In contrast, the uptake of144Ce and137Cs was greater in the laterite than in the black soil. Flooding treatment enhanced the uptake of all these fission products by rice plants in the laterite soil whereas this effect was observed only for125Sb and137Cs in the black soil. The plant uptake of activation products from the two soil types showed maximum accumulation of65Zn followed by54Mn,59Fe and58Co in both soil types. Besides, uptake of these nuclides was greater from the laterite soil than from the black soil. Flooding treatment for rice while showing a reduction of59Fe uptake, showed an increase in plant uptake of58Co,54Mn and65Zn in both soil types.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181798
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  • 97
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    pH optima for crop growth (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 339-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Cassava ; Chemical composition ; Control of solution pH ; Copper ; Flowing solution culture ; French bean ; Ginger ; Hydrogen ion injury ; Magnesium ; Maize ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Optimum pH range ; pH ; Plant growth ; Root weight ratio ; Tomato ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ginger, cassava, maize, wheat, french bean and tomato were grown for periods up to six weeks in continuously flowing nutrient solutions at seven constant pH values ranging from 3.3 to 8.5. All species achieved maximum or near-maximum growth in the pH range 5.5 to 6.5. However, there were substantial differences in the ability of species to grow outside this range. Ginger and cassava were the most tolerant species to low solution pH, while ginger and tomato were the only species to show no yield depression at the highest solution pH. Roots of all species at pH 3.3 and some species at pH 4.0 exhibited symptoms of hydrogen ion injury. In addition, the concentrations of magnesium in the tops of all six species, of nitrogen in the tops of tomato and cassava, and of manganese in the tops of maize at these pH values were inadequate for optimal growth. Growth depression at high solution pH was associated with iron deficiency in maize and wheat and with nitrogen and/or copper deficiency in cassava. The relevance of the present results to crop growth under field conditions is discussed. The complex interplay of plant and soil characteristics militates against precise definition of an optimum pH range for the growth of a particular crop unless the soil is also specified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181830
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  • 98
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    Nitrate reductase activity of nonmycorrhizal Douglas-fir rootlets and of some associated mycorrhizal fungi (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 395-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amanita ; Cenococcum ; Ectomycorrhizae ; Hebeloma ; Nitrogen ; Piloderma ; Rhizopogon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Douglas-fir root tips reduced nitrate at much higher rates than seven mycorrhizal fungi, which also differed between species in rate of nitrate reduction. Results are related to nitrogen nutrition of Douglas-fir. Excised, nonmycorrhizal root tips of Douglas-fir reduced nitrate at much higher rates than seven mycorrhizal fungi commonly associated with Douglas-fir. The fungi differed significantly in degree of activity:Cenococcum geophilum, Piloderma bicolor, andRhizopogon vinicolor were highest;Amanita muscaria was intermediate; andHebeloma crustuliniforme, Thelephora terrestris, andLaccaria laccata were lowest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181833
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  • 99
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    Manganous oxide as a seed-pellet additive for controlling manganese deficiency in sugar-beet seedlings (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 451-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Manganese ; Mineral and organic soils ; Seed-pelleting ; Sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Experiments in the laboratory, glasshouse and field during 1975–78 tested manganous oxide as a seed-pellet additive for controlling deficiency in sugar-beet seedlings. There was no experimental evidence that manganous oxide in the seed pellet was ever harmful to seedling establishment. On the contrary, germination tests in the laboratory and experiments in the glasshouse indicated that, in certain conditions, manganous oxide may improve plant establishment even when plants are not likely to be deficient, probably by accelerating germination of seed and emergence of seedlings. In field experiments where sugar beet were severely deficient, the plants were heavier and contained more manganese on plots sown with seed pelleted with material containing 50% manganous oxide than on plots sown with ordinary pelleted seed. Applying a foliar spray of manganese sulphate during the third week of June in addition to pelleting the seed with material containing manganous oxide gave bigger yields than either the seed-pellet treatment or foliar spraying alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181837
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  • 100
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    Influence of sulphur on the yield and concentration of copper, manganese, iron and molybdenum in berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) grown on two different soils (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Berseem yield ; Copper ; Iron ; Manganese ; Molybdenum ; Concentrations ; Sulphur effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A screen-house experiment with 0, 25, 50 and 75 ppm S was conducted to study the effect of S on the yield and, Mn, Cu, Fe and Mo concentrations of berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) at three stages of growth in a normal and reclaimed soil. Higher levels of S decreased the yield in both the soils. Yield in normal soil was much higher than in reclaimed soil. Application of S increased Cu, Mn, and Fe concentrations in all cuts in both soils. Molybdenum concentration was lowered following S application in both the soils in all the cuts. Molybdenum content increased with the stage of plant growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205851
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