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  • Inversion
  • Rat
  • Springer  (59)
  • 3
  • Wiley
  • 1995-1999  (59)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is the inversion effect in rhesus monkeys face-specific? (1999)
    Springer
    Animal cognition 2 (1999), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-9456
    Keywords: Key words Face recognition ; Inversion ; Expertise ¶effect ; Matching-to-sample ;  Macaca mulatta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the face inversion effect in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Face stimuli consisted of ten black-and-white examples of unfamiliar rhesus monkey faces, brown capuchin faces, and human faces. Two non-face categories included ten examples of automobiles and abstract shapes. All stimuli were presented in a sequential matching-to-sample format using an automated joystick-testing paradigm. Subjects performed significantly better on upright than on inverted presentations of automobiles, rhesus monkey and capuchin faces, but not human faces or abstract shapes. These results are inconsistent with data from humans and chimpanzees that show the inversion effect only for categories of stimuli for which subjects have developed expertise. The inversion effect in rhesus monkeys does not appear to be face-specific, and should therefore not be used as a marker of specialized face processing in this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100710050032
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleotide sequences of three distinct complementary DNA clones encoding rat class II major histocompatibility complex RT1.D β-chain proteins (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 735-737 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Class II MHC sequence ; Rat ; Cloning ; RT-PCR ; Polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050676
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytokine-induced conversion of mesencephalic-derived progenitor cells into dopamine neurons (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 235-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Transplantation ; Parkinson’s disease ; CNS fetal development ; CNS differentiation ; Neurotrophic factors ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have previously shown that a combination of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) can convert rat fetal (E14.5) mesencephalic progenitor cells into tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive (ir) neurons in vitro. The experiments described here characterize the mesencephalic progenitor cells and their cytokine-induced conversion into dopamine (DA) neurons. For all experiments, we used bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-ir cultures of (E14.5) mesencephalic progenitor cells that had been expanded at least 21 days. We first demonstrated that IL-1 induced DA neuron conversion in mesencephalic progenitors, but not in striatal progenitors (P〈0.001). Thus, these cells should be classified as lineage-restricted progenitors, and not omnipotent stem cells. To further characterize cell populations in these cultures, we used monoclonal antibodies against Hu (an early marker for neurons), growth-associated protein (GAP)-43 (a marker for neuronal process extension), TH (a marker for DA neurons), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, a marker for astrocytes). We assessed (E14.5) mesencephalic progenitor cell cultures (plated at 125,000 cells/cm2) incubated in the cytokine mixture (described above) or in complete media (CM, negative control). Following 7 days incubation, GFAP-positive cells formed a nearly confluent carpet in both types of cultures. However, numbers of Hu-ir and GAP-43-ir cells in the cytokine-incubated cultures far exceeded those in CM-incubated controls (P=0.0003, P=0.0001, respectively), while numbers of TH-ir cells were 58-fold greater in the cytokine-incubated cultures versus CM-incubated controls. The TH phenotype persisted for 7 days following withdrawal of the differentiation media. Numerous double-labeled cells that were BrdU-ir and also TH-ir, or Hu-ir and also TH-ir, were observed in the cytokine-incubated cultures. These data suggest that cytokines ”drive” the conversion of progenitor cells into DA neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051285
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isograft and xenograft of the subcommissural organ into the lateral ventricle of the rat and the formation of Reissner’s fiber (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 457-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Subcommissural organ ; Isograft ; Xenograft ; Reissner’s fiber ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Rat ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The subcommissural organ (SCO) secretes glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that aggregate and form Reissner’s fiber (RF). The factors involved in this aggregation are not known. One factor may be the hydrodynamics of the CSF when flowing through the aqueduct. This hypothesis was tested by isografting rat SCO and xenografting bovine SCO into the lateral ventricle of rats. Xenografts were either fresh bovine SCO or explants cultured for 30 days before transplantation. The grafts were investigated by electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry using antibodies against RF glycoproteins, serotonin and the glucose transporter I. Maximal time of transplantation was 43 days for isografts and 14 days for xenografts. The isografts were not reinnervated but were revascularized; they secreted into the ventricle RF glycoproteins that became progressively packed into pre-RF and RF structures identical to those formed by the SCO in situ. RF was confined to the host ventricle and at its distal end the constituent proteins disassembled. Xenografts were neither reinnervated nor revascularized and secreted into the host ventricle a material that never formed an RF. These findings indicate that the CSF factor responsible for the formation of RF is species specific, and that this process does not depend on the hydrodynamics of the CSF. The blood vessels revascularizing the isografted SCO acquired the characteristics of the vessels irrigating the SCO in situ, namely, a tight endothelium displaying glucose transporter I, and a perivascular space containing long-spacing collagen, thus indicating that basal release of glycoproteins may also occur in the grafted SCO.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051306
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axonal and dendritic transport in Purkinje cells of cerebellar slice cultures studied by microinjection of horseradish peroxidase (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Axonal transport ; Purkinje cell ; Organotypic culture ; Microinjection ; Antimitotic drugs ; Cytoskeleton ; Dendritic transport ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Axonal and dendritic transport in single Purkinje neurons of cerebellar slice cultures was quantified as single transport distances. Examination of the cells within a vital tissue was regarded as being an approach to the in situ condition. The Purkinje cells were organotypically integrated in the in vitro tissues and extended long axonal projections connecting synapses to the target neurons. The tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied via microinjection to the somata of the Purkinje cells and the injected neurons were incubated thereafter for defined time-intervals. The tracer was transported anterogradely into the neuron processes. The measurements on both the axonal and the dendritic transport of microinjected HRP revealed continuous transportation with increasing times of postincubation. This transport was reduced by the use of microtubule-depolymerizing drugs. The axonal transport of the tracer was either retarded in colchicine-treated cells or continuously reduced for up to 50% in vinblastine-treated neurons. Thus, a correlation of axonal transport to the microtubules was demonstrated. The dendrites were filled with the tracer after 60 min of postincubation. Dendritic transport was reduced by the use of vinblastine, and not significantly by colchicine. The results strongly support the dependence of neuronal transport on microtubules as a component of the cytoskeleton.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051212
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular and subcellular distribution of the calcium-binding protein NCS-1 in the central nervous system of the rat (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 395-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Neurofilament ; Basket cell ; Pinceau ; Golgi apparatus ; Calcium binding protein ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract NCS-1 (neuronal calcium sensor) is a recently characterized member of a highly conserved neuron-specific family of calcium-binding proteins, which also includes frequenin and recoverin. The cellular and subcellular distributions of NCS-1 in the rat nervous system were investigated using light- and electron-microscopic immunohistochemistry. NCS-1 immunoreactivity was localized to neuronal cell bodies and axons throughout the brain and spinal cord but not to glial cells. The most intense labeling was observed in myelinated axons, the axonal ramifications of the basket cell in the cerebellar cortex, and large neurons in the brainstem and pons. These same structures were also characterized by heavy labeling for neurofilament protein, as determined by double-labeling experiments. Most axon terminals were unlabeled or only lightly labeled. The most remarkable subcellular staining occurred in the perikarya where intense labeling was associated with the membranes of the trans saccules of the Golgi apparatus. The widespread distribution of NCS-1 indicates that it may be active in a variety of calcium-dependent neuronal functions, whereas the specific subcellular localization to the Golgi apparatus and neurofilament-rich structures suggests a specialized role in calcium regulated protein trafficking and cytoskeletal interactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051246
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of neurotrophins, GDNF, and their receptors in rat thyroid tissue (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 467-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor ; GDNF ; Ret ; GDNFR-α ; Brain-derived neurotrophic factor ; BDNF ; NT-3 ; NT-4 ; trk receptors ; Thyroid tissue ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Levels of mRNA for neurotrophins (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF; neurotrophin 3, NT-3; neurotrophin 4, NT-4) and their receptors (trkA, trkB, trkC) and for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its receptors (ret, GDNFR-α) were measured in rat thyroid tissue by ribonuclease protection assays. In thyroid tissue the NT-3 mRNA level was threefold lower and the NT-4 mRNA level sixfold higher than those detected in adult rat hippocampus, while BDNF mRNA was undetectable. Very low levels of mRNA for truncated trkB and trkC receptors and no catalytic trkA, trkB or trkC were found. In conclusion NT-3 and NT-4, but not the corresponding functional receptors, are expressed in the thyroid tissue. Therefore, it is unlikely that these factors serve a direct local autocrine or paracrine function in thyroid cell types, and a target-derived mode of action on neurons innervating the thyroid tissue is suggested. An opposite result has been found for the neurotrophic factor GDNF: thyroid tissue showed a high level of transcripts for the GDNF receptor subunits (GDNFR-α and Ret), while GDNF mRNA was undetectable. The in situ hybridization analysis of GDNFR-α and ret mRNA revealed an interesting difference in the cell distribution of these transcripts: ret mRNA is selectively expressed in a subpopulation of cells scattered in the follicular epithelium and in the interfollicular spaces, while GDNFR-α expression is more homogeneous and widespread, including the more abundant cell type of the thyroid gland: the follicular cell. Double-labeling in situ hybridization/immunocytochemistry experiments, with a specific marker (calcitonin), showed that parafollicular cells express ret but not GDNFR-α. This differential distribution of the GDNF receptor components (GDNFR-α and ret) may reflect a peculiar biological role in intercellular communication in the thyroid gland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051252
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aquaporin-5 (AQP5), a water channel protein, in the rat salivary and lacrimal glands: immunolocalization and effect of secretory stimulation (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 513-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Water channel protein ; Aquaporin ; AQP5 ; Rat ; Salivary glands ; Immunolocalization ; Secretory stimulation ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aquaporin-5 (AQP5) is a water channel protein and is considered to play an important role in water movement across the plasma membrane. We raised anti-AQP5 antibody and examined the localization of AQP5 protein in rat salivary and lacrimal glands by immunofluorescence microscopy. AQP5 was found in secretory acinar cells of submandibular, parotid, and sublingual glands, where it was restricted to apical membranes including intercellular secretory canaliculi. In the submandibular gland, abundant AQP5 was also found additionally at the apical membrane of intercalated duct cells. Upon stimulation by isoproterenol, apical staining for AQP5 in parotid acinar cells tended to appear as clusters of dots. These results suggest that AQP5 is one of the candidate molecules responsible for the water movement in the salivary glands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051257
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The bioavailability of magnesium from Wakame ( Undaria pinnatifida) and Hijiki (Hijikia fusiforme) and the effect of alginic acid on magnesium utilization of rats (1999)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 53 (1999), S. 265-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Bioavailability ; Magnesium ; Hijiki ; Sodium alginate ; Rat ; Wakame
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The bioavailability of magnesium from Wakame and Hijiki, and the effects of alginic acid on absorption of dietary magnesium were examined in five groups of rats fed either control, Wakame, Hijiki, AW (containing the same amount of alginate as in the Wakame) and AH (containing the same amount of alginate as in the Hijiki) diets, and animals fed a low magnesium diet (LMg) (twentieth amount of magnesium in the original mineral mixtures as the control). Food intake and body weight gain were decreased by adding sodium alginate to the diets. A large amount of calcium accumulated only in the kidneys of the rats fed the LMg diet. Serum magnesium concentration decreased only in the LMg group. The magnesium content in the defatted left femurs did not differ between the control and Wakame fed animals and also among the animals eating Wakame, Hijiki and AW diets. The breaking force of the right femurs did not differ among all the groups except the LMg group. The ratio of apparent magnesium absorption (%) of the control, LMg, Wakame, Hijiki, AW and AH groups was 82.2, 72.7, 66.9, 50.8, 69.3 and 54.2 in the first experimental period, and was 75.3, 52.1, 57.7, 46.9, 62.6 and 60.5 in the second experimental period, respectively. It was clear that the bioavailability of magnesium in the Wakame fed rats was higher than in those eating the Hijiki. Large amounts of sodium alginate lowered magnesium absorption from the diet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008082112178
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy Fluxes of an Open Water Area in a mid-Latitude Prairie Wetland (1999)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 91 (1999), S. 495-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Evaporation ; Heat storage ; Marsh ; Inversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Concurrent measurements of the surface energy balance components (net radiation, heat storage, and sensible and latent heat fluxes) were made in three communities (open water, Phragmites australis, Scirpus acutus) in a wetland in north-central Nebraska, U.S.A., during May-October, 1994. The Bowen ratio – energy balance method was used to calculate latent and sensible heat fluxes. This paper presents results from the open water area. The heat stored in water (G) was found to play a major role in the energy exchange over the water surface. During daytime, G consumed 45–60% of R n , the net radiation (seasonally averaged daytime G was about 127 W m−2). At night, G was a significant source of energy (seasonally averaged nighttime G was about -135 Wm−). The diurnal pattern of latent heat flux (λ E) did not follow that of R n . On some days, λ E was near zero during midday periods with large R n . The diurnal variability in λ E seemed to be significantly affected by temperature inversions formed over the cool water surface. The daily evaporation rate (E) ranged from 2 to 8 mm during the measurement period, and was generally between 70 and 135% of the equilibrium rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1001802821846
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An improved method for the purification of stellate cells from rat liver with Dichloromethylene Diphosphate (CL2MDP) (1999)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 21 (1999), S. 19-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: Dichloromethylene diphosphate ; Hepatic stellate cell isolation ; Liposome ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hepatic perisinusoidal cell population consists of hepatic stellate cells, Kupffer cells, endothelial cells, and Pit cells. These cells are isolated by enzymic digestion and purified by density gradient centrifugation. With isolation of stellate cells, conventional method is unable to eliminate the contamination of Kupffer cells because the densities of these two cells are similar. We report here an improved method for isolation of highly purified hepatic stellate cells, using dichloromethylene diphosphate (CL2MDP), which has selective cytotoxicity of Kupffer cells. Three days after the single intravenous administration of liposome-encapsulated CL2MDP, the Kupffer cells disappeared almost completely from the liver. Following Percoll density gradient centrifugation, the purity of the hepatic stellate cells exceeded 98% without any contamination of the Kupffer cells. Kupffer cells are reported to affect the physiological functions of stellate cells. The availability of highly purified stellate cells will facilitate the investigation of their functions in primary culture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009872219428
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural organization of rat CD1 typifies evolutionarily conserved CD1D class genes (1998)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 22-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words CD1 ; Rat ; Gene ; Organization ; Polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded CD1 family has recently emerged as a new antigen-presenting system that is distinct from either MHC class I or class II molecules. In the present study, we determined the genomic structure of the rat CD1 locus. It was extremely similar to mouse CD1 genes, especially to CD1D1. The 5′ flanking region of the CD1 gene contained the binding motifs for two cytokine-inducible transcription factors, NF-IL2-A and NF-IL6. Some regulatory elements found in MHC class I genes (enhancer A, enhancer B, and the IFN response element) were absent. It is of interest that a tyrosine-based motif for endosomal localization found in the human CD1b cytoplasmic tail was encoded by a single short exon which was conserved in all CD1 molecules except for CD1a. Southern blot and direct sequencing analyses of inbred rat strains suggested very limited polymorphism in the 5′ region where a hydrophobic ligand-binding groove is encoded; a single base substitution resulted in amino acid alteration of alanine (GCT) to valine (GTT) at codon 119. Comparison of the overall exon-intron organization of CD1 genes revealed that the length of the intron was also characteristic to each of the two classes of CD1 genes, classic CD1 and CD1D; such categorization has hitherto been made according to the sequence similarity of the coding region. This finding provides further support for the hypothesis that the two classes have different evolutionary histories. In contrast to the complete absence of the classic CD1 in rats and mice, the entire region of nonpolymorphic CD1D has been conserved through mammalian evolution. Similar functional properties of rodent CD1 and human CD1d are implied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050396
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural organization, sequence analysis, and physical mapping of the Grc-linked class Ib gene RT1.S3 in the rat (1998)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 76-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words RT1.S3 ; Grc ; MHC ; Class I ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050405
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of space flight on GLUT-4 content in rat plantaris muscle (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 41 (1998), S. 101-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Key words Space flight ; Rat ; Plantaris muscle ; GLUT-4 ; Citrate synthase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of 14 days of space flight on the glucose transporter protein (GLUT-4) were studied in the plantaris muscle of growing 9-week-old, male Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were randomly separated into five groups: pre-flight vivarium ground controls (PF-VC) sacrificed approximately 2 h after launch; flight groups sacrificed either approximately 5 h (F-R0) or 9 days (F-R9) after the return from space; and synchronous ground controls (SC-R0 and SC-R9) sacrificed at the same time as the respective flight groups. The flight groups F-R0 and F-R9 were exposed to micro-gravity for 14 days in the Spacelab module located in the cargo bay of the shuttle transport system – 58 of the manned Space Shuttle for the NASA mission named ”Spacelab Life Sciences 2”. Body weight and plantaris weight of SC-R0 and F-R0 were significantly higher than those of PF-VC. Neither body weight nor plantaris muscle weight in either group had changed 9 days after the return from space. As a result, body weight and plantaris muscle weight did not differ between the flight and synchronous control groups at any of the time points investigated. The GLUT-4 content (cpm/µg membrane protein) in the plantaris muscle did not show any significant change in response to 14 days of space flight or 9 days after return. Similarly, citrate synthase activity did not change during the course of the space flight or the recovery period. These results suggest that 14 days of space flight does not affect muscle mass or GLUT-4 content of the fast-twitch plantaris muscle in the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004840050060
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    N18-RE-105 cells: differentiation and activation of p53 in response to glutamate and adriamycin is blocked by SV40 large T antigen tsA58 (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 191-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words N18-RE-105 cells ; Glutamate ; p53 ; Adriamycin ; Etoposide ; Differentiation ; SV40 large T antigen ; Mouse ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Process extension was induced in cells of the N18-RE-105 neuroblastoma-retinal hybrid line by toxic agents, including glutamate and the p53-inducing anticancer agents adriamycin and etoposide. Both adriamycin and glutamate activated p53 as measured by a plasmid transfection assay. It was therefore hypothesized that SV40 large T antigen, which binds p53, would interfere with cellular differentiation. To test this hypothesis, the temperature-sensitive form of SV40 large T was transduced into N18-RE-105 cells by retroviral infection. SV40 large T-infected cells became de-differentiated, grew in tightly-packed colonies, lost expression of neurofilament, and lost the ability to differentiate in response to glutamate and adriamycin. The de-differentiating effect of SV40 large T antigen may be due to binding and inactivation of cellular proteins, such as p53, p107, p130, p300, and retinoblastoma protein, which are important in cellular growth and differentiation. It is suggested that p53 may play a role in cellular differentiation, perhaps under unusual circumstances involving stress or cytotoxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050990
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of elastin mRNA and TGF-β1 in rat aorta and caudal artery as a function of age (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Elastin ; TGF-β1 ; Arteries ; In situ hybridization ; Immunohistochemistry ; Northern blot ; Ageing ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Several in vitro studies have previously demonstrated that the addition of TGF-β to aortic smooth muscle cells or skin fibroblasts stimulates elastin synthesis. It is not clear however whether, in vivo, TGF-β participates in the regulation of elastin synthesis, especially in physiological conditions. The aim of our study was to explore the localization of elastin mRNA and TGF-β1 in the rat thoracic aorta (an elastic artery) and caudal artery (a muscular artery). Elastin mRNA was localized by in situ hybridization and quantified using Northern blot analysis. TGF-β1 was detected using immunohistochemistry. The study was carried out as a function of age (rats of 3, 10, 20, and 30 months). We observed that TGF-β1 immunoreactivity is present predominantly, but not exclusively, at the sites of elastin synthesis as determined by elastin mRNA detection: in smooth muscle cells in the aorta and in endothelial cells in the caudal artery. The ability of exogenously added TGF-β1 (0.001–10 ng/ml) to modulate the steady-state levels of elastin mRNA in primary cultures of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts isolated from the thoracic aorta was also studied. At the highest concentration used, elastin mRNA levels increased 5-fold in endothelial cells and 11-fold in smooth muscle cells. The demonstration that TGF-β1 immunoreactivity is present at the sites of elastin synthesis in the thoracic aorta and in the caudal artery and the observation that TGF-β1 induces an increase in elastin mRNA levels in cultured endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells suggest that TGF-β1 may be implicated, at least in part, in the physiological regulation of elastin gene expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051000
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A culture substratum appropriate for brain cells is a chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan in serum (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 445-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Serum-free medium ; Survival ; Chondroitin sulfate ; Culture substratum ; Brain neuron ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  When cells dissociated from the neonatal rat brains are plated on a poly-lysine-coated surface in a serum-free medium, they display a strange morphology: a dark and extended cell body. Preincubation of the surface with fetal bovine serum was found to inhibit the appearance of this strange contraction of the basal cell sheets in a dose-dependent manner. This finding indicated the presence of a factor(s) in the serum, which might be an appropriate substratum for prolonged survival of brain neurons. In the current study, this factor was highly purified through DEAE ion-exchange chromatography followed by gel filtration. The factor was eluted from a Superose column at fractions corresponding to a molecular weight greater than 1000 kDa. By SDS-PAGE analysis, these fractions were found to contain a major band (≥1000 kDa) positive for alcian blue and few minor bands faintly stainable with Coomassie blue. The activity of the purified sample, inducing the morphological change in cells, was diminished by incubation with chondroitinase ABC. Neither heparitinase II, hyaluronidase, nor trypsin modified the activity. An authentic chondroitin sulfate (type B) mimicked the serum action on the morphology of brain cells in early stages of culture. Taking these findings together, it is suggested that the factor in serum beneficial for the attachment of brain cells is composed of a chondroitin sulfate with a Mr greater than 1000 kDa. Cortical cells dissociated from the neonatal rat brain attached well to the purified factor-coated surface and displayed a healthy morphology: an optically-reflective cell body with thick neurites for at least 3 days in the absence of serum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051014
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  • 18
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    Double-labeling techniques demonstrate that rod bipolar cells are under GABAergic control in the inner plexiform layer of the rat retina (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 17-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Retina ; Rod bipolar cells ; Amacrine cells ; Protein kinase C ; Glutamic acid decarboxylase ; GABA ; Synaptic circuitry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The synaptic connectivity between rod bipolar cells and GABAergic neurons in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the rat retina was studied using two immunocytochemical markers. Rod bipolar cells were stained with an antibody specific for protein kinase C (PKC, α isoenzyme), and GABAergic neurons were stained with an antiserum specific for glutamic-acid decarboxylase (GAD). Some amacrine cells were also labeled with the anti-PKC antiserum. All PKC-labeled amacrine cells examined showed GABA immunoreactivity, indicating that PKC-labeled amacrine cells constitute a subpopulation of GABAergic amacrine cells in the rat retina. A total of 150 ribbon synapses established by rod bipolar cells were observed in the IPL. One member of the postsynaptic dyads was always an unlabeled AII amacrine cell process, and the other belonged to an amacrine-cell process showing GAD immunoreactivity. The majority (n=92) (61.3%) of these processes made reciprocal synapses back to the axon terminals of rod bipolar cells. In addition, 78 conventional synapses onto rod bipolar axons were observed, and among them 52 (66.7%) were GAD-immunoreactive. Thus GABA provides the major inhibitory input to rod bipolar cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051030
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    Neuronal differentiation is accompanied by NSP-C expression (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 229-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words PC12 ; hNT2 ; Neuroblastoma cell lines ; NGF ; Retinoic acid ; Rat ; Human cell lines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Neuroendocrine-specific protein (NSP) reticulons are expressed in neural and neuroendocrine tissues and cell cultures derived therefrom, while most other cell types lack NSP-reticulons. Three major subtypes have been identified so far, designated NSP-A, NSP-B, and NSP-C. We have investigated the correlation between the degree of neuronal differentiation, determined by morphological and biochemical criteria, and NSP-reticulon subtype expression. For this purpose, several human neuroblastoma cell lines, exhibiting different degrees of neuronal differentiation, were examined immuno(cyto) chemically. It became obvious that the expression of NSP-C, as detected by immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting, is most prominent in cell lines with a high degree of neuronal differentiation, such as LA-N-5. Such highly differentiated cells also express other neural and neuroendocrine markers, such as neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), neurofilament proteins, synaptophysin, and chromogranin. NSP-A was observed in all cell lines to a different extent. However, no clear correlation was observed with the degree of neuronal differentiation as defined by other neuronal and neuroendocrine markers or morphology. NSP-B could not be detected. The induction of neuronal differentiation with nerve growth factor, dbcAMP, and retinoic acid in the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 and the human teratocarcinoma cell line hNT2, respectively, induced the expression of NSP-A and NSP-C in these cell lines parallel to the induction of neurofilament protein expression. It is concluded that NSP-C expression, in particular, is strongly correlated with neuronal differentiation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051054
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    Light- and electron-microscopic study of the distribution of axons containing substance P and the localization of neurokinin-1 receptor in bone (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 87-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Osteoclasts ; Osteoblasts ; Osteocytes ; Bone ; Substance P (SP) ; Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1-R) ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that is released from axons of sensory neurons and causes signal transduction through the activation of the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1-R). The present study demonstrates the distribution of SP-like-immunoreactive (SP-LI) axons and the localization of NK1-Rs in rat bone tissue using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. Axons with SP-LI were commonly found near the trabecular bone in the temporal bone marrow, but they were only sparsely distributed in the mandible, femur, and tibia. Immunoreactivity for NK1-Rs was found on the plasma membrane and in the cytoplasm of the osteoclasts. In the osteoblasts and osteocytes, a small number of weak, punctate immunoreactive products of NK1-Rs were distributed close to the plasma membrane. At the electron-microscopic level, immunoreactivity for NK1-R was distributed mainly in the whole cytoplasm, except for the clear zone of the osteoclasts, and in pit-like structures along the plasma membrane. The NK1-R-immunoreactive structures in the cytoplasm were divided into two types of organelles, consisting of vesicular and vacuolar structures (probably transport vesicles and early endosomes). In the osteoblasts and osteocytes, the number of NK1-R-positive vesicular structures was fewer than in the osteoclasts. These results thus suggest that SP secreted by the sensory axons could directly modulate bone metabolism via NK1-Rs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051100
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    The internal and external protein scaffold of the T-tubular system in cardiomyocytes (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 294 (1998), S. 449-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Vinculin ; Talin ; Integrin ; Dystrophin ; Spectrin ; T-tubule ; Costamere ; Basal membrane ; Cardiac muscle cell ; Dilated cardiomyopathy ; Human ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The transverse tubule system of the cardiomyocyte remains undeformed despite the extreme forces it undergoes during the contraction-relaxation cycle, but the morphological basis for its stability remains unclear. Therefore, we have investigated the architecture and subcellular protein scaffold of the cardiac T-tubules and compared it with that of the costameres and of the free sarcolemma. Tissue samples from normal rat and monkey hearts, and left ventricular tissue from normal and cardiomyopathic human hearts obtained at transplantation surgery were investigated using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy and by electron microscopy. In addition, we used a re-differentiation model of isolated, cultured adult rat cardiomyocytes. The cell membrane of the cardiac T-tubules was found to contain the cell-matrix focal adhesion molecules (FAMs) vinculin, talin, the α5β1 integrin and the membrane-associated proteins (MAPs) dystrophin and spectrin. FAMs and MAPs were localized in the T-tubular membrane in a similar pattern: in longitudinally oriented myocytes as transverse punctate lines at the Z-level; in transversally cut myocytes a radial tubular network was found to extend throughout the interior of the cell. Immunolabeling for basement membrane components including collagen IV, fibronectin and laminin showed a colocalization with FAMs and MAPs parallel to the transverse T-tubules. The costameres of the sarcolemma showed a protein composition resembling that of the T-tubules but the intervening segments of free sarcolemma showed absence of FAMs and presence of MAPs. For the first time, we demonstrate the existence and protein composition of the T-tubular scaffold in the human heart. Furthermore, we show that cardiomyocytes from human failing hearts have less abundant but more dilated T-tubules than do experimental animals. These results indicate that the cardiac T-tubular system contains a subcellular scaffold closely resembling that of the costameres. It consists of FAMs, MAPs and basal lamina proteins that confer structural integrity to the cardiac T-tubular membrane during contraction/relaxation cycles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051196
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    Chymotrypsin gene expression in rat peripheral organs (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 345-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Pancreas ; Stomach ; Duodenum ; Ribonuclease protection assay ; Immunocytochemistry ; Protease ; Rat ; (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Prior studies have revealed the presence of chymotrypsinlike protease in peripheral organs, although no definitive evidence for the synthesis of this enzyme in tissue other than the pancreas is available. In an attempt to detect chymotrypsinogen mRNA in peripheral organs, a fragment of the pancreatic chymotrypsin mRNA from rat was amplified using PCR. The sequence was identified as a portion of the rat chymotrypsin B gene overlapping exon 5 through exon 7. It was subcloned into the pGEM-4Z vector and used as a template for the vitro transcription of an antisense riboprobe. Using ribonuclease protection and Northern blot analyses, chymotrypsin mRNA was detected in the rat pancreas, stomach, duodenum, ovary, and spleen. Monoclonal and polyclonal antisera against chymotrypsin detected chymotrypsinlike immunoreactivity in rat and human pancreas, rat stomach, duodenum and jejunum. Electrophoresis and immunoblotting revealed chymotrypsin-chymotrypsinogen bands (25–29 kDa) in the stomach and duodenum. Synthesis of a potent protease such as chymotrypsin in tissue other than pancreas is significant, suggesting a potential physiological and/or pathological role in these tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051065
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    Specific localization of gap junction protein, connexin45, in the deep muscular plexus of dog and rat small intestine (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 487-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Connexin ; Gap junctions ; Smooth muscle ; Intestinal pacemaker ; Confocal laser scanning microscope ; Dog ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Cellular networks of pacemaker activity in intestinal movements are still a matter of debate. Because gap-junctional intercellular communication in the intestinal wall may provide important clues for understanding regulatory mechanisms of intestinal movements, we have attempted to clarify the distribution patterns of three types of gap junction proteins. Using antibodies for connexin40, connexin43, connexin45, smooth muscle actin, and vimentin, immunocytochemical observations were made with the confocal laser scanning microscope on cryosections of fresh-frozen small intestine and colon of the dog and rat. Connexin 45 was localized along the deep muscular plexus of the small intestine in both dog and rat. Double labeling studies revealed that connexin45 overlapped with vimentin –, but not actin-positive areas, indicating the fibroblast-like nature of the cells, rather than their being smooth muscle-like. Connexin43 immunoreactivity appeared along the smooth muscle cell surface in the outer circular layer of the small intestine of both animals. Connexin 40 immunoreactivity was not observed in the muscle layer other than in the wall of large blood vessels. It is suggested that connexin45-expressing cells along the deep muscular plexus of dog and rat small intestine are likely to act as a constituent of a pacemaker system, which may include a conductive system, by forming a cellular network operating via specific types of gap junctions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051077
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    Calretinin-immunoreactive laminar nerve endings in the laryngeal mucosa of the rat (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 613-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Sensory nerve endings ; Calretinin ; Laryngeal mucosa ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of laminar nerve endings that contained immunoreactive calretinin was examined in the laryngeal mucosa of the adult rat. In whole-mount preparations, the immunoreactive laminar endings were distributed in the supraglottic region but not in the subglottic region. The laminar endings that arose from thick nerve fibers with or without swellings were identified as corpuscles with many variform terminal arborizations. They appeared to be located at the interface between the epithelium and the subepithelial connective tissue. The terminals were scattered under the basal lamina of the epithelium, and some of them were located within the epithelial layer. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that both sub- and intraepithelial immunoreactive terminals that were filled with mitochondria were partly or totally ensheathed by Schwann cell processes. The denervation experiments, in which the superior laryngeal nerve was cut unilaterally or bilaterally, suggested that the laminar endings originate from the superior laryngeal nerve with strict ipsilateral innervation. The laminar endings might be associated with detection of changes in pressure in the laryngeal cavity or chemical stimuli.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051091
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    A novel type of adhering junction in an epithelioid tumorigenic rat cell culture line (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 294 (1998), S. 11-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Adhering junctions ; Desmosomes ; Endothelial junctions ; Plaque proteins ; Desmoplakin ; Cadherins ; Protein ZO-1 ; Rat ; cell culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Two major types of plaque-bearing adhering junctions are commonly distinguished: the actin microfilament-anchoring adhaerens junctions (AJs) and the desmosomes anchoring intermediate-sized filaments (IFs). Both types of junction usually possess the common plaque protein, plakoglobin, whereas the other plaque proteins and the transmembrane cadherins are mutually exclusive. For example, AJs contain E-, N-, or P-cadherin in combination with α- and β-catenin, vinculin and α-actinin, whereas in desmosomes, desmogleins and desmocollins are associated with desmoplakin and one or several of the plakophilins (PP1–3). Here we describe a novel type of adhering junction comprising proteins of both AJs and desmosomes and the tight junction (TJ) plaque protein, ZO-1, in a newly established, liver-derived tumorigenic rat cell line (RMEC-1). By immunofluorescence microscopy, cell-cell contacts are characterized by mostly continuous-appearing lines which are usually resolved by electron microscopy as extended arrays of closely spaced small plaque subunits. These plaque-covered regions are positive for plakoglobin, α- and β-catenin, the arm-repeat protein p120, vinculin, desmoplakin and protein ZO-1. They are positive for E-cadherin in cultures early on in passaging, but tend to turn negative for all known cadherins in densely grown cultures. On immunoblotting SDS-PAGE-separated proteins from dense-grown cell monolayers, “pan-cadherin” antibodies have reacted with a band at ∼140 kDa, identified as N-cadherin by peptide fingerprinting of the immunoprecipitated protein, which for reasons not yet clear is modified or masked in immunolocalization experiments. The exact histological derivation of RMEC-1 cells is not known. However, the observations of several endothelial markers and the fact that all cells are rich in IFs containing vimentin and/or desmin, while only subpopulations also reveal IFs containing CKs 8 and 18, is suggestive of a mesenchymal, probably endothelial origin. We discuss the molecular relationship of this novel type of extended junction with other types of adhering junctions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051152
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    Effects of growth rate and cell density on nerve growth factor secretion in cultures of vascular and bladder smooth muscle cells from hypertensive and hyperactive rats (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 294 (1998), S. 431-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Nerve growth factor ; Hypertension ; Contact inhibition ; Proliferation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Elevated target-derived smooth muscle nerve growth factor (NGF) and resultant neurogenic plasticity are associated with both hypertension and hyperactive voiding in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs: hypertensive, behaviorally hyperactive). In culture, vascular (VSMCs) and bladder (BSMCs) smooth muscle cells derived from SHRs secrete higher levels of NGF, proliferate more rapidly, and achieve higher density at confluence than do control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) cells. To elucidate growth-related contributions to the elevated tissue NGF observed in SHRs, we examined vascular VSMC and BSMC NGF secretion in two inbred cell lines (WKHTs, hypertensive; WKHAs, hyperactive) derived from SHRs and WKYs to assess the phenotypic association of altered NGF metabolism with either hypertension or behavioral hyperactivity. Cell density, rather than growth rates, was the most important factor with respect to NGF secretion. VSMC density varied such that WKHT=SHR〉WKY= WKHA, higher VSMC density being associated with higher NGF output. However, in BSMC cultures, NGF output was the lowest in high density cell lines, with WKHT〉SHR〉WKY〉WKHA. SHR BSMCs had the second highest cell density and NGF secretion level. Elevated packing density, presumably because of a lack of contact inhibition, co-segregated with the hypertensive phenotype in both VSMCs and BSMCs. Thus, dysfunctional smooth muscle growth characteristics may contribute to the augmented vascular and bladder NGF content associated with high blood pressure and hyperactive voiding in SHRs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051194
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    Loss of myocardial capillary endothelial-cell alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in primary endothelial cell culture (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 497-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Endothelial cells ; Alkaline phophatase ; Primary cultures ; Proliferation ; Gene expression ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Primary cultures of rat myocardial capillary endothelial cells were established and characterized. A range of typical endothelial cell-specific markers were retained in vitro. Cell kinetic studies in confluent endothelial-cell cultures in vitro revealed a roughly 50-fold increase in the proportion of cells in s-phase, indicating a very considerable shortening of cell turnover time, compared to in vivo conditions. Alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity and encoding mRNA are strongly expressed in myocardial capillary endothelial cells in vivo, but were not detectable in vitro. This was true in cell cultures from two strains of rat, which revealed significantly different enzyme expression levels in vivo. In co-cultures of pericytes and endothelial cells, positive ALP enzyme reaction was detected in pericytes, which in vivo show only very weak enzyme reactivity. Treatment of cell cultures with ≤10 M retinoic acid had no effect in pure endothelial cell cultures, but did increase ALP expression of pericytes in co-cultures. The observation of a loss of endothelial ALP expression in vitro supports other in vitro as well as our own in vivo observations, indicating a negative correlation of ALP expression and proliferative activity of endothelial cells.
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    Polysome-like structures in the chromatoid body of rat spermatids (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 575-579 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Chromatoid body ; Polysomes ; RNA ; Spermatid ; Spermatogenesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A procedure for isolating the chromatoid body from the testis of 40-day-old rats was developed. Electron-microscopical analysis indicated that about 70% of the isolated organelles were chromatoid bodies, while the remaining structures corresponded to dense bodies and probably to satellites. Negative staining of the isolated organelles revealed the presence of polysome-like structures in about 20% of the chromatoid bodies suggesting that the polysomes were not due to contamination with cytoplasmic polysomes. Moreover, the presence of RNA in the stroma of the chromatoid body was confirmed by RNAse-gold staining. Preliminary electrophoretic analysis of the RNA extracted from the organelles revealed the presence of a complex population of RNAs including 5.8 and 5 S ribosomal RNAs but no tRNA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051027
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    Edema formation in the rat larynx (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 367-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Larynx ; Edema ; Mast cells ; Compound 48/80 ; Substance P ; Capsaicin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In the rat larynx, plasma exudation and edema formation were studied by light and electron microscopy after i.v. injections of the mast cell activator compound 48/80, substance P, and capsaicin. The morphological effects of substance P and capsaicin on connective tissue mast cells in vivo were also examined. Of the drugs tested, only compound 48/80 degranulated the connective tissue mast cells. All drugs induced a subepithelial plasma exudation in the subglottic region, with edema in the lamina propria and widened intraepithelial intercellular spaces, though the tight junction regions seemed intact. In the epiglottis, 10 min after compound 48/80 injection, there was edema in the lamina propria on the lingual side, with an intact and tight epithelial lining. No morphological sign of edema was found in the epiglottis after injection of substance P or capsaicin. The pronounced effect found in the epiglottic region after compound 48/80 injection was due to the release of mediators such as histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine from the connective tissue mast cells. This study supports the belief that substance P in vivo mediates an increased vascular permeability by a direct effect on the blood vessels – a mechanism distinct from mast cell degranulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051067
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    Internal division of capillaries in rat skeletal muscle in response to chronic vasodilator treatment with α1-antagonist prazosin (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 293-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Angiogenesis ; Capillary growth ; Prazosin ; Shear stress ; Skeletal muscle ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Chronic vasodilatation represents a stimulus for capillary growth associated with increased luminal shear stress. We have examined the ultrastructure of more than 2000 capillaries to establish whether the sequence of angiogenesis in response to this stimulus is similar to that described during development and under pathological circumstances. Administration of the α1-blocker prazosin to rats for 2 weeks led to a greater capillary length density in extensor hallucis proprius muscles without any change in capillary tortuosity: J v(c,f)=262±54 compared with 350±17 mm–2, control compared with prazosin (P〈0.002). There were obvious signs of endothelial cell (EC) activation after prazosin treatment, including an increased proportion of capillaries with rough endoplasmic reticulum, large cytoplasmic vacuoles, thickened endothelium and an irregular luminal surface. Capillaries from control muscles had a maximum of three ECs in cross section, whereas four ECs were noted in 0.8+0.5% of capillaries after 1 week (n.s.) and 2.5±0.9% after 2 weeks (P〈0.01) of treatment. This could be due to elongation and/or migration of ECs, as cell proliferation has not been described at these time points. There was also an increase in the proportion of capillaries having a narrow, slit-like lumen (1.7±0.8% of controls; 7.1±1.9% at 1 week; 8.8±2.5% at 2 weeks; P〈0.02), some of which were smaller in size (less than 2 μm diameter) than in controls (3–5 μm) and/or “seamless”, i.e. lacking EC junctions. These may represent newly formed vessels. Focal discontinuity of the basement membrane and abluminal EC processes were rarely seen, and capillary growth by abluminal sprouting appeared to be very infrequent (less than 0.001% of profiles). Of more importance was growth starting from the luminal side. Significantly more thin cytoplasmic processes were observed protruding into the lumen of capillaries after 1 week (47.5±6.2%, P〈0.001) and 2 weeks of prazosin (34.2±5.5%, P〈0.05) than in control vessels (16.7±3.9%). Some of these traversed the entire lumen and connected with endothelium of the opposite side, probably involving membrane fusion, resulting in the appearance of a double lumen. Individual capillaries with a complete double lumen were observed after 2 weeks’ prazosin but comparatively rarely, in only four out of six muscles. These findings indicate a pattern of luminal growth which is completely different from intussusceptive growth previously described during development, and from the abluminal capillary sprouting seen under pathological circumstances.
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    Flow-driven Diameter Response in Rat Femoral Arteries Perfused In Vitro (1998)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 26 (1998), S. 526-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Rat ; Artery: femoral ; Arterial diameter ; Vasomotion ; Shear stress ; Flow-dependent constriction ; Step flow ; Oscillating flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of flow and flow changes on arterial diameter were investigated in vitro on isolated rat femoral arteries. Segments of femoral arteries were excised, mounted on microcannulas, and perfused with Tyrode's solution (37°C). Perfusion pressure was kept constant at 90 mm Hg. The mean external diameter after equilibration at a transmural pressure of 90 mm Hg was 720 ± 50 μ m (n=12). Vessels were then constricted with norepinephrine (1 μM in the superfusion solution) to 77% ± 13% of the resting diameter; acetylcholine was used to check endothelial function. The external diameter was measured continuously using video microscopy. The arteries were subjected to two different types of flow variations: (a) step changes in flow (increase and decrease, n=6) and (b) low-frequency sinusoidal flow variations (frequencies ranging from 0.002 to 0.1 Hz, n=11). Flow ranged from 0 to 800 μ l/min (shear stress ranging from 0 to 15 dyn/cm2). All measured vessels constricted as flow increased. Flow steps induced exponential-like contractions (flow increase) or relaxations (flow decrease) with mean characteristic time constants 31 ± 4 and 22 ± 2 s, respectively. Sinusoidal flow oscillations induced sinusoidal diameter oscillations with a time delay. An increase in the frequency of the flow led to a decrease of both the amplitude of the flow-induced diameter oscillations and the phase shift between flow and diameter. The dynamic diameter response to flow changes could be characterized by a first-order low-pass filter with a time constant of 22 s. © 1998 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC98: 8745Hw
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    The rate model of endocarditis (1998)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 20 (1998), S. 203-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: Endocarditis ; Rat ; Streptococci
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rat model of endocarditis is a well established experimental protocol which closely approximates human native valve endocarditis. The rat model of endocarditis has been used to examine the role of particular streptococcal virulence factors, to assess immunoprotective strategies, and to evaluate the efficacy of selected antibiotic treatment regimens for streptococcal endocarditis. Like humans, rats are generally susceptible to endocarditis only if the cardiac valves have been damaged. In the rat model of endocarditis, damage to the aortic valve and sterile vegetation formation is accomplished by insertion of a polyethylene catheter through the carotid artery into the left ventricle. Following catheter insertion, an inoculum of streptococci are injected intravenously. Vegetations removed from the heart valves during thoracotomy of euthanized animals are qualitatively cultured for streptococcal infection. The method, including investigator safety considerations, is described in detail.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009719802803
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    Partial replacement of dietary casein with soy protein isolate can reduce the severity of retinoid-induced hypertriglyceridemia (1998)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 52 (1998), S. 97-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Hypertriglyceridemia ; Protein ; Rat ; Retinoid ; Soy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Previous research carried out in an animal model of retinoid-induced hypertriglyceridemia – rats fet a 13-cis retinoic acid (13cRA)-containing diet having casein as the protein source – has demonstrated that the complete replacement of dietary casein with soy protein isolate (SPI) can decrease the severity of this condition. In this study, the effect of partially replacing dietary casein with SPI was investigated. Five groups of male Fischer 344 rats were used in a 14-day study, with two groups being fed diets having casein as the protein source, without or with 13cRA (groups A and B, respectively), and three groups being fed 13cRA-containing diets in which SPI was used to bring about the isonitrogenous replacement of 25, 50, or 100% of the casein in the formula for the diet used for group B (groups C-E, respectively). Serum triglyceride concentration for group B was significantly different ( p 〈 0.05) from that of groups A, D, and E (5.41 vs 2.62, 4.04, and 2.66 mmol/l, respectively). Serum cholesterol concentrations for groups D and E were significantly lower ( p 〈 0.05) than for groups A and B (1.63 and 1.60 vs 2.00 and 2.14 mmol/l, respectively). Thus, the isonitrogenous replacement of 50% of dietary casein with SPI can reduce the severity of retinoid-induced hypertriglyceridemia while decreasing the serum concentration of cholesterol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008092906465
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    A Computational Analysis of FXa Generation by TF:FVIIa on the Surface of Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (1998)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 26 (1998), S. 28-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Mathematical model ; Tissue factor ; Wall shear rate ; FXa generation ; TF:FVIIa ; Rat ; Vascular ; Smooth muscle ; Factor X ; Coagulation ; Clot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A computational model was developed to investigate the contribution of classical mass transport and flow parameters to factor X (FX) activation by the tissue factor–factor VIIa complex (TF:VIIa) on one wall of a parallel-plate flow chamber. The computational results were compared to previously obtained experimental data for the generation of factor Xa (FXa) by TF:VIIa on the surface of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. In this study, the complete steady-state convection–diffusion equation was solved using the commercial software package, FLUENT (Fluent Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire). A user-defined subroutine interfaced with FLUENT implemented the surface reaction which was modeled using classical Michaelis–Menten reaction kinetics. The numerical solutions were obtained for 12 cases which used combinations of three wall shear rates and four reaction rates. The numerically obtained fluxes for a given reaction rate displayed a wall shear rate dependence which ranged from classical kinetic reaction control (no dependence) to pure diffusional control (maximum dependence). The experimental data, however, were not represented by numerical data generated using a single reaction rate. The three numerically obtained fluxes which corresponded most closely to the experimental fluxes were determined using three different V max values. This finding supports the hypothesis that there may be a direct effect of flow on the TF:VIIa complex or the cell membrane. © 1998 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC98: 8722-q, 8710+e
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1114/1.120
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    Running programs backwards: The logical inversion of imperative computation (1997)
    Springer
    Formal aspects of computing 9 (1997), S. 331-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-299X
    Keywords: Inversion ; Abduction ; Reverse computation ; Program testing ; Logic programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Imperative programs can be inverted directly from their forward-directed program code with the use of logical inference. The relational semantics of imperative computations treats programs as logical relations over the observable state of the environment, which is taken to be the state of the variables in memory. Program relations denote both forward and backward computations, and the direction of the computation depends upon the instantiation pattern of arguments in the relation. This view of inversion has practical applications when the relational semantics is treated as a logic program. Depending on the logic programming inference scheme used, execution of this relational program can compute the inverse of the imperative program. A number of nontrivial imperative computations can be inverted with minimal logic programming tools.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211087
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    Chromosomal mapping of the T-helper immunodeficiency (thid) locus in LEC rats (1997)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 47 (1997), S. 99-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words CD4 ; Rat ; LEC ; thid ; Chromosomal mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050333
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    Expansion of the IR in the chloroplast genomes of buckwheat species is due to incorporation of an SSC sequence that could be mediated by an inversion (1997)
    Springer
    Current genetics 31 (1997), S. 276-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Buckwheat ; Chloroplast DNA ; Inversion ; Inverted repeats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chloroplast genomes in buckwheat species contain large inverted repeats which are at least 4 kbp longer than the majority of those in land plants. The length of the buckwheat inverted repeats was attributable to an additional region located adjacent to the borders of the small single-copy region. We have cloned and sequenced a 5.2-kbp SmaI fragment corresponding to this extra region in the inverted repeats. A homology search revealed that the sequence of the SmaI fragment is highly homologous to one side of the small single-copy region of the inverted repeats in dicot chloroplast DNAs such as tobacco and beechdrops. Interestingly, a 3.7-kbp segment in the middle of the SmaI fragment is inserted in the opposite orientation relative to those of the other dicot species, and 17-bp direct repeats are found located at both the ends of the additional region. These results suggest that expansion of the inverted repeats in buckwheat chloroplast DNA might have been associated with an inversion.
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    Conserved structure and tissue expression of rat eotaxin (1997)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 47 (1997), S. 178-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Eotaxin ; Chemokine ; Eosinophil ; Lung ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050345
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    Oxytocin innervation of spinal preganglionic neurons projecting to the superior cervical ganglion in the rat (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 287 (1997), S. 481-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Oxytocin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Superior cervical ganglion ; Spinal cord ; Sympathetic nervous system ; Retrograde tracing ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is a major integrative nucleus for relaying information from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the autonomic system. The precise pathway by which this information can influence autonomic functions, such as melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland, is not clear. In the present study, we used a retrograde tracer injected in the superior cervical ganglion to identify spinal preganglionic neurons. One of the main neurotransmitters present in descending projections of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, oxytocin, was detected with immunocytochemistry to visualise possible contacts with the neurons located in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and projecting to the superior cervical ganglion. Although many appositions could be seen at the light-microscopic level, this abundance could not be confirmed at the electron-microscopic level. The implications of these observations for the overall timing message received by the spinal preganglionic neurons are discussed.
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    Thermoxidized Palm Oil Induces reproductive Toxicity in Healthy and Malnourished Rats (1997)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 51 (1997), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Thermoxidized palm oil ; Rat ; Kwashiorkor ; Fertility ; Fetotoxicity ; Reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Repeatedly thermoxidized palm oil (TPO), simulating local culinary practice, was fed for eight weeks at 15% of a balanced basal diet to two sets of male and female weanling albino rats of Wistar strain. The first set of animals were normal and healthy while the second set were kwashiorkoric. Primary controls (PC) of all rats were fed a balanced basal diet of commercial rat pellets while secondary controls (SC) were fed the balanced basal diet supplemented with 15% untreated palm oil. The findings indicate that fertility, as expressed by the pregnancy rate of healthy test rats, was 78% when compared with 80% in PC (p 〈 0.05). Fetotoxicity was additionally observed in that neonatal birth weights and litter size in test rats (4.92 g and 6.70, respectively) were inferior (p 〈 0.05) to both SC and PC (4.96 g and 8.40; 5.38 g and 9.25, respectively). Protein energy malnutrition worsened the observed TPO-induced reproductive toxicities in that reproductive capacities of the rehabilitated animals were inferior to that of the healthy animals. Pregnancy rates in test animals were reduced by as much as 55% (p 〈 0.01) while fetotoxicities were also more pronounced (p 〈 0.05).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007985529125
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    Inversion of a transfer system into lateral ramps: An example from the South-Central Pyrenees (Spain) (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 85 (1996), S. 372-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Pyrenees ; Cadí ; Nogueres ; Inversion ; Lateral ramps ; Transfer faults ; Tear faults
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Field work in the South-Central Pyrenees suggests that omission contacts (i.e. younger over older rocks) occur at the base of the Cadí unit (Cadí thrust), and pass laterally into thrusts. This change occurs across tear faults which are present in the hangingwall of the Cadí thrust sheet and which controlled the deposition of Upper Cretaceous sediments (Adraén formation). Detailed mapping in the contact area between the Nogueres and Cadí units has shown that the actual thrust geometry in the study area is controlled by preexisting normal and transfer faults which developed in an already compressional context. Lateral ramps or tear faults develop depending on the angle between the pre-existing extensional transfer fault and the thrust transport direction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02422242
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    Organotypic rat brain culture as in vivo-like model system (1996)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 18 (1996), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: Brain ; Histology ; Organotypic culture ; Patch clamp recording ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The goal of the current research was to define an in vitro system that can replace in vivo experimentation but reflects as far as possible aspects of the intact situation of the developing nervous system of mammals. Tissue slices of postnatal rat hippocampi were continuously moved between the medium and gas phase. Under these conditions the complex cytoarchitecture was preserved for many weeks. Lactate dehydrogenase assay, cell size analysis and neuron- and glial cell specific immunocytochemical markers were employed to illuminate explant development in vitro. By scanning electron microscopy the explant surface was analysed in order to determine the conditions suitable for patch clamp recording. Electrophysiological analysis revealed a pronounced spontaneous activity showing the neurons to be functionally active. These data indicate that organotypic roller cultures reflect to a large extent the in vivo situation of the mammalian nervous system. The culture system provides a promising model system for developmental physiology, neurotoxicology and pharmacology.
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    Effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on dopaminergic neurons require concurrent activation of cAMP-dependent signaling pathways (1996)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 286 (1996), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Growth factors ; Brain-derived neurotrophic factor ; Immediate-early genes ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Glia ; Cell culture ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a highly selective neurotrophic factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons and might thus be of potential use in the therapy of Parkinson’s disease. In this study, we present evidence that the survival-promoting action of GDNF on dopaminergic neurons requires the concurrent activation of cAMP-dependent signaling pathways. In serum-free low density cultures of the dissociated embryonic day 15 mesencephalon, dopaminergic neurons undergo constant cell death as evidenced by a 90% reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) cell numbers between days 1 and 9 of cultivation. This decline was not affected by GDNF (5 ng/ml) within the initial 3 days of cultivation, but was in part attenuated with prolonged treatment. In contrast, stimulation of 3-day-old mesencephalic cultures with GDNF induced c-fos expression in 73% of all TH-IR neurons, indicative for the early presence of efficient signal-transduction coupling in these neurons. Combined treatment of mesencephalic cultures with dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP; 100 μM) and GDNF accelerated the onset of the survival effects of GDNF on dopaminergic neurons, resulting in a 1.5-fold increase in the number of surviving TH-IR neurons at 3 days in vitro. In addition, activation of cAMP-dependent signal pathways significantly potentiated the survival-promoting effects of GDNF on dopaminergic neurons in older cultures. dbcAMP alone had no effect on dopaminergic cell survival. Taken together, our findings suggest that the action of GDNF on midbrain dopaminergic neurons is modulated by other extracellular signals.
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    Glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor enhances biosynthesis of substance P in striatal neurons in vitro (1996)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 286 (1996), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: GDNF ; NT-4/5 ; Tachykinin ; Dopamine ; Amphetamine ; PPT-A ; Survival ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a novel trophic factor with potent trophic effects on several neuron populations in the central and peripheral nervous system. In the present study, we have investigated and compared the potential of dopamine and metamphetamine with that of the two striatal neurotrophic factors, viz., GDNF and neurotrophin-(NT)-4/5, to regulate substance P and its preprotachykinin-A mRNA in organotypic striatal slices from postnatal (day 10) rats. Incubation for 2 weeks with 10 ng/ml GDNF significantly increased substance-P-like immunoreactivity determined by radioimmunoassay. Similarly, the corresponding preprotachykinin-A mRNA increased after 1 and 2 weeks of incubation, as analyzed by in situ hybridization. NT-4/5 exhibited similar effects.The dopamine-releasing agent metamphetamine stimulated substance-P-containing neurons in 1-week-old striatal slices, whereas dopamine stimulated substance-P-like immunoreactivity in 1- and 2-week old striatal cultures. The effects of dopamine and GDNF were not additive. We conclude that substance-P-containing medium-sized spiny neurons in the striatum are under both dopaminergic and growth factor control by GDNF and NT-4/5, which are both synthesized in the striatum. This adds a previously unknown role to those that have been established for GDNF in the nigrostriatal system.
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    Mineralization during matrix-vesicle-mediated mantle dentine formation in molars of albino rats: a microanalytical and ultrastructural study (1996)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 284 (1996), S. 223-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Mineralization ; Matrix vesicles ; Dentine ; Ultrastructure ; Element analysis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mineralization process of mantle dentine by ultrastructural and element-analytical investigation of matrix vesicles and successive stages. Upper second molars of albino rats were cryofixed and embedded in resin after freeze drying. Semithin dry sections were prepared for analyzing the calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the mineralized matrix vesicles or noduli, larger mineralized islands, and the mantle dentine. For ultrastructural studies, it was necessary to reduce section contact with hydrous fluids to a minimum in order to avoid preparation artifacts. The first mineral deposits were recognized as dot-like formations both in the interior of matrix vesicles and in association with the inner vesicle membrane. This indicated the existence of mineral nucleating sites located both at the inner membrane and at calcium-phosphate-binding macromolecules in the interior of the matrix vesicles. A significantly higher mineral content was found in mineralized matrix vesicles than in the mineralized extravesicular regions of the mineralized islands, suggesting the existence of a rapidly and densely mineralizing matrix in the matrix vesicles. A significant increase in mineral content per volume proceeding from the mineralized islands to mantle dentine suggested a further increase in the density of mineral.
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    A cell-free approach to the study of membrane trafficking in frozen rat brains potentially applicable to frozen autopsy material (1996)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 190 (1996), S. 99-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Aging ; Alzheimer's disease ; Brain ; Cell-free system ; Membranes ; Membrane trafficking ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A cell-free transfer system was used to measure capacity of brain membranes to support membrane renewal. To study transfer in brain, radiolabeled donor microsome fractions were prepared using brain slices from rats or frozen human brain autopsy specimens. Acceptor fractions, prepared from fresh or frozen rat brain or frozen human brain autopsy specimens, were immobilized on nitrocellulose. The complete reconstituted transfer system contained ATP plus ATP-regenerating system (or NADH) as a source of energy and brain cytosol. Slices of frozen brain incorporated acetate into membrane lipids with approximately the same efficiency as fresh brains. This efficiency declined with storage at 4 °C but only slowly. Donor fractions labeled with acetate from frozen slices exhibited specific transfer (37 °C minus 4 °C) of labeled membrane lipids with efficiencies comparable to fresh. The acceptor fraction could be prepared either from fresh or frozen material. Transfer was on the average two-fold stimulated by ATP at 37 °C compared to no ATP. Transfer also was stimulated by NADH. Analysis of linear transfer rates between 0 and 30 min revealed no significant effect of delay time or of time of prolonged storage on transfer efficiency beyond an initial decline of ca. 25% observed within the first two weeks after freezing. A decline of transfer was obtained with brains as the animals aged.
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    Inversion of a transfer system into lateral ramps: an example from the South-Central Pyrenees (Spain) (1996)
    Springer
    Geologische Rundschau 85 (1996), S. 372-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Pyrenees ; Cadí ; Nogueres ; Inversion ; Lateral ramps ; Transfer faults ; Tear faults
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Field work in the South-Central Pyrenees suggests that omission contacts (i.e. younger over older rocks) occur at the base of the Cadí unit (Cadí thrust), and pass laterally into thrusts. This change occurs across tear faults which are present in the hangingwall of the Cadí thrust sheet and which controlled the deposition of Upper Cretaceous sediments (Adraén formation). Detailed mapping in the contact area between the Nogueres and Cadí units has shown that the actual thrust geometry in the study area is controlled by pre-existing normal and transfer faults which developed in an already compressional context. Lateral ramps or tear faults develop depending on the angle between the pre-existing extensional transfer fault and the thrust transport direction.
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    Isolation and culture of endothelial cells from the mesenteric vascular bed (1995)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 17 (1995), S. 257-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: Endothelial cells ; Isolation ; Culture ; Mesentery ; Rat ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Methods are described for the enzymatic isolation of endothelial cells from rat and rabbit mesenteric arteries and veins. The mesenteric vascular bed is incubated with an enzyme solution containing collagenase, deoxyribonuclease, papain, dithiothreitol and bovine serum albumin for 45 min at 37 °C in a shaking waterbath. After the 45 min digestion, cells are centrifuged and plated. This method yields an endothelial cell population with a high plating efficiency which is relatively free of smooth muscle contamination.
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    Low dose phenytoin is an osteogenic agent in the rat (1995)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 42-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Phenytoin ; Bone formation ; Osteocalcin ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Osteogenesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Long-term use of phenytoin for the treatment of epilepsy has been associated with increased thickness of craniofacial bones. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibility that low doses of phenytoin are osteogenic in vivo by measuring the effects of phenytoin administration on serum and bone histomorphometric parameters of bone formation in two rat experiments. In the first experiment, four groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received daily I.P. injections of 0, 5, 50, or 150 mg/kg/day of phenytoin, respectively, for 47 days. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin were increased by 5 and 50 mg/kg/day phenytoin. The increases in osteocalcin and ALP occurred by day 7 and day 21, respectively. The tibial diaphyseal mineral apposition rate (MAR) at sacrifice (day 48) was significantly increased in rats receiving 5 mg/kg/day phenytoin. At a dose of 150 mg/kg/day, the increase in serum ALP, osteocalcin and MAR was reversed. No significant differences in serum calcium, phosphorus, or 1,25(OH)2D3 levels were seen. In a second experiment, three groups of rats received daily I.P. injection of lower doses of phenytoin (i.e., 0, 1, or 5 mg/kg/day, respectively) for 42 days. Phenytoin also did not affect the growth rate or serum calcium, phosphorus, and 25(OH)D3 levels. Daily injection of 5 mg/kg/day phenytoin significantly increased several measures of bone formation, i.e., serum ALP and osteocalcin, bone ALP, periosteal MAR, and trabecular bone volume. However, rats receiving lower doses of phenytoin (i.e., 1 mg/kg/day) did not show significant increases in the serum bone formation parameters. In contrast, metaphyseal osteoblast surface, osteoblast number, osteoid thickness, surface, and volume were all significantly increased in rats treated in 1 mg/kg/day but not with 5 mg/kg/day phenytoin, suggesting that the tibial diaphysis and metaphysis bone formation parameters might have different dose-dependent responses to phenytoin treatment. Administration of the test doses of phenytoin did not significantly affect the histomorphometric bone resorption parameters. In conclusion, these findings represent the first in vivo evidence that phenytoin at low doses (i.e., between 1 and 5 mg/kg/day) is an osteogenic agent in the rat.
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    A new rapid and reproducible homologous immunoradiometric assay for amino-terminal parathyroid hormone in the rat (1995)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 83-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Immunoradiometric assay ; Parathyroid hormone ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurement of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the rat is most often performed with competitive ligand radioimmunoassays (RIA) utilizing heterologous antibodies. We report here the validation of a newly developed homologous immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for rat PTH. Two different goat antibodies to the amino-terminal sequence of rat PTH are utilized; one is immobilized onto plastic beads to capture the PTH molecules and the other is radiolabeled for detection. To test this new IRMA, 30 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three treatment groups to receive by intraperitoneal injection: (1) saline 1 ml/kg (control); (2) calcium chloride 40 mg/kg (hypercalcemic); and (3) EDTA 300 mg/kg (hypocalcemic). Blood samples were taken at 0, 30, 60, 180, and 300 minutes after administration of the assigned treatment for measurement of ionized calcium (Ca2+) and serum PTH. Most of the variance in PTH levels was found to be due to changes in Ca2+ (r2=0.780, P〈0.0001). There was also a close temporal relationship between the two, with the highest levels of PTH occurring at the same measured time points as the lowest Ca2+, and vice versa. The measured detection limit of the IRMA was 3 pg/ml with intra-and interassay coefficients of variation of 1.74% and 3.07%, respectively. Serial dilutions with pooled rat serum, synthetic rat PTH-(1–34), and synthetic human PTH-(1–34) showed good parallelism with increased specificity for the pooled and synthetic PTH, despite a degree of crossreactivity with hPTH. The assay is able to quantitate rapid changes in PTH, providing all the advantages of IRMA methodology including technical simplicity and speed of performance, and is likely to become a useful tool in investigations of bone, mineral, and renal homeostasis using the rat.
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    Effect of stopping fluoride administration on the distribution profiles of fluoride in three different kinds of rat bones (1995)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 292-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Bone ; Defluoridation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work was to explore the reduction of fluoride concentrations in the skeleton after stopping experimental fluoride administration. Fluoride was administered to the rats at varying doses (0, 50, 100 ppm in drinking water) and for different lengths of time (4, 13, 25 weeks). A series of fluoride concentrations across the full thickness of humerus, parietal bone, and vertebra arch in rats were measured by means of an abrasive micro-sampling technique. The distribution profiles of fluoride from periosteal to endosteal surfaces, which were apparently related to the histological structure of these bones, were U shaped in the humerus, V shaped in the parietal bone, and W shaped in the vertebra arch. The average fluoride concentrations in the bones increased significantly with each increasing dose and length of fluoride administration. The relative increments were similar between the different regions or the different bones. After stopping fluoride administration, on the other hand, the relative reduction of the average fluoride concentrations in the bones were 30–100%. They were greatly related to the length after stopping fluoride administration and the dose and length of fluoride administration, but also dependent upon the type of bone and the region examined.
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    Structural evolution of wheat chromosomes 4A, 5A, and 7B and its impact on recombination (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 282-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Crossing-over ; Genetic map ; Inversion ; Linkage ; Recombination ; T. aestivum ; T. monococcum ; Translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The construction of comparative genetic maps of chromosomes 4Am and 5Am of Triticum monococcum and chromosomes of homoeologous groups 4, 5 and 7 of T. aestivum has provided insight into the evolution of these chromosomes. The structures of chromosomes 4A, 5A and 7B of modern-day hexaploid bread wheat can be explained by a 4AL/5AL translocation that occurred at the diploid level and is present both in T. monococcum and T. aestivum. Three further rearrangements, a 4AL/7BS translocation, a pericentric inversion and a paracentric inversion, have taken place in the tetraploid progenitor of hexaploid wheat. These structural rearrangements and the evolution of chromosomes 4A, 5A and 7B of bread wheat are discussed. The presence of the 4AL/5AL translocation in several Triticeae genomes raises two questions — which state is the more primitive, and is the translocation of mono- or poly-phylogenetic origin? The rearrangements that have occurred in chromosome 4A resulted in segments of both arms having different positions relative to the telomere, compared to 4Am and to 4B and 4D. Comparisons of map length in these regions indicate that genetic length is a function of distance from the telomere, with the distal regions showing the highest recombination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220890
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  • 53
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    Localization and coexistence of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in vertebrate adrenal chromaffin cells immunoreactive to TH, DBH and PNMT (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 267-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Adrenal organ ; Atrial natriuretic peptide ; Neuropeptide Y ; Catecholamine synthesizing enzymes ; Coexistence ; Rat ; Guinea pig ; Coturnix c. japonica (Aves ; Phasianiformes) ; Lacerta viridis (Lacertilia) ; Bufo marinus ; Caldula pulchra (Anura) ; Cyprinus carpio ; Cottus scorpius (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Antisera specific for mammalian atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were applied to examine, in immunofluorescence, the occurrence of cells immunoreactive to ANP and NPY in the adrenal organs of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and bony fish. Catecholamine-containing cells were identified using antisera against tyrosine-hydroxylase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase. In all vertebrates studied, immu- noreactivities to ANP and NPY occurred in adrenal chromaffin cells but were absent from the cortex or its homolog, the interrenal. The majority of immunoreactivities to ANP and NPY was confined to the adrenaline cells. In mammals, the number of ANP-immuno-reactive cells (60%–80% of the total cell population) exceeded that of the NPY-immunoreactive cells (35%–45%). In birds, reptiles, and Amphibia, the numbers of ANP-immunoreactive (35%–40%) and NPY-immunoreactive (30%–35%) cells were in a similar range. The bony fish showed a density of both ANP-immunoreactive (80%–90%) and NPY-immunoreactive (35%–40%) cells. In all species studied, immunoreactivities to ANP and NPY partially coexisted. Generally, 30%–55% of the ANP-immunoreactive cells also contained NPY-immunoreactivity. In rat, coexistence amounted to almost 100% and in quail to 95%. Except for the rat, three subpopulations of chromaffin cells seemed to occur: ANP-immunoreactive non-NPY-immunoreactive, ANP-immunoreactive+NPY-immunoreactive, and NPY-immunoreactive non-ANP-immunoreactive cells. Thus, adrenal ANP and NPY share a conservative history and coexist as early as at the level of bony fish. The endocrine actions of ANP and NPY derived from medullary cells on cortical cells as found in mammals might be based on an ancestoral paracrine system. In submammalians, ANP and NPY may not only act as endocrine hormones, but also influence steroid-producing interrenal cells in a paracrine manner, and act as modulators on chromaffin cells.
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  • 54
    Electronic Resource
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    Pro-enkephalin opioid peptides are abundant in porcine and bovine splenic nerves, but absent from nerves of rat, mouse, hamster, and guinea-pig spleen (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 281 (1995), S. 143-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Enkephalin ; Opioid peptides ; Spleen ; Innervation ; Neuro-immunology ; Species differences ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cow ; Pig ; Guinea-pig ; Mouse ; Rat ; Dsungarian hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The opioidergic innervation of the mammalian spleen and possible species differences were investigated. Light-microscopic immunohistochemistry revealed that splenic nerves of bovine and porcine spleen, but not of rat, mouse, hamster and guinea-pig spleen contained proenkephalin-derived opioidergic innervation. Immunoreactivity to both prodynorphin and pro-opiomelanocortin was absent from splenic nerves. In bovine and porcine spleen, fibers immunoreactive for met-enkephalin, met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, leu-enkephalin and peptide F formed perivascular plexus, traveled in trabecular connective tissue, and extended into the capsule. Spatial relationships with immune cells were apparent in the white and red pulp, excluding lymphoid follicles. Colocalization of enkephalin immunoreactivity with immunoreactivities for tyrosin hydroxylase, dopamin-β-hydroxylase, and neuropeptide Y, but not for substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide were found. Our results provide evidence that opioid expression in splenic innervation is strongly species-dependent and exclusively proenkephalin-derived. Colocalization with marker enzymes of noradrenergic neurons indicates a mainly postganglionic sympathetic origin of proenkephalinergic splenic innervation. Opioidergic perivascular nerves probably control the splenic blood flow. A close interrelationship of opioidergic fibers with immune cells provides the anatomical basis for direct effects of neurally released opioids on splenic immune functions.
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  • 55
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization and coexistence of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in vertebrate adrenal chromaffin cells immunoreactive to TH, DBH and PNMT (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 267-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal organ ; Atrial natriuretic peptide ; Neuropeptide Y ; Catecholamine synthesizing enzymes ; Coexistence ; Rat ; Guinea pig ; Coturnix c. japonica (Aves, Phasianiformes) ; Lacerta viridis (Lacertilia) ; Bufo marinus, Caldula pulchra (Anura) ; Cyprinus carpio, Cottus scorpius (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Antisera specific for mammalian atrial natriuretic peptied (ANP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were applied to examine, in immunofluorescence, the occurrence of cells immunoreactive to ANP and NPY in the adrenal organs of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and bony fish. Catecholamine-containing cells were identified using antisera against tyrosine-hydroxylase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase. In all vertebrates studied, immunoreactivities to ANP and NPY occurred in adrenal chromaffin cells but were absent from the cortex or its homolog, the interrenal. The majority of immunoreactivities to ANP and NPY was confined to the adrenaline cells. In mammals, the number of ANP-immuno-reactive cells (60%–80% of the total cell population) exceeded that of the NPY-immunoreactive cells (35%–45%). In birds, reptiles, and Amphibia, the numbers of ANP-immunoreactive (35%–40%) and NPY-immunoreactive (30%–35%) cells were in a similar range. The bony fish showed a density of both ANP-immunoreactive (80%–90%) and NPY-immunoreactive (35%–40%) cells. In all species studied, immunoreactivities to ANP and NPY partially coexisted. Generally, 30%–55% of the ANP-immunoreactive cells also contained NPY-immunoreactivity. In rat, coexistence amounted to almost 100% and in quail to 95%. Except for the rat, three subpopulations of chromaffin cells seemed to occur: ANP-immunoreactive non-NPY-immunoreactive, ANP-immunoreactive+NPY-immunoreactive and NPY-immunoreactive non-ANP-immunoreactive cells. Thus, adrenal ANP and NPY share a conservative history and coexist as early as at the level of bony fish. The endocrine actions of ANP and NPY derived from medullary cells on cortical cells as found in mammals might be based on an ancestoral paracrine system. In submammalians, ANP and NPY may not only act as endocrine hormones, but also influence steroid-producing interrenal cells in a paracrine manner, and act as modulators on chromaffin cells.
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  • 56
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pro-enkephalin opioid peptides are abundant in porcine and bovine splenic nerves, but absent from nerves of rat, mouse, hamster, and guinea-pig spleen (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 281 (1995), S. 143-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enkephalin ; Opioid peptides ; Spleen ; Innervation ; Neuro-immunology ; Species differences ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cow ; Pig ; Guinea-pig ; Mouse ; Rat ; Dsungarian hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The opioidergic innervation of the mammalian spleen and possible species differences were investigated. Light-microscopic immunohistochemistry revealed that splenic nerves of bovine and porcine spleen, but not of rat, mouse, hamster and guinea-pig spleen contained proenkephalin-derived opioidergic innervation. Immunoreactivity to both prodynorphin and pro-opiomelanocortin was absent from splenic nerves. In bovine and porcine spleen, fibers immunoreactive for met-enkephalin, met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, leu-enkephalin and peptide F formed perivascular plexus, traveled in trabecular connective tissue, and extended into the capsule. Spatial relationships with immune cells were apparent in the white and red pulp, excluding lymphoid follicles. Colocalization of enkephalin immunoreactivity with immunoreactivities for tyrosin hydroxylase, dopamin-β-hydroxylase, and neuropeptide Y, but not for substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide were found. Our results provide evidence that opioid expression in splenic innervation is strongly species-dependent and exclusively proenkephalin-derived. Colocalization with marker enzymes of noradrenergic neurons indicates a mainly postganglionic sympathetic origin of proenkephalinergic splenic innervation. Opioidergic perivascular nerves probably control the splenic blood flow. A close interrelationship of opioidergic fibers with immune cells provides the anatomical basis for direct effects of neurally released opioids on splenic immune functions.
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  • 57
    Electronic Resource
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    Growth, hormonal status and protein turnover in rats fed on a diet containing peas (Pisum sativum L.) as the source of protein (1995)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 47 (1995), S. 211-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Hormonal status ; Legume diet ; Pisum sativum L. ; Protein turnover ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The inclusion of peas (Pisum sativum L.) as the source of protein in the diet of growing rats brings about a reduction in growth rate as well as the impairment in the liver, muscle and spleen weights as compared with casein fed controls. Also, a fall in plasma glucose, triglycerides and protein was observed in the legume fed animals, while no changes in cholesterol levels were found. Furthermore, the rats fed on the diet containing peas showed lower levels of plasma insulin, corticosterone, IGF-I and T4 as compared with casein controls. Liver and muscle total protein (mg) and total DNA (mg) were markedly decreased in the legume fed animals, but DNA/g, protein/DNA and RNA/protein ratios were similar in both dietary groups. Likewise, liver and muscle fractional synthesis rates were similar in the casein and legume groups, while the whole body protein synthesis is assumed to be lower in the legume fed animals due to differences in body weights. It is concluded that animals fed on a diet containing peas (Pisum sativum L.) as the only source of protein showed less adverse effects than those found with other legumes such asVicia faba L. orPhaseolus vulgaris L., in which protein quality, antinutritional factors and nutrient availability could be involved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01088329
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  • 58
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of infra-red low-power laser irradiation on regeneration of myelinated axons (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 273-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Ga-As laser ; Myelinated fibre regression ; Rat ; Sciatic nerve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the present study was to examine the regeneration of myelinated axons under the effect of laser irradiation at various wavelengths and energy densities. Laser irradiation at 890 nm with an energy dose of 0.33 J cm−2 as well as He-Ne laser irradiation failed to change the number of regenerating myelinated axons in distal nerve stumps on the 30th day after cutting the nerve. An increase of dose delivered to the skin to 9.33 J cm−2 resulted in a 49% decrease in the number of myelinated axons. A 24% suppression of nerve regeneration was also registered using 1220 nm wavelength laser (dose 0.98 J cm−2). This phenomenon is likely to be attributed to the stimulating effect of laser irradiation of the near-infra-red range on proliferation of fibroblasts and scar formation. 1220 nm of 7.2 J cm−2 dose effected neither the growth nor the myelinization of axons in distal nerve stumps on the 20th day following nerve damage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133620
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  • 59
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    Comparative Tissue Distribution and Elimination of Amphotericin B Colloidal Dispersion (Amphocil®) and Fungizone® After Repeated Dosing in Rats (1995)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 12 (1995), S. 275-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: Amphotericin B ; Amphocil® ; Fungizone® ; Colloidal Dispersion ; Tissue Distribution ; Pharmacokinetics ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetic profiles of amphotericin B (AmB) after administration of Amphocil®, an AmB/cholesteryl sulfate colloidal dispersion (ABCD) and the micellar AmB/deoxycholate (Fungizone®) were compared after repeated dosing in rats. After administration of ABCD and Fungizone at an equal AmB dose (1 mg/kg), AmB concentrations in plasma and most tissues were lower for the ABCD dose, especially in the kidneys where reduced drug concentration correlated with reduced nephrotoxicity. In contrast, AmB concentrations in the liver were substantially higher when ABCD was administered; however, without an accompanying increase in hepato-toxicity. Daily administration of ABCD for 14 days did not lead to AmB accumulation in plasma; while a slight accumulation was observed after multiple administration of Fungizone. AmB was eliminated more slowly from the plasma and various tissues and urinary and fecal recoveries of AmB were reduced after ABCD administration. These results suggest that ABCD may be stored in tissues in a form that is less toxic and is eliminated from the systemic circulation by a different mechanism than the free and protein-bound AmB in plasma. AmB accumulation in the spleen was observed when higher doses of ABCD (5 mg/kg) were administered, which could be due to saturation of hepatic uptake of AmB. Comparison of spleen concentrations of AmB between ABCD and Fungizone® at 5 mg/kg AmB doses was not possible because of Fungizone's toxicity in rats. In all other organs, AmB concentrations reached or approached a steady state within two weeks of dosing with ABCD. Urinary and fecal clearances of AmB were not different between ABCD and Fungizone administration. In summary, the distribution and elimination characteristics of AmB in rats were substantially altered when it was administered as ABCD in comparison to Fungizone. Nephrotoxicity of AmB in rats was reduced after administration of ABCD apparently because of the altered tissue distribution pattern. Thus, ABCD (Amphocil®) may be a clinically beneficial formulation of AmB in patients with systemic fungal infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016243313027
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