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  • Articles  (312)
  • taxonomy  (217)
  • stability
  • wheat
  • Springer  (312)
  • 1990-1994  (242)
  • 1980-1984  (70)
  • Biology  (312)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of experience on in-flight orientation to host-associated cues in the generalist parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 219-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Schizaphis graminum ; wheat ; tritrophic interactions ; learning ; host-habitat location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of experience on the responsiveness of the aphidiid parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to host-associated cues was investigated using a wind-tunnel bioassay. Naive females were able to discriminate between uninfested wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat infested withSchizaphis gramimum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae), but oviposition experience significantly increased the parasitoid's propensity to respond to aphid-infested plants with upwind, targeted flight. The behavioural change associated with such experience was acquired rapidly (within five minutes) and persisted for at least 24 h. The parasitoid could be successfully conditioned to associate a novel odour with the presence of hosts, suggesting that the increase in response to aphid-infested plants which occurs as a result of experience is probably due to associative learning of olfactory cues from the plant-aphid complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380774
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability properties of proliferatively coupled cell replication models (1991)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 39 (1991), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: Hematological diseases ; first order partial differential equations ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To address the possibility that proliferative disorders may originate from interactions between multiple populations of proliferating and maturing cells, we formulate a model for this process as a set of coupled nonlinear first order partial differential equations. Using recent results for the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions to this model, we demonstrate that there exists a region of coupling coefficients, maturation rates, and proliferation rates that will guarantee the stable coexistence of coupled cellular populations. The analysis shows that increases in the coupling between populations may ultimately lead to a loss of stability. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that increases (decreases) in the maturation and/or proliferation rates above (below) critical levels will lead either to instability in the populations or the destruction of one population and the persistence of the other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046404
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of a flood event on phytoplankton succession (1990)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 52 (1990), S. 330-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Flood ; phytoplankton succession ; reversion ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the August 1987 River Reuss flood event on the phytoplankton biocoenosis in Lake Uri (Urnersee, part of Lake Lucerne, Switzerland) was investigated firstly by comparing biological, chemical and physical data sampled before the event with equivalent data sampled after the event; and secondly by comparing the phytoplankton succession in 1987 with that occurring in the “floodfree” year 1989. As a consequence of the flood, the physical and chemical environment of the phytoplankton was found to have undergone a change which resulted in an alteration in the composition of the phytoplankton community. The phytoplankton community existing previous to the flood event, which had been dominated byTabellaria fenestrata sensu Husted 1930 (K-strategist), was replaced by a biocoenosis characterized mainly by various species of flagellates, which represent a typical spring successional stage (r-strategists). After the externally-imposed perturbation, the return to stable physical and chemical conditions was followed by the re-establishment of the successional stage which had existed before the flood (termed “reversion” by Reynolds, 1980).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879761
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA in wheat seeds from European archaeological sites (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 571-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ancient DNA ; archaeobotany ; carbonized grain ; DNA sequences ; glutenin alleles ; seed proteins ; Triticum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have used hybridization analysis to detect ancient DNA in wheat seeds collected from three archaeological sites in Europe and the Middle East. One of these samples, carbonizedT. spelta dated to the first millennium BC, has yielded PCR products after amplification with primers directed at the leader regions of the HMW (high molecular weight) glutenin alleles. Sequences obtained from these products suggest that the DNA present in the Danebury seeds is chemically damaged, as expected for ancient DNA, and also indicate that it should be possible to study the genetic variability of archaeological wheat by ancient DNA analysis. Finally, we describe a PCR-based system that enables tetraploid and hexaploid wheats to be distinguished.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01921727
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reply to Sandgren and Smol: further discussion on chrysophyte cyst taxonomy (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 9 (1993), S. 63-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Chrysophyceae ; stomatocysts ; membrane topography ; biogenic silica deposition ; surface pattern ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00680036
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Chrysophyte stomatocyst taxonomy — classification of snowflakes? (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 6 (1991), S. 257-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Chrysophyceae ; stomatocysts ; biogenic silica deposition ; polymer gels ; surface pattern ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The utility of classifying chrysophyte stomatocysts by their characteristic honeycomb and ridge patterns is questioned, because a strikingly similar expanding pattern appears on the surface of ionized polymer gels during osmotical swelling as a result of simple physical forces. The rapid accumulation of silicate into a spherical cyst inside a chrysophyte cell appears to be as a physical process sufficiently similar to result in an analogous pattern in microscopic scale. Chrysophyte stomatocysts that possess honeycomb or ridge patterns could be regarded as ‘frozen moments’ of the pattern evolution during the silicate gel phase. As a consequence, such structures should have little taxonomical value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233074
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Exophiala jeanselmei and Exophiala dermatitidis (1990)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 110 (1990), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: DNA ; Exophiala dermatitidis ; Exophiala gougerotii ; Exophiala jeanselmei ; mitochondria ; restriction profiles ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis with Hae III, Hind. III and Msp I was performed in 45 Exophiala jeanselmei strains (30 Phialophora jeanselmei and 15 Phialophora gougerotii strains) and 31 Exophiala dermatitidis strains. The results were as follows, 1) P. jeanselmei and P. gougerotii are identical, 2) E. jeanselmei is classified into 18 types based on restriction profiles, 3) two strains of E. jeanselmei CBS 577.76 and CBS 578.76 are identified as E. dermatitidis, 4) E. dermatitidis has no intraspecific variation and is definitely distinct from E. jeanselmei, 5) E. jeanselmei is suggested to be a complex organism because of extensive mtDNA polymorphism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446999
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Mycotoxin formation in HY-320 wheat during granary storage at 15 and 19% moisture content (1990)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 111 (1990), S. 181-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: mycotoxin ; ochratoxin ; Penicillium ; storage ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eleven-kilogram parcels of HY-320 wheat, a cultivar of the new Canada Prairie Spring class, were kept at 15 and 19% initial moisture contents (IMC) in simulated storage in a Manitoba farm granary for 60 weeks to determine biotic and abiotic changes and mycotoxin production. Ochratoxin A reached a maximum of 0.24 ppm by week 20 in the 19% IMC wheat, but was absent in the 15% IMC wheat; no other mycotoxins were detected. Temperature, moisture content, O2 and CO2 levels, fat acidity values, seed germination, microfloral incidence and abundance, and the presence of other mycotoxins were monitored. Principal component analysis of all variables showed that the first principal components accounted for 32–41% of the system variability, and contained the ochratoxin A variable. Ochratoxin A was produced in moist grain that had decreased seed germination andAltermaria activity, and high fungal activity byPenicillium andAspergillus versicolor. Compared to other stored cereals previously studied, HY-320 wheat would be ranked in a low-risk category for mycotoxin formation, based on the ochratoxin A levels observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02282802
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of the incubation conditions on the production of patulin by Penicillium griseofulvum isolated from wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 115 (1991), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Penicillium griseofulvum ; patulin ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sixty-four wheat samples from Spanish flour factories were screened for patulin and patulin-producing moulds. None of them was found to contain any patulin, whereas samples experimentally contaminated with this toxin proved it to be highly unstable. On the other hand, Penicillium griseofulvum was the only in vitro patulin-producing species found (19 samples). Mould growth in the samples was investigated by using yeast-sucrose medium (YES) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure the amounts of toxin produced during 40 day's incubation at 20 and 28°C. The highest yield rate of patulin was obtained between the 20th and 30th day of incubation; such a rate, however, was very low throughout the vigorous growth phase, during the first 20 days of incubation. The more appropriate temperature for incubation and patulin production was 28 °C. We also investigated the influence of other incubation conditions in the yield and found stationary dark cultures to be more efficient that shaken or fermentation cultures in YES medium. The best patulin yield achieved was 11.9 mg in the culture broth and 6.3 mg in the mycelium from 100 ml of medium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00462220
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Numerical taxonomy of fluorescent Pseudomonas associated with tomato roots (1990)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 57 (1990), S. 223-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: fluorescent Pseudomonas ; root associated ; siderophores ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phenetic taxonomy of 110 fluorescent bacterial strains, isolated from the roots of tomatoes and other plants was numerically studied through 97 features including 69 assimilation tests. Thirty-two reference strains of various Pseudomonas spp. were additionally included. The strains clustered into 16 clusters at the 74% similarity level when using Jaccard similarity coefficients. Almost all field strains belonged to the P. fluorescens/P. putida-complex while none clustered with P. syringae and allied bacteria. The biovar II branch, as well as the newly described biovar VI of P. fluorescens, made up 55% and 20% respectively, of the field strains; two % were allocated to P. fluorescens biovar I and three % to biovar IV. Eleven % of the root associated strains were designated P. putida; six strains were biovar A, three strains biovar B while four strains could not be referred to any known biovar. The continuum within the P. fluorescens/P. putida-complex as well as the taxonomic status of the six biovars of P. fluorescens and the three biovars of P. putida are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400154
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Zygozyma smithiae sp.n. (Lipomycetaceae), a new ambrosia yeast from Southern Africa (1990)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 58 (1990), S. 95-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Zygozyma smithiae ; Lipomycetaceae ; ambrosia yeasts ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species of the genus Zygozyma, Z. smithiae, was recovered from frass of the ambrosia beetle, Crossotarsus externedentatus in Northern Natal. A description of the new species and key to the genus are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422723
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  • 12
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    Arxula gen. nov. (Candidaceae), a new anamorphic, arthroconidial yeast genus (1990)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 57 (1990), S. 59-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Arxula ; Candidaceae ; yeasts ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The new genus Arxula is proposed for the classification of xerotolerant, ascomycetous, anamorphic, arthroconidial yeasts. The genus is considered to be of endomycetaceous affinity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400338
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  • 13
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    Kurtzmanomyces tardus sp. nov., a new anamorphic yeast species of basidiomycetous affinity (1990)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 58 (1990), S. 129-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: basidiomycetous yeasts ; Kurtzmanomyces tardus ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new yeast species of basidiomycetous affinity Kurtzmanomyces tardus was isolated from contaminated demineralized water. It differs from K. nectairii, the only other Kurtzmanomyces species so far described, in its carbon assimilation pattern and low DNA-DNA homology (2.3%±2.1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422729
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  • 14
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    Sporobolomyces lactosus, a new species of ballistosporous yeast equipped with ubiquinone-10 (1992)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 61 (1992), S. 245-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Sporobolomyces lactosus ; yeasts ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species of ballistospore-forming yeasts was recovered and its description given.Sporobolomyces lactosus, isolated from activated sludge treating petrochemical wastes, produces pinkish-coral to pink colored colonies, assimilates lactose and has Q-10 as the major ubiquinone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00584231
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  • 15
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    Contributions to a revision of the genusTrichosporon (1992)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 61 (1992), S. 289-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Trichosporon ; white piedra ; systemic mycosis ; taxonomy ; nDNA ; rRNA ; ubiquinone systems ; basidiomycetous yeasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genusTrichosporon was revised using characters of morphology, ultrastructure, physiology, ubiquinone systems, mol% G+C of DNA, DNA/DNA reassociations and 26S ribosomal RNA partial sequences. A total of 101 strains was used, including all available type and authentic cultures of previously described taxa. Nineteen taxa could be distinguished, 15 of which having Q-9 coenzyme systems and 4 having Q-10. Sixteen previously described names were reduced to synonymy. One new species was described. The genus is characterized by the presence of arthroconidia. Few species possess further diagnostic morphological characters, such as the presence of appressoria, macroconidia or meristematic conidiation. The septa of two species were found to be non-perforate, while those of the remaining species contained dolipores at variable degrees of differentiation, with or without vesicular or tubular parenthesomes. All species were able to assimilate a large number of carbon compounds; visible CO2 production was absent. The genus was found to be fairly homogeneous on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis of partial 26S rRNA sequences, with the exception ofT. pullulans which proved to be unrelated. Most taxa were found to occupy well-defined ecological niches. Within the group of taxa isolated from humans, a distinction found be made between those involved in systemic mycoses and those which mainly caused public or non-public white piedras, respectively. One species was consistently associated with animals, while others came mainly from soil or water. One species was mesophilic and another psychrophilic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00713938
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  • 16
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    Synonymy of the yeast generaWingea andDebaryomyces (1994)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 66 (1994), S. 337-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Debaryomyces ; phylogeny ; ribosomal RNA ; taxonomy ; Wingea ; yeasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Extent of divergence in partial nucleotide sequences from large and small subunit ribosomal RNAs was used to estimate the evolutionary relationship between the generaWingea andDebaryomyces. These data showed the monotypic genusWingea to be congeneric withDebaryomyces, and it is proposed to transferW. robertsii toDebaryomyces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00882770
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  • 17
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    Thaumatomyrmex strips millipedes for prey: a novel predatory behaviour in ants, and the first case of sympatry in the genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 335-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Thaumatomyrmex ; taxonomy ; comparative morphology ; predation ; Polyxenidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We describe, for the first time, the predatory behaviour ofThaumatomyrmex ants on millipedes of the family Polyxenidae, based on field observations ofT. atrox and a field and laboratory study ofT. contumax. The capture of the prey and the removal process of its body-covering setae by the ants before they eat the millipede are described. This specialized behaviour in at least two species of the genus, belonging to two distinct groups of species, indicates a general trend inThaumatomyrmex. We coupled this study with a comparative morphological analysis of the mouthparts and digestive tube of these and otherThaumatomyrmex species. Also, we report the first case of sympatry in the genus, which suggests thatThaumatomyrmex includes several species, and not only one highly variable taxon, as hypothetized earlier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01241869
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  • 18
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    Effect of feeding cereal-legume diets to rats on in vitro absorption of45Ca (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 1016-1017 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: In vitro absorption ; calcium ; wheat ; Bengal gram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The in vitro absorption of calcium from the duodenum was significantly less in a group of rats fed on a wheat diet than in a group fed a wheat and Bengal gram (70∶30) diet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01940659
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  • 19
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    Molecular taxonomy of Gram-positive moderately halophilic cocci (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 1055-1058 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Moderate halophiles ; taxonomy ; Salinicoccus roseus ; Marinococcus hispanicus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Gram-positive moderately halophilic cocci validly described up to date areMicrococcus halobius, Sporosarcina halophila, Marinococcus halophilus, Marinococcus albus, Marinococcus hispanicus, and the recently proposedSalinicoccus roseus. Our chemotaxonomic studies on these bacteria have revealed thatMarinococcus hispanicus should be placed in the genusSalinicoccus. DNA-DNA hybridization studies showed that this species should be considered as a separate species ofS. roseus. Thus, we have proposed transferring it to the genusSalinicoccus, asS. hispanicus. Besides, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic features of the culture collection moderate halophilesMicrococcus sp. strains CCM 168 and CCM 1405 indicate that they should be included in the speciesSalinicoccus roseus. The description of this species was based only on one strain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01929913
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  • 20
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    Seasonal changes of microbial populations in the sediments of the basins of Lugano and Agno (1992)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 54 (1992), S. 331-337 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Heterotrophic bacteria ; sediments ; taxonomy ; seasonal variations ; aerobic bacterial population ; anaerobic bacterial population ; Lake Lugano (Lago di Lugano)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This research was carried out with the aim to explore the heterotrophic microbial population of two sediments in different oxic conditions of the Lake of Lugano (Lago di Lugano). The values of the viable bacterial counts found in our sediment samples were typical for an eutrophic lake. The increase in the proportion of anaerobic to aerobic bacteria at 30 °C observed in the sediment samples of Agno may reflect the depletion of oxygen concentrations in the water column. The generaAeromonas, Pseudomonas, Bacillus andClostridium, as well as strains belonging to the Coryneform-group, represented the major taxonomic groups of heterotrophic bacterial communities in the water-sediment interface.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878145
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  • 21
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    A segment of rye chromosome 1 enhances growth and embryogenesis of calli derived from immature embryos of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1991), S. 148-151 
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    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: wheat ; rye ; embryogenesis ; growth ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of the short arm of rye chromosome 1 (1RS) from Secale cereale var. Imperial on the growth and differentiation of callus cultures from wheat Triticum aestivum var. Chinese Spring immature embryos was analysed. This chromosome arm was found to stimulate both embryogenesis and the rate of growth of calli. Recombinant lines carrying segments of 1RS were used to delineate the regions of 1RS responsible for the tissue culture effects. The enhancement of embryogenesis and the stimulation of growth were shown to be associated with two distinct genetic regions of the chromosome arm; the former is located between the centromere and the Sec 1 locus, while the latter is situated in the immediate vicinity of the Sec 1 locus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232047
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  • 22
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    Phylogenetic influences in microbial hydroxylation of terpenoids (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 88-92 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Intelligent screening ; microbial hydroxylation ; multivariate analyses ; taxonomy ; terpenoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Forty strains of bacteria and 60 of fungi were screened with globulol, 1,8-cineol and cedrol and the strains compared, on the basis of the resulting products, using multivariate analyses. The taxonomic position of the strains is mirrored in their biotransformation capability. Fungi and bacteria, fungal phyla, and Gram-positive and-negative bacteria could all be distinguished in a discriminant analysis using 12 substrates. Hierarchical clustering yielded five groups of strains with distinct biotransformation activity. Such clustering will allow a more efficient screening than before.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00357570
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  • 23
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    Isozymes in wheat-barley hybrid derivative lines (1981)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 237-254 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: wheat ; barley ; addition lines ; isozymes ; genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Zymogram analysis was used to identify the barley chromosomes that carry the structural genes for particular isozymes. Wheat, barley, and wheatbarley hybrid derivative lines (which contained identified barley chromosomes) were tested by gel electrophoresis for isozymes of particular enzymes. It was found that barley chromosome 4 carries structural genes for acid phosphatase and β amylase isozymes, barley chromosome 5 carries genes for phosphoglucose isomerase and malate dehydrogenase isozymes, and that barley chromosome 2 carries a gene for at least one glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase protomer. These results reinforce previous conclusions that barley chromosome 4 shows homoeology with wheat chromosome group 4 and that barley chromosome 5 shows homoeology with wheat chromosome group 1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504271
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  • 24
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    Chemical marker from silk ofYponomeuta cagnagellus (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2203-2216 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Yponomeuta cagnagellus ; caterpillars ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; trail following ; chemical marker ; trail pheromone ; stability ; pheromone secretory site
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trail following in lepidopterous larvae is often attributed to chemical markers, but only a few clear-cut examples are found in the literature. In this paper evidence is presented for a chemical basis of the trail following behaviour ofYponomeuta cagnagellus. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) The marker is shown to be very persistent under laboratory conditions and is water soluble. Several possible secretory sites were investigated, and it is concluded that the marker is probably secreted together with the silk from the labial gland. Problems associated with the demonstration of trail markers in caterpillars are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01026931
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    Allelochemicals in soil from no-tillage versus conventional-tillage wheat (Triticum aestivum) fields (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2277-2289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelochemicals ; no-tillage ; conventional-tillage ; soils ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; mass spectrometry ; Petri-dish bioassay ; fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Putative allelochemicals found in the soil of no-tillage and conventional-tillage wheat plots near Stillwater, Oklahoma, were obtained by a mild alkaline aqueous extraction procedure, bioassayed to determine their biological activity, purified, and analyzed with a capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-data analysis system. The most significant inhibition was found in bioassays of extracts from soil collected immediately after harvest in June, July, and August. No-tillage soils produced significant inhibition during the rest of the year also. Mass spectrometry showed fatty acids as the most abundant compounds. However, when bioassayed authentic samples of the five free fatty acids showed no significant biological activity toward wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01026937
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    Allelopathic activity in wheat-conventional and wheat-no-till soils: Development of soil extract bioassays (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2191-2221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cover crops ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; soybean ; Glycine max ; soil extracts ; germination bioassays ; phenolic acids ; hydroxamic acids ; allelopathy ; slope analysis ; ivy-leaved morning glory ; Ipomoea hederacea ; crimson clover ; Trifolium incarnalum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The primary objective of this research was to determine if soil extracts could be used directly in bioassays for the detection of allelopathic activity. Here we describe: (1) a way to estimate levels of allelopathic compounds in soil; (2) how pH, solute potential, and/or ion content of extracts may modify the action of allelopathic compounds on germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ivyleaved morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea L. Jacquin.); and (3) how biological activity of soil extracts may be determined. A water-autoclave extraction procedure was chosen over the immediate-water and 5-hr EDTA extraction procedures, because the autoclave procedure was effective in extracting solution and reversibly bound ferulic acid as well as phenolic acids from wheat debris. The resulting soil extracts were used directly in germination bioassays. A mixture of phenolic acids similar to that obtained from wheat-no-till soils did not affect germination of clover or morning glory and radicle and hypocotyl length of morning glory. The mixture did, however, reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of clover. Individual phenolic acids also did not inhibit germination, but did reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of both species. 6-MBOA (6-methoxy-2,3-benzoxazolinone), a conversion product of 2-o-glucosyl-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, a hydroxamic acid in living wheat plants, inhibited germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. 6-MBOA, however, was not detected in wheat debris, stubble, or soil extracts. Total phenolic acids (FC) in extracts were determined with Folin and Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. Levels of FC in wheat-conventionaltill soil extracts were not related to germination or radicle and hypocotyl length of either species. Levels of FC in wheat-no-till soil extracts were also not related to germination of clover or morning glory, but were inversely related to radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. FC values, solute potential, and acidity of wheat-no-till soil extracts appeared to be independent (additive) in action on clover radicle and hypocotyl length. Radicle and hypocotyl length of clover was inversely related to increasing FC and solute potential and directly related to decreasing acidity. Biological activity of extracts was determined best from slopes of radicle and hypocotyl length obtained from bioassays of extract dilutions. Thus, data derived from the water-autoclave extraction procedure, FC analysis, and slope analysis for extract activity in conjunction with data on extract pH and solute potential can be used to estimate allelopathic activity of wheat-no-till soils
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984946
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    Dabbing and shooting of benzo- and naphthoquinone secretions: Defensive strategies of bark-inhabiting aleocharine (col.: Staphylinidae) and tenebrionid (col.: Tenebrionidae) beetle larvae (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1337-1354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Tenebrionidae ; larvae ; defensive glands ; quinone ; naphthoquinone ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The abdominal glands of three bark-inhabiting larvae of generaBolitochara, Leptusa (Staphylinidae), andHypophloeus (Tenebrionidae) were studied chemically and morphologically. Behavior of the larvae indicated that secretion is emitted only after severe disturbance of the larvae. These mechanical contacts may also occur incidentally with coinhabiting nonpredatory arthropods when the beetle larvae move within small interstices under bark. Depending on the species, the secretions contained 1,4-benzoquinone derivatives and three 6-alkyl-naphthoquinones dissolved within various alkanes, alkenes, ethyl-, isopropyl-, and isoamylesters. More erratically distributed gland constituents also detected were acetophenone, benzyl propionate, and methyl hydroxybenzoate. In the laboratory, synthetic quinone-containing solutions simulating those found inLeptusa andBolitochara larvae acted as strong topical irritants and caused further damage to last-stageCalliphora vomitoria larvae if hydrocarbons or esters were used as solvents. The natural secretions ofHypophloeus versipellis elicited considerable mortality in two subcortical sciarid larvae cooccurring with tenebrionid larvae. Bioassay and secretion chemistry of the Staphylinidae/Tenebrionidae larval secretions indicated that they are typical defensive secretions that act topically. Morphological data characterized Bolitocharini larvae as possessing protuberant abdominal tergites supplied with an interiorly situated gland reservoir. After mechanical contact, the defensive secretion is topically applied to other arthropods by dabbing this tergal protuberance on targets. The defensive gland ofHypophloeus versipellis is unusual in possessing a movable reservoir opening situated at the anterior border of tergite IX. By this peculiar gland morphologyHypophloeus larvae are capable of shooting secretion droplets frontally from their slightly depressed dorsal abdominal surface without bending their abdominal tips dorsally. This seems an adaptation to the interstitial habitat of the larvae. The types of defensive glands and their phylogenetic value in Aleocharinae/Tenebrionidae larvae are discussed.
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    Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA coding for the barley seed protein CMa: an inhibitor of insect α-amylase (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 423-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare L. ; CM protein ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The primary structure of the insect α-amylase inhibitor CMa of barley seeds was deduced from a full-length cDNA clone pc43F6. Analysis of RNA from barley endosperm shows high levels 15 and 20 days after flowering. The cDNA predicts an amino acid sequence of 119 residues preceded by a signal peptide of 25 amino acids. Ala and Leu account for 55% of the signal peptide. CMa is 60–85% identical with α-amylase inhibitors of wheat, but shows less than 50% identity to trypsin inhibitors of barley and wheat. The 10 Cys residues are located in identical positions compared to the cereal inhibitor family with a Pro-X-Cys motif present in all.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034972
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    Homologues of wheat ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes - TaUBC1 and TaUBC4 are encoded by small multigene families in Arabidopsis thaliana (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 651-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: protein degradation ; ubiquitin conjugating enzymes ; DNA repair ; N-end recognition ; wheat ; Arabidopsis thaliana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other cellular proteins has been implicated in a multitude of diverse physiological processes in eukaryotes including selective protein degradation. This attachment is carried out by a multi-enzyme pathway consisting of three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s), and ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s). E2s accept activated ubiquitin from E1 and conjugate it to target proteins with or without the participation of specific E3s. Previously, we have isolated wheat cDNAs encoding 16 and 23 kDa E2s, TaUBC1 and TaUBC4, respectively. TaUBC1 shows structural homology to the yeast RAD6 E2 that is essential for DNA repair whereas TaUBC4 is related to the yeast ScUBC8 E2, both of which effectively conjugate ubiquitin to histones in vitro but as yet are without a known in vivo function. Here, we report the isolation of genomic and cDNA homologues of these genes from Arabidopsis thaliana. In Arabidopsis, both of these E2s are encoded by three member gene families. Members of the AtUBC1 gene family, comprising AtUBC1, 2 and 3, encode 150–152 amino acid proteins that are 83–99% identical to each other and TaUBC1 and contain four introns that are conserved with respect to position. Members of the AtUBC4 gene family, comprising AtUBC4, 5 and 6, encode 187–191 amino acid proteins that are 73–88% identical to each other and TaUBC4 and contain five introns that are conserved with respect to position. In contrast, AtUBC1-3 gene products are only 31–36% identical to those derived from AtUBC4-6. mRNA for each family was detected in Arabidopsis roots, leaves, stems, and flowers indicating that members of each family are expressed in most if not all tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023561
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    Analysis of the gibberellin-responsive promoter of a cathepsin B-like gene from wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 849-856 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: GA regulation ; thiol-protease promoter ; wheat ; aleurone ; particle gun
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A wheat gene (A121) encoding a protein with sequence similarity to mammalian cathepsin B is regulated by gibberellic acid (GA) in aleurone layers of germinating grains. To analyse the mechanism of A121 regulation, its promoter was fused to the β-glucuronidase reporter gene (GUS) and introduced by micro-projectile bombardment into aleurone layers of oat. With 2.3 kb of promoter sequence, the GUS expression was enhanced by GA treatment. This effect was reversed by abscisic acid (ABA). This result showed for A121, like the α-amylase genes, that the regulation by GA and ABA was at the level of transcription. The GA responsiveness of the promoter was retained with as little as 276 bp of promoter sequence. Sequence comparison with a GA responsive promoter of an α-amylase gene identified the conserved element GCAACGGCAACGATGG which is required intact for full expression of both promoters. However, there was no identifiable similarity in the cathepsin-like promoter with the GA-responsive element of α-amylase promoters with the consensus sequence TAACAAA, suggesting that GA affects more than one mechanism of transcriptional control.
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    Sequence analysis of WIS-2-1A, a retrotransposon-like element from wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 991-995 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: retrotransposon-like element ; sequence analysis ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract WIS-2-1A, a 8624 bp insertion in the Glu-1A-2 locus of chromosome 1A of wheat, consists of two 1755 bp long terminal repeats enclosing a 5114 bp internal region. No long open reading frames could be found, but inspection of the predicted amino acid sequence showed regions with homology to retrotransposon structures, including a methionine tRNA initiator binding site, a nucleotide binding domain, a protease, an integrase and a polymerase. DNA replication errors have resulted in frame-shifts in the protein coding region, suggesting that retrotransposition of WIS-2-1A, if it occurs, must be mediated by trans-acting factors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027169
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    DNA amplification fingerprinting of the Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 363-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: eukaryotic ; arbitrary oligonucleotide primer ; PCR ; prokaryotic ; silver staining ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis has been used for centuries as a nitrogen biofertilizer in rice paddies. Genetic improvement of the symbiosis has been limited by the difficulty in identifying Azolla-Anabaena accessions and Anabaena azollae strains. The recently developed technique of DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) was applied to this problem. DAF uses single, short, oligonucleotide primers of arbitrary sequence to direct amplification of a characteristic set of DNA products by a thermostable DNA polymerase in a thermocycling reaction. The products are separated in polyacrylamide gels and detected by silver staining. DAF could easily distinguish and positively identify accessions of Azolla-Anabaena with DNA extracted from the intact symbioses. The contribution of prokaryotic Anabaena sequences to the fingerprint of the intact symbioses, however, ranged from 0 to 77%, depending on the primer sequence. Therefore, DNA extracted from the intact symbioses would not be suitable for Azolla taxonomy studies. The fingerprints of Anabaena strains isolated by sucrose gradient centrifugation from different species of Azolla could be easily distinguished, and DAF patterns were used to confirm the maternal pattern of transmission of Anabaena in a sexual hybrid. Template DNA extracted from roots was used to produce fingerprints for Azolla without interference from the microsymbiont. Comparison of the patterns from the parents and a hybrid gave strong evidence confirming sexual hybridization.
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    Destabilization of pea lectin by substitution of a single amino acid in a surface loop (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 1039-1046 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: antinutritional factor ; pea lectin ; site-directed mutagenesis ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Legume lectins are considered to be antinutritional factors (ANF) in the animal feeding industry. Inactivation of ANF is an important element in processing of food. In our study on the stability ofPisum sativum L. lectin (PSL), a conserved hydrophobic amino acid (Val103) in a surface loop was replaced with alanine. The mutant lectin, PSL V103A, showed a decrease in unfolding temperature (T m ) by some 10 °C in comparison with wild-type (wt) PSL, and the denaturation energy (ΔH) is only about 55% of that of wt PSL. Replacement of an adjacent amino acid (Phe104) with alanine did not result in a significant difference in stability in comparison with wt PSL. Both mutations did not change the sugarbinding properties of the lectin, as compared with wt PSL and with PSL from pea seeds, at ambient temperatures. The double mutant, PSL V103A/F104A, was produced inEscherichia coli, but could not be isolated in an active (i.e. sugar-binding) form. Interestingly, the mutation in PSL V103A reversibly affected sugar-binding at 37 °C, as judged from haemagglutination assays. These results open the possibility of production of lectins that are activein planta at ambient temperatures, but are inactive and possibly non-toxic at 37 °C in the intestines of mammals.
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    Single-seed PCR of LMW glutenin genes to distinguish between durum wheat cultivars with good and poor technological properties (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 1173-1176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: polymerase chain reaction ; LMW glutenin genes ; wheat ; quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin sequences from genomic DNA extracted from a single germinating seed of several durum wheat genotypes. Electrophoretic analysis of PCR reactions showed the presence of amplified products characteristic of durum wheat cultivars with good and poor technological properties. This PCR-based approach is proposed as a very efficient and safe alternative to standard procedures for selecting durum wheat genotypes with good qualitative characteristics.
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    In vitro processing of transcripts containing novel tRNA-like sequences (‘t-elements’) encoded by wheat mitochondrial DNA (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 15 (1990), S. 551-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: tRNA-like sequences ; t-elements ; RNA processing ; mitochondria ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have recently described the properties of a wheat mitochondrial extract that is able to process, accurately and efficiently, artificial transcripts containing wheat mitochondrial tRNA sequences, with the production of mature tRNAs (P.J. Hanic-Joyce and M.W. Gray, J. Biol. Chem., in press). Such processing involves 5′-endonucleolytic, 3′-endonucleolytic, and TRNA nucleotidyltransferase activities. Here we show that this system also acts on transcripts containing sequences corresponding to an unusual class of short repeats (‘t-elements’) in wheat mtDNA. These repeats are theoretically capable of assuming a tRNA-like secondary structure, although stable transcripts corresponding to them are not detectable in vivo. We find that t-element sequences are processed with the same specificity and with comparable efficiency as are authentic tRNA sequences. Because known t-elements are located close to and in the same transcriptional orientation as active genes (18S-5S, 26S, tRNAPro) in wheat mtDNA, our results raise the question of whether t-elements play a role in gene expression in wheat mitochondria.
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    Characterization of members of a pseudogene subfamily of the wheat α-gliadin storage protein genes (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 335-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Triticum ; wheat ; endosperm ; gliadin ; pseudogene ; duplication ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020565
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    Wheat ubiquitin gene exhibits a conserved protein coding region and a diverged 3′ non-coding region (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 907-908 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ubiquitin ; wheat ; heat shock protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015082
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    Site-directed mutagenesis and expression inEscherichia coli of WMAI-1, a wheat monomeric inhibitor of insect α-amylase (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 1005-1011 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: α-amylase inhibitor ; expression inE. coli ; glycosylation versus activity ; insect α-amylase ; mutagenesis ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The wheat monomeric inhibitor WMAI-1 (syn. 0.28) produced inEscherichia coli using the pT7-7 expression ventor has the correct N-terminal sequence and the same electrophoretic mobility and specific activity towards the α-amylase from the insectTenebrio molitor as the native WMAI-1 isolated from wheat. This confirms that the native inhibitor is not glycosylated and contradicts claims that a putative glycosyl moiety was essential for inhibition. Thirteen mutants have been obtained at six different sites. Substitution of the highly conserved N-terminal S by the sequence ARIRAR increased the pre-incubation time required for maximum activity. A similar result was obtained by insertion of GPRLPW after position 4, while insertion of EPRAPW at the same position rendered the inhibitor inactive. The substitution D/EGPRL and insertions DGP or D, at position 58, produced complete inactivation. All other mutations had only minor effects on activity.
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    A Triticum aestivum cDNA clone encoding a low-molecular-weight heat shock protein (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 273-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Tahsp17.3 ; low-molecular-weight HSP ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039504
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    Unusual sequence of group 3 LEA (II) mRNA inducible by dehydration stress in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 907-912 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; dehydration ; LEA ; water stress ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA clone, pMA1949, detects two mRNA species in wheat seedling tissue that are late embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) and dehydration stress-inducible. Sequence analysis of the pMA1949 clone shows it to be a 991 bp partial cDNA encoding a polypeptide of 317 amino acids with homology to two group 3 LEA proteins, carrot (DC8) and a soybean protein encoded by pGmPM2 cDNA. Molecular analysis of the deduced protein reveals a 33 kDa acidic and extremely hydrophilic protein with potential amphiphilic α-helical regions. In addition, the protein contains eleven similar, contiguous repeats of 11 amino acids, which are separated by 118 amino acids from two additional and unique repeats of 36 residues each at the carboxyl end of the protein. Comparisons of sequences of reported group 3 LEA proteins revealed that there are two types, separable by sequence similarity of the 11 amino acid repeating motifs and by the presence or absence of a certain amino acid stretch at the carboxyl terminus. Based on resuls from these comparisons, we propose a second type of group 3 LEA proteins, called group 3 LEA (II).
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    Wheat acetyl-CoA carboxylase (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 547-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: acetyl-CoA carboxylase ; chloroplast ; haloxyfop ; herbicide ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The acetyl-CoA carboxylase present in both wheat germ and total wheat leaf protein contains ca. 220 kDa subunits. It is the major biotin-dependent carboxylase present in wheat chloroplasts. Active acetyl-CoA carboxylase purified from wheat germ is a homodimer with an apparent molecular mass of ca. 500 kDa. The enzyme from wheat germ or from wheat chloroplasts is sensitive to the herbicide haloxyfop at micromolar levels. The incorporation of 14C-acetate into fatty acids in freshly cut wheat seedling leaves provides a convenient in vivo assay for both acetyl-CoA carboxylase and haloxyfop.
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    Purification and characterization of (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucan endohydrolases from germinated wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 847-859 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: amino acid sequence ; cDNA ; germination ; (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanases ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase [(1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanase, EC 3.2.1.73] was purified to homogeneity from extracts of germinated wheat grain. The enzyme, which was identified as an endohydrolase on the basis of oligosaccharide products released from a (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucan substrate, has an apparent pI of 8.2 and an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa. Western blot analyses with specific monoclonal antibodies indicated that the enzyme is related to (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanase isoenzyme EI from barley. The complete primary structure of the wheat (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanase has been deduced from nucleotide sequence analysis of cDNAs isolated from a library prepared using poly(A)+ RNA from gibberellic acid-treated wheat aleurone layers. One cDNA, designated λLW2, is 1426 nucleotide pairs in length and encodes a 306 amino acid enzyme, together with a NH2-terminal signal peptide of 28 amino acid residues. The mature polypeptide encoded by this cDNA has a molecular mass of 32085 and a predicted pI of 8.1. The other cDNA, designated λLW1, carries a 109 nucleotide pair sequence at its 5′ end that is characteristic of plant introns and therefore appears to have been synthesized from an incompletely processed mRNA. Comparison of the coding and 3′-untranslated regions of the two cDNAs reveals 31 nucleotide substitutions, but none of these result in amino acid substitutions. Thus, the cDNAs encode enzymes with identical primary structures, but their corresponding mRNAs may have originated from homeologous chromosomes in the hexaploid wheat genome.
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    Isolation and analysis of a cDNA clone encoding the small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 23 (1993), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; cDNA clone ; ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase ; small-subunit ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length cDNA clone from hexaploid bread wheat, encoding the small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, has been isolated from an endosperm cDNA library. The cDNA insert has an open reading frame which encodes a protein of 473 amino acids (52.1 kDa). The presence of a chloroplast/amyloplast transit peptide of 22 amino acids is proposed. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibits a high degree of homology with the small subunit ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase proteins from rice (with 90% of identical amino acids) and potato (with 86% of identical amino acids) and contains conserved sequence elements which are thought to represent the substrate binding and allosteric activator sites. The genes are organised as single-copy loci on chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D in the wheat genome and are highly expressed during grain development. Homologous transcripts are expressed in leaves and roots.
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    Cloning of cDNA and chromosomal location of genes encoding the three types of subunits of the wheat tetrameric inhibitor of insect α-amylase (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 14 (1990), S. 845-853 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: α-amylase tetrameric inhibitor ; cDNA cloning ; genetic mapping ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have characterized three cDNA clones corresponding to proteins CM1, CM3 and CM16, which represent the three types of subunits of the wheat tetrameric inhibitor of insect α-amylases. The deduced amino acid sequences of the mature polypeptides are homologous to those of the dimeric and monomeric α-amylase inhibitors and of the trypsin inhibitors. The mature polypeptides are preceded by typical signal peptides. Southern blot analysis of appropriate aneuploids, using the cloned cDNAs as probes, has revealed the location of genes for subunits of the CM3 and of the CM16 type within a few kb of each other in chromosomes 4A, 4B and 4D, and those for the CM1 type of subunit in chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D. Known subunits of the tetrameric inhibitor corresponding to genes from the B and D genomes have been previously characterized. No proteins of this class have been found to be encoded by the A genome in hexaploid wheat (genomes AA, BB, DD) or in diploid wheats (AA) and no anti α-amylase activity has been detected in the latter, so that the A-genome genes must be either silent (pseudogenes) or expressed at a much lower level.
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    Cloning and sequencing of cDNAs encoding a pathogen-induced putative peroxidase of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 329-331 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: pathogen-induced ; peroxidase ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report here the complete amino acid sequence of a pathogen-induced putative peroxidase from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as deduced from cDNA clones representing mRNA from leaves infected with the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe graminis. The protein consists of 312 amino acids, of which the first 22 form a putative signal sequence, and has a calculated pI of 5.7. Sequence comparison revealed that the putative wheat peroxidase is most similar to the turnip (Brassica rapa) peroxidase, with which it shares 57% identical and 13% conserved amino acids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020563
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    Sequence and tissue-specific expression of a putative peroxidase gene from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 171-174 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: peroxidase gene ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have used a cDNA clone encoding a pathogen-induced putative wheat peroxidase to screen a genomic libary of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Cheyenne) and isolated one positive clone, lambda POX1. Sequence analysis revealed that this clone contains a gene encoding a putative peroxidase with a calculated pI of 8.1 which exhibits 58% and 83% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of the turnip (Brassica rapa) peroxidase and a pathogen-induced putative wheat peroxidase, respectively. The two introns in the wheat gene are at the same positions as introns in the peroxidase genes of tomato and horseradish. Results of S1-mapping experiments suggest that this gene is neither pathogen-nor wound-induced in leaves but is constitutively expressed in roots.
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    Sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding a Group 3 LEA mRNA inducible by ABA or dehydration stress in wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 1073-1076 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; dehydration ; LEA ; water stress ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA clone (pMA2005) of a Group 3 LEA (late embryogenesis abundant) protein has been sequenced from wheat. The wheat cDNA clone codes for a protein with ten tandem repeats of an 11 amino acid sequence and has homology to other Group 3 LEAs reported in barley, carrot, cotton and rape (L. Dure et al., Plant Mol Biol 12: 475–486, 1989). The deduced amino acid sequence indicates that the wheat protein has a molecular weight of 23 000 and is a basic, hydrophilic protein. Northern analysis with the cDNA clone shows that dehydration of wheat shoot tissue results in increased transcript levels that correlate with increases in endogenous ABA.
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    A chimeric gene (orf256) is expressed as protein only in cytoplasmic male-sterile lines of wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 535-539 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cytoplasmic male sterility ; coxI ; mitochondria ; membrane protein ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria derived from Triticum timopheevi have a chimeric gene, orf256, immediately upstream from coxI. Antibodies to a peptide corresponding to a part of the encoded amino acid sequence of orf256 detect a 7 kDa protein on western blots of mitochondrial proteins from cytoplasmic male-sterile (cms) wheat (T. aestivum nucleus, T. timopheevi mitochondria) but not in mitochondrial proteins from T. aestivum, T. timopheevi, or cms plants restored to fertility by introduction of nuclear genes for fertility restoration. The 7 kDa protein appears to serve as a marker for cms wheat. Its occurrence as an integral protein of the inner membrane may indicate a cms effect through an influence on mitochondrial membrane function.
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    Sharp divergence between wheat and barley at loci encoding novel members of the trypsin/α-amylase inhibitors family (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1231-1236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chromosome mapping ; inhibitors of trypsin/α-amylases ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Amino acid sequences for three members (CMx1, CMx2, and CMx3) of a new subfamily of trypsin/α-amylase inhibitors in wheat have been deduced from the nucleotide sequences of the corresponding cDNAs. A cDNA clone encoding CMx1 was selected from a wheat developing endosperm library using a probe that encoded barley trypsin inhibitor BTI-CMe at low stringency. Sequences corresponding to CMx2 and CMx3 were obtained from cDNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. The three CMx sequences contain a premature stop codon after 363 nt, as well as a second stop codon at the same position as in BTI-CMe (nt 439–441). Southern analysis of DNAs from diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid wheats, as well as from aneuploid lines, indicate that there is a single CMx locus in each of the three genomes of hexaploid wheat, respectively associated with chromosomal arms 4AS, 4BS, and 4DL. These genes are expressed early during endosperm development and not expressed at detectable levels in other tissues. Evolutionary implications are discussed.
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    Characterization of the wheat mitochondrial orf25 gene (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 15 (1990), S. 793-795 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: mitochondrial gene ; ORF25 ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The wheat mitochondrial orf25 nucleotide sequence of 576 pb has been determined. Its derived protein sequence shares 88% and 75% amino acid identity with those of maize and tobacco mitochondria, respectively. The wheat and tobacco orf25 sequences lack four inserts, of 6 bp to 36 bp, that are present in the maize homologue. The wheat orf25 gene is actively transcribed and is preceded by a regulatory sequence block very similar to those located upstream of the wheat coxII and atp6 genes. Our observations support the view that orf25 sequences encode a functional polypeptide in plant mitochondria.
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    A novel proline-rich protein from wheat (1991)
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    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 663-670 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; proline-rich protein ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA (WPRP1) encoding a wheat proline-rich protein has been isolated and sequenced. The amino acid composition shows 45% proline, with high levels of methionine, lysine and glutamic acid. The derived 378 residue amino acid sequence has a highly repetitive structure which is unlike those of other proline-rich proteins. The WPRP1 cDNA clone was used to determine the copy number and chromosomal location of the WPRP1 gene by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of wheat inbred lines. Although WPRP1 is encoded by a single-copy gene it is also a representative of a larger family of related sequences. RNA gel blot analysis showed that expression of WPRP1 is highest in rapidly growing tissue which together with its amino acid composition suggests a structural role for the encoded protein.
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    A wheat glutathione-S-transferase gene with transposon-like sequences in the promoter region (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 1089-1091 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; glutathione-S-transferase ; transposon-like sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016083
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    Nucleotide sequence of a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cDNA clone encoding the waxy protein (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 1099-1101 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; cDNA clone ; waxy protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016086
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    Structure and sequence of a wheat phosphoribulokinase gene (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 167-168 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast ; monocot gene ; phosphoribulokinase ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036823
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    Nucleotide sequence of a Triticum aestivum cDNA clone which is homologous to the 26 kDa chloroplast-localized heat shock protein gene of maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 255-258 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Tahsp26.6 ; chloroplast-localized HSP ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039500
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    Analysis of nuclear proteins interacting with a wheat α/β-gliadin seed storage protein gene (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 25-41 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gliadin storage proteins ; wheat ; transcriptional regulation ; nuclear proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The promoter region (−524 to −46) of the wheat α/β-gliadin seed storage protein gene was analyzed for interactions with nuclear proteins from developing wheat seeds. Six complexes were detected within the first 165 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. One of the proteins was a non-sequence specific AT-binding protein. The remaining five proteins bound in a sequence specific manner. One (CABP) mapped to a conserved CA-rich element at −134 to −112 while another (PalBP) mapped to an adjacent, palindromic sequence at −112 to −106. Three proteins (CTBPs 1–3) formed complexes at two, independent homologous sites. The activities of four of the binding proteins, CTBPs 1–3 and CABP, exhibited similar patterns of expression during seed development: they first appeared at early to mid stages, reached a maximum at mid stage and subsequently decreased, paralleling the pattern of gliadin mRNA accumulation. The non-specific AT-binding protein was detected at relatively high levels only at mid development. PalBP activity, on the other hand, first appeared at mid stage and was present at a constant level throughout later stages of development. The results suggest that the binding proteins may regulate gliadin expression in an antagonistic manner.
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    A light- and developmentally-regulated DNA-binding interaction is common to the upstream sequences of the wheat Calvin cycle bisphosphatase genes (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 507-516 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Calvin cycle genes ; DNA-binding proteins ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have characterised a DNA-binding interaction common to the upstream sequences of the wheat fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase) genes. The recognition site for this sequence-specific binding activity, designated wheat FBPase factor (WF-1), is located within 125 bp of the transcription start site of each gene. Within these regions there are no sequence motifs similar to those shown to be important for light-regulated expression in other species. The binding activity was not detected in wheat root nuclear extracts, or in pea leaf extracts. There was a higher level of binding activity in light-grown than in dark-grown wheat leaves. The level was also found to decline when light-grown plants were given an extended dark treatment, but could be reinduced by light. Utilising the gradient of developmental maturity which exists within the wheat leaf it was found that WF-1 activity increases during leaf development.
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    Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding the TATA box-binding protein (TFIID) from wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 867-872 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: TATA box ; TFIID ; transcription factor ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We isolated a complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding the TATA-binding factor ‘TFIID’ from a wheat seedling cDNA library. The wheat TFIID transcript of 1.2 kb poly(A)+ RNA was expressed at a low level early in germination, but gradually increased as the seedlings developed. In vitro binding experiments showed that the bacterially expressed wheat TFIID protein could specifically bind to the TATA boxes of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S, wheat histone H3 and adenovirus major late genes with different affinity. A comparison with Arabidopsis TFIID showed the presence of a plant-specific region consisting of 13 amino acids at the divergent amino terminus and a conserved region (182 amino acids) at the carboxy terminus longer than that observed in yeasts (180 amino acids) and animals (181 amino acids).
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    Nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA in diploid wheat,Triticum speltoides L. (Tausch) Gren. ex Richter (Gramineae) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 157-158 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: rRNA ; PCR ; ITS ; DNA sequence ; nucleotide ; Triticum speltoides ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029158
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    Nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA in wheat,Triticum aestivum L. (Gramineae) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 159-160 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: rRNA ; PCR ; ITS ; DNA sequence ; nucleotide ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029159
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    Sequence and organization of a 7.2 kb region of wheat mitochondrial DNA containing the large subunit (26S) rRNA gene (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 347-352 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: mitochondrial DNA ; repeated sequences ; ribosomal RNA ; t-elements ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report the sequence of a 7.2 kilobase pair DNA fragment containing a copy of the wheat mitochondrial gene (rrn26) that encodes the mitochondrial large-subunit ribosomal RNA (26S rRNA). The mature 26S rRNA was determined by direct RNA sequencing to be 3467 nucleotides long, and to share a 5′-terminal pentanucleotide (5′-AUCAU), thought to be important in post-transcriptional processing, with the wheat mitochondrial small-subunit (18S) rRNA. Two other prominent features of the sequence were noted. First, upstream of rrn26 are located two tandem copies of a 70 base pair element containing a putative mitochondrial promoter motif (TCGTATAAAAA). Second, downstream of rrn26 is a sequence element that, if transcribed, would produce and RNA with a secondary structure resembling that of tRNAs but differing sufficiently from the latter structure to preclude any transcript from functioning normally in translation. These upstream and downstream sequence elements may play a role in the expression of rrn26 in wheat mitochondria.
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    A ribosomal protein S10 gene is found in the mitochondrial genome in Solanum tuberosum (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 743-749 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: apocytochrome b pseudogene ; pea cox1 ; plant mitochondria ; potato ; S10 ribosomal protein ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The S10 ribosomal protein gene (rps10), which has not been previously reported in any angiosperm mitochondrial genome, was identified by sequence analysis in the potato mitochondrial DNA. This gene is found downstream of a truncated non-functional apocytochrome b (cob) pseudogene, and is expressed as multiple transcripts ranging in size from 0.8 to 5.0 kb. Southern hybridization analysis indicates that rps10-homologous sequences are not present in the wheat mitochondrial genome. Sequence analysis of a single-copy region of the pea mitochondrial genome located upstream of cox1 [11] shows that a non-functional rps10 pseudogene is present in this species. These results suggest that the functional genes coding for wheat and pea mitochondrial RPS10 polypeptides have been translocated to the nucleus.
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    Dynamical behavior of psb gene transcripts in greening wheat seedlings. I. Time course of accumulation of the psbA through psbN gene transcripts during light-induced greening (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 695-704 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast ; gene expression ; photosystem 2 ; transcription ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The time course of the accumulation of the transcripts from 13 psb genes encoding a major part of the proteins composing photosystem II during light-induced greening of dark-grown wheat seedlings was examined focusing on early stages of plastid development (0.5 h through 72 h). The 13 genes can be divided into three groups. (1) The psbA gene is transcribed as a single transcript of 1.3 kb in the dark-grown seedlings, but its level increases 5- to 7-fold in response to light due to selective increase in RNA stability as well as in transcription activity. (2) The psbE-F-L-J operon, psbM and psbN genes are transcribed as a single transcript of 1.1 kb, two transcripts of 0.5 and 0.7 kb and a single transcript of 0.3 kb, respectively, in the dark-grown seedlings. The levels of accumulation of every transcript remain unchanged or rather decrease during plastid development under illumination. (3) The psbK-I-D-C gene cluster and psbB-H operon exhibit fairly complicated northern hybridization patterns during the greening process. When a psbC or psbD gene probe was used for northern hybridization, five transcripts differing in length were detected in the etioplasts from 5-day old dark-grown seedlings. After 2 h illumination, two new transcripts of different length appeared. Light induction of new transcripts was also observed in the psbB-H operon.
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    Triticum aestivum puroindolines, two basic cystine-rich seed proteins: cDNA sequence analysis and developmental gene expression (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 43-57 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA sequence ; cystine-rich proteins ; gene expression ; puroindolines ; tryptophan-rich domain ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract From a mid-maturation seed cDNA library we have isolated cDNA clones encoding two Triticum aestivum puroindolines. Puroindoline-a and puroindoline-b, which are 55% similar, are basic, cystine-rich and tryptophan-rich proteins. Puroindolines are synthezised as preproproteins which include N- and C-terminal propeptides which could be involved in their vacuolar localization. The mature proteins have a molecular mass of 13 kDa and a calculated isoelectric point greater than 10. A notable feature of the primary structure of puroindolines is the presence of a tryptophan-rich domain which also contains basic residues. A similar tryptophan-rich domain was found within an oat seed protein and a mammalian antimicrobial peptide. The ten cysteine residues of puroindolines are organized in a cysteine skeleton which shows similarity to the cysteine skeleton of other wheat seed cystine-rich proteins. Northern blot analysis showed that puroindoline genes are specifically expressed in T. aestivum developing seeds. No puroindoline transcripts as well as no related genes were detected in Triticum durum. The identity of puroindolines to wheat starch-granule associated proteins is discussed as well as the potential role of puroindolines in the plant defence mechanism.
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    The reduced stability of a plant alcohol dehydrogenase is due to the substitution of serine for a highly conserved phenylalanine residue (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 643-655 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; cDNA ; enzyme ; tepary ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The zinc-binding long-chain alcohol dehydrogenases from plants and animals exhibit a considerable level of amino acid sequence conservation. While the functional importance of many of the conserved residues is known, the role of others has not yet been determined. We have identified a naturally occurring Adh-1 allele in the legume Phaseolus acutifolius with several unusual characteristics. Individuals homozygous for this allele, Adh-1CN, possess a single isozyme starch gel electrophoretic pattern suggestive of a null allele, and exhibit ADH enzyme activity levels ca. 60% lower than the standard wild-type Adh-1F line. Interestingly, analysis of Adh-1CN homozygotes on an alternative gel system indicates that Adh-1CN does encode a polypeptide capable of forming functional homo- and heterodimers. However, the levels of ADH activity displayed by these isozymes are far lower than those observed for the corresponding wild type ADH-1F isozymes. Dialysis experiments indicate that isozymes containing the ADH-1CN polypeptide are inactivated by slightly acidic conditions, which may explain the apparent null phenotype on starch gels. Elevated temperatures cause a similar loss of enzyme activity. The deduced amino acid sequences of ADH-1CN and ADH-1F were obtained from their corresponding cDNA clones, and the only significant difference detected between the two is a single amino acid replacement substitution. Residue 144 is occupied by phenylalanine in the ADH-1F polypeptide, whereas serine occupies this position in the ADH-1CN polypeptide. The proximity of residue 144 to the catalytic zinc in the substrate-binding pocket, coupled with the fact that it is integral to a defined hydrophobic core of the ADH polypeptide, may explain the observed disruptive effect that the serine substitution has on both the activity and stability of the ADH-1CN polypeptide. It also provides an explanation for the maintenance of phenylalanine or the structurally similar tyrosine at this residue in Zn-binding long-chain ADHs.
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    Persistence, stability and level crossings in an integrodifferential system (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 32 (1994), S. 395-426 
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    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Uniform persistence ; stability ; Lyapunov functional ; level-crossing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Dynamical characteristics of an integrodifferential system modelling two species competition with hereditary effects are investigated; in particular we derive sufficient conditions for the persistence of the species, existence of an attracting periodic solution and ‘level-crossings’ of solutions about the periodic solution.
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    Single-locus gametophytic incompatibility: the symmetric equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 32 (1994), S. 515-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Gametophytic incompatibility ; model ; equilibrium ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The deterministic dynamics of the classical single-locus multiple-allele model of gametophytic incompatibility is analyzed with the intention to prove the conjecture that the symmetric state (uniform distribution of genotypes) is the only polymorphic equilibrium and that this equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable in the interior of the frequency simplex. It is shown that the minimum allelic frequency increases strictly over the generations as long as a uniform allelic distribution is not realized. Hence, the minimum allelic frequency is a Ljapunov function for the invariant set of genotypic frequencies characterized by a uniform allelic distribution. Within this set, the uniform genotypic distribution is approached in an exponential fashion, which proves the assertion. An evolutionary optimization rule associated with the global convergence to the symmetric state is implied by the fact that at this state the overall amount of pollen elimination resulting from incompatible crosses is minimized.
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    Existence and stability of equilibria in age-structured population dynamics (1984)
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    Journal of mathematical biology 20 (1984), S. 259-276 
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    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Age-structured population dynamics ; equilibria ; stability ; bifurcation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The existence of positive equilibrium solutions of the McKendrick equations for the dynamics of an age-structured population is studied as a bifurcation phenomenon using the inherent net reproductive rate n as a bifurcation parameter. The local existence and uniqueness of a branch of positive equilibria which bifurcates from the trivial (identically zero) solution at the critical value n=1 are proved by implicit function techniques under very mild smoothness conditions on the death and fertility rates as functional of age and population density. This first requires the development of a suitable linear theory. The lowest order terms in the Liapunov-Schmidt expansions are also calculated. This local analysis supplements earlier global bifurcation results of the author. The stability of both the trivial and the positive branch equilibria is studied by means of the principle of linearized stability. It is shown that in general the trivial solution losses stability as n increases through one while the stability of the branch solution is stable if and only if the bifurcation is supercritical. Thus the McKendrick equations exhibit, in the latter case, a standard exchange of stability with regard to equilibrium states as they depend on the inherent net reproductive rate. The derived lower order terms in the Liapunov-Schmidt expansions yield formulas which explicitly relate the direction of bifurcation to properties of the age-specific death and fertility rates as functionals of population density. Analytical and numerical results for some examples are given which illustrate these results.
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    Predator-prey relationships: Indiscriminate predation (1984)
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    Journal of mathematical biology 21 (1984), S. 25-34 
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    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Predator-prey ; density dependence ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The Gurtin and Levine model5 is studied in this paper under the assumption that the fecundity of prey depends on age as well as on the total population sizes of prey and predators. The purpose of this study is to see the effect of this density dependence on the stability criteria for the equilibria of the model equations. It is shown that there are cases when, due to density dependence, the model which is originally neutrally stable becomes stable.
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    The genetical control of tissue-specific peroxidases,Per-1,Per-2,Per-3,Per-4, andPer-5 in wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 305-313 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Peroxidase ; Isoelectric focusing ; Hexaploid ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Isoelectric focusing (IEF) of extracts from different tissues of hexaploid wheat cv “Chinese Spring” provided a method of distinguishing and identifying the four known, and one newly discovered, sets of genes encoding peroxidase isozyme production.Per-1, carried on the short arms of homoeologous group 1 chromosomes, shows a high degree of conservation and is active in coleoptile tissue.Per-2, carried on the short arms of group 2 chromosomes, shows some polymorphism and is most active in root tissue.Per-3, on the long arms of group 3 chromosomes, is highly variable and most active in embryo tissue.Per-4, carried on chromosome arms7AS,4AL, and7DS, is quite variable and most active in endosperm tissue. (The chromosome nomenclature used in this paper is that agreed to by the 7th International Wheat Genetics Symposium, where the previous designations of4A and4B were reversed.) Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-based maps of the group 7 chromosomes were used to locatePer-A4 to a distal region of7AS. In addition, a further set of genes was identified as being active in root tissue. In wheat a single locus,Per-D5, was found on chromosome arm2DS.
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    Three species of rust fungi (Uredinales) from Okinawa, Japan (1994)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 35 (1994), S. 125-129 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: rust fungus ; taxonomy ; Puccinia tarennicola ; Uredinales ; Uredo daphniphylli ; Uredo pipturi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three species of rust fungi were reported based on the specimens collected in the islands of the Yaeyama group and Okinawa, Japan.Puccinia tarennicola onTarenna gracilipes andUredo daphniphylli onDaphniphyllum teijsmannii were described as new species.Villebrunea frutescens was added to the host plants ofUredo pipturi.
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    Some observations on cell wall structure and taxonomy ofPhymatodocis nordstedtiana (Conjugatophyceae, Chlorophyta) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 217-225 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Conjugatophyceae ; Desmidiales ; Phymatodocis nordstedtiana ; Cell wall ; pore apparatus ; taxonomy ; ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Filaments ofPhymatodocis nordstedtiana Wolle were isolated from a sample of a Texan lake. Cultures were established and examined by light and scanning electron (SEM) as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is shown that the pores apparent on light microscopical examination are not of the cosmaroid type as expected. TEM examination disclosed that they are similar to those found in the generaClosterium Ralfs andPenium Bréb. Furthermore, it could be demonstrated by light and SEM microscopy that the primary cell wall is shed during cell division. The remaining secondary cell wall of the mature cell consists of interwoven bands of parallel microfibrils. A conspicuous overlap of the semicell walls clearly denotes the isthmus region. The significance of these deviations unusual for desmids is discussed. Suggestions are made that the taxonomic position ofPh. nordstedtiana should be re-evaluated.
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    Pollen diameter and fertility in nine species ofPuccinellia (Poaceae) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 191 (1994), S. 161-170 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Poaceae ; Puccinellia ; Pollen maximum diameter ; pollen fertility ; taxonomy ; Flora of the Iberian Peninsula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diameter and fertility of pollen grains were surveyed in nine species ofPuccinellia Parl. (Poaceae), mainly from the Iberian Peninsula, allowing information about reproductive behaviour and biological characteristics of pollen of these taxa. Maximum diameter was measured with an image processor and fertility was evaluated by staining the grains with Müntzing's mixture. Significant differences in both characters were found between the taxa. In consequence, maximum diameter and fertility proved to have some taxonomic relevance inPuccinellia.
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    Isoenzyme evidence on the systematics ofHordeum sectionMarina (Poaceae) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 191 (1994), S. 213-226 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Poaceae ; Hordeum ; Isoenzymes ; taxonomy ; phylogenetic species ; sibling species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological differentiation of diploid accessions ofHordeum marinum Huds. s.l. into two varieties, var.marinum and var.fouilladei (Rouy)Nevski is associated with isoenzyme differentiation. The tetraploid form ofH. marinum s.l. exhibited fixed heterozygosity of several heterozymes with one homoeozyme shared with var.fouilladei and the second homoeozyme not found in the two diploids. It also differed from both diploids in the mobility of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. All three taxa differed in morphs of EST-A. It is concluded that the tetraploid is an allopolyploid with one genome closely related to the diploid var.fouilladei and with the second genome divergent from those of both diploids by genes for unique morphs of eight homoeozymes. On the basis of the isoenzyme data, three phylogenetic sibling species—H. marinum Huds. s.str. (2x),H. geniculatum All. s.str. (= var.fouilladei, 2x), andH. caudatum Jaaska, spec. nova (4x), are proposed within theH. marinum s.l. complex and a key is given.
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    Chemical variation in two species of theLecanora subfusca group (Lecanoraceae, lichenizedAscomycotina) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 191 (1994), S. 227-236 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Lichenized fungi ; Lecanoraceae ; Lecanora epibryon ; L. subimmersa ; Chemotaxonomy ; biogeography ; taxonomy ; xanthones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chemical variation inLecanora epibryon andL. subimmersa, two species of theL. subfusca group, has been examined. In both species the chemical differences are correlated with geographical distribution, but not with morphological differences. As a consequence the chemotypes are recognized at subspecific level. InL. epibryon three chemical races are segregated according to the various chemosyndromes present. Subspeciesepibryon, containing atranorin and triterpenoids, occurs in the northern hemisphere and South America, while the other two subspecies occur only in the southern hemisphere. The subsp.broccha (Nyl.)Lumbsch, comb. nova, contains atranorin, the stictic acid and the 2,5,7-trichloro-3-O-methylnorlichexanthone chemosyndromes, while subsp.xanthophora Lumbsch, subsp. nova, is similar but lacks the stictic acid chemosyndrome. Two chemical races occur in the pantropical speciesL. subimmersa. While subsp.subimmersa contains atranorin and zeorin, subsp.ramboldii Lumbsch & Elix, subsp. nova, contains an additional ten chlorinated xanthones.L. impressa is reduced to synonymy toL. subimmersa.
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    The genusIschnea (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) in New Guinea (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 191 (1994), S. 247-263 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Senecioneae ; Blennospermatinae ; Ischnea ; Revision ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The endemic New Guinean genusIschnea F. Muell. (Asteraceae, Senecioneae, Blennospermatinae) is revised and four species are recognized. Characters of special interest are tubeless ray florets, male disc florets, and secretory spaces in leaves. A principal component analysis is made on theIschnea elachoglossa F. Muell. complex which shows great variation. One new species,I. capellana Swenson, from the Star Mountains, is described. A key, illustrations, and distribution maps to all species are supplied.
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    Phylogenetic relationships of theJuglandaceae (1994)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 192 (1994), S. 11-29 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Hamamelidae ; Juglandaceae ; rbcL ; phylogeny ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cladistic analysis of molecular data from the chloroplast generbcL was used to examine the taxonomic relationships of the walnut family (Juglandaceae). In addition, chemical and morphological data from a previous study byHufford (1992) were incorporated, expanded, and analyzed independently and in combination with the molecular data. The results of these analyses suggest that theJuglandaceae are more closely related to theFagaceae, Betulaceae, Casuarinaceae, andUrticaceae and their relatives (sensuCronquist 1981) than they are to theAnacardiaceae (sensuThorne 1983). However, sequence data fromrbcL also suggest a relationship between the higherHamamelidae and certain families in theRosidae sensuCronquist 1981 (such asRosaceae andRhamnaceae), an outcome which would add credence to the widely accepted view of the polyphyletic nature of theHamamelidae.
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    Chemistry and micromorphology of compound epicuticular wax crystalloids (Strelitzia type) (1994)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 193 (1994), S. 115-123 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Strelitzia ; Heliconia ; Typha ; Benincasa ; Epicuticular wax ; wax ultrastructure ; wax chemistry ; systematics ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Certain non-liliiflorous taxa within the monocotyledons (e.g.,Strelitzia, Heliconia, Typha) are characterized by compound epicuticular wax rodlets (Strelitzia type). Similar rodlets are also encountered on the surface of the dicotyledonous plantBenincasa hispida (Thunb.)Cogn. Chemical analysis of the surface wax from both sources showed that the rodlets are chemically distinct. The rodlets of the monocotyledons consist exclusively of aliphatic wax lipids, mainly wax esters. In contrast, the rodlets ofBenincasa are cheifly composed of triterpenol acetates and triterpenols. Formation of rodlets is therefore interpreted as ultrastructural convergency. It is concluded that taxonomical studies on wax crystalloids can be misleading when interpreted in terms of micromorphology of crystalloids only.
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    Chlamydomonas chlorococcoides nova spec., eine neue Art mit gelapptem Chloroplast (Volvocales, Chlorophyta) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 115-120 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Volvocales ; Chlamydomonas ; Morphology ; reproduction ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chlamydomonas chlorococcoides, a morphologically most interesting new species with a lobate chloroplast was isolated from soils of the island Lavsa (Adriatic Sea, Yugoslavia). Description, pictures and remarks on the reproduction are given.
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    Auxospore formation inLicmophora (Bacillariophyta) (1982)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 139 (1982), S. 289-294 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Bacillariophyta ; Pennatae ; Fragilariaceae ; Licmophora gracilis var.anglica ; Auxospore formation ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract InLicmophora gracilis var.anglica two auxospores are produced per pair of mother-cells, through the allogamic fusion of migratory and stationary gametes. Both active gametes are produced from the same mother-cell and hence both zygotes are formed in the other mother-cell. Pairing can occur between two stalked cells, or between a stalked cell and a detached cell; in the latter case the migratory gametes derive from the detached cell. The auxospores expand parallel to one another and to the apical axis of the donor mother-cell. Behavioural anisogamy of this kind, which may be termed thecis-type, seems to be characteristic of most araphid pennates and contrasts with thetrans-type exhibited byCymbella, Gomphonema and some other raphid taxa, where each mother-cell produces one migratory and one stationary gamete.
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    Inferred chromosome morphology of the ancestral genome ofTriticum (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 209-220 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticum ; Elytrigia ; wheat ; Evolution ; genome ; karyotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The lengths of the A, B, and D genomes of common wheat,Triticum aestivum, were measured from the karyotype. Relative to the B genome, standardized as length 1.000, the lengths of the A and D genomes were 0.835 and 0.722, respectively. The lengths of the chromosome arms in the A and D genomes were then multiplied by the appropriate constants so that the total lengths of each genome also equalled 1.000. These calculations revealed that homoeologous chromosomes in wheat, with a few exceptions, have similar sizes and arm ratios. The arm lengths of the three homoeologues in each homoeologous group were then averaged. These average chromosomes turned out to be remarkably similar, in size and arm ratio, to their homoeologues in the E genome ofElytrigia elongata. This evidence and data on cross-compatibility and morphological characteristics suggested that the genusTriticum is a result of adaptive radiation from the perennial genusElytrigia, specifically from the complex of species possessing the E genome or one closely related to it.
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    The genusBlepharispermum (Asteraceae, Heliantheae) (1992)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 182 (1992), S. 149-227 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Heliantheae ; Blepharispermum ; Revision ; taxonomy ; phylogeny ; cladistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The palaeotropic genusBlepharispermum (Asteraceae, Heliantheae) is revised for the first time. Fifteen species from Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Madagascar, India, and Ceylon are recognized. Two new species are described, viz.B. arcuatum andB. canescens. Aspects of the systematic position and morphology of the genus are discussed. A hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships is presented by way of a cladistic analysis. A key to all species in the genus as well as typification, descriptions, drawings and distribution maps are supplied. Chromosome counts of two species are reported.
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    The delimitation and taxonomic position of the tropical African generaLeptactina andDictyandra (Rubiaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 105-118 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Rubiaceae ; Coffeeae ; Gardenieae ; Pavetteae ; Dictyandra ; Leptactina ; Tarenna ; Pavetta ; Dictyandra congolana sp. nova ; taxonomy ; morphology ; seed-coat ; palynology ; Flora of tropical Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The closely related African generaDictyandra andLeptactina are redelimited. The two genera are distinguished by long tubular corolla-tubes with included anthers (Leptactina) vs. much shorter tubes with exserted anthers (Dictyandra), rather than—as previously thought—presence or absence of multilocellate anthers. The discovery of a new species (Dictyandra congolana from the Congo and W-Zaire) confirms this. It can be concluded, especially from comparative morphological studies of fruits and seeds, thatDictyandra andLeptactina are related toPavetta, Tarenna, Ixora, etc., i.e. the group of genera in theCoffeeae s.l. with terminal inflorescences. It is proposed that the tribePavetteae be revived to accomodate those genera.
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    An ultrastructural comparison betweenSpermatozopsis andDunaliella (Chlorophyceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 31-46 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Chlorophyceae ; Spermatozopsis ; Dunaliella ; D. salina ; Green flagellates ; ultrastructure ; taxonomy ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of the type species of the genusDunaliella, D. salina, has been reinvestigated in an attempt to clarify the relationships betweenDunaliella andSpermatozopsis. Dunaliella salina differs in the following ultrastructural characters fromSpermatozopsis (as exemplified byS. similis Preisig etMelkonian): presence of a distinctive surface coat covering the plasmalemma; presence of a prominent pyrenoid (with pairs of thylakoids partially entering the pyrenoid matrix); dictyosomes parabasal; endoplasmic reticulum closely underlying the plasmalemma around most of the cell; contractile vacuoles absent; cell form ovoid to elongated and not spirally twisted; mitochondrial profiles near the flagellar apparatus. Differences in the ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus: basal body angle more or less fixed; distal connecting fibre cross-striated; system II fibre (rhizoplast) present, associated with mitochondrial profile; system I fibre underlying two-stranded microtubular root; mating structure present. These ultrastructural differences justify distinction between the two taxa at generic level. The problematical status of “freshwater” species ofDunaliella is briefly discussed.
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    A light and electron microscopical study of the green flagellateSpermatozopsis similis spec. nova (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 57-74 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Chlorophyceae ; Spermatozopsis similis ; Green flagellate ; new species ; algal culture ; electron microscopy ; taxonomy ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The green flagellateSpermatozopsis similis spec. nova has been studied in culture by light and electron microscopy. The flagellate bears two flagella, is naked and has a characteristic crescent and spirally twisted cell shape. The two flagella are of subequal length, each with a prominent hair-point. Each cell contains two contractile vacuoles, a single chloroplast with an anterior eyespot but lacking a pyrenoid, an anteriorly located nucleus, a single dictyosome associated with the posterior end of the nucleus, a single mitochondrion posterior to the nucleus and associated with a small microbody, some conspicuous vacuoles, and a greater number of secondary cytoskeletal microtubules which probably are responsible for maintaining the peculiar shape of this species. SinceS. similis in culture is only biflagellate, it cannot be accommodated within the quadriflagellate, but otherwise very similar speciesS. exsultans. Spermatozopsis similis is compared with other green flagellates and is shown to share common ultrastructural characters withChlamydomonas-type green algae.
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    Spiniferomonas septispina andS. enigmata, two new algal species confusing the distinction betweenSpiniferomonas andChrysosphaerella (Chrysophyceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 103-117 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Algae ; Chrysophyceae ; Spiniferomonas septispina sp. n. ; S. enigmata sp. n. ; Chrysosphaerella ; Morphology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two new species of non-colonial silica-scaled chrysophytes were discovered in Ontario and were assigned to the genusSpiniferomonas (Chrysophyceae) owing to their solitary cell habit. Scale structure in the two new species is distinctive but includes features common to bothSpiniferomonas andChrysosphaerella. The use of scale structure as the main diagnostic feature to distinguish the two genera is no longer acceptable. A more expedient separation of the two genera based on cell habit (solitary vs. colonial) is proposed and includes the transfer ofChrysospharella salina Birch-Andersen andChrysosphaerella coronacircumspina Wujek & Kristiansen to the genusSpiniferomonas as new combinations. The proposed revision is consistent with existing generic circumscriptions of other ochromonadalean forms with either solitary or colonial cell habit.
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    Über einen intrazellulären Parasiten beiCryptomonas (Cryptophyceae), II. (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 165-167 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Cryptophyceae ; Bodonaceae ; Proteromonas steinii sp. n. ; Cryptomonas spp. div. ; Intracellular parasite ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new intracellular parasite inCryptomonas spp. div. previously known is described asProteromonas steinii spec. nova. The flagellate (infectious) stage isBodo-like, with a distinct kinetoplast. The immobile parasitic stage occurs in the cells of Cryptomonads as a multinucleate trophocyst with a thin mucilage envelope (pseudocyst), while the hypnocyst is uninucleate, walled and bearing two horned projections.
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    Genomic groups, morphology, and sectional delimitation in EurasianElymus (Poaceae, Triticeae) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 180 (1992), S. 1-13 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Elymus ; Genome analysis ; morphology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seven tetraploid species ofElymus, viz.E. sibiricus, E. caninus, E. gmelinii, E. semicostatus, E. caucasicus, E. parviglume, andE. longearistatus subsp.canaliculatus, representing five sections were studied morphologically and used in interspecific hybridizations. The aim was to investigate whether the present sectional delimitation of the genus was in agreement with genomic data and if there was a correlation between genome constitution and morphology. The study revealed: (i) further information on the genomic affinities between the different species, (ii) that there is no congruence between genome constitution of the species and current sectional delimitation, and (iii) that there is a correlation between genome constitution and morphology in the palea apex shape and in the size of cilia of the palea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940394
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    Ruellia sect.Urceolata (Acanthaceae), a novel species complex from southern Mexico (1992)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 180 (1992), S. 221-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Acanthaceae ; Ruellia ; Speciation over short distances ; endemism ; taxonomy ; Flora of Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new section in MexicanRuellia, R. sect.Urceolata comprising three species (includingR. cedilloi, spec. nova), endemic to Mexico, is described and illustrated. The taxonomic relationship and differentiation of the species are discussed. Evolution in Mexican Ruellas seems to be occurring at the diploid level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00941152
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  • 90
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    Hybrid speciation and radiation in the neotropical woody genusTocoyena (Rubiaceae) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 181 (1992), S. 143-169 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rubiaceae ; Tocoyena ; Hybridization ; differentiation ; speciation ; homogamic complex ; tropical woody plants ; taxonomy ; Flora of South America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The variation pattern of a large population ofTocoyena formosa in Botucatu, state of São Paulo, Brazil, and of other samples throughout the species area was analysed by morphometrical, statistical, ecological, and phytogeographical methods. Excessive variation and the remarkable coherence of two different character syndromes within this species strongly suggest that it has originated as a homogamic (diploid) hybrid complex. Possible parental species areT. brasiliensis, mainly from the Amazon region, andT. viscidula from the dry caatinga region of NE. Brazil.T. formosa has a much more extensive geographical range and greater ecological plasticity, ranging from the Amazon basin and the Guyanas throughout the Central Brazilian Plateau and from NE. to S. Brazil and Paraguay. Three (partly sympatric) varieties are distinguished withinT. formosa, i.e. var.formosa, var.pseudobrasiliensis (var. nov.), and var.microdon (comb. et stat. nov.). A provisional taxonomic revision, key, and conspectus covers the 12 accepted species ofTocoyena with blunt flower buds and ovate obtuse corolla lobes (group A, includingT. formosa); their distribution is shown in a map.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937441
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    Two new species of the diatom genusChaetoceros (Bacillariophyta) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 181 (1992), S. 217-226 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Diatoms ; plankton ; Chaetoceros ; New species ; morphology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two new planktonic diatom species of the genusChaetoceros are described herein:Ch. octagonus andCh. rectus, from material of Baja California coasts and the Gulf of California, respectively;Ch. rectus was also found in a sample from Australian waters.Ch. octagonus is a robust species, with a characteristic pyramidal valve shape, heavily silicified valves and setae, and one central rimoportula on every valve in the chain; it is compared with related species, which show a similar morphology, especially by electron microscopy. It belongs into subg.Chaetoceros, sect.Borealia. Ch. rectus is placed in subg.Hyalochaete, and provisionally within sect.Anastomosantia. Its major characters are: chains, cells, and setae are delicate and fragile, cells are joined in the chain by a “bridge” which connects sibling intercalary setae, valves and setae are weakly silicified, and one rimoportula is present on terminal valves only. Comparison is made with another species of the same section.Ch. rectus shows a different manner of chain-forming within the genus than previously described in the literature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937445
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    A new combination and a new species in the lichen genusCatapyrenium (lichenizedAscomycetes, Verrucariaceae) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 181 (1992), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Pyrenocarpous lichens ; Verrucariaceae ; Dermatocarpon ; Catapyrenium ; Catapyrenium velebiticum comb. nov. ; Catapyrenium pyrenaicum spec. nova ; Systematics ; taxonomy ; Flora of Austria, Croatia, France, Spain, and Switzerland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Catapyrenium pyrenaicum is described as new from northern Spain and adjacent France, and the new combinationCatapyrenium velebiticum is made. The new species differs fromC. velebiticum mainly in its laminal pycnidia. Remarks on taxonomy, ecology, and distribution of the species are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937449
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    Cladistic interrelationships and major clades of theEricales (1993)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 184 (1993), S. 207-231 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ericales ; Cladistics ; phylogeny ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cladistic analysis of theEricales based on morphological, anatomical, embryological, and phytochemical data has been undertaken. Resulting from the analysis, 56 equally parsimonious cladograms were obtained. The tribeEnkiantheae was found to be the sister-group of the rest of theEricaceae, in which theEmpetraceae, theEpacridaceae, Pyrolaceae, andMonotropaceae are forming derived ingroups. It is thus concluded that theEricaceae are a paraphyletic assemblage as presently circumscribed, and thatEmpetraceae andEpacridaceae are better treated as members of theEricaceae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937436
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    Catapyrenium (Verrucariaceae) species from South America (1993)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 185 (1993), S. 17-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Pyrenocarpous lichens ; Verrucariaceae ; Catapyrenium ; Dermatocarpon ; Catapyrenium analogicum spec. nova ; C. andicolum spec. nova ; C. chilense comb. nov. ; C. corticolum comb. nov. ; C. exaratum spec. nova ; C. lachneoides spec. nova ; C. podolepis spec. nova ; C. ruiz-lealii comb. nov. ; C. squamulosum var.argentinum comb. nov. ; Systematics ; taxonomy ; Flora of Argentina ; Bolivia ; Brasilia ; Chile ; Ecuador ; Paraguay ; Peru ; Uruguay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 13 species of the lichen genusCatapyrenium are reported from South America. Five species (C. analogicum, C. andicolum, C. exaratum, C. lachneoides, andC. podolepis) are described as new. A key to the species known from South America is presented. Remarks on taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the species are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937718
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    A reconsideration of the genusRabdosiella (Lamiaceae, Nepetoideae, Ocimeae) (1993)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 185 (1993), S. 91-97 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Lamiaceae ; Nepetoideae ; Ocimeae ; Isodon ; Plectranthus ; Pyramidium ; Rabdosiella ; Systematics ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The two generaPlectranthus andIsodon are compared and found to be very dissimilar.Isodon ist considered to be misplaced inOcimeae subtribePlectranthinae and apparently is more closely related to subtribeHyptidinae. The disjunct genusRabdosiella is compared to these two genera and regarded to be polyphyletic. The AfricanR. calycina (Benth.)Codd is returned toPlectranthus and calledP. calycinus Benth., while the AsianR. ternifolia (D. Don)Codd is placed inIsodon sect.Pyramidium and calledI. ternifolius (D. Don)Kudo.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937722
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    Taxonomic evaluations of the genusPinus (Pinaceae) based on electrophoretic data of salt soluble and insoluble seed storage proteins (1993)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 186 (1993), S. 57-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gymnosperms ; Pinaceae ; Pinus ; Seed storage proteins ; electrophoresis ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic studies on seed storage proteins of various gymnosperm species showed that both salt soluble and insoluble protein fractions give taxonomic information. Among species of the genusPinus evident differences are found between the subgeneraHaploxylon (Strobus) andDiploxylon (Pinus). In sect.Strobus the two subsectt.Strobi andCembrae are readily distinguished fromP. bungeana (sect.Parrya) which appears to fall in an intermediate position between haploxyl and diploxyl pines. Among the species of subg.Diploxylon, “mountain pines” show very similar protein patterns in agreement with their recent speciation (Quaternary).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937713
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    Reconsideration of the generic status ofRubrivena (Polygonaceae, Persicarieae) (1993)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 186 (1993), S. 95-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Polygonaceae ; Persicarieae ; Rubrivena ; Persicaria sect.Rubrivena ; P. wallichii var.wallichii (=Polygonum polystachyum) ; P. wallichii var.tomentosa ; var. nov. ; P. pinetorum ; Anatomy ; micromorphology ; pollen morphology ; cladistics ; heterostyly ; taxonomy ; Flora of Himalaya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological and anatomical characters (including pollen morphology) of the genusRubrivena are described. The phylogenetic relationships ofRubrivena, the putatively related genusKoenigia and the four sections of the genusPersicaria are analyzed by the application of cladistic methods.Persicaria s. str. turns out to be paraphyletic; however, inclusion ofRubrivena produces a clade which is marked by five synapomorphies (e.g., long styles, semitectate reticulate pollen grains and some seed characters). In order to eliminate the paraphyly ofPersicaria as well as to avoid nomenclatural changes of all taxa of sect.Cephalophilon, Rubrivena is included in the genusPersicaria. Sect.Rubrivena differs from the other sections in pollen morphology [granulated muri and 6 (–7)-zonocolpate aperture system] and inflorescence type (well-branched panicles). In addition, heterostyly is confirmed inPersicaria wallichii, and is reported here also forP. pinetorum. Keys and descriptions are provided for all taxa and a distribution map is given. Two species are illustrated by line drawings. One new variety,Persicaria wallichii var.tomentosa, is described. Five lectotypes are selected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937715
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    Gynoecium and perianth inZanthoxylum s.l. (Rutaceae) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 189 (1994), S. 165-191 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rutaceae ; Zanthoxylum ; Fagara ; Flower morphology ; perianth ; gynoecium ; acrostylous and anacrostylous-basistylous carpels ; compitum ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The question whether the uniseriate perianth ofZanthoxylum L. s. str. is homologous with the calyx or the corolla of taxa included inFagara, or of an independent origin, has been controversial for a long time, but the arguments mostly have remained theoretical. The present investigation of floral structures indicates that there are two different types of uniseriate perianth inZanthoxylum s. str. Therefore, this taxon does not represent a natural group and should be united withFagara asZanthoxylum s.l. The infrageneric taxonomy of this genus is still very ambiguous. It is shown that differences in indumentum, number of sepals and petals (5-4-3) resp. perianth segments (4–9), stamens (3–6), and free carpels (1–5) are of systematic relevance. Particularly important but so far neglected is carpel shape, where an acrostylous and an anacrostylous-basistylous type can be recognized. Stigmata of 2 or more carpels mostly fuse to form a compitum. 4–5-merous flowers with calyx and corolla, and acrostylous carpels are considered as plesiomorphic character states in the genus. On the basis of ± corresponding morphological and phytochemical progressions a working hypothesis about the relationships withinZanthoxylum s.l. is presented in graphical form (Fig. 9).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00939724
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    Allozymic and morphological relationships amongAndrocymbium gramineum, A. europaeum, andA. psammophilum (Colchicaceae) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 191 (1994), S. 111-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Colchicaceae ; Androcymbium ; Allozymes ; evolution ; taxonomy ; genetic conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Levels of allozymic and morphological diversity amongAndrocymbium gramineum, A. europaeum, andA. psammophilum have been assessed using data on 17 allozyme loci and 18 morphological characters. No apparent pattern of geographic or ecological variation was found. Our results also suggest thatA. gramineum andA. europaeum should be considered members of a single species and that the insular speciesA. psammophilum can no longer be thought of as the result of a founder effect fromA. gramineum. Intrapopulational variability was greater than inter-populational variability at both levels studied, which is of strategic interest for the “ex-situ” conservation of these threatened endemic species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985346
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    Descriptions of the larvae of four nearctic species ofEpoicocladius (Diptera: Chironomidae) with a redescription ofEpoicocladius ephemerae (Kieffer) (1992)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 26 (1992), S. 145-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Chironomidae ; Epoicocladius ; symbiosis ; taxonomy ; Ephemeridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The larvae of four species ofEpoicocladius from eastern North America are described along with a redescription of the European species,Epoicocladius ephemerae (Kieffer). A key to known 4th instar Nearctic and western PalaearcticEpoicocladius larvae is presented. Previous species descriptions and records of NearcticEpoicocladius spp. are discussed in reference to the larvae described here. Larvae ofEpoicocladius ephemerae (Kieff.), a species described from Europe which is currently synonymized with the NearcticE. flavens, have yet to be collected in North America. This suggests that the synonymy is invalid andE. ephemerae should be considered a legitimate species. A likely candidate to be the larva ofEpoicocladius flavens (Malloch) is suggested. However, until reared adults are obtained, the larva ofE. flavens remains unknown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02255235
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