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  • RFLP  (260)
  • phosphorus  (250)
  • Springer  (510)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Elsevier
  • 1995-1999  (510)
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Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ni–Zn–P alloy deposition from sulfate bath: inhibitory effect of zinc (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 1171-1176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: alloys ; cyclic voltammetry ; electrodeposition ; electroless deposition ; nickel ; phosphorus ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electroless Ni–Zn–P alloy deposition from a sulphate bath, containing sodium hypophosphite as reducer, was investigated. To increase the plating rate, the deposition parameters were optimized. The effect of process parameters (T, pH and [Zn2+]) on the plating rate and deposit composition was examined and it was found that the presence of zinc in the bath has an inhibitory effect on the alloy deposition. As a consequence, the percentage of zinc in the electroless Ni–Zn–P alloys never reaches high values. Using cyclic voltammetry the electrodeposition mechanism of Ni–Zn–P alloys was investigated. It was observed that the zinc deposition inhibits the nickel discharge and, as a consequence, its catalytic activity on hypophosphite oxidation. It was also found that increase in temperature or pH leads to the deposition of nickel rich alloys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003426904395
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of (meso-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato) dichlorophosphorus(V) chloride, [P(tpp)Cl2]+Cl− (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Octahedral ; phosphorus ; chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound [P(tpp)Cl2]+Cl− crystallizes in the space group P21/n witha=10.701(2),b=24.860(2),c=14.799(2), β=94.24(2)°,Z=4. The phosphorus atom has an octahedral coordination geometry formed by the four nitrogen atoms (Np) of the porphyrinato group and the two chloride ions. The average phosphorus-chloride distance is 2.150(1) Å, with phosphorus situated 0.006 Å below the porphyrin ring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665175
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical characterization of Fe-Ni-P alloy electrodeposition (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1198-1206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: alloy ; amorphous ; anomalous ; hydrogen ; iron ; nickel ; phosphorus ; plating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this study we have investigated the electrodeposition of amorphous iron–nickel–phosphorus alloys from a sulfate electrolyte. Fe-Ni alloys are known to exhibit an ’anomalous‘ type of plating behaviour in which deposition of the less noble metal is favoured. We have found that the codeposition of phosphorus from hypophosphite in the electrolyte led to a reversal to a ’normal‘ behaviour. This reversal was due both to the suppression of iron and enhancement of nickel partial currents. The overall deposition process is dominated by the hydrogen evolution reaction. This is exacerbated by the low pH needed to codeposit sufficient phosphorus to achieve an amorphous structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018475718629
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstructural characterization and corrosion resistance of Ni–Zn–P alloys electrolessly deposited from a sulphate bath (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 637-645 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: alloys ; electroless ; microstructure ; morphology ; nickel ; phosphorus ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electroless Ni–Zn–P alloy coatings were obtained on an iron substrate from a sulfate bath at various pH values. The effects of changes in bath pH on alloy composition, morphology, microstructure and corrosion resistance were studied. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to observe the morphological change of the deposits with bath pH. Coating crystallinity was investigated by grazing incidence asymmetric Bragg X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. A transition from an amorphous to polycrystalline structure was observed on increasing the bath alkalinity, and thus decreasing the phosphorus content of the alloys. A single crystalline phase corresponding to face-centred-cubic nickel was identified in the alloys obtained from a strong alkaline solution. An increase in zinc percentage up to 23% in the deposits does not change the f.c.c. nickel crystalline structure. Corrosion potential and polarization resistance measurements indicated that the corrosion resistance of electroless Ni–Zn–P alloys depends strongly on the microstructure and chemical composition. The deposits obtained at pH 9.0–9.5 and with 11.4–12.5% zinc and 11.8–11.2% phosphorous exhibited the best corrosion resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026441403282
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface acid property and its relation to SCR activity of phosphorus added to commercial V2O5(WO3)/TiO2 catalyst (1998)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 53 (1998), S. 65-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: selective catalytic reduction ; nitric oxide reduction ; phosphorus ; acid property
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract To examine the influence of phosphorus on the commercial V2O5(WO3)/TiO2 SCR catalyst, measurements were carried out by means of infrared and Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and NO reduction measurement as a function of phosphorus loading. Phosphorus added to the catalyst was found to disperse well over the catalyst without a significant agglomeration up to 5 wt% P2O5 addition. The number of the hydroxyl groups bonded to the vanadium and titanium species decreased readily with increasing amount of phosphorus. Correspondingly, the hydroxyl groups bonded to the phosphorus species were formed. NH3 adsorbed on both hydroxyl groups bonded to vanadium and phosphorus as ammonium ions, implying that the P–OH groups formed are also responsible for the Brønsted acidity. The NO reduction activity was found to be decreased with increasing amount of phosphorus; however, the influence of phosphorus was relatively small irrespective of the large amount of phosphorus addition. The deactivation might be caused by the change in the nature of the surface hydroxyl groups as Brønsted acid sites. Phosphorus species might partially wrap the surface V=O and W=O groups, which might also contribute to the deactivation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019020931117
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular identification of co-occurring Cortinarius and Dermocybe species from southeastern Australian sclerophyll forests (1999)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 9 (1999), S. 85-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words PCR ; RFLP ; ITS sequence analysis ; Ectomycorrhizal fungi ; Cortinarius taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ability of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region to discriminate 10 co-occurring Cortinarius and Dermocybe species at a southeastern Australian sclerophyll forest site was assessed. Using the basidiomycete-specific primers ITS1F and ITS4B, some taxa were separated on the basis of individual RFLP patterns derived using the restriction endonucleases Hae III or Hinf I. Combined data from both endonucleases were, however, required to separate all taxa [Dermocybe austro-veneta Clel. (Moser & Horak), C. rotundisporus Clel. & Cheel, C. archeri Berk., C. sinapicolor Clel., C. violaceus (L.: Fr.) S.F.Gray, C. radicatus Clel. and four morphologically-distinct, but unidentified Cortinarius spp.]. ITS sequence comparisons confirmed that D. austro-veneta belongs in Dermocybe, that C. rotundisporus is correctly placed in subgenus Phlegmacium, and suggest that Australian C. violaceus collections are not conspecific with northern hemisphere C. violaceus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050004
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of repeated manure and fertilizer phosphorus additions on soil phosphorus dynamics under a soybean-wheat rotation (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 150-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Phosphorus dynamics ; Olsen ; phosphorus ; Soil phosphorus fractions ; Manure ; Soybean-wheat rotation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Soil P availability and efficiency of applied P may be improved through an understanding of soil P dynamics in relation to management practices in a cropping system. Our objectives in this study were to evaluate changes in plant-available (Olsen) P and in different inorganic P (Pi) and organic P (P0) fractions in soil as related to repeated additions of manure and fertilizer P under a soybean-wheat rotation. A field experiment on a Typic Haplustert was conducted from 1992 to 1995 wherein the annual treatments included four rates of fertilizer P (0, 11, 22 and 44 kg ha–1 applied to both soybean and wheat) in the absence and presence of 16 t ha–1 of manure (applied to soybean only). With regular application of fertilizer P to each crop the level of Olsen P increased significantly and linearly through the years in both manured and unmanured plots. The mean P balance required to raise Olsen P by 1 mg kg–1 was 17.9 kg ha–1 of fertilizer P in unmanured plots and 5.6 kg ha–1 of manure plus fertilizer P in manured plots. The relative sizes of labile [NaHCO3-extractable Pi (NaHCO3-Pi) and NaHCO3-extractable P0 (NaHCO3-P0)], moderately labile [NaOH-extractable Pi (NaOH-Pi) and NaOH-extractable P0 (NaOH-P0)] and stable [HCl-extractable P (HCl-P) and H2SO4/H2O2-extractable P (resisual-P)] P pools were in a 1 : 2.9 : 7.6 ratio. Application of fertilizer P and manure significantly increased NaHCO3-Pi and -P0 and NaOH-Pi, and -P0 fractions and also total P. However, HCl-P and residual-P were not affected. The changes in NaHCO3-Pi, NaOH-Pi and NaOH-P0 fractions were significantly correlated with the apparent P balance and were thought to represent biologically dynamic soil P and act as major sources and sinks of plant-available P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050477
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex in Escherichia coli does not disrupt the clonal structure of the population: evidence from random amplified polymorphic DNA and restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 440-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Escherichia coli ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Clonal theory ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the Escherichia coli population by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) has established its clonal organization, but there is increasing evidence that horizontal DNA transfer occurs in E. coli. We have assessed the genetic structure of the species E. coli and determined the extent to which recombination can affect the clonal structure of bacteria. A panel of 72 E. coli strains from the ECOR collection was characterized by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) of the ribosomal RNA gene (rrn) regions. These strains have been characterized by MLEE and are assumed to reflect the range of genotypic variation in the species as a whole. Statistical analysis, including factorial analysis of correspondence (FAC) and hierarchical classifications, established that the data obtained with the three genetic markers are mutually corroborative, thus providing compelling evidence that horizontal transfer does not disrupt the clonal organization of the population. However, there is a gradient of correlation between the different classifications which ranges from the highly clonal structure of 132 group strains causing extraintestinal infections in humans to the less-stringent structure of B1 group strains that came mainly from nonprimate mammals. This group (B1) appears to be the framework from which the remaining non-A group strains have emerged. These results indicate that RAPD analysis is well suited to intraspecies characterization of E. coli. Lastly, treating the RAPD data by FAC allowed description of subgroup-specific DNA fragments which can be used, in a strategy comparable to positional cloning, to isolate virulence genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160315
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of P/Al ratio in phosphorus-doped aluminium oxide thin films by XRF, RBS and FTIR (1995)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 119 (1995), S. 13-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: aluminium oxide ; phosphorus ; XRF ; RBS ; FTIR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus-doped aluminium oxide thin films were deposited in a flow-type ALE reactor from AlCl3, H2O and from either P2O5 or trimethyl-phosphate. Structural information of the films was obtained from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) was used to quantitatively determine the composition of the films. The P/Al intensity ratios calculated from X-ray fluorescence (XRF) results were in a linear relation with the P/Al concentration ratios calculated from RBS results. For comparison, the intensity ratios of the phosphorus peak (P=O) at about 1250 cm−1 and the aluminium peak (Al-O) at about 950 cm−1 were determined from the IR absorption spectra. The calibration of FTIR peak intensities was done by plotting the intensity ratios of phosphorus and aluminium peaks against the P/Al concentration ratios measured by RBS. FTIR gave also a linear calibration curve with RBS but the method is less suitable for routine analysis of P/Al ratio than XRF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01244850
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative Analysis of Different DNA Extraction Protocols: A Fast, Universal Maxi-Preparation of High Quality Plant DNA for Genetic Evaluation and Phylogenetic Studies (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 69-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: cpDNA ; DNA extraction ; fingerprinting ; forest trees ; M13 fingerprinting ; method ; PCR ; rDNA ; RFLP ; rhododendron ; plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four DNA extraction protocols were compared for ability to produce DNA from the leaves or needles of several species: oak, elm, pine, fir, poplar and maize (fresh materials) and rhododendron (silica dried or frozen material). With the exception of maize and poplar, the species are known to be difficult for DNA extraction. Two protocols represented classical procedures for lysis and purification, and the other two were a combination of classical lysis followed by anion exchange chromatography. The DNA obtained from all procedures was quantified and tested by PCR and Southern hybridisation.Test results indicated superiority of one of the four protocols; a combination of CTAB lysis followed by anion exchange chromatography which enabled DNA extraction from all seven species. A second protocol also produced DNA from leaves or needles of all species investigated and was well suited for PCR applications but not Southern hybridisations. The remaining protocols produced DNA from some but not all species tested. Abbreviations: CTAB, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide; EtOH, Ethanol; TBE, tris-borate-EDTA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007428009556
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An expanded weighted-averaging model for inferring past total phosphorus concentrations from diatom assemblages in eutrophic British Columbia (Canada) lakes (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 14 (1995), S. 49-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; eutrophication ; lake management ; paleolimnology ; British Columbia ; lakes ; phosphorus ; training sets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Eighteen lakes were added to a published training set of 46 British Columbia (BC) lakes in order to expand the original range of total phosphorus (TP) concentrations. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to analyze the relationship between diatom assemblages and environmental variables. Specific conductivity and [TP] each explained significant (P≤0.05) directions of variance in the distribution of the diatoms. The relationship between diatom assemblages and [TP] was sufficiently strong to warrant the development of a weighted-averaging (WA) regression and calibration model that can be used to infer past trophic status from fossil diatom assemblages. The relationship between observed and inferred [TP] was not improved by the addition of more eutrophic lakes, however the [TP] range and the number of taxa used in the transfer function are now superior to the original model. Diatom species assemblages changed very little in lakes with TP concentrations greater than 85 µg 1−1, so we document the development of a model containing lakes with TP≤85 µg 1−1. The updated model uses 59 training lakes and covers a range of species optima from 6 to 41.9 µg 1−1 TP, and a total of 150 diatom taxa. The updated inference model provided a more realistic reconstruction of the anthropogenic history of a highly eutrophic BC lake. The model can now be used to infer past nutrient conditions in other BC lakes in order to assess changes in trophic status.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00682593
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variability of diatom-inferred phosphorus profiles in a small lake basin and its implications for histories of lake eutrophication (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 20 (1998), S. 47-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; spatial variability ; canonical correspondence analysis ; lake eutrophication ; transfer functions ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Diatom analyses were undertaken of sediment cores covering a range of water depths in a small eutrophic lake (Lough Augher, Co. Tyrone, N. Ireland). The significance of between-core variability in diatom relative frequency stratigraphy was assessed by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) where the ordination axes were constrained to external environmental variables (sediment depth, core location coordinates, water depth, effective fetch, distance-from-shore and distance-from-inflow). After the removal of the effect of sediment age by partialling it out, the resultant first two axes from the partial-CCA were significantly correlated with water depth and distance-from-shore, indicating non-uniform diatom stratigraphies across the lake. Despite this variability, all cores show the same succession of species and, therefore, record the eutrophication of the lake. Diatom-inferred total phosphorus (DI-TP) was inferred for six cores using weighted averaging regression and calibration. Apart from considerable differences of DI-TP in surficial sediment samples, there was good between-core repeatability of DI-TP profiles. These data support the use of DI-TP for establishing background nutrient concentrations for lakes, and associated implications for lake restoration schemes using single cores. Comparisons of DI-TP profiles and total diatom accumulation rate data for the individual cores indicate that diatom production peaked prior to the maximum TP concentrations in the lake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007923813511
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  • 13
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    Stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) signatures of sedimented organic matter as indicators of historic lake trophic state (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 22 (1999), S. 205-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: carbon isotopes ; diatoms ; lake management ; nitrogen isotopes ; phosphorus ; radium-226 ; sediments ; trophic state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We explored the use of carbon and nitrogen isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) in sedimented organic matter (OM) as proxy indicators of trophic state change in Florida lakes. Stable isotope data from four 210Pb-dated sediment cores were compared stratigraphically with established proxies for historical trophic state (diatom-inferred limnetic total phosphorus, sediment C/N ratio) and indicators of cultural disturbance (sediment total P and 226Ra activity). Diatom-based limnetic total P inferences indicate a transition from oligo-mesotrophy to meso-eutrophy in Clear Lake, and from eutrophy to hypereutrophy in Lakes Parker, Hollingsworth and Griffin. In cores from all four lakes, the carbon isotopic signature of accumulated OM generally tracks trophic state inferences and cultural impact assessments based on other variables. Oldest sediments in the records yield lower diatom-inferred total limnetic P concentrations and display relatively low δ13C values. In the Clear, Hollingsworth and Parker records, diatom-inferred nutrient concentrations increase after ca. AD 1900, and are associated stratigraphically with higher δ13C values in sediment OM. In the Lake Griffin core, both proxies display slight increases before ~1900, but highest values occur over the last ~100 years. As Lakes Clear, Hollingsworth and Parker became increasingly nutrient-enriched over the past century, the δ15N of sedimented organic matter decreased. This reflects, in part, the increasing relative contribution of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria to sedimented organic matter as primary productivity increased in these waterbodies. The Lake Griffin core displays a narrow range of both δ13C and δ15N values. Despite the complexity of carbon and nitrogen cycles in lakes, stratigraphic agreement between diatom-inferred changes in limnetic total P and the stable isotope signatures of sedimented OM suggests that δ13C and δ15N reflect shifts in historic lake trophic state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008078222806
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  • 14
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    Calibration of diatoms along a nutrient gradient in Florida Everglades Water Conservation Area-2A, USA (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 22 (1999), S. 413-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; Everglades ; phosphorus ; wetland ; calibration ; multivariate ; Florida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between diatom taxa preserved in surface soils and environmental variables at 31 sites in Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA-2A) of the Florida Everglades was explored using multivariate analyses. Surface soils were collected along a phosphorus (P) gradient and analyzed for diatoms, total P, % nitrogen (N), %carbon (C), calcium (Ca), and biogenic silica (BSi). Phosphorus varied from 315-1781 μg g-1, and was not found to be correlated with the other geochemical variables. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to examine which environmental variables correlated most closely with the distributions in diatom taxa. Canonical correspondence analysis with forward selection, constrained and partial CCA, and Monte Carlo permutation tests of significance show the most significant changes in diatom assemblages along the P gradient (p 〈 0.01), with additional species differences correlated with soil C, N, Ca, and BSi. Weighted-averaging (WA) regression and calibration models of diatom assemblages to P and BSi were developed. The diatom-based inference model for soil [P] had a high apparent r2 (0.86) with RMSEboot = 218 μg g-1. Indicator diatom species identified by assessing species WA optima and WA tolerance to [P], such as Nitzschia amphibia and N. palea for high [P] (~1300-1400 μ g-1) and Achnanthes minutissima var. scotica and Mastogloia smithii for low [P] (~400-600 μg g-1), may be useful as monitoring tools for eutrophication in WCA-2A as well as other areas of the Everglades. Diatom assemblages analyzed by cluster analysis were related to location within WCA-2A, and dominant taxa within clusters are discussed in relation to the geochemical variables measured as well as hydrology and pH. Diversity of diatom assemblages and a ‘Disturbance Index’ based on diatom data are discussed in relation to the historically P-limited Everglades ecosystem. Diatom assemblages should be very useful for reconstructions of [P] through time in the Florida Everglades, provided diatoms are well preserved in soil cores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008049224045
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  • 15
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    Modern and historic accumulation rates of phosphorus in Lake Okeechobee, Florida (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 20 (1998), S. 31-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: phosphorus ; Lake Okeechobee ; lead-210 dating ; eutrophication ; phosphorus loading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus accumulation rates in depositional zone sediments of Lake Okeechobee were determined in 11 mud-zone cores and two peat-zone cores dated by 210Pb. Although difficulties were encountered in interpreting 210Pb data from some sites, reliable dating of sediments from the mud zone of this shallow lake is possible. Sediment accumulation rates in this zone have increased during the present century by an average of about twofold, and accumulation of organic sediments in the lake during pre-settlement times apparently was much slower than during the past century. Concentrations of all forms of sedimentary P but especially nonapatite inorganic-P and organic-P also have increased since pre-settlement times and especially since about 1940. Annual P accumulation rates in the lake's sediments have increased about fourfold during the 1900s, with most of the increase occurring in the past 40–50 years. The recent accumulation rate of sedimentary P (past ~ 10 years) agrees within a factor of 1.5 with the net retention of P in the lake calculated from published input-output mass balances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007939714301
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  • 16
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    Future directions for agricultural phosphorus research (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 41 (1995), S. 167-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; workshop ; environment ; review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A workshop was held in 1990 in Muscle Shoals, Alabama to discuss current and future research on phosphorus in agriculture. Twenty four presentations were given in areas ranging from basic to applied research. For five of the research areas presented at the workshop, this paper presents a literature review, a review of presentations at the workshop, and a discussion of future research ideas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748306
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  • 17
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    Coordinated phosphorus research within a network of six European institutions (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 43 (1995), S. 109-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; European network ; maintenance fertilization ; fixation capacity ; comparison of methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract After three years of a research network project on mineral phosphorus fertilization including five experimental fields located in Europe the first results are discussed. Crop response was very significant to TSP application in the alluvial calcareous polder soil of Netherlands, and in the brown silty acid soil of Scotland, both having a low level of P availability and a high fixation capacity. In the alluvial sandy loam on chalk in England, a response was observed to the first fertilization level equal to the previous crop export of phosphorus. In the brown sandy-silty soil on sand in Germany the highest rate of TSP led to a response in the third year. No effect on the final yields was observed in the brown silt loam of Belgium characterised by a textural B horizon with a high P fixation capacity. The critical values for phosphorus fertilization are discussed as the amount of P needed to maintain a target value of soil phosphorus. Concerning the supply of the different soils, no balance was reached in the Dutch and Scottish soils, a steady state was reached in the English soil with the return of the previous crop removal and the critical value for P was lower than the return of the previous crop export in the German and Belgian soils. According to the eight methods of P determination compared in the network, the P contents in the plow layer were raised in the soils of Netherlands, England and Scotland. They remained at the same level or fluctuated depending on the soil testing methods in Germany and in Belgium. High correlations exist between the different methods used in routine analysis, except for the calcium cloride and calcium acetate lactate method. Annual fluctuations in the soil P were detected at different depths depending on analytical methods and need further research.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00747689
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  • 18
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    Plant biomass and fruit yield induction by Ti(IV) in P-stressed pepper crops (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 43 (1995), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; titanium ; fertilizer efficiency ; plant nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study the titanium effect on P nutrition, a greenhouse experiment withCapsicum annuum L., cv. Bunejo plants growing under differential P fertilization was conducted. All the plants were grown under identical conditions and they only differred in the P fertilization and in Ti supply. Plant biomass production of the Ti-untreated plants was affected by the diminution of the P-feed, but the plants growing under the lowest P supply did not showed any deficiency symptom during the crop cycle. All the Ti-treated plots showed a significative increase of the plant biomass against their corresponding untreated references. The biomass enhancement was mainly caused by the increase of the fruit yield with an absolute enhancement of 62% in the plants growing under the lowest P feed, and of 45% in the plants with a complete P support.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00747692
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    Phosphate enrichment in the sandy loam soils of West-Flanders, Belgium (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 43 (1995), S. 209-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; saturation ; inventory ; leaching ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The last three decades, pig breeding has evolved towards a specialised, large scaled, land independent bio-industry in the province of West-Flanders. Subsequently, in certain regions, very high amounts of liquid pig manure are produced each year. This pig slurry is used as a fertilizer at a rate which very often exceeds normal agricultural practices. Because of the nonequilibrium between the phosphorus crop requirements and the P-inputs, phosphates accumulate in the soil. However, the phosphate sorption capacity of a soil is limited. Once the sorption capacity is exceeded, phosphates will start leaching through the soil profile. Since, during winter, in these areas, the groundwater table is situated at a depth of less than 1.0 m, phosphate breakthrough might take place. In the sandy loam soil region (± 1000 km2) of the province, an inventory of the P status of the soil was made. The region was sampled according to a regular grid with 2 km intervals. At random, some sample points were only 500 m apart. This resulted in a total of 296 samplings. In view of fertilizer recommendations, lactate extractable P of the plough layer (0-30 cm) was determined. A maximum value of 101 mg P 100 g−1 of air dry soil, a minimum value of 6 mg P 100 g−1 and a median value of 31 mg P 100 g−1 were found, indicating that for half of the spots monitored, the P status of the soil is high to very high. An oxalate extraction was done to investigate the phosphate saturation of the soil profile (0-90 cm). Based on a critical phosphate saturation degree of 30%, more than half of the soil profiles are phosphate saturated. Phosphate leaching at a rate higher than 0.1 mg ortho-P 1−1 at a depth of 90 cm can be expected. Therefore, a restriction of the P fertilization should be highly recommended. The geostatistical processing of the data using block kriging resulted in a spatial continuous estimate of the phosphate saturation degree. A good agreement was found between the pig density and the phosphate saturation degree of the soil profile.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00747704
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    Estimating nutrient surplus and nutrient use efficiency from farm characteristics (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 221-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer recovery ; modelling ; nitrogen ; nutrient efficiency ; nutrient surplus ; phosphorus ; Poland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Research on nutrient losses from agricultural systems should try to relate these losses to farm characteristics. This was done for private farms in two districts in Poland. Using data from a farm survey, nutrient surpluses and Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE, defined as the ratio of outgoing and incoming nutrients) were calculated for nitrogen and phosphorus. Both nutrient surplus and NUE are relatively high. A model was developed to estimate surpluses and NUE from farm characteristics like location, farm size, fertilizer application level, animal density, grass production and sugar beet or potato area. The results of the model are satisfying for nutrient surplus (R2=0.9) and nitrogen NUE (R2=0.4). Estimation of phosphorus NUE was not satisfactory. High surpluses are associated with high fertilizer applications, high animal density and high grass production while an increasing share of sugar beets leads to lower surpluses. A high nitrogen NUE is associated with low fertilizer applications, low animal density and little grass production, and with a high sugar beet area share. Results suggest that, with exception of sugar beet, fertilizer recovery in Poland is very low. Sugar beet, however, combines high fertilizer applications with low surpluses and high NUE. The outcome of the model can be used in the design of environmental policies. The paper ends with some remarks on the type of measures that can be taken, and the effects these will have on private farms in Poland.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748593
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  • 21
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    Influence of co-granulated nutrients and granule size on plant responses to elemental sulfur in compound fertilizers (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 81-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: elemental sulfur ; granule size ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; S oxidation ; sulfur fertilizers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of granule size and nutrients in granulated compound fertilizers fortified with finely divided elemental sulfur (So) on the rate of So oxidation. In one experiment, So was banded together with or apart from triple superphosphate (TSP) while in two others, So was granulated with nutrient and inert carriers. A fourth experiment examined response to S in an So-fortified TSP from a range of granule sizes. Response and, in some cases, So recovery (using 35S labels) by test crops (maize, wheat, upland rice) was measured. In all experiments, P mixed with So increased plant growth and S recovery above treatments in which P and So were physically separated. There was however, no effect of distance of separation on S recovery. In one experiment, N as urea and N and P as diammonium phosphate (DAP) were also found to enhance response to So although to a lesser degree than P alone. These observations were attributed to a nutritional requirement of So-oxidizing microorganisms for P and N. Granulation of So with carriers also influenced oxidation rate, as inferred from the fertilizer S recovery. For a given So concentration, the effect was inversely proportional to the mean diameter of granules. It is shown that this relationship can be explained if one assumes that So particles in granules collapse into a fixed number of aggregates per granule irrespective of granule size when the soluble nutrient carrier dissolves and diffuses away from the point of application.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210226
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    Fertilizer inputs, nutrient balance and soil nutrient supplying power in intensive, irrigated rice system. III. Phosphorus (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 111-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: long-term experiments ; phosphorus ; rice ; nutrient balance ; phosphorus uptake ; fertilizer P response ; soil testing ; ion-exchange resin ; phosphorus supplying capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data from long-term experiments at 11 sites in Asia with a wide range of nutrient input treatments and yield levels were used to quantify crop P requirements of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and the P balance in intensive, irrigated rice systems. Uptake of 1.8–4.2 kg P was required to produce one ton of grain yield. Physiological P use efficiency varied between 220 to 900 kg grain kg P-1. Without added P, there was a net loss of 7 to 8 kg P ha-1 per crop; with added P there was a net gain of 4 to 5 kg P ha-1 per crop. Phosphorus adsorption kinetics on mixed-bed ion-exchange resin capsules provided an integrative measure of soil P status, P diffusion, and acid-induced P solubilization. The resin capsule was a sensitive tool to characterize buildup or depletion of soil P as a result of different P balances. Both Olsen-P and the resin capsule were suitable methods to predict P uptake of tropical lowland rice. It is hypothesized that both methods measure a similar soil P pool which is soluble under alkaline, aerobic conditions but transformed into acid-soluble P froms as a result of submergence and reduction. Present recommendations for P fertilizer use on rice of 20–25 kg P ha-1 are adequate to maintain yields of 5–6 t ha-1, but sustaining higher yields of 7–8 t ha-1 will require farm-specific management strategies based on knowledge of the long-term P balance and soil P-supplying capacity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704311
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    Characterization of soil-fertilizer P reaction products and their evaluation as sources of P for gram (Cicer arietinum L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 71-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium poly-phosphate ; diammonium orthophosphate ; fertilizer reaction ; gram ; Indian soils ; phosphorus ; P uptake ; single superphosphate ; triple superphosphate ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory studies on the characterization of soil-fertilizer P reaction products were carried out by reacting three-soils occurring in a toposequence in the plateau region of Bihar (India) with saturated solutions of diammonium orthophosphate (DAP), triple superphosphate (TSP) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) for 1 hour and 24 hours. The reaction products (precipitates) formed in the solutions after 120 days of incubation were isolated and identified through X-ray diffraction technique. Results indicate the formation of Brushite [CaHPO4 · 2H2O, Strengite (FePO4 · 2H2O), Variscite (AIPO4 · 2H2O) and Fe4(P2O7)3 as major soil-fertilizer P reaction products in these soils with ortho-and polyphosphates as source of phosphorus. Pot cultures were used to evaluate the relative efficiency of reaction products (Struvite, Brushite, Variscite and Strengite), orthophosphates (DAP and SSP) and polyphosphate (APP) as sources of P for gram (Cicer arietinum L.) in a typical acid soil. Results indicate significant response of gram to different sources and level of added P. The dry weight and P uptake at 0, 6 and 12 mg P kg-1 soil were 0.406, 0.519 and 0.609 (g pot-1); and 0.289, 0.428 and 0.575 (mg P pot-1), respectively. Among the sources , struvite proved to be superior or equally effective as APP, DAP or SSP as sources of P for gram. Uptake of P also varied significantly with different P sources and levels of P application. Strengite was least effective in enhancing yield and P uptake by the crop.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210225
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    Comparison of resin beads and resin membranes for extracting soil phosphate (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 44 (1995), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: aerobic incubation ; cation-anion-exchange resin ; phosphorus ; resin beads ; resin membranes ; suspension incubation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Six Portuguese soils of varying P sorption capacity were incubated aerobically at 30° C without and with added P in order to give 0.1.mg P L−1 in the soil solution. Two methods of measuring extractable P were compared: (i) mixed-bed cation-anion-resin beads in bags and (ii) a simpler method with anion-resin membrane only. The bag method extracted about twice and 1.5 times as much as the strip method, respectively, without and with added P. The relationships were much closer after one extraction for 2 hours (r = 0.982, p 〈 0.01) instead of the cumulative extraction of 24 hours (r = 0.635,p 〉 0.05.). P recovery after incubation was inversely related to some soil properties as organic matter, buffer capacity, selective dissolution Al forms (Alox and Ald) and P sorption. It is suggested that the simpler resin membrane method is more adequate to assess P for many studies of P reaction with soil. A simpler incubation method was tried, consisting of incubation as a soil suspension in water at a high temperature (50° C). The results suggested that this method gave similar results to aerobic incubation, with the advantage that there was no need to measure the required and final water contents of incubated soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750686
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    Effects of temperature on nutrient release from slow-release fertilizers (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: electrical conductivity ; leaching ; nitrogen ; pH ; phosphorus ; potassium ; release pattern ; slow-release fertilizers ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effect of temperature on the release of N, P, and K from slow-release fertilizers (SRF). The study was conducted in micro-lysimeters filled with moist peat medium. Increasing the temperature from 4 to 12°C slightly increased N release from three different slow-release N (SRN) carriers with different particle sizes and coating thicknesses. At 21°C the rate of release was significantly different than the other two temperatures. Urea formaldehyde (UF), sulphur coated urea (SCU) and coated calcium nitrate (CCN), incubated in sphagnum moss peat, released between 3 and 20% of the applied N in six weeks. For eight synthetic and organic NPK carriers, the release pattern was similar to UF and SCU. However, the leaching losses of N from the NPK fertilizers were up to twenty times more than for the SRN products. Except for Osmocote® and Duna, which released 30–40% of the applied N as mineral-N within six weeks, all other slow-release and slowly mineralized NPK carriers acted like readily water-soluble compound NPK. Temperature did not affect the nutrient release from NPK fertilizers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420552
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    Leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus from rural areas to surface waters in the Netherlands (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 50 (1998), S. 321-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nutrient modelling ; leaching ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; schematization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In context of preparing the Fourth National Policy Document on Water Management in the Netherlands effects of different scenarios of fertilizer management on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) leaching from rural areas into Dutch surface waters were analyzed. The manuscript offers insight into the model instrument that is used to simulate the different scenarios. Main parts of the modelinstrument are: a procedure to schematize the Netherlands in horizontal areal units, field scale mechanistic models for water and nutrient behaviour in the soil and an empirical model for fertilizer additions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009773202654
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    Changes in fertilizer and manurial practices during 1960–1990: implications for N and P inputs to the Ythan catchment, N.E. Scotland (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 52 (1998), S. 19-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: agriculture ; catchment ; fertilizer ; historical ; manure ; nitrate ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A suggested increase in the growth of macrophytic algae within the Ythan estuary (N.E. Scotland) over recent years has been linked to the increased amounts of nitrogen in the form of NO3–N entering the estuary from the river. The increased NO3 concentration in the river has been associated with recent changes in farming practices in this predominantly agricultural catchment. Terrestrially derived phosphorus is also considered to contribute increasingly to eutrophication of fresh waters. Historical agricultural census data together with appropriate surveys of fertilizer practice were used to calculate the total quantities of fertilizer and manure derived N and P applied annually over the wholeYthan catchment during the period 1960 – 1990. While the total agricultural land area has remained similar, significant changes in cropping practice have occurred. In particular, a greater proportion of land is given to autumn sown crops while the area of grassland has declined. These changes in farming practice are associated with differences in both the total amounts and timing of fertilizer applied. The use of inorganic N in the catchment has trebled since 1960 and is currently approximately 6400 tonnes (104 kg N/ha). The use of P has decreased by more than a quarter to 1274 tonnes (21 kg P/ha) over a similar time period. There has been no obvious change in total quantity of N and P derived from animal manures, estimated to be 44 and 11 kg per ha, respectively, when averaged over the area of agricultural land. Cattle and sheep numbers have remained relatively constant and together account for approximately 80% of the manure N and 70% of the manure P produced annually. However, poultry have declined by 70% since 1960 while pig numbers have increased six-fold. The average annual application rate of manure derived N over the whole catchment (44 kg/ha) is considerably below that proposed at the farm scale in the EC Nitrate Directive (210–170 kg/ha). However, on a local scale difficulties may arise for large manure producing concerns such as dairy or pig units.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009787618943
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    Controlling soil water content in fertiliser dissolution experiments (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertiliser formulation ; nutrients ; phosphorus ; relative humidity ; soil moisture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus lost in runoff from agricultural land leads to the enrichment of surface waters and contributes to algal blooms. Fertilisers are one source of this P. To compare the water available P of different fertiliser formulations in the laboratory it is necessary to control environmental conditions, temperature, relative humidity and soil water content, prior to simulating rainfall. Two chambers were designed in which relative humidity and soil water content were controlled using salt solutions. An initial design comprising a sealed chamber with three layers of soil samples over a salt bath was found to be inferior to a single layer design. The changes in water content of soil samples were used to test the single layer chamber in a constant temperature environment (15 °C) using a saturated KCl solution (90% relative humidity). Based on the final soil water content of the samples, the spatial variation within the chamber was within tolerable limits. The single layer chamber was used for a simulation experiment comparing the water available P of two commercial fertilisers. Using a saturated resorcinol solution (95% relative humidity) soil samples were equilibrated at 15 °C for 21 days, fertiliser added, and the water available P measured up to 600 h after fertiliser application. The results indicate that the amount of water available P was related to the fertiliser compound and exponentially related to the time since fertiliser application. It was concluded that the single layer chamber is suitable for controlling relative humidity and soil water content in trials such as these where the water available P of fertilisers are being compared.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009816716466
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    Transfers of phosphorus within three dairy farming systems receiving varying inputs in feeds and fertilizers (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 63-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: dairy systems ; feeds ; fertilizers ; phosphorus ; P surplus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inputs of phosphorus (P) above requirements for production on dairy farms lead to surplus P with increased risk of P transfer in land run-off to surface waters causing eutrophication. The impact of reducing surplus P inputs in purchased feeds and fertilizers on milk and forage production was investigated in a comparison of three dairy farm systems on chalkland soils in southern England over a 3-year period. In accordance with current commercial practice, no attempt was made to regulate P inputs in system 1, which accumulated an average annual surplus of 23 kg P ha-1. Progressive reductions in purchased feed and/or fertilizer inputs into systems 2 and 3 decreased surplus P to 17 and 3 kg ha-1, respectively, without apparently limiting either milk or herbage dry matter production. The estimated reduction in faecal P output from system 3 cows fed a low P diet compared to system 1 cows fed a high P diet was 26%. Milk P concentrations significantly (P 〈0.001) increased in systems 2 and 3 which included maize in the diet. Output of P in milk and meat products, as a proportion of the total dietary P inputs, increased from 28% in system 1 to 36% in system 3. Surplus P was greatest in continuous maize fields receiving both dairy manure and starter P fertilizer. Withholding P fertilizer in system 3 did not reduce P offtake in cut herbage on soils of moderate P fertility. Total annual losses of P in storm run-off and leaching were no greater than annual inputs of P from the atmosphere (0.5 kg ha-1). The results indicate there is scope to reduce surplus P on commercial dairy farms without sacrificing production targets at least in the short term. Purchased feeds are the largest of the P inputs on intensive dairy farms, yet these are rarely quantified on commercial holdings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009860915462
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    Applications of poultry litter and triple superphosphate fertilizer to a sandy soil: effects on soil phosphorus status and profile distribution (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 233-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: leaching ; phosphorus ; poultry litter ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To determine P loadings, added through poultry litter, sufficient to cause downward movement of P from the cultivated layer of a sandy soil, six rates of poultry litter were applied annually for four years to a site in central England. (total loading 0 – 1119 kg P ha-1). A single extra plot also received an extra 1000 kg ha-1 as triple superphosphate (TSP; total loading 2119 kg P ha-1) and three other treatments received 200 – 800 kg ha-1 P as TSP only. Annual soil sampling in 30-cm increments to 1.5-m depth provided information on P build-up in the topsoil and P movement to depth. There were strong linear trends between P balance (P applied – P removed in crops) and total P, Olsen bicarbonate extractable P and water-soluble P in the topsoil. Phosphorus from TSP and poultry litter fell on the same regression lines, suggesting that both would be equally effective as fertilizer sources. We calculated that 100 kg ha-1 surplus total P would increase the Olsen extractable P content by c. 6 mg kg-1 and the water-soluble P by c. 5 mg kg-1. Thus, relatively large amounts of P would need to be applied to raise soil P status. We found some evidence of P movement into the soil layers immediately below cultivation depth. However, neither soil sampling nor soil solution extracted through Teflon water samplers showed evidence of movement into the deep subsoil (1 m) despite large P loadings.
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    Inorganic phosphorus and manure effects on bahiagrass production on a Spodosol (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: bahiagrass ; manure ; pasture fertilization ; phosphorus ; phosphorus cycling ; Spodosol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) pasture fertilization recommendations have traditionally been based upon clipping studies. Inclusion of P from manure, not originally considered when P recommendations were developed for pastures, may minimize the need for P fertilization without reducing bahiagrass production or P uptake. The objective of this research was to determine if manure contributes greatly to the P crop nutrient requirement. A 2-year field study utilized a factorial arrangement of 0 and 6.9 Mg air-dried manure ha-1 with 0, 17, 34, 51, and 68 kg inorganic P ha-1 from triple superphosphate to evaluate bahiagrass yield, root distribution, and P uptake response on a Myakka fine sand (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Aeric Alaquod). Because air-dried manure was used in the field study, a greenhouse study was employed to confirm that there were no differences in bahiagrass yield or P uptake from either air-dried or fresh cattle (Bos spp.) manure sources. There were no manure or manure by P interaction effects on yield or P uptake of bahiagrass indicating that manure source did not effect grass production in the greenhouse. In the field study, bahiagrass roots were distributed into the Bh horizon, and the Bh horizon had at least four times more Mehlich-1 extractable P than that of the Ap horizon. This horizon was most likely acting as a main source for P-uptake by the grass. This observation was further confirmed by no yield response to levels of inorganic P application in 1989. A linear-response-and-plateau (R2=0.196) relationship with a critical point of 15.4 kg P ha-1 was found in 1990. Bahiagrass yield and P uptake were not dependent on P fertilization, either from manure or inorganic P, due to the availability of P from the Bh horizon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009831011649
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    The value of poultry manure for wetland rice grown in rotation with wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 47 (1996), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer value ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; poultry manure ; urea ; wetland rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Poultry manure applied alone or in combination with urea at different N levels was evaluated as a N source for wetland rice grown in a Fatehpur loamy sand soil. Residual effects were studied on wheat which followed rice every year during the three cropping cycles. In the first year, poultry manure did not perform better than urea but by the third year, when applied in quantities sufficient to supply 120 and 180 kg N ha−1, it produced significantly more rice grain yield than the same rates of N as urea. Poultry manure sustained the grain yield of rice during the three years while the yield decreased with urea. Apparent N recovery by rice decreased from 45 to 28% during 1987 to 1989 in the case of urea, but it remained almost the same (35, 33 and 37%) for poultry manure. Thus, urea N values of poultry manure calculated from yield or N uptake data following two different approaches averaged 80, 112 and 127% in 1987, 1988 and 1989, respectively. Poultry manure and urea applied in 1:1 ratio on N basis produced yields in between the yields from the two sources applied alone. After three cycles of rice-wheat rotation, the organic matter in the soil increased with the amount of manure applied to a plot. Olsen available P increased in soils amended with poultry manure. A residual effect of poultry manure applied to rice to supply 120 or 180 kg N ha−1 was observed in the wheat which followed rice and it was equivalent to 40 kg N ha−1 plus some P applied directly to wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01986279
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    Balanced pasture fertilization in the Basque Country: I. Phosphorus and potassium budgets on dairy farms (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 47 (1996), S. 261-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: pasture fertilization ; phosphorus ; potassium ; nutrient budget ; nutrient efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Dairy farming is the main agricultural activity of the Basque Country. A dairy farm is characterized as a system with soils and crops, forage, cattle and manure as main components, and in such a system, nutrient cycling is very important to maintain soil fertility and optimize forage production. To quantify nutrient transfers in the cycle, a simple system was developed and has been applied to seventeen farms to examine its ability to achieve a balanced P and K fertilization. These farms have provided data on inputs (fertilizer, feeds, concentrates), pasture and manure management, and outputs (milk production), and soil samples have been taken from farm pastures. Phosphorus and K in excreta and uneaten pasture is used with a relatively high efficiency as suggested by the relatively high efficiency of P and K utilization by the pasture that usually ranges from 70 to 90%. Concentrate feeding (3000 kg cow−1 yr−1) represents one of the main P and K inputs in Basque Country dairy farms, averaging 26 and 66 kg ha−1, respectively. Besides, release of K in the soil through slow liberation from non-exchangeable sites was estimated as 30 kg ha−1. Thus, a high efficiency in excreta recycling would diminish substantially P and K mineral fertilizer needs. Farm nutrient budgets appear to be a convenient tool for determining nutrient shortages and surpluses at farm level, and thus they are considered as a first step to support a better management of maintenance fertilization of permanent pastures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01986281
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    The effect of ionic strength on soil P reactions is negligible (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 193-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cation activity ; phosphorus ; potassium chloride ; soil solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The electrolyte concentration of the soil solution affects the availability of some nutrients in the soil, especially of P, but it is not know at what salt concentration the reactions start to be significantly affected and their magnitude. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of rates of potassium chloride (KCl) on some soil parameters that determine supplying of P, K, Ca, Mg, and Al in an unlimed acid soil. Increasing rates of KCl (from zero up to 2000 mg K kg−1) were applied to soil samples fertilized with 360 mg P kg−1. Solution (Cli) and exchangeable (Csi) forms of P, Ca, Mg, K, and Al were determined in the treated soil samples after 30-days of incubation; cation activity in solution and their selectivity coefficients were then calculated. Addition of KCl at rates equal to or above 500 mg K kg−1 caused a large relative increase on P in the soil solution (Pli) but a small and insignificant increase on the absolute value of Pli. All forms of soil K increased with increases on K applied, and buffer power for K varied according to the range of soil K. At all KCl rates, K displaced Ca, Mg, and Al from the solid phase to the soil solution, but had no effect on the extractable values. The relative preference of cations for the adsorption sites increased with increase on cation valency, and only those selectivity coefficients involving K were affected by K applied.
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    A Rapid DNA Extraction Method for RFLP and PCR Analysis from a Single Dry Seed (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 90-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: DNA extration ; DNA fingerprint ; half seed ; PCR ; RFLP ; target gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A single-seed DNA extraction method was developed for rapid identification of plant genotype. The method was applied to 12 plant species, including the oil seeds sesame and soybean. The results were comparable to those obtained for oil-less seeds such as rice. This method will be useful for genotypic selection which requires rapid screening of large populations. It can also be used to identify varietal purity of seed stocks by PCR and RFLP analysis. The method includes two major steps, (i) treatment by proteinase K in an SDS extraction buffer, and (ii) grinding of a single half seed in the buffer after incubation. About 1.5–2 µg of DNA per half seed (the endosperm part) of rice was obtained and more than 200 half seed samples could be handled by one person in a day. The DNA could be used for fingerprinting and detection of target genes in a transgenic plant by PCR. The amplified PCR products from the half seed DNA exhibited the same banding patterns as those from leaf DNA. Yield and quality of DNA extracted from half seeds of rice was also sufficient for RFLP analysis. The remnant half seeds containing the embryo can be maintained for later germination of selected genotypes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007418606098
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    Distribution and fluxes as macrodetritus of phosphorus in red mangroves, Sepetiba Bay, Brazil (1998)
    Springer
    Mangroves and salt marshes 2 (1998), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: mangrove ; phosphorus ; distribution ; dynamics ; exportation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and dynamics of phosphorus have been studied in the mangroves of Sepetiba Bay, Brazil. Leaf fall contributes 3.0 kg P ha=1yr=1to the sediment. The total above ground biomass of the R. mangle stand was about 65.3 t ha=1, the P accumulation was 3.9 kg P ha=1where 63% of the total P-biomass was accumulated in the leaves. The biomass of below ground roots was about 8.2 tha=1 and accumulated 16% of total P-biomass. Sediment contained 452 kg P ha=1 where P combined with calcium (P-Ca) was the main fraction (260 kg ha=1). The annual flux of P as litter fall was small (〈 1%) compared to total P in the sediment reservoir. The annual export of P by macrodetritus corresponds to 0.05% of the total sediment reservoir.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009950708155
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    Distribution and sources of phosphorus in tidal river sediments in the Washington, DC, Area (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 30 (1997), S. 224-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Sediment ; Washington ; DC ; Pollution ; phosphorus ; nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Sediments in the rivers and basins around Washington, DC, have high concentrations of phosphorus, which, based on geographic distributions, is largely derived from urban runoff and municipal sewage. Dissolved-particulate phosphate exchange reactions and biological uptake of dissolved phosphorus from the water column may be an added source of phosphorus to the sediments. Concentrations of total sedimentary phosphorus ranged from 24 to 56 μm P/g-dw, and were highest in areas near combined sewer outfalls. As a part of this study, sedimentary phosphorus was fractionated into Fe-P, Ca-P, Al-P, and organic phases using a selective-sequential leaching procedure. The distribution of the phases in all sediments analyzed follow the order , Fe-P〉Ca-P〉Al-P. Spatial variations in the amounts of phosphorus in the different phases is related to the sources of phosphorus to the area. The proportions of occluded Al-P and organic P are 10–20% of the total P, respectively. This suggests that phosphorus from natural sources is small compared to anthropogenic inputs in this area. The high leachable Fe-P and Ca-P in these sediments might contribute a substantial amount of P to the water column under conditions of remobilization.
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    A new polymorphism in the 5' flanking region of the human interleukin (IL)-4 gene (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 738-739 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Interleukin (IL)-4 ; Promoter ; Polymorphism ; RFLP ; Linkage disequilibrium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050677
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    A new polymorphism in the promoter of the Interleukin 5 receptor alpha subunit (IL-5RA) gene (1998)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 65-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words IL-5Rα ; Promoter ; Polymorphism ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050402
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    Ultrastructural and molecular study of plastid inheritance in Abies alba and some Abies hybrids (1998)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 11 (1998), S. 284-291 
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    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Abies ; Egg cell ; Plastid inheritance ; RFLP ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ultrastructure of egg cells in Abies alba was examined to elucidate the lack of maternal inheritance of plastids. Before fertilization, maternal plastids are absent in the perinuclar zone containing mainly mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. During egg cell development the maternal plastids are transformed into large inclusions which are situated mostly towards the periphery of the egg cell, and finally disintegrate. As a consequence, they do not participate in zygote formation. RFLP analysis of cpDNA of parental trees and their F1 interspecific hybrids (A. alba×A. numidica, A. alba×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. Alba) using HindIII and BamHI showed a paternal mode of cpDNA inheritance. Paternal inheritance has also been found with PCR/RFLP analysis of cpDNA from parental trees and their hybrids (A. alba×A. pinsapo, A. pinsapo×A. alba, A. pinsapo×A. numidica) using ApaI and HaeIII digests, as well as in the crosses of A. cephalonica×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. cephalonica, A. cephalonica×A. numidica using TagI digests.
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    Non-Mendelian and skewed segregation of DNA markers in wide crosses of the bean rust fungus,Uromyces appendiculatus (1996)
    Springer
    Current genetics 29 (1996), S. 159-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Genetic linkage mapping ; Segregation distortion ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The inheritance of DNA markers was investigated in 27 F2 progeny from a single F1 hybrid derived from a wide cross inUromyces appendiculatus. This cross was unusual because asexual spores were used to fertilize sexual fruiting structures. Sixty percent of the DNA markers failed to segregate according to simple Mendelian ratios. Segregation bias was evident, in that F2 progeny inherited on average 91 % of maternal bands and 52% of paternal bands, which deviates significantly from the expected value for each of 75% for dominant markers. Because of these distortions, linkage mapping was not possible with this population. Evaluation of two F1s from a second wide cross, reciprocals obtained by normal fertilization, also showed non-Mendelian inheritance of one of three co-dominant RFLPs and five of six isozyme markers, indicating that the method of crossing was probably not responsible for the abnormal segregation patterns in the first cross. Either genetic incompatibility, similar to that of an interspecific cross, or selection of particular genotypes could explain the genetic anomalies reported here.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02221580
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    Heterogeneity in intergenic regions of the ribosomal repeat of the pine-blister rustsCronartium flaccidum andPeridermium pini (1996)
    Springer
    Current genetics 29 (1996), S. 388-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cronartium flaccidum ; Pine blister rusts ; Ribosomal intergenic region polymorphism ; RFLP ; HPA analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mixed aeciospore isolates ofCronartium flaccidum andPeridermium pini were obtained from single-tree infections in Britain, Italy and Greece. The 5.8s ribosomal RNA gene and flanking intergenic transcribed spacer regions ITS 1 and ITS2 were found to be highly similar betweenC. flaccidum andP. pini. Within samples heterogeneity was detected at three nucleotide loci in the ITS1 and at four loci in the ITS2 suggesting that several fungal genotypes may occur at a single infection court. The heterogeneity was confirmed by heteroduplex polymorphism analysis of mixed aeciospore products. RFLP of the ribosomal intergenic spacer region 1 (IGSI) amplified from the same templates indicated limited sequence polymorphism in some copies of this repeated locus. Both the sexual and asexual forms ofC. flaccidum show evidence of sequence polymorphism in two independent, non-coding regions of the ribosomal gene array. Variation appears to be greater in the sexual formC. flaccidum, than in the monoaecious formP. pini.
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    Heterogeneity in intergenic regions of the ribosomal repeat of the pine-blister rusts Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini (1996)
    Springer
    Current genetics 29 (1996), S. 388-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words  Cronartium flaccidum ; Pine blister rusts ; Ribosomal intergenic region polymorphism ; RFLP ; HPA analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Mixed aeciospore isolates of Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini were obtained from single-tree infections in Britain, Italy and Greece. The 5.8s ribosomal RNA gene and flanking intergenic transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2 were found to be highly similar between C. flaccidum and P. pini. Within samples heterogeneity was detected at three nucleotide loci in the ITS1 and at four loci in the ITS2 suggesting that several fungal genotypes may occur at a single infection court. The heterogeneity was confirmed by heteroduplex polymorphism analysis of mixed aeciospore products. RFLP of the ribosomal intergenic spacer region 1 (IGS1) amplified from the same templates indicated limited sequence polymorphism in some copies of this repeated locus. Both the sexual and asexual forms of C. flaccidum show evidence of sequence polymorphism in two independent, non-coding regions of the ribosomal gene array. Variation appears to be greater in the sexual form C. flaccidum, than in the monoaecious form P. pini.
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    Non-Mendelian and skewed segregation of DNA markers in wide crosses of the bean rust fungus, Uromyces appendiculatus (1996)
    Springer
    Current genetics 29 (1996), S. 159-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Genetic linkage mapping ; Segregation distortion ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The inheritance of DNA markers was investigated in 27 F2 progeny from a single F1 hybrid derived from a wide cross in Uromyces appendiculatus. This cross was unusual because asexual spores were used to fertilize sexual fruiting structures. Sixty percent of the DNA markers failed to segregate according to simple Mendelian ratios. Segregation bias was evident, in that F2 progeny inherited on average 91% of maternal bands and 52% of paternal bands, which deviates significantly from the expected value for each of 75% for dominant markers. Because of these distortions, linkage mapping was not possible with this population. Evaluation of two F1s from a second wide cross, reciprocals obtained by normal fertilization, also showed non-Mendelian inheritance of one of three co-dominant RFLPs and five of six isozyme markers, indicating that the method of crossing was probably not responsible for the abnormal segregation patterns in the first cross. Either genetic incompatibility, similar to that of an interspecific cross, or selection of particular genotypes could explain the genetic anomalies reported here.
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    Characterization of Cyanobacteria by SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins and PCR/RFLP of the 16S rRNA gene (1997)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 168 (1997), S. 176-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Cyanobacteria ; Planktonic ; Total protein ; SDS-PAGE ; PCR ; RFLP ; 16S rRNA ; UPGMA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Planktonic, filamentous cyanobacterial strains from different genera, both toxic and nontoxic strains, were characterized by SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins and PCR/RFLP of the 16S rRNA gene. Total protein pattern analysis revealed the mutual relationships at the genus level. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the 16S rRNA gene with reference strains proved to be a good method for the cyanobacterial taxonomy. The nonheterocystous strains outgrouped from the nitrogen-fixing ones. With both methods, Aphanizomenon clustered with Anabaena, and Nodularia with Nostoc. In the RFLP study of Anabaena, the neurotoxic strains were identical, but the hepatotoxic ones formed a heterogeneous group. Genetic distances found in the RFLP study were short, confirming that close genotypic relationships underlie considerable diversity among cyanobacterial genera.
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    Megaplasmids in Thermus oshimai isolates from two widely separated geographical areas: restriction fragment profiling and DNA homology (1997)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 168 (1997), S. 473-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Thermus oshimai ; Megaplasmids ; Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ; RFLP ; Southern ; hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Megaplasmid DNA was detected in ten isolates belonging to the recently described thermophilic eubacterial species Thermus oshimai and isolated from hot springs in Portugal (eight isolates) and Iceland (two isolates). The estimated size of the large plasmids purified from T. oshimai SPS-18 from S. Pedro do Sul, Portugal, and from isolate JK-91 from Hveragerdhi-Hengill, Iceland, was 214 and 275 kb, respectively. No sequence homologous to isolate SPS-18 megaplasmid is present in chromosomal DNA as indicated by Southern hybridization analysis. Overall examination of the HindIII fragment profiles of megaplasmid DNAs purified from isolates from the same geographical area gave similar but not always identical restriction profiles on agarose gels. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was higher for megaplasmids present in isolates purified from the Portuguese and Icelandic isolates than for megaplasmids from the same hot spring. Megaplasmid RFLP correlated with previous results obtained on the polymorphism of macrorestriction patterns of whole genomic DNA and with the RFLP of co-resident small plasmid DNA that was found in one half of the isolates examined. The 16-kb HindIII–HindIII fragment from isolate SPS-18 megaplasmid showed DNA–DNA homology with restriction fragments of similar size generated by the large plasmids present in all the other isolates, even in those from hot springs of widely separated geographical areas. This suggests a high degree of sequence conservation in T. oshimai megaplasmids.
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    Cost-Effective Nutrient Reductions to the Baltic Sea (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 10 (1997), S. 341-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Baltic Sea ; eutrophication ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; cost effective
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Due to eutrophication caused by heavy loads of nitrogen and phosphorus, the biological conditions of the Baltic Sea have been disturbed: large sea bottom areas without any biological life, low stocks of cods, and toxic blue green algaes. It is recognized that the nitrogen and phosphorus loads to the Baltic Sea must be reduced by 50% in order to restore the sea. The main purpose of this paper is to calculate cost effective nitrogen and phosphorus reductions to the Baltic Sea from the nine countries surrounding the Baltic Sea. The results show a significant difference in minimum costs of decreasing nitrogen and phosphorus loads to the Sea: approximately 12 000 millions of SEK per year and 3 000 millions of SEK respectively for reductions by 50%. It is also shown that a change from a policy of cost-effective nutrient reductions to a policy where each country reduces the nutrient loads by 50% increase total costs for both nitrogen and phosphorus reductions by about 300%. The results are, however, sensitive to several of the underlying assumptions and should therefore be interpreted with much caution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026497515871
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    Factors Regulating the Flux of Phosphate at the Sediment - Water Interface of a Subtropical Calcareous Lake: a Simulation Study with Intact Sediment Cores (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 401-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: phosphorus ; P flux ; microbial activity ; redox ; simulation ; Lake Kinneret ; sediment ; accumulative P release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Different factors which interactively control the flux of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) at the sediment-water interface (SWI) of Lake Kinneret were studied seasonally. The influence of pH, Eh and microbial activity on SRP flux at the SWI was investigated by manipulating the conditions in the overlying water of intact sediment cores. The calculated diffusive SRP flux out of the sediment was lower in cores sampled during winter and spring than during the period of amixis. Potential SRP release, as measured in the absence of microbial activity, was strongly enhanced upon the transition from oxic to anoxic conditions indicating P release from iron(III)-bound phosphorus. In spring and summer cores, an enhanced SRP flux from sediments at pH 7 in comparison to pH 8 indicated P release from carbonate-bound P which sedimented previously as result of high pH values during the algal spring bloom. Microbial uptake at the SWI was the most important sink for SRP and no net-flux occured under oxic conditions. The higher net-flux of P under anoxic conditions was linked to carbon limitation of the bacteria at the SWI.
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    Bottom sediments in a humic lake with artificially increased calcium content: sink or source for phosphorus? (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 457-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; phosphorus ; fractionation ; release ; humic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lake Flosek (north-eastern part of Poland) is a small shallow and without outflow lake which has been limed in 1970. The concentration of Ca was increased from 3-4 mg L-1 to 17 mg L-1 in the water and from 0.2-0.3% dry weight to 0.9-1.7% dry weight in sediments (5 cm upper layer) due to CaCO3 addition to the lake. In the spring-summer seasons of 1992 and 1993, an experimental study was conducted in Lake Flosek to assess the capacity of bottom sediments to uptake and release mineral phosphorus. The rate of phosphorus exchange between sediments and near-bottom water was experimentally measured under conditions of high (100%), and of reduced (10%) oxygen saturation in near-bottom water. To determine the component of sediments responsible for the uptake of most phosphorus, the proportions of phosphorus forms in sediments were analysed. Sediments of Lake Flosek showed a slight tendency to release phosphates. The rate of this process was similar under high (100%) and low (10%) oxygen saturations ranging from - 0.161 to + 0.200 mg P m-2 d-1. This is much lower (by 1-2 orders of magnitude) than reported from other harmonic, non-humic lakes. In the total phosphorus pool, the highest content of phosphorus was found in the organic and residual phosphorus fractions (over 70% of the total phosphorus in sediments). The largest part of the readily extractable phosphorus was found in the fraction bound to Al and humic substances (41%). Both these fractions determine a weak exchange of phosphorus between sediments and water. No difference in P-release related to P-fraction compound was found in the cores taken from three sites in the lake.
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    Sediment Accumulation of Nutrients (N, P) in the Eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 477-486 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; organic matter ; cluster analysis ; Gulf of Finland ; estuaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Dry weight (DW), ignition loss (IL) and concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of the sediment surface layer (0 to 10 cm, 1 cm slices) were analyzed from 20 sites in the eastern Gulf of Finland. The distance of the sampling sites from the mouth of the River Neva explained the nutrient concentrations of the sediments well, while the effect of water depth was negligible. The increase of TN and the decrease of TP along the transect from the river mouth towards the open Gulf were caused by the diminishing share of allochthonous material supplied from the River Neva. The mean TN concentration of the different accumulation areas was about 40 % higher in the sediment surface than in the deeper layer (9 to 10 cm). The corresponding difference for TP varied from 53 to 56 %. The results suggest considerable netflux of nutrients from sediment to water. The net sediment accumulation of nutrients were estimated as 6.0 g m-2 a-1 of N and 1.7 g m-2 a-1 of P corresponding 22 000 t a-1 of N and 6 100 t a-1 of P for the whole eastern Gulf.
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    Benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon, nutrients and oxygen in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 305-314 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Adriatic Sea ; nutrients ; benthic fluxes ; carbon ; nitrogen ; silicon ; phosphorus ; budgets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic N, Si and P nutrients, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic C (DIC), and O2 from sediments in the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic, Italy) were measured monthly in the period September 1995 – August 1996 using in situ incubated light benthic chambers. The highest efluxes of DIC, NH4 +, PO4 3−, Si(OH)4, and NO3 − influxes encountered in late summer — early autumn were the consequence of degradation of benthic microalgae, and in autumn mostly of sedimented phytoplankton. High NO3 − efflux was observed in spring. Only NH4 + and Si(OH)4 fluxes were significantly correlated with temperature. This correlation suggests that the rate of downward input and the quality and quantity of sedimentary organic matter (autochthonous and allochthonous) were superimposed on the temperature fluctuations. High DIC, NH4 + and Si(OH)4 effluxes observed in July 1996 were due to the late spring — early summer degradation of sedimentary organic matter produced by benthic microalgae, while the autumn phytoplankton bloom was quickly reflected in enhanced benthic fluxes due to higher temperature. Significant correlations between NH4 +, PO4 3− and Si(OH)4 fluxes suggested their parallel regeneration and utilization at the sediment-water interface. The nutrient fluxes were linked to O2 consumption, suggesting that aerobic oxidation processes were important at the sediment-water interface in the Gulf. The N, P and Si nutrients released from sediment pore waters are probably utilized in benthic microalgal and bottom-water primary production. This indicates that pelagic and benthic communities in the central part of the Gulf of Trieste function relatively independently of each other.
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    Trophic modifications in Lake Como (N. Italy) caused by the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 633-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: zebra mussel ; Dreissena polyrnorpha ; phosphorus ; trophic state ; recovery ; take Como
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A large scale study on the western basin of Lake Como (N. Italy) was started in 1995 to examine the effects of the zebra mussel colonization which began in early '90. Our results have been related to '91–92 data (pre-Dreissena period), before the maximum colonization of zebra mussel. In spring and summer of the post-Dreissena period total phosphorus, P-PO4, nitrate and chlorophyll values decreased, while ammonium and tranparency increased at every sampling station. Zebra mussel does not modify the trophic state of this sub-basin but it plays an important role in nutrient cycling. The entire population can filter epilimnetic craters 2.1 times per year and can produce 2.9 × 104 t y of pseudofaeces which are transferred to sediments.
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    Nucleotide sequence of a major satellite DNA element isolated from a saltwater fishSillago japonica (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 22 (1995), S. 33-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: fish ; repetitive DNA ; RFLP ; satellite DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A member of satellite repetitive DNA was isolated and sequenced from a saltwater fishSillago japonica (Percoidei). This sequence consists of several oligo-dA/dT tracts and two inverted repeats which resemble each other. Dot blot hybridization analysis using a satellite DNA clone pSJ2 among the species in the suborder Percoidei revealed that the pSJ2 sequence was amplified at least after the family Sillaginidae had been derived.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00996302
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    Chalcone synthase in rice (Oryza sativa L.): Detection of the CHS protein in seedlings and molecular mapping of the chs locus (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 735-743 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chalcone synthase cDNA (chs cDNA) ; RFLP ; anthocyanins ; flavonoids ; synteny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chalcone synthase is a key enzyme that catalyses the first dedicated reaction of the flavonoid pathway in higher plants. The chs gene and its protein product in rice has been investigated. The presence of a chalcone synthase (CHS) protein in rice seedlings and its developmental stage-specific expression has been demonstrated by western analysis. The chalcone synthase of rice was found to be immunologically similar to that of maize. A rice cDNA clone, Os-chs cDNA, encoding chalcone synthase, isolated from a leaf cDNA library of an indica rice variety Purpleputtu has been mapped to the centromeric region of chromosome 11 of rice. It was mapped between RFLP markers RG2 and RG103. RG2 is the nearest RFLP marker located at a genetic distance of 3.3 cM. Some segments of chromosome 11 of rice including chs locus are conserved on chromosome 4 of maize. The markers, including chs locus on chromosome 11 of rice are located, though not in the same order, on chromosome 4 of maize. Genetic analysis of purple pigmentation in two rice lines, Abhaya and Shyamala, used in the present mapping studies, indicated the involvement of three genes, one of which has been identified as a dominant inhibitor of leaf pigmentation. The Os-chs cDNA shows extensive sequence homology, both for DNA and protein (deduced), to that of maize, barley and also to different monocots and dicots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020214
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    Assessment of the type and degree of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in diploid species of the genus Triticum (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 1063-1067 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: T. monococcum ssp. monococcum ; T. monococcum ssp. boeoticum ; T. urartu ; RFLP ; Diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The A genome of the Triticeae is carried by three diploid species and subspecies of the genus Triticum: T. monococcum ssp. monococcum, T. monococcum ssp. boeoticum, and T. urartu, the A-genome donor of bread wheat. These species carry many genes of agronomic interest, including disease resistances, and may also be used for the genetic mapping of the A genome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variability present in a sample of 25 accessions representative of this group using RFLP markers. Twenty probes, consisting of genomic DNA or cDNA from wheat, were used in combination with four restriction enzymes. A high level of polymorphism was found, especially at the interspecific level. Selecting the most informative enzymes appeared to be of great importance in order to obtain a stable structure for the diversity observed with only 20 probes. The results are largely consistent with taxonomy and data relating to geographical origins. The probes were also tested on 14 wheat cutivars. A good correlation coefficient was found for their informative values on wheat cultivars and diploid lines. Whether the group of species studied here would be useful for genetic mapping remains to be determined. Nevertheless, RFLP markers will be useful to follow genes that can possibly be introgressed from these species into cultivated wheat.
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    Detection of the apomictic mode of reproduction in maize-Tripsacum hybrids using maize RFLP markers (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 1198-1203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Diplospory ; RFLP ; Bulk-segregant analysis ; Genome similarity ; Intergeneric hybrids ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polyploid plants in the genus Tripsacum, a wild relative of maize, reproduce through gametophytic apomixis of the diplosporous type, an asexual mode of reproduction through seed. Moving gene(s) responsible for the apomictic trait into crop plants would open new areas in plant breeding and agriculture. Efforts to transfer apomixis from Tripsacum into maize at CIMMYT resulted in numerou intergeneric F1 hybrids obtained from various Tripsacum species. A bulk-segregant analysis was carried out to identify molecular markers linked to diplospory in T. dactyloides. This was possible because of numerous genome similarities among related species in the Andropogoneae. On the basis of maize RFLP probes, three restriction fragments co-segregating with diplospory were identified in one maize-Tripsacum dactyloides F1 population that segregated 1∶1 for the mode of reproduction. The markers were also found to be linked in the maize RFLP map, on the distal end of the long arm of chromosome 6. These results support a simple inheritance of diplospory in Tripsacum. Manipulation of the mode of reproduction in maize-Tripsacum backcross generations, and implications for the transfer of apomixis into maize, are discussed.
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    Mapping quantitative trait loci for downy mildew resistance in pearl millet (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 448-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: QTLs ; RFLP ; Pearl millet ; Downy mildew resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to pathogen populations of Scelerospora graminicola from India, Nigeria, Niger and Senegal were mapped using a resistant x susceptible pearl millet cross. An RFLP map constructed using F2 plants was used to map QTLs for traits scored on F4 families. QTL analysis was carried out using the interval mapping programme Mapmaker/QTL. Independent inheritance of resistance to pathogen populations from India, Senegal, and populations from Niger and Nigeria was shown. These results demonstrate the existence of differing virulences in the pathogen populations from within Africa and between Africa and India. QTLs of large effect, contributing towards a large porportion of the variation in resistance, were consistently detected in repeated screens. QTLs of smaller and more variable effect were also detected. There was no QTLs that were effective against all four pathogen populations, demonstrating that pathotype-specific resistance is a major mechanism of downy mildew resistance in this cross. For all but one of the QTLs, resistance was inherited from the resistant parent and the inheritance of resistance tended to be the result of dominance or over-dominance. The implications of this research for pearl millet breeding are discussed.
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    Identification of a RAPD marker for palmitic-acid concentration in the seed oil of spring turnip rape (Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera) (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 477-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica rapa ; RFLP ; RAPD ; QTL ; Palmitic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract F2 progeny (105 individuals) from the cross Jo4002 x Sv3402 were used to identify DNA markers associated with palmitic-acid content in spring turnip rape (Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera). QTL mapping and ANOVA analysis of 140 markers exposed one linkage group with a locus controlling palmitic-acid content (LOD score 27), and one RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) marker, OPB-11a, closely linked (1.4 cM) to this locus. Palmitic-acid content in the 62 F2 plants with the visible allele of marker OPB-11a was 8.45 ±3.15%, while that in the 24 plants without it was 4.59 ±0.97%. As oleic-acid concentration is affected by a locus on the same linkage group as the palmitic-acid locus, this locus probably controls the chain elongation from palmitic acid to oleic acid (through stearic acid). Marker OPB-11a may be used in future breeding programs of spring turnip rape to simplify and hasten the selection for palmitic-acid content.
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    Cytoplasmic DNAs and nuclear rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms in commercial witloof chicories (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 505-509 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Chloroplast DNA ; Mitochondrial DNA ; rDNA ; RFLP ; Witloof chicory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of cytoplasmic DNAs and nuclear rDNA were analyzed in several Cichorium intybus genotypes, comprising four white inbred lines, eight red witloof experimental lines, and a number of F1 hybrids derived from two white parents. Chloroplast and mitochondrial restriction patterns led to the distinction between two different cytoplasms, called I and II. Southern hybridization using a nuclear rDNA probe revealed that all the lines possessed two types of rDNA repeat units. The shortest unit was 10 kb and was common to all lines. The largest rDNA repeat unit was 10.5 kb in lines I and 10.4 kb in lines II. In addition, a sequence heterogeneity between the 10.5 and 10.4-kb rDNA repeat units was revealed by Sac I digestion. A 10-kb rDNA unit was successively cloned, mapped, and used as a probe to check the genetic purity of F1 hybrid seeds between line I and II white parents. We found a 30% average percentage of impurities, originating both from selfing and full-sib crossing, in different open-pollinated hybrid samples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222980
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    Genetic mapping of soybean cyst nematode race-3 resistance loci in the soybean PI 437.654 (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 574-581 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Glycine max ; Heterodera glycines ; RFLP ; Genetic mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Resistance to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is difficult to evaluate in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeding. PI 437.654 has resistance to more SCN race isolates than any other known soybean. We screened 298 F6∶7 recombinant-inbred lines from a cross between PI 437.654 and ‘BSR101’ for SCN race-3 resistance, genetically mapped 355 RFLP markers and the I locus, and tested these markers for association with resistance loci. The Rhg 4 resistance locus was within 1 cM of the I locus on linkage group A. Two additional QTLs associated with SCN resistance were located within 3cM of markers on groups G and M. These two loci were not independent because 91 of 96 lines that had a resistant-parent marker type on group G also had a resistant-parent marker type on group M. Rhg 4 and the QTL on G showed a significant interaction by together providing complete resistance to SCN race-3. Individually, the QTL on G had greater effect on resistance than did Rhg 4, but neither locus alone provided a degree of resistance much different from the susceptible parent. The nearest markers to the mapped QTLs on groups A and G had allele frequencies from the resistant parent indicating 52 resistant lines in this population, a number not significantly different from the 55 resistant lines found. Therefore, no QTLs from PI 437.654 other than those mapped here are expected to be required for resistance to SCN race-3. All 50 lines that had the PI 437.654 marker type at the nearest marker to each of the QTLs on groups A and G were resistant to SCN race-3. We believe markers near to these QTLs can be used effectively to select for SCN race-3 resistance, thereby improving the ability to breed SCN-resistant soybean varieties.
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    A barley RFLP map: alignment of three barley maps and comparisons to Gramineae species (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 681-690 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Barley ; Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum ; Gramineae ; Comparative mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several gene linkage maps have been produced for cultivated barley. We have produced a new linkage map for barley, based on a cross between Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum and Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare (Hvs x Hvv), having a higher level of polymorphism than most of the previous barley crosses used for RFLP mapping. Of 133 markers mapped in the Hvs x Hvv F2 population, 69 were previously mapped on other barley maps, and 26 were mapped in rice, maize, or wheat. Two known gene clones were mapped as well as two morphological markers. The distributions of previously mapped markers were compared with their respective barley maps to align the different maps into one consensus map. The distributions of common markers among barley, wheat, rice and maize were also compared, indicating colinear linkage groups among these species.
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    Linkage relationships among stress-induced genes in wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 795-801 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Salt stress ; Water deficient ; Heat shock ; Mapping ; Triticeae ; RFLP ; Linkage map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Linkage relationships among genes responding to water-deficit, salt stress, and heat shock were investigated in diploid wheat, Triticum monococcum L. The position of these gene loci relative to closely linked markers and the centromeres is reported. It is proposed to continue to use the present T. monococcum mapping population and the genetic maps based thereon as a framework for future determination of relationships among other genes related to environmental stress in the tribe Triticeae.
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    Detection of a highly heterozygous locus in recombinant inbred lines of rice and its possible involvement in heterosis (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 978-986 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Heterozygosity ; Oryza sativa ; Heterosis ; RFLP ; Recombinant inbred lines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Forty-seven recombinant inbred (RI) lines derived from a cross between two indica rices, cv ‘Phalguna’ and the Assam land race ARC 6650, were subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using cloned probes defining 150 single-copy loci uniformly dispersed on the 12 chromosomes of rice. Of the probes tested, 47 detected polymorphism between the parents. Heterozygosity was calculated for each line and for each of the polymorphic loci. Average heterozygosity per line was 9.6% but was excessive (〉20%) in the 5 lines that seemed to have undergone outcrossing immediately prior to harvest. Average heterozygosity detected by each probe across the 47 RI lines was 9.7%. The majority of probes revealed the low level of heterozygosity (〈8%) expected for F5-F6 lines in a species showing about 5% outbreeding. On the other hand, 7 probes exhibited heterozygosity in excess of 15%, while with a eighth probe (RG2 from chromosome 11) heterozygosity varied according to the restriction enzyme employed, ranging from 2% with SaII to 72% with EcoRV. The presence of 34 recombination sites in a segment of the genome as short as 24 kb indicates a strong selection for recombination between two neighbouring loci, one required as homozygous for the ‘Phalguna’ allele, and the other heterozygous. Since selection was principally for yield advantage over that of the high-yielding parent, ‘Phalguna’, one or both of these loci may be important for heterosis in this cross. The results also indicate that heterozygosity as measured by RFLP can depend on the particular restriction endonuclease employed.
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    Mapping quantitative trait loci for seedling vigor in rice using RFLPs (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 395-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Quantitative trait locus (QTL) ; RFLP ; Seedling vigor ; Shoot growth ; Oryza sauva
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Improving seedling vigor is an important objective of modern rice (Oryza saliva L.) breeding programs. The purpose of this study was to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying seedling vigor-related traits using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). An F2 population of 204 plants was developed from a cross between a low-vigor japonica cultivar ‘Labelle’ (LBL) and a high-vigor indica cultivar ‘Black Gora’ (BG). A linkage map was constructed of 117 markers spanning 1496 Haldane cM and encompassing the 12 rice chromosomes with an average marker spacing of 14 cM. The length of the shoots, roots, coleoptile and mesocotyl were measured on F3 families in slantboard tests conducted at two temperatures (18° and 25°C). By means of interval analysis, 13 QTLs, each accounting for 7% to 38% of the phenotypic variance, were identified and mapped in the two temperature regimes at a log-likelihood (LOD) threshold of 2.5. Four QTLs controlled shoot length, 2 each controlled root and coleoptile lengths and 5 influenced mesocotyl length. Single-point analysis confirmed the presence of these QTLs and detected additional loci for shoot, root and coleoptile lengths, these latter usually accounting for less than 5% of the phenotypic variation. Only 3 QTLs detected both by interval and singlepoint analyses were expressed under both temperature regimes. Additive, dominant and overdominant modes of gene action were observed. Contrary to what was predicted from parental phenotype, the low-vigor LBL contributed 46% of the positive alleles for shoot, root and coleoptile lengths. Positive alleles from the high-vigor parent BG were identified for increased root, coleoptile and mesocotyl lengths. However, BG contributed alleles with only minor effects for shoot length, the most important determinant of seedling vigor in water-seeded rice, suggesting that it would not be an ideal donor parent for introducing faster shoot growth alleles into temperate japonica cultivars.
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    Identification of molecular markers linked to the Agropyron elongatum-derived leaf rust resistance gene Lr24 in wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 982-990 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Leaf rust ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Wheat ; Agropyron elongatum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers linked to the wheat leaf rust resistance gene Lr24 derived from Agropyron elongatum (3DL/3Ag translocation). Two near isogenic lines (NILs), ‘Arina’ and Lr24/7 * “Arina”, were screened for polymorphism at the DNA level with 115 RFLP probes. Twenty-one of these probes map to the homoeologous group 3. In addition, 360 RAPD primers were tested on the NILs. Six RFLP probes showed polymorphism between the NILs, and 11 RAPD primers detected one additional band in the resistant NIL. The genetic linkage of the polymorphic markers with Lr24 was tested on a segregating F2 population (150 plants) derived from a cross between the leaf rust resistant Lr24/7 * “Arina” and the susceptible spelt (Triticum spelta) variety ‘Oberkulmer’. All 6 RFLP markers were completely linked to Lr24: one was inherited as a codominant marker (PSR1205), one was in coupling phase (PSR1203) and 4 were in repulsion phase (PSR388, PSR904, PSR931, PSR1067) with Lr24. The localization of these probes on chromosome 3D was confirmed by nulli-tetrasomic analysis. Distorted genotypic segregation was found for the Codominant RFLP marker PSR1205. This distortion can be explained by the occurrence of hemizygous plants. One of the 11 RAPD markers (OPJ-09) also showed complete linkage to theLr24 resistance gene. The polymorphic RAPD fragment was cloned and sequenced. Specific primers were synthesized, and they produced an amplification product only in the resistant plants. This specific marker allows a reliable and rapid screening of a large number of genotypes in practical breeding. Analysis of 6 additional lines containing Lr24 revealed that 3 lines have a smaller chromosomal segment of A. elongatum than lines derived from ‘Agent’, a commonly used gene donor for the Lr24 resistance gene.
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    The genetic and molecular characterization of pollen-derived plant lines from octoploid triticale x wheat hybrids (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 811-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Doubled haploids ; Octoploid triticale ; Wheat ; Wheat/rye translocations ; Wheat/rye addition ; Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) ; SDS-PAGE ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six doubled-haploid (DH) lines, derived by anther culture from octoploid triticale x wheat hybrids, were characterized using cytological, biochemical and molecular techniques. Lines varied in their wheat and rye genome composition, and were either wheat-rye chromosome multiple addition lines or had spontaneous substitutions and/or wheat-rye translocations. Most of the lines contained a pair of 4R chromosomes, whereas 1R or 7R were present in others. The results are similar to those previously obtained with hexaploid triticale x wheat crosses and indicate that it is possible to produce alien (wheat/rye) addition, substitution, and translocation lines directly from the anther culture of intergeneric hybrids.
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    The genetic and molecular characterization of pollen-derived plant lines from octoploid triticale × wheat hybrids (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 811-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words  Doubled haploids ; Octoploid triticale ; Wheat ; Wheat/rye translocations ; Wheat/rye addition ; Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) ; SDS-PAGE ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Six doubled-haploid (DH) lines, derived by anther culture from octoploid triticale × wheat hybrids, were characterized using cytological, biochemical and molecular techniques. Lines varied in their wheat and rye genome composition, and were either wheat-rye chromosome multiple-addition lines or had spontaneous substitutions and/or wheat-rye translocations. Most of the lines contained a pair of 4R chromosomes, whereas 1R or 7R were present in others. The results are similar to those previously obtained with hexaploid triticale × wheat crosses and indicate that it is possible to produce alien (wheat/rye) addition, substitution, and translocation lines directly from the anther culture of intergeneric hybrids.
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    Linkage between RFLP markers and genes affecting kernel hardness in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 580-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Kernel hardness ; Wheat ; RFLP ; QTL ; Puroindoline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A molecular-marker linkage map of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) provides a powerful tool for identifying genomic regions influencing breadmaking quality. A variance analysis for kernel hardness was conducted using 114 recombinant inbred lines (F7) from a cross between a synthetic and a cultivated wheat. The major gene involved in kernel hardness, ha (hard), known to be on chromosome arm 5DS, was found to be closely linked with the locus Xmta9 corresponding to the gene of puroindoline-a. This locus explained around 63% of the phenotypic variability but there was no evidence that puroindoline-a is the product of Ha (soft). Four additional regions located on chromosomes 2A, 2D, 5B, and 6D were shown to have single-factor effects on hardness, while three others situated on chromosomes 5A, 6D and 7A had interaction effects. Positive alleles were contributed by both parents. A three-marker model explains about 75% of the variation for this trait.
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    Genetic localization of four genes for nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.) resistance in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 991-997 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Sugar beet ; Beta vulgaris ; Nematode resistance ; RFLP ; Genetic maps ; Bulk segregant analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is highly susceptible to the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.). Three resistance genes originating from the wild beets B. procumbens and B. webbiana have been transferred to sugar beet via species hybridization. We describe the genetic localization of the nematode resistance genes in four different sugar beet lines using segregating populations and RFLP markers from our current sugar beet linkage map. The mapping studies yielded a surprising result. Although the four parental lines carrying the wild beet translocations were not related to each other, the four genes mapped to the same locus in sugar beet independent of the original translocation event. Close linkage (0–4.6 cM) was found with marker loci at one end of linkage group IV. In two populations, RFLP loci showed segregation distortion due to gametic selection. For the first time, the non-randomness of the translocation process promoting gene transfer from the wild beet to the sugar beet is demonstrated. The data suggest that the resistance genes were incorporated into the sugar beet chromosomes by non-allelic homologous recombination. The finding that the different resistance genes are allelic will have major implications on future attempts to breed sugar beet combining the different resistance genes.
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    Comparative genetic mapping between duplicated segments on maize chromosomes 3 and 8 and homoeologous regions in sorghum and sugarcane (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 1024-1030 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Maize ; Sorghum ; Sugarcane ; RFLP ; Synteny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Comparative mapping within maize, sorghum and sugarcane has previously revealed the existence of syntenic regions between the crops. In the present study, mapping on the sorghum genome of a set of probes previously located on the maize and sugarcane maps allow a detailed analysis of the relationship between maize chromosomes 3 and 8 and sorghum and sugarcane homoeologous regions. Of 49 loci revealed by 46 (4 sugarcane and 42 maize) polymorphic probes in sorghum, 42 were linked and were assigned to linkage groups G (28), E (10) and I (4). On the basis of common probes, a complete co-linearity is observed between sorghum linkage group G and the two sugarcane linkage groups II and III. The comparison between the consensus sorghum/sugarcane map (G/II/III) and the maps of maize chromosomes 3 and 8 reveals a series of linkage blocks within which gene orders are conserved. These blocks are interspersed with non-homoeologous regions corresponding to the central part of the two maize chromosomes and have been reshuffled, resulting in several inversions in maize compared to sorghum and sugarcane. The results emphasize the fact that duplication will considerably complicate precise comparative mapping at the whole genome scale between maize and other Poaceae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050225
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    RFLP mapping of QTLs for yield and related characters in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 920-927 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Oryza sativa L. ; RFLP ; Yield traits ; QTLs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Quantitative triat loci (QTLs) for yield and related traits in rice were mapped based on RFLP maps from two indica/indica populations, Tesanai 2/CB and Waiyin 2/CB. In Tesanai 2/CB, 14 intervals carrying QTLs for eight traits were detected, including 3 for grain weight per plant (GWT), 2 for number of panicles per plant (NP), 2 for number of grains per panicle (NG), 1 for total number of spikelets per panicle (TNS), 1 for spikelet fertility (SF), 3 for 1000-grain weight (TGWT), 1 for spikelet density (SD), and 1 for number of first branches per main panicle. The 3 QTLs for GWT were located on chromosomes 1, 2, and 4, with 1 in each chromosome. The additive effect of the single locus ranged from 2.0 g to 9.1 g. A major gene (np4) for NP was detected on chromosome 4 within the interval of RG143-RG214, about 4 cM for RG143, and this locus explained 26.1% of the observed phenotypic variance for NP. The paternal allele of this locus was responsible for reduced panicles per plant (3 panicles per plant). In another population, Waiyin 2/CB, 12 intervals containing QTLs for six of the above-mentioned traits were detected, including 3 for GWT, 2 for each of NP, TNS, TGWT and SD, 1 for SF. Three QTLs for GWT were located on chromosome 1, 4, and 5, respectively. The additive effect of the single locus for GWT ranged from 6.7 g to 8.8 g, while the dominance effect was 1.7–11.5 g. QTL mapping in two populations with a common male parent is compared and discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050212
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    Linkage between RFLP markers and genes affecting kernel hardness in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 580-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Kernel hardness ; Wheat ; RFLP ; QTL ; Puroindoline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A molecular-marker linkage map of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) provides a powerful tool for identifying genomic regions influencing breadmaking quality. A variance analysis for kernel hardness was conducted using 114 recombinant inbred lines (F7) from a cross between a synthetic and a cultivated wheat. The major gene involved in kernel hardness, ha (hard), known to be on chromosome arm 5DS, was found to be closely linked with the locus Xmta9 corresponding to the gene of puroindoline-a. This locus explained around 63% of the phenotypic variability but there was no evidence that puroindoline-a is the product of Ha (soft). Four additional regions located on chromosomes 2A, 2D, 5B, and 6D were shown to have single-factor effects on hardness, while three others situated on chromosomes 5A, 6D and 7A had interaction effects. Positive alleles were contributed by both parents. A three-marker model explains about 75% of the variation for this trait.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050318
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    Comparative QTL mapping of resistance to Ustilago maydis across four populations of European flint-maize (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1321-1330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Maize ; Ustilago maydis ; QTL mapping ; RFLP ; Resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We mapped and characterized quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to Ustilago maydis and investigated their consistency across different flint-maize populations. Four independent populations, comprising 280 F3 lines (A×BI), 120 F5 lines (A×BII), 131 F4 lines (A×C) and 133 F4 lines (C×D), were produced from four European elite flint inbreds (A, B, C, D) and genotyped at 89, 151, 104, and 122 RFLP marker loci, respectively. All Fn lines were evaluated in field trials with two replications in five German environments. Genotypic variances were highly significant for the percentage of U. maydis infected plants (UST) in all populations, and heritabilities exceeded 0.69. Between five and ten QTLs were detected in individual populations by composite interval mapping, explaining between 39% and 58% of the phenotypic variance. These 19 different QTLs were distributed over all ten chromosomes without any clustering on certain chromosomes. In most cases, gene action was dominant or overdominant. Fourteen pairs of the detected QTLs for UST displayed significant digenic epistatic interactions, but only two of them did so after arcsin √UST/100 transformation. Significant QTL× environment interactions occurred frequently. Between two to four QTLs were common between pairs of populations. Population C×D was also grown in Chartres, a location with a high U. maydis incidence. Two out of six QTLs identified for Chartres were in common with QTLs detected across five German environments for C×D. Consequently, marker-assisted or phenotypic selection based on results from natural infection seem to be suitable breeding strategies for improving the resistance of maize to U. maydis.
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    Inter- and intra-genomic homology of the Brassica genomes: implications for their origin and evolution (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 1225-1233 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica rapa ; B. oleracea ; B. nigra ; Genome homology ; RFLP ; Linkage maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to determine the homologous regions shared by the cultivated Brassica genomes, linkage maps of the diploid cultivated B. rapa (A genome, n = 10), B. nigra (B genome, n = 8) and B. oleracea (C genome, n = 9), were compared. We found intergenomic conserved regions but with extensitve reordering among the genomes. Eighteen linkage groups from all three species could be associated on the basis of homologous segments based on at least three common markers. Intragenomic homologous conservation was also observed for some of the chromosomes of the A, B and C genomes. A possible chromosome phylogenetic pathway based on an ancestral genome of at least five, and no more than seven chromosomes, was drawn from the chromosomal inter-relationships observed. These results demonstrate that extensive duplication and rearrangement have been involved in the formation of the Brassica genomes from a smaller ancestral genome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223454
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    Ribosomal DNA variation in foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv., and a survey of variation from Europe and Asia (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 751-756 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Foxtail millet ; rDNA ; RFLP ; Restriction mapping ; Geographical distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and the structure of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) were investigated in 117 landraces of foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. Five RFLP phenotypes were found when the genomic DNA was digested with BamHI; these were named types I–V. Of these types I, II and III were the most frequent. Type I was mainly distributed in the temperature zone, type II in the Taiwan-Philippines Islands and type III in South Asia. Restriction mapping of the cloned rDNA and comparison with RFLP phenotypes showed that the different types originated from a polymorphism in the length within the intergenic spacer (IGS) and BamHI site changes within the IGS.
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    Phylogenetic analysis of Acacia (Mimosaceae) as revealed from chloroplast RFLP data (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 291-298 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words DNA ; Molecular evolution ; Parsimony ; PAUP ; Phylogeny ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Chloroplast DNA of 22 species of Acacia (Tourn.) Miller was digested with ten restriction endonucleases, Southern-blotted and probed with cloned fragments covering the chloroplast genome of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Phyletic and phenetic analyses of the resulting 176 polymorphic bands recorded among the 22 species were performed. The phylogram was reconstructed using heuristic search and Wagner parsimony. The resulting most parsimonious consensus phylogram displayed three major phyletic lineages, consistent with the previously established three subgenera of Acacia. The 10 species of subgenus Acacia and the 6 species of subgenus Heterophyllum formed two monophyletic sister clades. The 5 species of subgenus Aculeiferum studied and Acacia albida (Syn. Faidherbia albida) grouped together and were basal to the clades of subgenera Acacia and Heterophyllum. The phylogram indicated that subgenus Heterophyllum diverged earlier from subgenus Aculeiferum than did subgenus Acacia; however, the phenogram indicated the reverse. The study indicated that A. nilotica and A. farnesiana are sister species, though A. nilotica is Afro-Asiatic and A. farnesiana is American. The phenogram separated the three subgenera in agreement with the phylogram, but the two dendrograms differed regarding the topologies of the species and the distance of evolution between subgenera Acacia and Heterophyllum.
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    Mapping of Ve in tomato: a gene conferring resistance to the broad-spectrum pathogen, Verticillium dahliae race 1 (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 315-319 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Linkage analysis ; Mapping populations ; Introgression Lines ; RFLP ; Host range
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The soil-borne fungi Verticillium spp. cause vascular wilt disease in a wide range of crop plants. In tomato, resistance to Verticillium dahliae race 1 is conferred by a single dominant gene, Ve. Previous efforts to map Ve in tomato have yielded confusing results, locating it on different chromosomes, which subsequently raised the possibility that Verticillium resistance may be controlled by a number of loci. We used three different mapping populations to obtain an unambiguous map location of Ve: a recombinant inbred (RI) line population; an F2 population segregating for Verticillium resistance; and a population of 50 introgression lines (IL). In all of the mapping populations Ve was positioned on the short arm of chromosome 9 tightly linked to the RFLP marker GP39. This linkage was confirmed by screening for GP39 in different breeding lines with known resistance or susceptibility to Verticillium. A perfect match was found between GP39 and the Verticillium response of the lines, indicating the potential of GP39 in the rapid detection of Verticillium resistance and as a starting point for map-based cloning of Ve. This approach is particularly relevant for Verticillium dahliae race 1, since in the present work we also show that the isolate that infects tomato is responsible for wilt disease in other important crop plants.
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    Comparative molecular mapping of GA insensitive Rht loci on chromosomes 4B and 4D of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 1133-1137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Comparative genetic mapping ; Dwarfing genes ; GA insensitivity ; Microsatellites ; RFLP ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The two GA-insensitive dwarfing gene loci Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 were mapped using three F2 populations, segregating for Rht-B1c (Rht3), Rht-D1b (Rht2) or Rht-D1c (Rht10). Rht-B1c was mapped on chromosome 4BS in the centromere region, distal and closely linked to the RFLP markers Xpsr144 (11.9 cM) and Xpsr584 (17.8 cM), but proximal to Xmwg634 (30 cM). Rht-D1c, however, was found to be closely linked to the distally located markers Xpsr921 (0.8 cM) and Xmwg634 (1.5 cM). The homoeologous relationships between the GA-insensitive dwarfing genes within the Triticeae are discussed.
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    A genetic linkage map of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) developed from a cross between two inbred, domesticated lines (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 1210-1217 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Vigna unguiculata ; RFLP ; RAPD ; AFLP ; Linkage map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We have constructed a genetic linkage map within the cultivated gene pool of cowpea (2n=2x=22) from an F8 recombinant inbred population (94 individuals) derived from a cross between the inbreds IT84S-2049 and 524B. These breeding lines, developed in Nigeria and California, show contrasting reactions against several pests and diseases and differ in several morphological traits. Parental lines were screened with 332 random RAPD decamers, 74 RFLP probes (bean, cowpea and mung bean genomic DNA clones), and 17 AFLP primer combinations. RAPD primers were twice as efficient as AFLP primers and RFLP probes in detecting polymorphisms in this cross. The map consists of 181 loci, comprising 133 RAPDs, 19 RFLPs, 25 AFLPs, three morphological/classical markers, and a biochemical marker (dehydrin). These markers identified 12 linkage groups spanning 972 cM with an average distance of 6.4 cM between markers. Linkage groups ranged from 3 to 257 cM in length and included from 2 to 41 markers, respectively. A gene for earliness was mapped on linkage group 2. Seed weight showed a significant association with a RAPD marker on linkage group 5. This map should facilitate the identification of markers that “tag” genes for pest and disease resistance and other traits in the cultivated gene pool of cowpea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050683
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    Genetic linkage map of a wheat×spelt cross (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 1163-1170 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key wordsTriticum aestivum ; Triticum spelta ; RFLP ; Genetic map ; QTL
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We constructed a genetic map of a cross between the Swiss winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Forno and the Swiss winter spelt (Triticum spelta L.) variety Oberkulmer. For the linkage analysis,176 polymorphic RFLP probes and nine microsatellites were tested on 204 F5 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of Forno×Oberkulmer revealing 242 segregating marker loci. Thirty five percent of these loci showed significant (P〉0.05) deviation from a 1 : 1 segregation, and the percentage of Forno alleles ranged from 21% to 83% for individual marker loci. Linkage analysis was performed with the program MAPMAKER using the Haldane mapping function. Using a LOD threshold of 10, we obtained 37 linkage groups. After finding the best order of marker loci within linkage groups by multi-point analysis we assembled the linkage groups into 23 larger units by lowering the LOD threshold. All except one of the 23 new linkage groups could be assigned to physical chromosomes or chromosome arms according to hybridisation patterns of nulli-tetrasomic lines of Chinese Spring and published wheat maps. This resulted in a genetic map comprising 230 marker loci and spanning 2469 cM. Since the analysed population is segregating for a wide range of agronomically important traits, this genetic map is an ideal basis for the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for these traits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051181
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    Construction of RFLP-based maps of foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Foxtail millet ; Genetic map ; Primary trisomics ; RFLP ; Setaria italica ; Setaria viridis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  An RFLP-based map consisting of 160 loci was constructed in an intervarietal cross of foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.], Longgu 25×Pagoda Flower Green. The map comprises nine linkage groups, which were aligned with the nine foxtail millet chromosomes using trisomic lines, and spans 964 cM. The intraspecific map was compared to an interspecific map, constructed in a S. italica×S. viridis cross. Both the order of the markers and the genetic distances between the loci were highly conserved. Deviations from the expected 1 : 2 : 1 Mendelian segregation ratios were observed in both the intra- and inter-specific populations. The segregation data indicate that chromosome VIII in the Longgu 25×Pagoda Flower Green cross carries a gene that strongly affects gamete fertility.
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    Organization of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene cluster on chromosome 4 including the RPS2 gene, in the Brassica nigra genome (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 468-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Microsynteny ; Genome ; Gene cluster ; RFLP ; PFGE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Genetic and physical maps, consisting of a large number of DNA markers for Arabidopsis thaliana chromosomes, represent excellent tools to determine the organization of related genomes such as those of Brassica. In this paper we report the chromosomal localization and physical analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of a well-defined gene complex of A. thaliana in the Brassica nigra genome (B genome n=8). This complex is approximately 30 kb in length in A. thaliana and contains a cluster of six genes including ABI1 (ABA-responsive), RPS2 (resistance against Pseudomonas syringae, a bacterial disease), CK1 (casein kinase I), NAP (nucleosome-assembly protein), X9 and X14 (both of unknown function). The Arabidopsis chromosomal complex was found to be duplicated and conserved in gene number at different levels in the Brassica genome. Linkage group B1 had the most-conserved arrangement carrying all six genes tightly linked. Group B4 had an almost complete complex except for the absence of RPS2. Other partial complexes of fewer members were found on three other chromosomes. Our studies demonstrate that by this approach it is possible to identify ancestrally related chromosome segments in a complex and duplicated genome, such as the genome of B. nigra, permitting one to draw conclusions as to its origin and evolution.
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    QTL mapping of resistance to Sporisorium reiliana in maize (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 593-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Keywords Maize ; Head smut ; Sporisorium reiliana ; QTL ; RFLP ; Ustilago maydis ; Puccinia sorghi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We mapped and characterized quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to Sporisorium reiliana. A population of 220 F3 families produced from the cross of two European elite inbreds (D32, D145) was evaluated with two replications at a French location with high natural incidence of S. reiliana and at a Chinese location employing artificial inoculation. The 220 F3 families were genotyped with 87 RFLP and seven SSR markers. Using composite interval mapping, we identified two different sets of 3 and 8 QTL for the French and the Chinese locations explaining 13% and 44% of respectively. Individual QTL explained up to 14% of σ^2 p. The 11 QTL mapped to eight maize chromosomes and displayed mostly additive or partial dominant gene action. Significant digenic epistatic interactions were detected for one pair of these QTL. Only a few QTL for S. reiliana were in common with QTL for resistance to Ustilago maydis and Puccinia sorghi, identified at a German location for the same population. Consequently, in our materials resistance to these three fungal pathogens of maize seems to be inherited independently.
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    RFLP mapping of BaYMV resistance gene rym3 in barley (Hordeum vulgare) (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 727-732 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Hordeum vulgare ; BaYMV ; Resistance gene ; RFLP ; Mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The rym3 (formerly designated ym3) gene conferring resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) is effective against all strains of the virus but up to now has not been mapped to any chromosome. We performed a linkage analysis, using DNA extracted from individually harvested mature leaves of 153 F2 plants derived from a cross between BaYMV-resistant cv ’Ishuku Shirazu’ carrying rym3 and susceptible cv ’Ko A’. Additionally, the F3 lines derived from F2 plants were grown in the BaYMV-infested field and examined for their reaction to BaYMV. Our results indicated that rym3 is located on the short arm of chromosome 5H and flanked by RFLP markers MWG28and ABG705A at distances of 7.2 and 11.7 cM, respectively. The chromosomal configuration estimated by DNA markers around rym3 and the utilization of these molecular markers for pyramiding with the BaYMV resistance genes in barley breeding programs are discussed.
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    Molecular phylogeny of mangroves V. Analysis of genome relationships in mangrove species using RAPD and RFLP markers (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 617-625 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Mangroves ; Genome relationship ; Phylogeny ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  DNA from pooled leaf samples of 11 true major mangrove, three true minor mangrove, two mangrove associate, two mangrove parasite, three terrestrial and one cultivated species were isolated for the present study. In total, 198 random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) and 180 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci were scored by using ten primers and 14 enzyme-probe combinations respectively. The polymorphism observed for these markers revealed a high degree of genetic diversity in mangroves at both inter-specific or inter-generic levels. A dendrogram, constructed after pooling both RAPD and RFLP data, using a similarity index was analysed for genome relationships among these species. The dendrogram showed clustering of all the major mangroves, except for Nypa fruticans (Arecaceae), into one group. All species under the tribe Rhizophorae formed a sub-cluster, to which Xylocarpus granatum was found to be the most closesly related species. The clustering pattern implied that Excoecaria agallocha and Acanthus ilicifolius should be considered as true minor mangroves. The present study also provided molecular data favouring the separation of Avicennia spp. from the Verbenaceae to create a monotypic family the Avicenniaceae. The separation of Viscum orientale into the Viscaceae was also favoured.
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    A genetic linkage map of durum wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 721-728 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Durum wheat ; Mapping ; Linkage map ; RFLP ; Morphological markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A genetic linkage map of tetraploid wheat [Triticum turgidum (L.) Thell.] was constructed using segregation data from a population of 65 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between the durum wheat cultivar Messapia and accession MG4343 of T. turgidum (L.) Thell. ssp dicoccoides (Korn.) Thell. A total of 259 loci were analysed, including 244 restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), one PCR (polymerase chain reaction) marker (a sequence coding for a LMW (low-molecular-weight) glutenin subunit gene located at the Glu-B3 locus), seven biochemical (six seed-storage protein loci and one isozyme locus) and seven morphological markers. A total of 213 loci were mapped at a LOD≥3 on all 14 chromosomes of the A and B genomes. The total length of the map is 1352 cM and the average distance between adjacent markers is 6.3 cM. Forty six loci could not be mapped at a LOD≥3. A fraction (18.6%) of the markers deviated significantly from the expected Mendelian ratios; clusters of loci showing distorted segregation were found on chromosomes 1B, 3AL, 4AL, 6AL and 7AL. The durum wheat map was compared with the published maps of bread wheat using several common RFLP markers and general features are discussed. The markers detected the known structural rearrangements involving chromosomes 4A, 5A and 7B as well as the translocation between 2B-6B, but not the deletion on 2BS. This map provides a useful tool for analysing and breeding economically important quantitative traits and for marker-assisted selection, as well as for studies of genome organisation in small grain cereal species.
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    A molecular genetic map of the long arm of chromosome 6R of rye incorporating the cereal cyst nematode resistance gene, CreR (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1000-1012 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words CCN ; RFLP ; PCR ; Heterodera avenae ; Genetic mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A genetic map of the long arm of chromosome 6R of rye was constructed using eight homoeologous group-6 RFLP clones and five PCR markers derived from the rye-specific dispersed repetitive DNA family, R173. The map was developed using a novel test-cross F1 (TC-F1) population segregating for resistance to the cereal cyst nematode. Comparisons were made between the map generated with other rye and wheat group-6 chromosome maps by the inclusion of RFLP clones previously mapped in those species. Co-linearity was observed for common loci. This comparison confirmed a dramatic reduction in recombination for chromosome 6R in the TC-F1 population. The CreR locus was included in the linkage map via progeny testing of informative TC-F1 individuals. CreR mapped 3.7 cM distal from the RFLP locus, XksuF37. Comparative mapping should allow the identification of additional RFLP markers more closely linked to the CreR locus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050984
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  • 88
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    Linkage relationships among molecular markers and storage root traits of carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus) (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 58-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Genetic map ; RFLP ; AFLP ; RAPD ; SAMPL ; Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A 109-point linkage map consisting of three phenotypic loci (P 1, Y 2, and Rs), six restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), two random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), 96 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), and two selective amplification of microsatellite polymorphic loci (SAMPL) was constructed for carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus; 2n=2x=18). The incidence of polymorphism was 36% for RFLP probes, 20% for RAPD primers, and 42% for AFLP primers. The overall incidence of disturbed segregation was 18%. Linkage relationships at a LOD score of 4.0 and θ=0.25 indicated 11 linkage groups. The total map length was 534.4 cM and the map was clearly unsaturated with markers spaced at 4.9 cM. AFLP P6B15 was 1.7 cM from P 1, AFLP P1B34 was 2.2 cM from Y 2, and AFLP P3B30XA was 8.1 cM from Rs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051208
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  • 89
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    Genetic localization of four genes for nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.) resistance in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 991-997 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sugar beet ; Beta vulgaris ; Nematode resistance ; RFLP ; Genetic maps ; Bulk segregant analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is highly susceptible to the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.). Three resistance genes originating from the wild beets B. procumbens (Hs1 pro-1) and B. webbiana (Hs1 web-1, Hs2 web-7) have been transferred to sugar beet via species hybridization. We describe the genetic localization of the nematode resistance genes in four different sugar beet lines using segregating F2 populations and RFLP markers from our current sugar beet linkage map. The mapping studies yielded a surprising result. Although the four parental lines carrying the wild beet translocations were not related to each other, the four genes mapped to the same locus in sugar beet independent of the original translocation event. Close linkage (0–4.6 cM) was found with marker loci at one end of linkage group IV. In two populations, RFLP loci showed segregation distortion due to gametic selection. For the first time, the non-randomness of the translocation process promoting gene transfer from the wild beet to the sugar beet is demonstrated. The data suggest that the resistance genes were incorporated into the sugar beet chromosomes by non-allelic homologous recombination. The finding that the different resistance genes are allelic will have major implications on future attempts to breed sugar beet combining the different resistance genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224039
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  • 90
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    A putative major gene for rust resistance linked with a RFLP marker in sugarcane cultivar ‘R570’ (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 1059-1064 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Major gene ; Polyploidy ; Puccinia melanocephala ; Sugarcane ; RFLP ; Rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Inheritance of resistance to rust was investigated in the self progeny of the sugarcane cultivar ‘R570’ also used to build a RFLP genetic map. Resistance was evaluated through both field and controlled greenhouse trials. A clear-cut 3 (resistant) ∶ 1 (susceptible) segregation indicative of a probable dominant resistant gene was observed. This is the first documented report of a monogenic inheritance for disease resistance in sugarcane. This gene was found linked at 10 cM with an RFLP marker revealed by probe CDSR29. Other minor factors involved in the resistance were also detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224049
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  • 91
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    An integrated genetic linkage map for eucalypts using RFLP, RAPD and isozyme markers (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 869-875 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic map ; Linkage ; Eucalypts ; RFLP ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An integrated genetic linkage map for E. nitens was constructed in an outbred three-generation pedigree. Analysis of 210 RFLP, 125 RAPD and 4 isozyme loci resulted in 330 markers linked in 12 linkage groups covering 1462 cM (n=11 in eucalypts). The 12th linkage group is comprised of only 5 markers and will probably coalesce with another linkage group when further linked loci are located. Co-dominant RFLP loci segregating in both parents were used to integrate linkages identified in the male and female parents. Differences in recombination frequencies in the two parents were observed for a number of pairs of loci, and duplication of sequences was identified both within and between linkage groups. The markers were distributed randomly across the genome except for the RFLPs in linkage group 10 and for some loci showing segregation distortion, which were clustered into three regions of the map. The use of a large number of co-dominant RFLP loci in this map enables it to be used in other pedigrees of E. nitens and forms a basis for the detection and location of QTL in E. nitens and other eucalypt species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223894
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  • 92
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    Restriction fragment length polymorphism detected by cDNA and genomic DNA clones in Stylosanthes (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 1210-1213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Stylosanthes ; DNA isolation ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A DNA isolation method suitable for genomic library construction and RFLP analyses of the forage legume Stylosanthes was developed. Probes isolated using this method were used to investigate the feasibility of constructing RFLP-based genetic maps in this genus. Two hundred and seventy-one PstI genomic DNA and 134 cDNA clones were analysed against four Stylosanthes accessions, including two tetraploids and two diploids, with the use of two restriction enzymes, DraI and HindIII. The proportion of clones which detected single-copy sequences from the PstI genomic library was higher than that from the cDNA library, but the percentage of clones which detected low-copy sequences was doubled in the latter. There was no significant difference in the level of RFLPs detected by gDNA and cDNA probes, although the level of polymorphism was lower in the diploids. A large proportion of RFLPs seemed to have resulted from mutation/base substitution events, and this was especially the case in diploids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220931
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  • 93
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    Mapping quantitative trait loci for seedling vigor in rice using RFLPs (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 395-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words  Quantitative trait locus (QTL) ; RFLP ; Seedling vigor ; Shoot growth ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Improving seedling vigor is an important objective of modern rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding programs. The purpose of this study was to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying seedling vigor-related traits using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). An F2 population of 204 plants was developed from a cross between a low-vigor japonica cultivar `Labelle' (LBL) and a high-vigor indica cultivar `Black Gora' (BG). A linkage map was constructed of 117 markers spanning 1496 Haldane cM and encompassing the 12 rice chromosomes with an average marker spacing of 14 cM. The length of the shoots, roots, coleoptile and mesocotyl were measured on F3 families in slantboard tests conducted at two temperatures (18° and 25°C). By means of interval analysis, 13 QTLs, each accounting for 7% to 38% of the phenotypic variance, were identified and mapped in the two temperature regimes at a log-likelihood (LOD) threshold of 2.5. Four QTLs controlled shoot length, 2 each controlled root and coleoptile lengths and 5 influenced mesocotyl length. Single-point analysis confirmed the presence of these QTLs and detected additional loci for shoot, root and coleoptile lengths, these latter usually accounting for less than 5% of the phenotypic variation. Only 3 QTLs detected both by interval and single-point analyses were expressed under both temperature regimes. Additive, dominant and overdominant modes of gene action were observed. Contrary to what was predicted from parental phenotype, the low-vigor LBL contributed 46% of the positive alleles for shoot, root and coleoptile lengths. Positive alleles from the high-vigor parent BG were identified for increased root, coleoptile and mesocotyl lengths. However, BG contributed alleles with only minor effects for shoot length, the most important determinant of seedling vigor in water-seeded rice, suggesting that it would not be an ideal donor parent for introducing faster shoot growth alleles into temperate japonica cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050141
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  • 94
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    Mapping of the K+/Na+ discrimination locus Kna1 in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 448-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words  Wheat ; Salt tolerance ; Homoeologous recombination ; QTL ; RFLP ; Genetic marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   In saline environments, bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (genomes AABBDD), accumulates less Na+ and more K+ in expanding and young leaves than durum wheat, T. turgidum L. (genomes AABB). Higher K+/Na+ ratios in leaves of bread wheat correlate with its higher salt tolerance. Chromosome 4D from bread wheat was shown in previous work to play an important role in the control of this trait and was recombined with chromosome 4B in the absence of the Ph1 locus. A population of plants disomic for 4D/4B recombined chromosomes in the genetic background of T. turgidum was developed to investigate the genetic control of K+/Na+ discrimination by chromosome 4D. Evidence was obtained that the trait is controlled by a single locus, designated Kna1, in the long arm of chromosome 4D. In the present work, K+/Na+ discrimination was determined for additional families with 4D/4B chromosomes. The concentrations of Na+ and K+/Na+ ratios in the youngest leaf blades clustered in two nonoverlapping classes, and all recombinant families could be unequivocally assigned to Kna1 and kna1 classes. The Kna1 locus scored this way was mapped on a short region in the 4DL arm and was completely linked to Xwg199, Xabc305, Xbcd402, Xpsr567, and Xpsr375; it was also mapped as a quantitative trait. The results of the QTL analysis, based on the K+/Na+ ratios in the young leaves of greenhouse-grown plants and flag leaves of field-grown plants, agreed with the position of Kna1 determined as a qualitative trait. Several aspects of gene introgression by manipulation of the Ph1 locus are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050148
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  • 95
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    Chloroplast DNA variation in Populus. III. Novel chloroplast DNA variants in natural Populus x canadensis hybrids (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 331-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Interspecific poplar hybrids ; Non-parental chloroplast DNA fragments ; Novel organelle DNA ; RFLP ; Chloroplast DNA recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A rare phenomenon of the occurrence of novel non-parental chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variants in natural sexual interspecific hybrids between Populus deltoides var deltoides and P. nigra, P. x canadensis is described. Restriction fragment variation of cpDNA in 17 P. x canadensis cultivars was examined and compared with that of representative samples of P. deltoides and P. nigra using 83 combinations of 16 restriction enzymes and six Petunia hybrida cpDNA probes. Twelve cultivars had one to five novel non-parental cpDNA fragments in the chloroplast genome region homologous to the 9.0-kb PstI cpDNA fragment of Petunia from the large single-copy region.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221973
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  • 96
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    A genetic linkage map for Pinus radiata based on RFLP, RAPD, and microsatellite markers (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 673-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pinus radiata ; Genetic linkage map ; RFLP ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genetic linkage map for radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) has been constructed using segregation data from a three-generation outbred pedigree. A total of 208 loci were analyzed including 165 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), 41 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 2 microsatellite markers. The markers were assembled into 22 linkage groups of 2 or more loci and covered a total distance of 1382 cM. Thirteen loci were unlinked to any other marker. Of the RFLP loci that were mapped, 93 were detected by loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) cDNA probes that had been previously mapped or evaluated in that species. The remaining 72 RFLP loci were detected by radiata pine probes from a PstI genomic DNA library. Two hundred and eighty RAPD primers were evaluated, and 41 loci which were segregating in a 1∶1 ratio were mapped. Two microsatellite markers were also placed on the map. This map and the markers derived from it will have wide applicability to genetic studies in P. radiata and other pine species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226088
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  • 97
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    Development of a PCR-based marker to identify rice blast resistance gene, Pi-2(t), in a segregating population (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Molecular markers ; RFLP ; PCR ; SAPs ; DNA sequence ; Marker-assisted selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genomic clone RG64, which is tightly linked to the blast resistance gene Pi-2(t) in rice, provides means to perform marker-aided selection in a rice breeding program. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of generating a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based polymorphic marker that can distinguish the blast resistant gene, Pi-2(t), and susceptible genotypes within cultivated rice. RG64 was sequenced, and the sequence data was used to design pairs of specific primers for (PCR) amplification of genomic DNA from rice varieties differing in their blast disease responsiveness. The amplified products, known as sequenced-tagged-sites (STSs), were not polymorphic between the three varieties examined. However, cleavage of the amplified products with the restriction enzyme HaeIII generated a polymorphic fragment, known as specific amplicon polymorphism (SAP), between the resistant and the susceptible genotypes. To examine the power of the identified SAP marker in predicting the genotype of the Pi-2 (t) locus, we determined the genotypes of the F2 individuals at this locus by performing progeny testing for the disease response in the F3 generation. The results indicated an accuracy of more than 95% in identifying the resistant plants, which was similar to that using RG64 as the hybridization probe. The identification of the resistant homozygous plants increased to 100% when the markers flanking the genes were considered simultaneously. These results demonstrate the utility of SAP markers as simple and yet reliable landmarks for use in marker-assisted selection and breeding within cultivated rice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220852
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    Mitochondrial DNA diversity and male sterility in natural populations of Daucus carota ssp carota (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 150-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Mitochondrial DNA diversity ; Natural populations ; Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Daucus carota L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial variability was investigated in natural populations of wild carrot (Daucus carota ssp carota) in different regions: South of France, Greece, and various sites in the Mediterranean Basin and Asia. Total DNA was digested with two restriction endonucleases (EcoRV and HindIII) and probed with three mitochondrial DMA-specific genes (coxI, atp6, and coxII). Twenty-five different mitochondrial types were found in 80 analyzed individuals. Thirteen mitotypes were found among the 7 French populations studied. On average, 4.4 different mitotypes were observed per population, and these mitotypes were well-distributed among the populations. All of the mitochondrial types were specific to a single region. However, the proportion of shared restriction fragments between 2 mitotypes from different regions was not particularly lower than that which occurred among mitotypes from a single region. On the basis of the sexual phenotype [male-sterile (MS) or hermaphrodite] of the plants studied in situ and that of their progeny, 2 mitotypes were found to be highly associated with male sterility. Eighty percent of the plants bearing these mitotypes were MS in situ, and all of these plants produced more than 30% MS plants in their progeny. This association with male sterility was consistent in several populations, suggesting an association with a cytoplasmic male-sterility system. Moreover, these two mitotypes had very similar mitochondrial DNA restriction patterns and were well-differentiated from the other mitotypes observed in wild plants and also from those observed in the two CMS types already known in the cultivated carrot. This suggests that they correspond to a third cytoplasmic sterility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220872
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  • 99
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    Identification of quantitative trait loci under drought conditions in tropical maize. 1. Flowering parameters and the anthesis-silking interval (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 905-914 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Anthesis-silking interval ; Drought ; Quantitative trait loci ; RFLP ; Tropical maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Drought is an important climatic phenomenon which, after soil infertility, ranks as the second most severe limitation to maize production in developing countries. When drought stress occurs just before or during the flowering period, a delay in silking is observed, resulting in an increase in the length of the anthesis-silking interval (ASI) and in a decrease in grain yield. Selection for reduced ASI in tropical open-pollinated varieties has been shown to be correlated with improved yields under drought stress. Since efficient selection for drought tolerance requires carefully managed experimental conditions, molecular markers were used to identify the genomic segments responsible for the expression of ASI, with the final aim of developing marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategies. An F2population of 234 individuals was genotyped at 142 loci and F3 families were evaluated in the field under several water regimes for male flowering (MFLW), male sterility (STER), female flowering (FFLW) and ASI. The genetic variance of ASI increased as a function of the stress intensity, and the broad-sense heritabilites of MFLW, FFLW and ASI were high under stress conditions, being 86%, 82% and 78%, respectively. Putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved in the expression of MFLW and/or FFLW under drought were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10, accounting for around 48% of the phenotypic variance for both traits. For ASI, six putative QTLs were identified under drought on chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 6, 8 and 10, and together accounted for approximately 47% of the phenotypic variance. Under water stress conditions, four QTLs were common for the expression of MFLW and FFLW, one for the expression of ASI and MFLW, and four for the expression of ASI and FFLW. The number of common QTLs for two traits was related to the level of linear correlation between these two traits. Segregation for ASI was found to be transgressive with the drought-susceptible parent contributing alleles for reduced ASI (4 days) at two QTL positions. Alleles contributed by the resistant line at the other four QTLs were responsible for a 7-day reduction of ASI. These four QTLs represented around 9% of the linkage map, and were stable over years and stress levels. It is argued that MAS based on ASI QTLs should be a powerful tool for improving drought tolerance of tropical maize inbred lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221905
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  • 100
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    RFLP mapping of the dwarfing (Ddw1) and hairy peduncle (Hp) genes on chromosome 5 of rye (Secale cereale L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 1073-1077 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Rye ; RFLP ; Genetic mapping ; Dwarfing genes ; Hairy peduncle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  An population was established for mapping the two dominant genes for dwarfness (Ddw1) and hairy peduncle (Hp) on chromosome 5R. The location of both genes was shown to be on the segment of chromosome 5RL which was ancestrally translocated and is homoeologous to Triticeae 4L. Hp co-segregated with the wheat gDNA probe WG199, localised in wheat on chromosomes 5AL, 4BL and 4DL. No segregation was observed between the traits hairy peduncle and hairy leaf sheath. The locus for Ddw1 was found to map distally to Hp/Xwg199 but proximal to the isozyme marker β-amy-R1. The genetical distances were 5.6 cM between Hp/Xwg199 and Ddw1 and 11.5 cM between Ddw1 and β-amy-R1, respectively. The map position of Ddw1 suggests that it is homoeologous to the wheat dominant dwarfing gene Rht12, present on chromosome 5AL and linked to β-amy-A1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050232
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