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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (4,374)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This document, which is directed at the fishing sector, researchers, conservationists and fishery administrators, was developed by researchers who are members of the Specialists Group for Marine Turtle Research and conservation in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWA) in response to the urgent need to evaluate the impact generated on sea turtles by fisheries. Historically, sea turtle conservation efforts have focused almost exclusively on the protection of nesting beaches. Nevertheless, over the last decade, research has proved incidental mortality as a result of fishing activities to be one of the greatest threats to these animals. This type of interaction is not only problematic for turtles, but also generates financial losses for fishermen and businesses. In spite of the efforts that are currently underway, researchers still do not have a detailed understanding of the impact that bycatch produces on sea turtle populations in the SWA. We have a long way to go before its effects can be minimized. Further research is needed regarding the biology and ecology of the various turtle species as well as the effective application of mitigation measures. The life cycles of sea turtles are long and complex. Turtles occupy various ecosystems (nesting beaches, coastal, neritic and oceanic zones, as well as pelagic and demersal areas) throughout their lifetimes, transcending various Exclusive Economic Zones and International Waters. The five species that inhabit the SWA region perform vast feeding and reproductive migrations, traveling through areas where many different fishing fleets operate. Therefore, sea turtles in the SWA interact with virtually all fisheries. These circumstances make it necessary to carry out biological, fishing related and conservation studies on a regional level. The efficiency of the existing international and national legal instruments has yet to be determined, in terms of their effectiveness in protecting sea turtles. In some cases, legislation that is specifically related to the interaction between fisheries and turtles does exist, such as those laws requiring the mandatory use of turtle excluding devices (TEDs). There are also explicit bans on sea turtle capture. Nevertheless, none of these regulations prevent sea turtle bycatch. Although some regional legal instruments are needed, these and the existing legislation will only be effective if they are accompanied by a broader range of permanent education and control measures, to achieve the commitment of all the parties involved. The ecosystem approach is gaining popularity among fishery administration organizations. Research and conservation efforts should also be moving in that direction. A regional and international effort is required in order to compile information regarding the bycatch produced by the various types of fisheries and fleets operating in the area. The enormous increase in fishing pressure that these fleets are exerting in this area has not been accompanied by an increase in information regarding the bycatch of species that have no commercial value. Pelagic longlining is one of the fishing methods, which must be most closely monitored, due to the high levels of bycatch that it produces, as well its ample distribution throughout the region, and the high level of fishing effort that it accounts for. Coastal trawlers and gillnetters must also be considered critical players, because they too produce a large rate of bycatch. These are the three types of fisheries that are most broadly distributed throughout the region, accounting for the majority of the fishing effort. Most of the institutions that work toward sea turtle conservation in the area have only begun to address the issue of bycatch over the last decade. This timeframe is reflected in the scope and quantity of the available publications, as well as the progress of activities directed at mitigating this problem. All of the institutions that have been mentioned in this report have made the gathering of information regarding interaction between sea turtles and fisheries one of their top priorities. Some institutions are even developing working programs for monitoring fisheries and testing mitigation measures. Many of these institutions have managed to develop adequate relationships with fishermen, ship owners and administrators. Nevertheless, limited access to funding is an obstacle to the development and testing of mitigation measures. The SWA network, which is a very valuable instrument that was created in 2003, has allowed the region’s institutions and researchers to exchange information and share their experience, in addition to lending each other support in carrying out joint activities, thus strengthening sea turtle conservation efforts. The capacity demonstrated so far by the region’s researchers and institutions, testifies to their ability to continue to make progress in knowledge generation and tests of bycatch mitigation measures.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Ecology ; Fishing gear ; Fisheries ; Ecology ; Fishing gear
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book
    Format: 71 pp
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  • 2
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    MGAP | DINARA
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: A partir de la firma del Proyecto de Gestión Pesquera DINARA-FAO (UTF/URU/025/URU), en septiembre de 2007, se comenzó a conformar una Unidad de Economía Pesquera. Sus objetivos se focalizaron en fortalecer la capacidad de recolección y análisis estadístico de la información socio-económica del sector. En el 2008 esta Unidad compiló y realizó un análisis de la información comprendida entre los años 2002 y 2007, reanudando luego de varios años esta publicación histórica. La misma fue un éxito en todo sentido, especialmente para consulta de los diferentes actores del sector. La aceptación y receptividad que ha tenido dicha publicación nos motiva y obliga a continuar en esta línea, rumbo a la obtención de un producto de valor y utilidad, basado exclusivamente en información oficial nacional. Este año retomamos la serie anual poniendo nuevamente a disposición de todos información actualizada, completa y de calidad que estamos seguros será nuevamente de gran beneficio para el sector público como privado, así como de interés para el público en general.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Trade ; Fishery statistics ; Fisheries ; Trade
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book
    Format: 48
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Este documento, dirigido al sector pesquero, investigadores, conservacionistas y administradores de las pesquerías, surge como respuesta de investigadores pertenecientes al Grupo de Especialistas en Investigación y Conservación de Tortugas Marinas en el Atlántico Sud Occidental (ASO) a la urgente necesidad de evaluar el impacto de las pesquerías sobre las tortugas marinas. Históricamente, los esfuerzos referidos a la conservación de las tortugas marinas se han dirigido casi exclusivamente a proteger las playas de anidación. Sin embargo en la última década se ha podido comprobar que una de las mayores amenazas es la mortalidad incidental causada por las pesquerías. Esta interacción no implica únicamente un problema para las tortugas, sino que también genera pérdidas económicas para los pescadores y las empresas.
    Description: This document, which is directed at the fishing sector, researchers, conservationists and fishery administrators, was developed by researchers who are members of the Specialists Group for Marine Turtle Research and Conservation in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWA) in response to the urgent need to evaluate the impact generated on sea turtles by fisheries. Historically, sea turtle conservation efforts have focused almost exclusively on the protection of nesting beaches. Nevertheless, over the last decade, research has proved incidental mortality as a result of fishing activities to be one of the greatest threats to these animals. This type of interaction is not only problematic for turtles, but also generates financial losses for fishermen and businesses.
    Description: Cont. fotografías
    Description: Published
    Description: Sea Turtle, keeping
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Ecology ; Fishing gear ; Fisheries ; Ecology ; Fishing gear
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book
    Format: 71
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: El presente trabajo llama la atención a las recientes epidemias de intoxicación histamínicas reportadas en los Estados Unidos, debido al consumo del dorado (Coryphaena hippurus) o Mahi-Mah, contaminado. Esto dió como resultado la prohición de las importaciones de esta especie, proveniente de varios países entre ellos el Ecuador, y siendo el dorado una especie de relativa importancia económica en este país, dicha prohibición ha preocupado al sector pesquero. Los estudios llevados a cabo muestran claramente la susceptibilidad de esta especie a desarrollar histamina. Esto se debe principalmente a la temperatura a la que está expuesta, pues la demora antes de enhielar el pescado es la etapa crítica. Los resultados muestran un aumento exponencial de los niveles de histamina, en ciertos casos después de tan solo 9 horas de almacenaje a temperaturas ambientales entre 25-30°C. Los niveles de histamina en pescado muestreado en el mercado local fueron tan altos como 250 mg/100g de muestra. Se demuestra que el problema se debe fundamentalmente al mal manejo de la captura por parte de la flota artesanal, y la subsecuente falta de infraestructura adecuada para conservarla, es decir, no se enfría el pescado. Sin embargo, el estudio muestra que una reducción de la temperatura del pescado de solo 15° menos, podría dar como resultado un producto de mayor calidad. En el presente trabajo se hacen recomendaciones para establecer un nivel máximo permitido para la exportación de 10 mg%, y se comparan dos métodos rápidos de análisis.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Histamines ; Quality control ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: 153 experimental sets were made with stackable Antillean fish traps in depths of 5 to 30 m in the waters around the Galápagos Island (Ecuador), between Octobre and April 1983. 1,885 fish were caught of 18 species mainly of the families Pomadasyidae, Acanthuridae, Sparidae and Serranidae. The mean catch rate was 5,5 Kg per lift or 0,4 Kg.h-1, and the mean weight of the fish caught was 0,45 Kg. The optimum set duration was found to be between 2 and 18 hours (possibly indicating a high rate of escape). This study took place during the period of the ”El Niño”, when catches of fish in this area generally were low, and it is not known what effect this had. The catches were good compared with other shallow areas, but the fishes caught were mainly of medium quality. It is thought that significant increases in the quantity and quality of the catch could be obtained with commercial traps in deeper areas, but the efficient use of these would require new vessels and equipment, and the resulting increase in fishing effort could lead to overfishing of the most acceptable species of reef fish. Hence the development of fishery using fish traps is not recommended for Galápagos. A study of the biology of the fish caught was carried out. A bibliography of references on fish traps and their use was compiled and is included.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Trap fishing ; Fisheries ; Catch statistics ; Trap fishing
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Le domaine maritime sénégalais s’étend de 18°00 N, -20°00 W, -16°30 E, 12°15 S ; la presqu’île du Cap-Vert située entre 14°30 N et 15°00 N le divise en deux zones aux caractéristiques topographiques distinctes. Au nord, le plateau continental est peu étendu vers le large et orienté Nord-Nord/Est. Au sud de la presqu’île, le plateau s’élargit et le talus continental est orienté nord-sud. L’embouchure du fleuve Sénégal au Sénégal au Nord de la presqu’île du Cap-Vert et celles de la Gambie et de la Casamance au Sud constituent également un trait marquant de cette région. Les travaux réalisés au Sénégal en océanographie ont montré : - l’existence de deux saisons marines aux caractéristiques très différentes qui se succèdent : une saison chaude de juillet à octobre et une saison froide de décembre à mai. Ces deux saisons sont séparées par des périodes de transition. Pendant la saison froide, les alizés (vent de secteur nord-ouest à nord-est) s’établissent et engendrent à la côte une résurgence d’eau profonde (upwelling) vers la surface ; - la mise en évidence de systèmes de grands courants aux caractéristiques différentes : le courant des Canaries et le contre courant équatorial ; - la description de trois grandes houles au large du Sénégal : o la houle de Nord-Nord ouest qui a lieu toute l’année o la houle de Sud-Sud ouest apparaissant pendant l’hivernage o la houle d’ouest possible aux environs du mois de novembre. Le littoral sénégalais représente une zone d’intérêt stratégique à la fois sur le plan démographique, économique et environnemental. Les milieux naturels, dans un état de conservation relativement préservé, produisent des ressources vitales pour les 11 millions d’habitants peuplant le Sénégal. L’économie nationale sénégalaise est très dépendante de ces ressources côtières et marines qui constituent les principales recettes en devises, qu’il s’agisse de pêche ou de tourisme. L’analyse de la situation et des tendances montre que la zone côtière fait l’objet de pressions diversifiées et de plus en plus lourdes. Ces pressions se traduisent souvent par des conflits d’intérêts entre les différents secteurs et par des impacts qui génèrent une dégradation de l’environnement et des conditions de vie des populations. Cette évolution risque ainsi de compromettre les potentialités de développement offertes par les 700 Km de littoral sénégalais. La pression démographique se développe préférentiellement sur la zone côtière qui accueille déjà près de 60% des habitants, notamment dans les centres urbains et les capitale, toutes situées en bord de mer, et qui continuent à recevoir des populations en provenance de l’intérieur, réfugiés climatiques ou économiques, ou simplement jeunesse attirée par les « lumières de la ville ». Cet exode, à l’origine de dysfonctionnements des systèmes de production ruraux qui manquent peu à peu de main d’oeuvre, contribue à son tour à générer des perturbations au niveau des centres urbains où la misère se substitue parfois à la pauvreté.
    Description: Les besoins en matériaux de construction consécutifs à cette évolution démographique entraînent des prélèvements massifs de sable sur les plages qui ont à leur tour des conséquences négatives sur l’érosion et la protection du littoral. La fragilisation des cordons dunaires augmente ainsi les risques d’inondations des terres, la ville de Saint Louis étant particulièrement vulnérable à cet égard. Les besoins en développement ont conduit à la réalisation d’infrastructures le long du littoral. Ces constructions, qui tiennent trop rarement compte des contraintes environnementales, ont entraîné des répercussions structurelles sur l’équilibre de la zone côtière. Ainsi, les barrages anti-sel, tel le barrage de Diama sur le fleuve Sénégal, ont entraîné des répercussions sur le fonctionnement de certains écosystèmes côtiers. En condamnant les influences des apports d’eau douce ils appauvrissent les milieux situés en aval, stérilisant peu à peu des zones riches en ressources ainsi que les économies et les cultures qui en dépendent. Le ralentissement des courants et la baisse de salinité en amont du barrage favorisent l’apparition de certaines plantes envahissantes, telles que la bilharziose ou le paludisme. Les effectifs de poissons dépendant de milieux à salinité variable sont directement affectés, expliquant par exemple une chute de près de 70% des captures dans le bas delta du Sénégal. Les besoins du développement se traduisent également par l’amélioration ou la création d’axes routiers qui, dans la majorité des cas, longent la zone côtière. Ces ouvrages entraînent des impacts directs sur l’environnement, tels la destruction des mangroves là où les routes barrent l’écoulement des marées (exemple de la route Samba Dia – Djifère. Les systèmes de production traditionnels sont en règle générale peu préparés à faire face à des circuits de commercialisation organisés à une échelle régionale ou internationale, où à des technologies plus performantes, et éprouvent des difficultés à maintenir un contrôle sur leur terroir. Faute de pouvoir opérer une métamorphose rapide de leur système de production, le risque existe de voir peu à peu disparaître des savoir-faire d’une grande valeur dans la gestion même de ces territoires et de leurs ressources et , plus généralement, des cultures qui leur sont associées. Le développement industriel exerce des impacts potentiels ou réels de grande magnitude sur la zone côtière et marine. Les secteurs les plus significatifs à cet égard sont le tourisme et les hydrocarbures. Concernant le premier, les infrastructures, principalement orientées vers le tourisme balnéaire, sont en grande majorité installées à proximité directe de la zone côtière. L’absence quasi généralisée d’études d’impacts approfondies et indépendantes a conduit à de nombreux échecs. Ainsi, la plupart des projets ont été pensés et réalisés sans tenir suffisamment compte des contextes socio-économiques, culturels et environnementaux dans lesquels ils s’insèrent. Certaines réalisations ont été planifiées sur des secteurs soumis à une forte érosion littorale, compromettant de façon irrémédiable non seulement les investissements mais l’utilisation ultérieure du site, comme cela s’est produit sur les plages au sud immédiat du Cap Skirring. Les questions relatives à la disponibilité en eau douce qui se posent de façon cruciale dans le Saloum par exemple, à la gestion des déchets et des eaux usées ne sont que rarement prises en considération de façon structurelle et durable, conduisant à la dégradation de l’environnement ou à des conflits avec les communautés locales qui nuisent à la qualité même du tourisme. L’exploration et l’exploitation des ressources en hydrocarbures représentent aussi un secteur d’intérêt stratégique avec une généralisation des prospections. Si la découverte de gisement d’intérêt commercial représente une opportunité majeure pour l’économie nationale, elle soulève néanmoins un certain nombre de questions au regard de l’environnement. En effet les des puits. Parmi ces risques nous pouvons citer les impacts des études sismiques sur les organismes marins, notamment poissons et cétacés, le rejet de fluides toxiques et déblais de forage, le déversement des eaux de production et les pollutions aiguës dues à des accidents intervenant pendant le forage, le stockage ou le transport. Le Sénégal en ce moment, en est au stade de la prospection. Toutefois, pour ce qui concerne le transport d’hydrocarbures, plus de 90 000 0000 de tonnes d’hydrocarbures transitent par les côtes sénégalaises. Les modèles de dérive des nappes élaborés par la Compagnie pétrolière Woodside en relation avec le champ de Chinguetti, actuellement en cours de production au large de la Mauritanie, montrent des probabilités d’impact sur les côtes allant du golfe d’Arguin jusqu’à Dakar, en cas d’accident. La surexploitation des ressources halieutiques constitue également un problème au niveau de l’environnement marin et côtier. En effet, si une partie de la fluctuation des biomasses peut s’expliquer par les changements du régime des upwellings, la baisse des captures s’explique par un effort de pêche excessif, que ce soit dans le sous-secteur industriel ou artisanal. A cette surcapacité vient s’ajouter la présence de flottes illicites non déclarées et non réglementées. L’utilisation de certains engins ou pratiques de pêche contribue à aggraver la situation : la pêche crevettière est à l’origine de prises accidentelles qui représentent jusqu’à 85 % du total des captures, incluant des espèces protégées comme les tortues marines, et qui sont rejetés à la mer . Les chaluts de fonds, qui vont pêcher jusqu’à 800 m de profondeur, ainsi que les dragues à coquillages entraînant des dégâts structurels sur les écosystèmes De plus l’influence des marchés à l’exportation exerce des pressions sélectives sur certaines espèces, les espèces démersales de poissons, céphalopodes étant les plus recherchées sur le marché. Les changements climatiques ont également des impacts négatifs sur l’environnement marin et côtier. On sait que l’élévation du niveau marin aura des répercussions directes sur les installations humaines littorales ainsi que sur les écosystèmes insulaires et côtiers. Des zones de mangroves entières qui ne disposent pas des conditions écologiques pour s’adapter peuvent disparaître, entraînant des risques accrus d’érosion et d’inondation. Ces mêmes risques se multiplient avec la fréquence accrue des épisodes météorologiques exceptionnels tels que les ondes de tempêtes capables de drosser les pirogues à la côte ou de provoquer la rupture de cordons dunaires. On sait par ailleurs que le réchauffement de la température des mers influe négativement sur la productivité des océans et la dynamique des courants tels que le courant profond originaire de l’antarctique et qui exporte vers le Sénégal et les autres pays de la sousrégion des sels nutritifs présents dans les upwellings. On observe également une diminution de la puissance des alizés qui pourrait avoir des répercussions directes sur la force des upwellings et donc sur la productivité des pêcheries et du milieu marin en général. La stratégie de réponse proposée combine une protection des zones côtières importantes et un reboisement des dunes littorales dans les secteurs de la côte nord et de la Flèche de Sangomar particulièrement menacés. L’évaluation économique de cette stratégie montre qu’elle est coûteuse mais nettement en deçà de la valeur économique des terres qu’elle sera amenée à protéger. Des efforts complémentaires devront cependant être faits pour évaluer le coût d’autres solutions de protection telles que le nourissement artificiel des plages. Par ailleurs, la stratégie envisagée ne répondant qu’à l’un des impacts des changements climatiques, à savoir les inondations, toute une série de mesures dites d’accompagnement ont été suggérées qui visent à diminuer la vulnérabilité en gérant mieux les ressources présentes dans la zone côtière, en développant les techniques de récupération des sols salés et en prenant des mesures législatives et institutionnelles appropriées. Enfin, il est très important de souligner que ces différentes mesures ne devraient être envisagées que dans un cadre plus global de gestion intégrée des zones côtières, seul à même d’assurer la participation de l’ensemble des acteurs concernés, l’éducation, la recherche et l’information environnementales mais aussi la cohérences et le suivi des mesures.
    Description: Ministère de l'Environnement, de la Protection de la Nature, des Bassins de Rétention et des Lacs Artificiels, Dakar (Sénégal)
    Description: Published
    Description: écosystéme marin; technique de pêche; filet; érosion côtière; pollution; pêche; flore; environnement; migration; pêcheur; oiseau d'eau; tortue marine; lamantin; requin; mammifére marin; réglementation; mangrove; écosystème; estuaire; delta
    Keywords: Deltas ; Ecosystems ; Marine environment ; Aquatic birds ; Fishermen ; Fisheries ; Mangroves ; Coastal erosion ; Flora ; Fishing nets ; Deltas ; Ecosystems ; Mangroves ; Coastal erosion ; Marine environment ; Marine mammals ; Shark fisheries ; Turtle fisheries ; Aquatic birds ; Fishermen ; Migrations ; Flora ; Fisheries ; Marine pollution ; Fishing nets ; Climatic changes
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
    Format: 1456859 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 71
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  • 7
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    Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This paper examines the arrival of a new group of fishermen on the Kenyan coast and what this has meant for the state of fishery resources. It reviews four subject areas: access and the number of fishermen; the fishermen’s identity; the choice of fishing gear; and the fishing grounds selected. Data were collected from a small number of fishing households in the villages of Uyombo and Takaungu in Kilifi District, using mainly qualitative research methods. Local households on the Kenyan coast face increasing pressure on land as well as on marine resources. The declining economic situation and greater pressure on land have made people turn to fishing as an income-generating activity. This group of fishermen is referred to as the ‘new’ generation of fishermen as they have been involved in fishing for only one or two generations (including the current one) in contrast to the ‘old’ generation from families who have been fishing or in fishingrelated activities for much longer. The old generation of fishermen and their households have also diversified their incomes, with many fishing households turning to farming, for example, with women and grown-up children involved in various activities. The new generation of fishermen, mainly of the Mijikenda population group, has often been blamed for the loss of traditional access regulations and for using harmful fishing gear. This paper discusses the new generation of fishermen and their identity as they perceive it and relates this to employment generation as a policy measure for marine conservation.
    Description: Published
    Description: Artisanal fisheries;household survey; income diversification; marine conservation,
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Fishery resources ; Fisheries ; Fishery resources
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: FAO, Rome (Italie);Ministère du Développement et de l'Hydraulique, Dakar (Sénégal)
    Description: Published
    Description: Plan de développement; fôret; pêche; milieu continental; aquaculture; pisciculture ; bilan ; facteur climatique; facteur hydrologique ; facteur socio économique; population rurale; ressources naturelles; poisson d'eau douce; ressources naturelles; gestion de l'environnement; technique de pêche; commercialisation ; consommation; projet de développement
    Keywords: Natural resources ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture ; Marketing ; Development projects ; Forests ; Climatic data ; Hydrology ; Inland water environment ; Aquatic environment ; Development potential ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture ; Marketing ; Development projects ; Fish consumption ; Hydrology ; Inland water environment ; Aquatic environment ; Forests ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Climatic data ; Natural resources ; Freshwater
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book
    Format: 412144 bytes
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2009-08-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rick, Torben C -- Erlandson, Jon M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 21;325(5943):952-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1178539.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Archaeobiology Program, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA. rickt@si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19696338" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthropology ; Archaeology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Fisheries ; Fishes ; Humans ; Marine Biology ; Otters ; Population Dynamics ; Sea Urchins ; Shellfish
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2009-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morell, Virginia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 29;324(5931):1132. doi: 10.1126/science.324_1132.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19478158" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Fisheries ; *Humpback Whale ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics ; Ussr
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2009-09-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Walker, Brian -- Barrett, Scott -- Polasky, Stephen -- Galaz, Victor -- Folke, Carl -- Engstrom, Gustav -- Ackerman, Frank -- Arrow, Ken -- Carpenter, Stephen -- Chopra, Kanchan -- Daily, Gretchen -- Ehrlich, Paul -- Hughes, Terry -- Kautsky, Nils -- Levin, Simon -- Maler, Karl-Goran -- Shogren, Jason -- Vincent, Jeff -- Xepapadeas, Tasos -- de Zeeuw, Aart -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 11;325(5946):1345-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1175325.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. brian.walker@csiro.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19745137" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Climatic Processes ; Communicable Diseases/drug therapy/epidemiology ; Drug Resistance ; Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Fisheries ; Health ; Humans ; *International Agencies ; *International Cooperation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2009-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Greene, Charles H -- Monger, Bruce C -- McGarry, Louise P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 8;324(5928):733-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1173951.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ocean Resources and Ecosystems Program, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. chg2@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19423808" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Climate ; Cold Temperature ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Fisheries ; Gadiformes/physiology ; Ovum/physiology ; Pandalidae/*physiology ; Phytoplankton/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Salinity ; Seasons ; *Seawater/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: F-15 IFCS project goals are: a) Demonstrate Control Approaches that can Efficiently Optimize Aircraft Performance in both Normal and Failure Conditions [A] & [B] failures. b) Advance Neural Network-Based Flight Control Technology for New Aerospace Systems Designs with a Pilot in the Loop. Gen II objectives include; a) Implement and Fly a Direct Adaptive Neural Network Based Flight Controller; b) Demonstrate the Ability of the System to Adapt to Simulated System Failures: 1) Suppress Transients Associated with Failure; 2) Re-Establish Sufficient Control and Handling of Vehicle for Safe Recovery. c) Provide Flight Experience for Development of Verification and Validation Processes for Flight Critical Neural Network Software.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: DFRC-956
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Next Generation (NextGen) transport aircraft configurations being investigated as part of the NASA Aeronautics Subsonic Fixed Wing Project have more control surfaces, or control effectors, than existing transport aircraft configurations. Conventional flight control is achieved through two symmetric elevators, two antisymmetric ailerons, and a rudder. The five effectors, reduced to three command variables, produce moments along the three main axes of the aircraft and enable the pilot to control the attitude and flight path of the aircraft. The NextGen aircraft will have additional redundant control effectors to control the three moments, creating a situation where the aircraft is over-actuated and where a simple relationship does not exist anymore between the required effector deflections and the desired moments. NextGen flight controllers will incorporate control allocation algorithms to determine the optimal effector commands and attain the desired moments, taking into account the effector limits. Approaches to solving the problem using linear programming and quadratic programming algorithms have been proposed and tested. It is of great interest to understand their relative advantages and disadvantages and how design parameters may affect their properties. In this paper, we investigate the sensitivity of the effector commands with respect to the desired moments and show on some examples that the solutions provided using the l2 norm of quadratic programming are less sensitive than those using the l1 norm of linear programming.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN-369 , AIAA Infotech@Aerospace Conference and Exhibit; Apr 06, 2009 - Apr 09, 2009; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 15
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: In recent flight tests of F-15 Intelligent Flight Control System (IFCS), software simulated aircraft control surface failures were inserted to evaluate the IFCS adaptive systems. The failure commanded the left stabilator to a fixed position. The adaptive system uses a neural network that is designed to change control law gains, in the event of damage (real or simulated), that allows the aircraft to fly as it had before the damage. The performance of the adaptive system was assessed in terms of its ability to re-establish good onboard model tracking and its ability to decouple roll and pitch response.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: DFRC:873 , AIAA Infotech at Aerospace Conference and Exhibit; Apr 06, 2009 - Apr 09, 2009; Washington; United States
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The primary purpose of the Quiet Spike(TradeMark) flight research program was to analyze the aerodynamic, structural, and mechanical proof-of-concept of a large multi-stage telescoping nose spike installed on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Dryden Flight Research Center (Edwards, California) F-15B airplane. This report describes the preflight stability and control analysis performed to assess the effect of the spike on the stability, controllability, and handling qualities of the airplane; and to develop an envelope expansion approach to maintain safety of flight. The overall flight test objective was to collect flight data to validate the spike structural dynamics and loads model up to Mach 1.8. Other objectives included validating the mechanical feasibility of a morphing fuselage at operational conditions and determining the near-field shock wave characterization. The two main issues relevant to the stability and control objectives were the effects of the spike-influenced aerodynamics on the F-15B airplane flight dynamics, and the air data and angle-of-attack sensors. The analysis covered the sensitivity of the stability margins, and the handling qualities due to aerodynamic variation and the maneuvering limitations of the F-15B Quiet Spike configuration. The results of the analysis and the implications for the flight test program are also presented.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NASA/TM-2009-214651 , H-2956 , DFRC-654
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Adaptive control should be integrated with a baseline controller and only used when necessary (5 responses). Implementation as an emergency system. Immediately re-stabilize and return to controlled flight. Forced perturbation (excitation) for fine-tuning system a) Check margins; b) Develop requirements for amplitude of excitation. Adaptive system can improve performance by eating into margin constraints imposed on the non-adaptive system. Nonlinear effects due to multi-string voting.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: DFRC-1050 , NASA RFI Workshop on Adaptive Control Validation; Aug 09, 2009; Chicago, IL; United States
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: This video presentation reviews the F-15 Intelligent Flight Control System and contains clips of flight tests and aircraft performance in the areas of target tracking, takeoff and differential stabilators. Video of the APG milestone flight 1g formation is included.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: DFRC-992
    Format: text
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Dryden Flight Research Center (Edwards, California) is conducting ongoing flight research using adaptive controller algorithms. A highly modified McDonnell-Douglas NF-15B airplane called the F-15 Intelligent Flight Control System (IFCS) is used to test and develop these algorithms. Modifications to this airplane include adding canards and changing the flight control systems to interface a single-string research controller processor for neural network algorithms. Research goals include demonstration of revolutionary control approaches that can efficiently optimize aircraft performance in both normal and failure conditions and advancement of neural-network-based flight control technology for new aerospace system designs. This report presents an overview of the processes utilized to develop adaptive controller algorithms during a flight-test program, including a description of initial adaptive controller concepts and a discussion of modeling formulation and performance testing. Design finalization led to integration with the system interfaces, verification of the software, validation of the hardware to the requirements, design of failure detection, development of safety limiters to minimize the effect of erroneous neural network commands, and creation of flight test control room displays to maximize human situational awareness; these are also discussed.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NASA/TM-2009-214648 , H-2973 , DFRC-989
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: We propose a new framework called Evolving Systems to describe the self-assembly, or autonomous assembly, of actively controlled dynamical subsystems into an Evolved System with a higher purpose. An introduction to Evolving Systems and exploration of the essential topics of the control and stability properties of Evolving Systems is provided. This chapter defines a framework for Evolving Systems, develops theory and control solutions for fundamental characteristics of Evolving Systems, and provides illustrative examples of Evolving Systems and their control with adaptive key component controllers.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN820
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: This viewgraph presentation reviews the F-15 Intelligent Flight Control System and Aeronautics including Autonomous Aerial Refueling Demonstrations, X-48B Blended Wing Body, F-15 Quiet Spike, and NF-15 Intelligent Flight Controls.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: DFRC-992
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper addresses the problem of verifying adaptive control techniques for enabling safe flight in the presence of adverse conditions. Since the adaptive systems are non-linear by design, the existing control verification metrics are not applicable to adaptive controllers. Moreover, these systems are in general highly uncertain. Hence, the system's characteristics cannot be evaluated by relying on the available dynamical models. This necessitates the development of control verification metrics based on the system's input-output information. For this point of view, a set of metrics is introduced that compares the uncertain aircraft's input-output behavior under the action of an adaptive controller to that of a closed-loop linear reference model to be followed by the aircraft. This reference model is constructed for each specific maneuver using the exact aerodynamic and mass properties of the aircraft to meet the stability and performance requirements commonly accepted in flight control. The proposed metrics are unified in the sense that they are model independent and not restricted to any specific adaptive control methods. As an example, we present simulation results for a wing damaged generic transport aircraft with several existing adaptive controllers.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN803 , AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference; Aug 10, 2009 - Aug 13, 2009; Chicago, IL; United States
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper addresses the problem of controlling a nonlinear plant with a slow actuator using singular perturbation method. For the known plant-actuator cascaded system the proposed scheme achieves tracking of a given reference model with considerably less control demand than would otherwise result when using conventional design techniques. This is the consequence of excluding the small parameter from the actuator dynamics via time scale separation. The resulting tracking error is within the order of this small parameter. For the unknown system the adaptive counterpart is developed based on the prediction model, which is driven towards the reference model by the control design. It is proven that the prediction model tracks the reference model with an error proportional to the small parameter, while the prediction error converges to zero. The resulting closed-loop system with all prediction models and adaptive laws remains stable. The benefits of the approach are demonstrated in simulation studies and compared to conventional control approaches.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN802 , AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference (GN&C) 2009; Aug 10, 2009 - Aug 13, 2009; Chicago, IL; United States
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The objective of this work is to assess the strengths, weaknesses, and robustness characteristics of several MRAC (Model-Reference Adaptive Control) based adaptive control technologies garnering interest from the community as a whole. To facilitate this, a control study using piloted and unpiloted simulations to evaluate sensitivities and handling qualities was conducted. The adaptive control technologies under consideration were ALR (Adaptive Loop Recovery), BLS (Bounded Linear Stability), Hybrid Adaptive Control, L1, OCM (Optimal Control Modification), PMRAC (Predictor-based MRAC), and traditional MRAC
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN956 , NASA Aviation Safety Conference; Nov 17, 2009 - Nov 19, 2009; McLean, VA; United States
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Next generation aircraft with a large number of actuators will require advanced control allocation methods to compute the actuator commands needed to follow desired trajectories while respecting system constraints. Previously, algorithms were proposed to minimize the l1 or l2 norms of the tracking error and of the actuator deflections. The paper discusses the alternative choice of the l(infinity) norm, or sup norm. Minimization of the control effort translates into the minimization of the maximum actuator deflection (min-max optimization). The paper shows how the problem can be solved effectively by converting it into a linear program and solving it using a simplex algorithm. Properties of the algorithm are also investigated through examples. In particular, the min-max criterion results in a type of load balancing, where the load is th desired command and the algorithm balances this load among various actuators. The solution using the l(infinity) norm also results in better robustness to failures and to lower sensitivity to nonlinearities in illustrative examples.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN656 , AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference; Aug 10, 2009 - Aug 13, 2009; Chicago, IL; United States
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper presents the application of Bounded Linear Stability Analysis (BLSA) method for metrics driven adaptive control. The bounded linear stability analysis method is used for analyzing stability of adaptive control models, without linearizing the adaptive laws. Metrics-driven adaptive control introduces a notion that adaptation should be driven by some stability metrics to achieve robustness. By the application of bounded linear stability analysis method the adaptive gain is adjusted during the adaptation in order to meet certain phase margin requirements. Analysis of metrics-driven adaptive control is evaluated for a linear damaged twin-engine generic transport model of aircraft. The analysis shows that the system with the adjusted adaptive gain becomes more robust to unmodeled dynamics or time delay.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN528 , AIAA Infotech Aerospace Conference; Jun 04, 2009; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Active control methodologies were applied to a full-scale active flap rotor obtained during a joint Boeing/ DARPA/NASA/Army test in the Air Force National Full-Scale Aerodynamic Complex 40- by 80-foot anechoic wind tunnel. The active flap rotor is a full-scale MD 900 helicopter main rotor with each of its five blades modified to include an on-blade piezoelectric actuator-driven flap with a span of 18% of radius, 25% of chord, and located at 83% radius. Vibration control demonstrated the potential of active flaps for effective control of vibratory loads, especially normal force loads. Active control of normal force vibratory loads using active flaps and a continuous-time higher harmonic control algorithm was very effective, reducing harmonic (1-5P) normal force vibratory loads by 95% in both cruise and approach conditions. Control of vibratory roll and pitch moments was also demonstrated, although moment control was less effective than normal force control. Finally, active control was used to precisely control blade flap position for correlation with pretest predictions of rotor aeroacoustics. Flap displacements were commanded to follow specific harmonic profiles of 2 deg or more in amplitude, and the flap deflection errors obtained were less than 0.2 deg r.m.s.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN590 , American Helicopter Society 65th Annual Forum and Technology Display; May 27, 2009 - May 29, 2009; Grapevine, TX; United States
    Format: text
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A cooperative study was performed to investigate the handling quality effects from reduced flight control system stability margins, and the trade-offs with higher disturbance rejection bandwidth (DRB). The piloted simulation study, perform on the NASA-Ames Vertical Motion Simulator, included three classes of rotorcraft in four configurations: a utility-class helicopter; a medium-lift helicopter evaluated with and without an external slung load; and a large (heavy-lift) civil tiltrotor aircraft. This large aircraft also allowed an initial assessment of ADS-33 handling quality requirements for an aircraft of this size. Ten experimental test pilots representing the U.S. Army, Marine Corps, NASA, rotorcraft industry, and the German Aerospace Center (DLR), evaluated the four aircraft configurations, for a range of flight control stability-margins and turbulence levels, while primarily performing the ADS-33 Hover and Lateral Reposition MTEs. Pilot comments and aircraft-task performance data were analyzed. The preliminary stability margin results suggest higher DRB and less phase margin cases are preferred as the aircraft increases in size. Extra care will need to be taken to assess the influence of variability when nominal flight control gains start with reduced margins. Phase margins as low as 20-23 degrees resulted in low disturbance-response damping ratios, objectionable oscillations, PIO tendencies, and a perception of an incipient handling qualities cliff. Pilot comments on the disturbance response of the aircraft correlated well to the DRB guidelines provided in the ADS-33 Test Guide. The A D-3S3 mid-term response-to-control damping ratio metrics can be measured and applied to the disturbance-response damping ratio. An initial assessment of LCTR yaw bandwidth shows the current Level 1 boundary needs to be relaxed to help account for a large pilot off-set from the c.g. Future efforts should continue to investigate the applicability/refinement of the current ADS-33 requirements to large vehicles, like an LCTR.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN523 , American Helicopter Society 65th Annual Forum Handling Qualities Session; May 27, 2009 - May 29, 2009; Grapevine, TX; United States
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In the presence of large uncertainties, a control system needs to be able to adapt rapidly to regain performance. Fast adaptation is referred to the implementation of adaptive control with a large adaptive gain to reduce the tracking error rapidly. However, a large adaptive gain can lead to high-frequency oscillations which can adversely affect robustness of an adaptive control law. A new adaptive control modification is presented that can achieve robust adaptation with a large adaptive gain without incurring high-frequency oscillations as with the standard model-reference adaptive control. The modification is based on the minimization of the Y2 norm of the tracking error, which is formulated as an optimal control problem. The optimality condition is used to derive the modification using the gradient method. The optimal control modification results in a stable adaptation and allows a large adaptive gain to be used for better tracking while providing sufficient stability robustness. Simulations were conducted for a damaged generic transport aircraft with both standard adaptive control and the adaptive optimal control modification technique. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed modification in tracking a reference model while maintaining a sufficient time delay margin.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN536 , AIAA Infotech@Aerospace; Apr 06, 2009 - Apr 09, 2009; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper expands on the hybrid control architecture developed at the NASA Ames Research Center by addressing issues related to indirect adaptation using the recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm. Specifically, the hybrid control architecture is an adaptive flight controller that features both direct and indirect adaptation techniques. This paper will focus almost exclusively on the modifications necessary to achieve quality indirect adaptive control. Additionally this paper will present results that, using a full non -linear aircraft model, demonstrate the effectiveness of the hybrid control architecture given drastic changes in an aircraft s dynamics. Throughout the development of this topic, a thorough discussion of the RLS algorithm as a system identification technique will be provided along with results from seven well-known modifications to the popular RLS algorithm.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN521 , AIAA Infotech@aerospace; Apr 06, 2009 - Apr 09, 2009; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Trajectory-based operations with self-separation involve the aircraft taking the primary role in the management of its own trajectory in the presence of other traffic. In this role, the flight crew assumes the responsibility for ensuring that the aircraft remains separated from all other aircraft by at least a minimum separation standard. These operations are enabled by cooperative airborne surveillance and by airborne automation systems that provide essential monitoring and decision support functions for the flight crew. An airborne automation system developed and used by NASA for research investigations of required functionality is the Autonomous Operations Planner. It supports the flight crew in managing their trajectory when responsible for self-separation by providing monitoring and decision support functions for both strategic and tactical flight modes. The paper focuses on the latter of these modes by describing a capability for tactical intent-based conflict resolution and its role in a comprehensive suite of automation functions supporting trajectory-based operations with self-separation.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: LF99-8424 , 9th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference; Sep 21, 2009 - Sep 24, 2009; Hilton Head, SC; United States
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Objective: Provide validation of adaptive control law concepts through full scale flight evaluation. Technical Approach: a) Engage failure mode - destabilizing or frozen surface. b) Perform formation flight and air-to-air tracking tasks. Evaluate adaptive algorithm: a) Stability metrics. b) Model following metrics. Full scale flight testing provides an ability to validate different adaptive flight control approaches. Full scale flight testing adds credence to NASA's research efforts. A sustained research effort is required to remove the road blocks and provide adaptive control as a viable design solution for increased aircraft resilience.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: DFRC-1045 , NESC GN&C Face-to-face Meeting; Aug 09, 2009; Chicago, IL; United States
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Next generation aviation flight control concepts require autonomous and intelligent control system architectures that close control loops directly around payload sensors in manner more integrated and cohesive that in traditional autopilot designs. Research into payload directed flight control at NASA Ames Research Center is investigating new and novel architectures that can satisfy the requirements for next generation control and automation concepts for aviation. Tighter integration between sensor and machine requires definition of specific sensor-directed control modes to tie the sensor data directly into a vehicle control structures throughout the entire control architecture, from low-level stability- and control loops, to higher level mission planning and scheduling reasoning systems. Payload directed flight systems can thus provide guidance, navigation, and control for vehicle platforms hosting a suite of onboard payload sensors. This paper outlines related research into the field of payload directed flight; and outlines requirements and operating concepts for payload directed flight systems based on identified needs from the scientific literature.'
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: IEEEAC-paper-1410 , ARC-E-DAA-TN-342 , 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference; Mar 07, 2009 - Mar 10, 2009; Big Sky, MT; United States
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In this paper we present a new L(sub 1) adaptive control architecture that directly compensates for matched as well as unmatched system uncertainty. To evaluate the L(sub 1) adaptive controller, we take advantage of the flexible research environment with rapid prototyping and testing of control laws in the Airborne Subscale Transport Aircraft Research system at the NASA Langley Research Center. We apply the L(sub 1) adaptive control laws to the subscale turbine powered Generic Transport Model. The presented results are from a full nonlinear simulation of the Generic Transport Model and some preliminary pilot evaluations of the L(sub 1) adaptive control law.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: LF99-8378 , AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference (GNC) 2009; Aug 10, 2009 - Aug 13, 2009; Chicago, IL; United States
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper is devoted to robust, Predictor-based Model Reference Adaptive Control (PMRAC) design. The proposed adaptive system is compared with the now-classical Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) architecture. Simulation examples are presented. Numerical evidence indicates that the proposed PMRAC tracking architecture has better than MRAC transient characteristics. In this paper, we presented a state-predictor based direct adaptive tracking design methodology for multi-input dynamical systems, with partially known dynamics. Efficiency of the design was demonstrated using short period dynamics of an aircraft. Formal proof of the reported PMRAC benefits constitute future research and will be reported elsewhere.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: LF99-8365 , AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference (GNC) 2009; Aug 10, 2009 - Aug 13, 2009; Chicago, IL; United States
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The problem of controlling a system in the presence of unknown actuator and sensor faults is addressed. The system is assumed to have groups of actuators, and groups of sensors, with each group consisting of multiple redundant similar actuators or sensors. The types of actuator faults considered consist of unknown actuators stuck in unknown positions, as well as reduced actuator effectiveness. The sensor faults considered include unknown biases and outages. The approach employed for fault detection and estimation consists of a bank of Kalman filters based on multiple models, and subsequent control reconfiguration to mitigate the effect of biases caused by failed components as well as to obtain stability and satisfactory performance using the remaining actuators and sensors. Conditions for fault identifiability are presented, and the adaptive scheme is applied to an aircraft flight control example in the presence of actuator failures. Simulation results demonstrate that the method can rapidly and accurately detect faults and estimate the fault values, thus enabling safe operation and acceptable performance in spite of failures.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: LF99-8359 , AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference; Aug 10, 2009 - Aug 13, 2009; Chicago, IL; United States
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper presents the application of Bounded Linear Stability Analysis (BLSA) method for metrics-driven adaptive control. The bounded linear stability analysis method is used for analyzing stability of adaptive control models, without linearizing the adaptive laws. Metrics-driven adaptive control introduces a notion that adaptation should be driven by some stability metrics to achieve robustness. By the application of bounded linear stability analysis method the adaptive gain is adjusted during the adaptation in order to meet certain phase margin requirements. Analysis of metrics-driven adaptive control is evaluated for a second order system that represents a pitch attitude control of a generic transport aircraft. The analysis shows that the system with the metrics-conforming variable adaptive gain becomes more robust to unmodeled dynamics or time delay. The effect of analysis time-window for BLSA is also evaluated in order to meet the stability margin criteria.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN-289 , AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting; Jan 05, 2009 - Jan 08, 2009; Orlando, FL; United States
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Suitably placed discrete roughness elements are known to delay or hasten the onset of transition, depending on requirements. In this paper, 2D eigenvalue analysis is used to study the effects of surface roughness in the context of transition delay over subsonic and supersonic swept wing configurations, as well as boundarylayer tripping on the forebody of a hypersonic air breathing vehicle.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: LF99-8181 , IUTAM 2009 Symposium on Laminar-Turbulent Transition; Jun 23, 2009 - Jun 26, 2009; Stockholm; Sweden
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Rapidly Deployable Stable Platform (RDSP) is a novel vessel designed to be a reconfigurable, stable at-sea platform. It consists of a detachable catamaran and spar, performing missions with the spar extending vertically below the catamaran and hoisting it completely out of the water. Multiple thrusters located along the spar allow it to be actively controlled in this configuration. A controller is presented in this work that uses an adaptive feedback algorithm in conjunction with Direct Adaptive Disturbance Rejection (DADR) to mitigate persistent, vortex-induced disturbances. Given the frequency of a disturbance, the nominal DADR scheme adaptively compensates for its unknown amplitude and phase. This algorithm is extended to adapt to a disturbance frequency that is only coarsely known by including a Phase Locked Loop (PLL). The PLL improves the frequency estimate on-line, allowing the modified controller to reduce vortex-induced motions by more than 95% using achievable thrust inputs.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: OMAE2009-79492 , M09-0360 , International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; May 31, 2009 - Jun 05, 2009; Honolulu, HI; United States
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The development of flight control systems to enhance aircraft safety during periods of vehicle impairment or degraded operations has been the focus of extensive work in recent years. Conditions adversely affecting aircraft flight operations and safety may result from a number of causes, including environmental disturbances, degraded flight operations, and aerodynamic upsets. To enhance the effectiveness of adaptive and envelope limiting controls systems, it is desirable to examine methods for identifying the occurrence of anomalous conditions and for assessing the impact of these conditions on the aircraft operational limits. This paper describes initial work performed toward this end, examining the use of fault detection methods applied to the aircraft for aerodynamic performance degradation identification and model-based methods for envelope prediction. Results are presented in which a model-based fault detection filter is applied to the identification of aircraft control surface and stall departure failures/upsets. This application is supported by a distributed loading aerodynamics formulation for the flight dynamics system reference model. Extensions for estimating the flight envelope due to generalized aerodynamic performance degradation are also described.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: LF99-9220 , AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference; Aug 10, 2009 - Aug 13, 2009; Chicago, IL; United States
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper considers the problem of direct model reference adaptive control when the plant-model matching conditions are violated due to abnormal changes in the plant or incorrect knowledge of the plant's mathematical structure. The approach consists of direct adaptation of state feedback gains for state tracking, and simultaneous estimation of the plant-model mismatch. Because of the mismatch, the plant can no longer track the state of the original reference model, but may be able to track a new reference model that still provides satisfactory performance. The reference model is updated if the estimated plant-model mismatch exceeds a bound that is determined via robust stability and/or performance criteria. The resulting controller is a hybrid direct-indirect adaptive controller that offers asymptotic state tracking in the presence of plant-model mismatch as well as parameter deviations.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: LF99-8350 , AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference; Aug 10, 2009 - Aug 13, 2009; Chicago, IL; United States
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The NASA F/A-18 tail number (TN) 853 full-scale Integrated Resilient Aircraft Control (IRAC) testbed has been designed with a full array of capabilities in support of the Aviation Safety Program. Highlights of the system's capabilities include: 1) a quad-redundant research flight control system for safely interfacing controls experiments to the aircraft's control surfaces; 2) a dual-redundant airborne research test system for hosting multi-disciplinary state-of-the-art adaptive control experiments; 3) a robust reversionary configuration for recovery from unusual attitudes and configurations; 4) significant research instrumentation, particularly in the area of static loads; 5) extensive facilities for experiment simulation, data logging, real-time monitoring and post-flight analysis capabilities; and 6) significant growth capability in terms of interfaces and processing power.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: DFRC-IRAC-CAP-002 , DFRC-972
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: If normal aircraft flight controls are lost, emergency flight control may be attempted using only the thrust of engines. Collective thrust is used to control flightpath, and differential thrust is used to control bank angle. One issue is whether a total loss of hydraulics (TLOH) leaves an airplane in a recoverable condition. Recoverability is a function of airspeed, altitude, flight phase, and configuration. If the airplane can be recovered, flight test and simulation results on several transport-class airplanes have shown that throttles-only control (TOC) is usually adequate to maintain up-and-away flight, but executing a safe landing is very difficult. There are favorable aircraft configurations, and also techniques that will improve recoverability and control and increase the chances of a survivable landing. The DHS and NASA have recently conducted a flight and simulator study to determine the effectivity of manual throttles-only control as a way to recover and safely land a range of transport airplanes. This paper discusses TLOH recoverability as a function of conditions, and TOC landability results for a range of transport airplanes, and some key techniques for flying with throttles and making a survivable landing. Airplanes evaluated include the B-747, B-767, B-777, B-757, A320, and B-737 airplanes.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: DFRC-953 , 9th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference; Sep 21, 2009 - Sep 23, 2009; Hilton Head, SC; United States
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at the Dryden Flight Research Center (DFRC) has been conducting flight-test research using an F-15 aircraft (figure 1). This aircraft has been specially modified to interface a neural net (NN) controller as part of a single-string Airborne Research Test System (ARTS) computer with the existing quad-redundant flight control system (FCC) shown in figure 2. The NN commands are passed to FCC channels 2 and 4 and are cross channel data linked (CCDL) to the other computers as shown. Numerous types of fault-detection monitors exist in the FCC when the NN mode is engaged; these monitors would cause an automatic disengagement of the NN in the event of a triggering fault. Unfortunately, these monitors still may not prevent a possible NN hard-over command from coming through to the control laws. Therefore, an additional and unique safety monitor was designed for a single-string source that allows authority at maximum actuator rates but protects the pilot and structural loads against excessive g-limits in the case of a NN hard-over command input. This additional monitor resides in the FCCs and is executed before the control laws are computed. This presentation describes a "floating limiter" (FL) concept that was developed and successfully test-flown for this program (figure 3). The FL computes the rate of change of the NN commands that are input to the FCC from the ARTS. A window is created with upper and lower boundaries, which is constantly "floating" and trying to stay centered as the NN command rates are changing. The limiter works by only allowing the window to move at a much slower rate than those of the NN commands. Anywhere within the window, however, full rates are allowed. If a rate persists in one direction, it will eventually "hit" the boundary and be rate-limited to the floating limiter rate. When this happens, a persistent counter begins and after a limit is reached, a NN disengage command is generated. The tunable metrics for the FL are (1) window size, (2) drift rate, and (3) persistence counter. Ultimate range limits are also included in case the NN command should drift slowly to a limit value that would cause the FL to be defeated. The FL has proven to work as intended. Both high-g transients and excessive structural loads are controlled with NN hard-over commands. This presentation discusses the FL design features and presents test cases. Simulation runs are included to illustrate the dramatic improvement made to the control of NN hard-over effects. A mission control room display from a flight playback is presented to illustrate the neural net fault display representation. The FL is very adaptable to various requirements and is independent of flight condition. It should be considered as a cost-effective safety monitor to control single-string inputs in general.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: DFRC-970 , AIAA Infotech@Aerospace Conference and Exhibit; Apr 06, 2009 - Apr 09, 2009; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Program Objectives: I. Assess stability & control characteristics of a BWB class vehicle in free-flight conditions: a) Assess dynamic interaction of control surfaces; b) Assess control requirements to accommodate asymmetric thrust; and c) Assess stability and controllability about each axis at a range of flight conditions. II. Assess flight control algorithms designed to provide desired flight characteristics: a) Assess control surface allocation and blending; b) Assess edge of envelope protection schemes; c) Assess takeoff and landing characteristics; and d) Test experimental control laws and control design methods III. Evaluate prediction and test methods for BWB class vehicles: a) Correlate flight measurements with ground-based predictions and measurements.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: DFRC-993 , International Test and Evaluation Association (ITEA) 2009 Test Instrumentation Workshop; May 12, 2009 - May 14, 2009; Ridgecrest, CA; United States
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The NASA AirSTAR system has been designed to address the challenges associated with safe and efficient subscale flight testing of research control laws in adverse flight conditions. In this paper, software elements of this system are described, with an emphasis on components which allow for rapid prototyping and deployment of aircraft control laws. Through model-based design and automatic coding a common code-base is used for desktop analysis, piloted simulation and real-time flight control. The flight control system provides the ability to rapidly integrate and test multiple research control laws and to emulate component or sensor failures. Integrated integrity monitoring systems provide aircraft structural load protection, isolate the system from control algorithm failures, and monitor the health of telemetry streams. Finally, issues associated with software configuration management and code modularity are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: LF99-7618 , AIAA Infotech at Aerospace Conference and Exhibit; Apr 06, 2009 - Apr 09, 2009; Washington; United States
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Dryden Flight Research Center (Edwards, California) is conducting ongoing flight research using adaptive controller algorithms. A highly modified McDonnell-Douglas NF-15B airplane called the F-15 Intelligent Flight Control System (IFCS) was used for these algorithms. This airplane has been modified by the addition of canards and by changing the flight control systems to interface a single-string research controller processor for neural network algorithms. Research goals included demonstration of revolutionary control approaches that can efficiently optimize aircraft performance for both normal and failure conditions, and to advance neural-network-based flight control technology for new aerospace systems designs. Before the NF-15B IFCS airplane was certified for flight test, however, certain processes needed to be completed. This paper presents an overview of these processes, including a description of the initial adaptive controller concepts followed by a discussion of modeling formulation and performance testing. Upon design finalization, the next steps are: integration with the system interfaces, verification of the software, validation of the hardware to the requirements, design of failure detection, development of safety limiters to minimize the effect of erroneous neural network commands, and creation of flight test control room displays to maximize human situational awareness.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: DFRC #874 , AIAA Infotech@ Aerospace Conference and Exhibit; Apr 06, 2009 - Apr 09, 2009; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper presents an adaptive control technique for a damaged large transport aircraft subject to unknown atmospheric disturbances such as wind gust or turbulence. It is assumed that the damage results in vertical tail loss with no rudder authority, which is replaced with a differential thrust input. The proposed technique uses the adaptive prediction based control design in conjunction with the time scale separation principle, based on the singular perturbation theory. The application of later is necessitated by the fact that the engine response to a throttle command is substantially slow that the angular rate dynamics of the aircraft. It is shown that this control technique guarantees the stability of the closed-loop system and the tracking of a given reference model. The simulation example shows the benefits of the approach.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN806 , AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference; Aug 10, 2009 - Aug 13, 2009; Chicago, IL; United States
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Recently a new optimal control modification has been introduced that can achieve robust adaptation with a large adaptive gain without incurring high-frequency oscillations as with the standard model-reference adaptive control. This modification is based on an optimal control formulation to minimize the L2 norm of the tracking error. The optimal control modification adaptive law results in a stable adaptation in the presence of a large adaptive gain. This study examines the optimal control modification adaptive law in the context of a system with a time scale separation resulting from a fast plant with a slow actuator. A singular perturbation analysis is performed to derive a modification to the adaptive law by transforming the original system into a reduced-order system in slow time. The model matching conditions in the transformed time coordinate results in increase in the feedback gain and modification of the adaptive law.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN781 , 2009 AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference; Aug 10, 2009 - Aug 13, 2009; Chicago, IL; United States
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  • 50
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    Programme Gestion Intégrée des Ressources Marines et Côtières, Dakar (Senegal)
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Fondée sur l'intégration des principes et démarqhes des sciences de l'information et de la communication avec ceux du marketing social et relationnel, la stratégie de communicaton du Programme Girmac se décline sous la forme d'une vision globale, des objectifs généraux, des cibles ainsi que des activités et outils spécifiques de communication
    Description: Published
    Description: Girmac. strategie de communication
    Keywords: Marine environment ; Communication ; Fisheries ; Communication ; Information scientists ; Communication systems ; Marine environment ; Fisheries ; Canoe fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Durante las últimas décadas se ha observado un incremento de la captura (descartada y retenida) de condrictios en las pesquerías artesanales e industriales, conjuntamente con un rápido crecimiento de las pesquerías no reguladas, lo cual ha ocasionado una disminución en muchas poblaciones de este grupo de peces en todos los mares del mundo. La sobrepesca y los elevados niveles de mortalidad ocasionados por la captura incidental, asi como la degradación y contaminación de áreas costeras donde se ubican las zonas de alimentación, reproducción y cría para muchas especies de condrictios, han colocado a este grupo de peces en una situación difícil. Estos hechos, combinados con el bajo potencial reproductivo y la estrategia de vida de la mayoría de las especies de condríctios, no permiten una recuperación de las poblaciones, cuando las mismas se ven enfrentadas a períodos de sobreexplotación. En las aguas de Uruguay ocurren aproximadamente 100 especies de condrictios, muchas de las cuales son capturadas por diferentes pesquerias, tanto de forma incidental como dirigida. Debido a la preocupación a nivel internacional sobre la sustentabilidad de las pesquerías de tiburones, la FAO en 1998 realizó una consulta internacional a expertos y desarrolló un “Plan de Acción Internacional para la Conservación y el Manejo de los Tiburones” (PAI - Tiburones), el cual fue adoptado en 1999. El objetivo del PAI - Tiburones es asegurar la conservación, el manejo y el uso sustentable a largo plazo de los tiburones. Al hacer referencia a “tiburones”, se incluyen a todos los condrictios (tiburones, batoideos y quimeras). Este documento se divide en dos Capítulos y cuatro Anexos. El primer capítulo incluye los objetivos del PAN - Condrictios Uruguay y las medidas propuestas para alcanzar los mismos. El segundo capítulo contiene un diagnóstico general de los condrictios, las pesquerías y el marco jurídico. Como anexos se incluyen una lista de especies de condrictios citadas para Uruguay junto a su status en las listas rojas de la UICN, una reseña biológica de las especies consideradas prioritaras, una lista de abreviaturas, y listas de instituciones y personas que participaron de las reuniones desarrolladas durante el proceso de elaboración del PAN – Condrictios Uruguay. Las medidas propuestas por el PAN - Condrictios Uruguay se deberán aplicar a todas las pesquerías efectuadas por buques de bandera uruguaya, incluso los que operan fuera de la zona económica exclusiva de Uruguay.
    Description: Published
    Description: chondrichthyan, legal norm
    Keywords: M42 ; Fisheries ; Fisheries ; Conservation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book
    Format: 87
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: La captura incidental en pesquerías comerciales ha sido identificada como una de las principales amenazas para la conservación de este grupo de aves, siendo los albatros (familia: Diomedeidae) y los petreles (familia: Procellariidae) las especies más afectadas. Debido a que los albatros y petreles presentan una gran longevidad y una baja fecundidad, pocas crías y un lento desarrollo, sus poblaciones son muy sensibles al aumento en la tasa de mortalidad causado por la captura incidental en las pesquerías. Anualmente son capturadas y muertas miles de aves marinas en las pesquerías comerciales que operan con diferentes configuraciones de palangre alrededor del mundo. Este arte, entre otras causas, está contribuyendo al descenso de varias poblaciones de albatros y preteles, configurando un claro riesgo de extinción de estas especies, si se permite que las tendencias actuales persistan. Las pesquerías de arrastre también interactúan con las aves marinas provocando la mortalidad de las mismas en un importante número. Otras pesquerías que capturan aves marinas son las que operan con redes de enmalle, redes de cerco y poteras. Respondiendo a la necesidad de reducir la mortalidad de aves marinas la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO) desarrolló un Plan de Acción Internacional para Reducir la Captura Incidental de Aves Marinas en las Pesquerías de Palangre, el cual propicia la elaboración de Planes de Acción Nacionales en cada uno de sus países miembros. El objetivo del Plan de Acción Nacional – Aves Marinas de Uruguay es presentar un marco general que permita instrumentar medidas para la reducción de la captura incidental de aves marinas en todas las pesquerías de Uruguay.
    Description: Published
    Description: seabirds
    Keywords: M42 ; Fisheries ; Catching methods ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book
    Format: 75
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  • 53
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    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: This document presents the Senegalese maritime fishing statistics in 2005 with the catch from the artisanal fisheries, the industrial fisheries as well as exports and the value of commercial coating.The document also informs on the number of estimated canoes , the estimated number of fishermen, consumption of fresh fish product and processed products. The document also shows fisheries statistics by marine areas.
    Description: Ministère de l'Economie Maritime, Direction des Pêches Maritimes, Dakar (Sénégal)
    Description: Published
    Description: statistique, pêche artisanale, pêche industrielle, commercialisation, pêche maritime, pêche par espéce
    Keywords: Demersal fisheries ; Fisheries ; Marine fisheries ; Pelagic fisheries ; Commercial fishing ; Artisanal fishing ; Cephalopod fisheries ; Demersal fisheries ; Fisheries ; Fishery statistics ; Fishing vessels statistics ; Marine fisheries ; Mollusc fisheries ; Pelagic fisheries ; Shrimp fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
    Format: 110
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  • 54
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    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: This document presents the Senegalese maritime fishing statistics in 2004 with the catch from the artisanal fisheries, the industrial fisheries as well as exports and the value of commercial coating.The document also informs on the number of estimated canoes , the estimated number of fishermen, consumption of fresh fish product and processed products. The document also shows fisheries statistics by marine areas.
    Description: Ministère de l'Economie Maritime et des Transports Maritimes Internationaux, Direction des Pêches Maritimes, Dakar (Sénégal)
    Description: Published
    Description: statistique, pêche artisanale, pêche industrielle, commercialisation, pêche maritime, pêche par espéce
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Demersal fisheries ; Marine fisheries ; Marine resources ; Marketing ; Coastal fisheries ; Pelagic fisheries ; Multispecies fisheries ; Artisanal fishing ; Fish catch statistics ; Fisheries ; Coastal fisheries ; Demersal fisheries ; Pelagic fisheries ; Marine fisheries ; Marine molluscs ; Marine resources ; Marketing ; Capture fishery economics ; Multispecies fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
    Format: 115
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  • 55
    facet.materialart.
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    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: This document presents the Senegalese maritime fishing statistics in 2006 with the catch from the artisanal fisheries, the industrial fisheries as well as exports and the value of commercial coating.The document also informs on the number of estimated canoes , the estimated number of fishermen, consumption of fresh fish product and processed products. The document also shows fisheries statistics by marine areas.
    Description: Ministère de l'Economie Maritime, Direction des Pêches Maritimes, Dakar (Sénégal)
    Description: Published
    Description: statistique, pêche artisanale, pêche industrielle, commercialisation, pêche maritime,
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Demersal fisheries ; Fishery data ; Marine fisheries ; Coastal fisheries ; Commercial fishing ; Cephalopod fisheries ; Coastal fisheries ; Demersal fisheries ; Fisheries ; Fish catch statistics ; Fishery economics ; Fishery industry ; Fishery data ; Fishery statistics ; Fishing vessels statistics ; Marine fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Elsevier B.V., 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Harmful Algae 7 (2008): 772-781, doi:10.1016/j.hal.2008.03.002.
    Description: In this study, we develop a framework for measuring the value of harmful algal bloom (HAB) predictions. The framework captures the effects of both private and public responses to HABs. Using data from the New England nearshore commercial shellfish fishery and impact estimates for a large-scale HAB event in 2005, we illustrate how the potential value of HAB forecasts may be estimated. The results of our study suggest that the long-term value of a HAB prediction and tracking system for the Gulf of Maine is sensitive to the frequency of HAB events, the accuracy of predictions, the choice of HAB impact measures, and the effectiveness of public and private responses.
    Description: This paper is a result of research funded in part by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Coastal Ocean Program under award #NA04NOS4780270 to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: Harmful algal bloom (HAB) ; Red tide ; Fisheries ; Value of information ; Forecast ; Marine scientific research
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 57
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    Programme Gestion Intégrée des Ressources Marines et Côtières, Dakar (Senegal)
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Du 1er au 25 octobre 2006, une enquête auprés des pêcheurs du fleuve Sénégal a été conduite afin de recueillir des informations sur les populations de lamantins notamment entre Podor et Bakel. entre autres résultats, la mission a pu rencontré beaucoup de communautés de pêcheurs et observé le Trichechus senegalensis (nom scientifique de l'espéce). Nous reproduisons quasiment in extenso la note de synthèse que le Chef de mission a bien voulu mettre à la disposition des lecteurs de DIISO
    Description: Published
    Description: lamantin; Trichechus senegalensis
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Surveys ; Surveys ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Supported by IOC/IODE
    Description: Document available in English
    Description: ASFA
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Aquatic sciences ; Fisheries ; Abstracts
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2008-02-16
    Description: The management and conservation of the world's oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale spatial model to synthesize 17 global data sets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change for 20 marine ecosystems. Our analysis indicates that no area is unaffected by human influence and that a large fraction (41%) is strongly affected by multiple drivers. However, large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles. The analytical process and resulting maps provide flexible tools for regional and global efforts to allocate conservation resources; to implement ecosystem-based management; and to inform marine spatial planning, education, and basic research.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Halpern, Benjamin S -- Walbridge, Shaun -- Selkoe, Kimberly A -- Kappel, Carrie V -- Micheli, Fiorenza -- D'Agrosa, Caterina -- Bruno, John F -- Casey, Kenneth S -- Ebert, Colin -- Fox, Helen E -- Fujita, Rod -- Heinemann, Dennis -- Lenihan, Hunter S -- Madin, Elizabeth M P -- Perry, Matthew T -- Selig, Elizabeth R -- Spalding, Mark -- Steneck, Robert -- Watson, Reg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 15;319(5865):948-52. doi: 10.1126/science.1149345.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA. halpern@nceas.ucsb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18276889" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Models, Theoretical ; Oceans and Seas
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 60
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008-10-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 10;322(5899):184. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5899.184.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18845724" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Angiosperms ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Bivalvia ; China ; Cyprinidae ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; *Fresh Water ; Population Dynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2008-10-04
    Description: Atlantic bluefin tuna populations are in steep decline, and an improved understanding of connectivity between individuals from eastern (Mediterranean Sea) and western (Gulf of Mexico) spawning areas is needed to manage remaining fisheries. Chemical signatures in the otoliths of yearlings from regional nurseries were distinct and served as natural tags to assess natal homing and mixing. Adults showed high rates of natal homing to both eastern and western spawning areas. Trans-Atlantic movement (east to west) was significant and size-dependent, with individuals of Mediterranean origin mixing with the western population in the U.S. Atlantic. The largest (oldest) bluefin tuna collected near the northern extent of their range in North American waters were almost exclusively of western origin, indicating that this region represents critical habitat for the western population.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rooker, Jay R -- Secor, David H -- De Metrio, Gregorio -- Schloesser, Ryan -- Block, Barbara A -- Neilson, John D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 31;322(5902):742-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1161473. Epub 2008 Oct 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University, 5007 Avenue U, Galveston, TX 77551, USA. rookerj@tamug.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18832611" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; *Homing Behavior ; Likelihood Functions ; Mediterranean Sea ; Otolithic Membrane/chemistry ; Oxygen Isotopes/analysis ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Tuna/growth & development/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2008-12-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Whitfield, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 19;322(5909):1786-7. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5909.1786.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19095921" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Birds ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; *Food Chain ; Humans ; North Sea ; Nutritive Value ; Oceans and Seas ; Pacific Ocean ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; *Sea Lions ; Seawater ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: NASA Aeronautics Subsonic Fixed Wing Project is focused on mitigating the environmental and operation impacts expected as aviation operations triple by 2025. The approach is to extend technological capabilities and explore novel civil transport configurations that reduce noise, emissions, fuel consumption and field length. Two Next Generation (NextGen) aircraft have been identified to meet the Subsonic Fixed Wing Project goals - these are the Hybrid Wing-Body (HWB) and Cruise Efficient Short Take-Off and Landing (CESTOL) aircraft. The technologies and concepts developed for these aircraft complicate the vehicle s design and operation. In this paper, flight control challenges for NextGen aircraft are described. The objective of this paper is to examine the potential of state-of-the-art control architectures and algorithms to meet the challenges and needed performance metrics for NextGen flight control. A broad range of conventional and intelligent control approaches are considered, including dynamic inversion control, integrated flight-propulsion control, control allocation, adaptive dynamic inversion control, data-based predictive control and reinforcement learning control.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN121 , International Powered Lift Conference; Jul 22, 2008 - Jul 24, 2008; London; United Kingdom
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2019-08-26
    Description: Improved miniature trailing edge effectors for aerodynamic control are provided. Three types of devices having aerodynamic housings integrated to the trailing edge of an aerodynamic shape are presented, which vary in details of how the control surface can move. A bucket type device has a control surface which is the back part of a C-shaped member having two arms connected by the back section. The C-shaped section is attached to a housing at the ends of the arms, and is rotatable about an axis parallel to the wing trailing edge to provide up, down and neutral states. A flip-up type device has a control surface which rotates about an axis parallel to the wing trailing edge to provide up, down, neutral and brake states. A rotating type device has a control surface which rotates about an axis parallel to the chord line to provide up, down and neutral states.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The Dynamic Multi-track Airways (DMA) Concept for Air Traffic Management (ATM) proposes a network of high-altitude airways constructed of multiple, closely spaced, parallel tracks designed to increase en-route capacity in high-demand airspace corridors. Segregated from non-airway operations, these multi-track airways establish high-priority traffic flow corridors along optimal routes between major terminal areas throughout the National Airspace System (NAS). Air traffic controllers transition aircraft equipped for DMA operations to DMA entry points, the aircraft use autonomous control of airspeed to fly the continuous-airspace airway and achieve an economic benefit, and controllers then transition the aircraft from the DMA exit to the terminal area. Aircraft authority within the DMA includes responsibility for spacing and/or separation from other DMA aircraft. The DMA controller is responsible for coordinating the entry and exit of traffic to and from the DMA and for traffic flow management (TFM), including adjusting DMA routing on a daily basis to account for predicted weather and wind patterns and re-routing DMAs in real time to accommodate unpredicted weather changes. However, the DMA controller is not responsible for monitoring the DMA for traffic separation. This report defines the mature state concept, explores its feasibility and performance, and identifies potential benefits. The report also discusses (a) an analysis of a single DMA, which was modeled within the NAS to assess capacity and determine the impact of a single DMA on regional sector loads and conflict potential; (b) a demand analysis, which was conducted to determine likely city-pair candidates for a nationwide DMA network and to determine the expected demand fraction; (c) two track configurations, which were modeled and analyzed for their operational characteristic; (d) software-prototype airborne capabilities developed for DMA operations research; (e) a feasibility analysis of key attributes in the concept design; (f) a near-term, transitional application of the DMA concept as a proving ground for new airborne technologies; and (g) conclusions. The analysis indicates that the operational feasibility of a national DMA network faces significant challenges, especially for interactions between DMAs and between DMA and non-DMA traffic. Provided these issues are resolved, sectors near DMAs could experience significant local capacity benefits.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NASA/TP-2008-215323 , L-19462
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The first air launch attempt of an X-43A stack, consisting of the booster, adapter and Hyper-X research vehicle, ended in failure shortly after the successful drop from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Dryden Flight Research Center (Edwards, California) B-52B airplane and ignition of the booster. The stack was observed to begin rolling and yawing violently upon reaching transonic speeds, and the grossly oscillating fins of the booster separated shortly thereafter. The flight then had to be terminated with the stack out of control. Very careful linear flutter and aeroservoelastic analyses were subsequently performed as reported herein to numerically duplicate the observed instability. These analyses properly identified the instability mechanism and demonstrated the importance of including the flight control laws, rigid-body modes, structural flexible modes and control surface flexible modes. In spite of these efforts, however, the predicted instability speed remained more than 25 percent higher than that observed in flight. It is concluded that transonic shock phenomena, which linear analyses cannot take into account, are also important for accurate prediction of this mishap instability.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NASA/TM-2008-214635 , H-2837
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: This poster presents the current adaptive control research being conducted at NASA ARC and LaRC in support of the Integrated Resilient Aircraft Control (IRAC) project. The technique "Approximate Stability Margin Analysis of Hybrid Direct-Indirect Adaptive Control" has been developed at NASA ARC to address the needs for stability margin metrics for adaptive control that potentially enables future V&V of adaptive systems. The technique "Direct Adaptive Control With Unknown Actuator Failures" is developed at NASA LaRC to deal with unknown actuator failures. The technique "Adaptive Control with Adaptive Pilot Element" is being researched at NASA LaRC to investigate the effects of pilot interactions with adaptive flight control that can have implications of stability and performance.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN-219 , NASA Aviation Safety Technical Conference; Oct 21, 2008; Denver, CO; United States
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Icing alters the shape and surface characteristics of aircraft components, which results in altered aerodynamic forces and moments caused by air flow over those iced components. The typical effects of icing are increased drag, reduced stall angle of attack, and reduced maximum lift. In addition to the performance changes, icing can also affect control surface effectiveness, hinge moments, and damping. These effects result in altered aircraft stability and control and flying qualities. Over the past 80 years, methods have been developed to understand how icing affects performance, stability and control. Emphasis has been on wind tunnel testing of two-dimensional subscale airfoils with various ice shapes to understand their effect on the flow field and ultimately the aerodynamics. This research has led to wind tunnel testing of subscale complete aircraft models to identify the integrated effects of icing on the aircraft system in terms of performance, stability, and control. Data sets of this nature enable pilot in the loop simulations to be performed for pilot training, or engineering evaluation of system failure impacts or control system design.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NASA/TM-2008-215453 , AIAA-Paper-2008-6204 , E-16643 , Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference and Exhibit; Aug 18, 2008 - Aug 21, 2008; Honolulu, HI; United States
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This study investigated two concepts: (1) whether speeding a human-in-the-loop simulation (or the subject's "world") scales time stress in such a way as to cause primary task performance to reveal workload differences between experimental conditions and (2) whether using natural hand motions to control the attitude of an aircraft makes controlling the aircraft easier and more intuitive. This was accomplished by having pilots and non-pilots make altitude and heading changes using three different control inceptors at three simulation speeds. Results indicate that simulation speed does affect workload and controllability. The bank and pitch angle error was affected by simulation speed but not by a simulation speed by controller type interaction; this may have been due to the relatively easy flying task. Results also indicate that pilots could control the bank and pitch angle of an aircraft about equally as well with the glove as with the sidestick. Non-pilots approached the pilots ability to control the bank and pitch angle of an aircraft using the positional glove - where the hand angle is directly proportional to the commanded aircraft angle. Therefore, (1) changing the simulation speed lends itself to objectively indexing a subject s workload and may also aid in differentiating among interface concepts based upon performance if the task being studied is sufficiently challenging and (2) using natural body movements to mimic the movement of an airplane for attitude control is feasible.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: HFES 2008: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 52nd Annual Meeting; Sep 22, 2008 - Sep 26, 2008; New York City, NY; United States
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This report presents the system description, methods, and sample results of the in-flight stability analysis for the X-48B, Blended Wing Body Low-Speed Vehicle. The X-48B vehicle is a dynamically scaled, remotely piloted vehicle developed to investigate the low-speed control characteristics of a full-scale blended wing body. Initial envelope clearance was conducted by analyzing the stability margin estimation resulting from the rigid aircraft response during flight and comparing it to simulation data. Short duration multisine signals were commanded onboard to simultaneously excite the primary rigid body axes. In-flight stability analysis has proven to be a critical component of the initial envelope expansion.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: DFRC-775 , 46th AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference; Aug 18, 2008 - Aug 21, 2008; Honolulu, HI; United States
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Adaptive flight control systems have the potential to be resilient to extreme changes in airplane behavior. Extreme changes could be a result of a system failure or of damage to the airplane. The goal for the adaptive system is to provide an increase in survivability in the event that these extreme changes occur. A direct adaptive neural-network-based flight control system was developed for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration NF-15B Intelligent Flight Control System airplane. The adaptive element was incorporated into a dynamic inversion controller with explicit reference model-following. As a test the system was subjected to an abrupt change in plant stability simulating a destabilizing failure. Flight evaluations were performed with and without neural network adaptation. The results of these flight tests are presented. Comparison with simulation predictions and analysis of the performance of the adaptation system are discussed. The performance of the adaptation system is assessed in terms of its ability to stabilize the vehicle and reestablish good onboard reference model-following. Flight evaluation with the simulated destabilizing failure and adaptation engaged showed improvement in the vehicle stability margins. The convergent properties of this initial system warrant additional improvement since continued maneuvering caused continued adaptation change. Compared to the non-adaptive system the adaptive system provided better closed-loop behavior with improved matching of the onboard reference model. A detailed discussion of the flight results is presented.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference and Exhibit; Aug 18, 2008 - Aug 21, 2008; Honolulu, HI; United States
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Over the past decade, the goal of reducing the fatal accident rate of large transport aircraft has resulted in research aimed at the problem of aircraft loss-of-control. Starting in 1999, the NASA Aviation Safety Program initiated research that included vehicle dynamics modeling, system health monitoring, and reconfigurable control systems focused on flight regimes beyond the normal flight envelope. In recent years, there has been an increased emphasis on adaptive control technologies for recovery from control upsets or failures including damage scenarios. As part of these efforts, NASA has developed the Airborne Subscale Transport Aircraft Research (AirSTAR) flight facility to allow flight research and validation, and system testing for flight regimes that are considered too risky for full-scale manned transport airplane testing. The AirSTAR facility utilizes dynamically-scaled vehicles that enable the application of subscale flight test results to full scale vehicles. This paper describes the modeling and simulation approach used for AirSTAR vehicles that supports the goals of efficient, low-cost and safe flight research in abnormal flight conditions. Modeling of aerodynamics, controls, and propulsion will be discussed as well as the application of simulation to flight control system development, test planning, risk mitigation, and flight research.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference; Aug 18, 2008 - Aug 21, 2008; Honolulu, HI; United States
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  • 73
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A general overview of the Ikhana Uninhabited Air System (UAS) is presented. The contents include: 1) Ikhana UAS; 2) Ikhana UAS / Ground Control Station (GCS); 3) Ikhana UAS / Antennas; 4) Western States Fire Mission 2007 Partners; 5) FAA Certificate of Authorization (COA); 6) Western States Fire Missions (WSFM) 2007; 7) WSFM 1-4 2007; 8) California Wildfire Emergency Response 2007; 9) WSFM 5-8 Emergency Response 2007; 10) WSFM Achievements; and 11) WSFM Challenges.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: EAA AirVenture 2008 (Oshkosh); Jul 28, 2008 - Aug 03, 2008; Oshkosh, WI; United States
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A flight control system architecture for the NASA AirSTAR infrastructure has been designed to address the challenges associated with safe and efficient flight testing of research control laws in adverse flight conditions. The AirSTAR flight control system provides a flexible framework that enables NASA Aviation Safety Program research objectives, and includes the ability to rapidly integrate and test research control laws, emulate component or sensor failures, inject automated control surface perturbations, and provide a baseline control law for comparison to research control laws and to increase operational efficiency. The current baseline control law uses an angle of attack command augmentation system for the pitch axis and simple stability augmentation for the roll and yaw axes.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference and Exhibit; Aug 18, 2008 - Aug 21, 2008; Honolulu, HI; United States
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Formal robustness analysis of aircraft control upset prevention and recovery systems could play an important role in their validation and ultimate certification. As a part of the validation process, this paper describes an analysis method for determining a reliable flight regime in the flight envelope within which an integrated resilent control system can achieve the desired performance of tracking command signals and detecting additive faults in the presence of parameter uncertainty and unmodeled dynamics. To calculate a reliable flight regime, a structured singular value analysis method is applied to analyze the closed-loop system over the entire flight envelope. To use the structured singular value analysis method, a linear fractional transform (LFT) model of a transport aircraft longitudinal dynamics is developed over the flight envelope by using a preliminary LFT modeling software tool developed at the NASA Langley Research Center, which utilizes a matrix-based computational approach. The developed LFT model can capture original nonlinear dynamics over the flight envelope with the ! block which contains key varying parameters: angle of attack and velocity, and real parameter uncertainty: aerodynamic coefficient uncertainty and moment of inertia uncertainty. Using the developed LFT model and a formal robustness analysis method, a reliable flight regime is calculated for a transport aircraft closed-loop system.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference and Exhibit; Aug 18, 2008 - Aug 21, 2008; Honolulu, HI; United States
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results from a low Reynolds number wind tunnel experiment on a NACA 0015 airfoil with a 30% chord trailing edge flap tested at deflection angles of 0, 20, and 40 are presented and discussed. Zero net mass flux periodic excitation was applied at the ap shoulder to control flow separation for flap deflections larger than 0. The primary objective of the experiment was to compare force and moment data obtained from integrating surface pressures to data obtained from a 5-component strain-gage balance in preparation for additional three-dimensional testing of the model. To achieve this objective, active flow control is applied at an angle of attack of 6 where published results indicate that oscillatory momentum coefficients exceeding 1% are required to delay separation. Periodic excitation with an oscillatory momentum coefficient of 1.5% and a reduced frequency of 0.71 caused a significant delay of separation on the airfoil with a flap deflection of 20. Higher momentum coefficients at the same reduced frequency were required to achieve a similar level of flow attachment on the airfoil with a flap deflection of 40. There was a favorable comparison between the balance and integrated pressure force and moment results.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: 26th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference; Aug 18, 2008 - Aug 21, 2008; Honolulu, HI; United States
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This viewgraph presentation describes the adaptive and intelligent control methods used for aircraft survival. The contents include: 1) Motivation for Adaptive Control; 2) Integrated Resilient Aircraft Control Project; 3) Full-scale Flight Assets in Use for IRAC; 4) NASA NF-15B Tail Number 837; 5) Gen II Direct Adaptive Control Architecture; 6) Limited Authority System; and 7) 837 Flight Experiments. A simulated destabilization failure analysis along with experience and lessons learned are also presented.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NAVAIR Meeting; Feb 07, 2008; Edwards, CA; United States
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In July 2005, Bell Helicopter won the U.S. Army's Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter competition to produce a replacement for the OH-58 Kiowa Warrior capable of performing the armed reconnaissance mission. To meet the U.S. Army requirement that the ARH-70A have Level 1 handling qualities for the scout rotorcraft mission task elements defined by ADS-33E-PRF, Bell equipped the aircraft with their generic automatic flight control system (AFCS). Under the constraints of the tight ARH-70A schedule, the development team used modem parameter identification and control law optimization techniques to optimize the AFCS gains to simultaneously meet multiple handling qualities design criteria. This paper will show how linear modeling, control law optimization, and simulation have been used to produce a Level 1 scout rotorcraft for the U.S. Army, while minimizing the amount of flight testing required for AFCS development and handling qualities evaluation of the ARH-70A.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: American Helicopter Society 63rd Annual Forum; May 01, 2007 - May 03, 2007; Virginia Beach, VA; United States
    Format: text
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Full scale flight test forces designers to address real-world issues. Provides high-visibility demonstration. Adds credibility that adaptation technology can be a viable design option. Helps to separate the real from the imagined.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: Aviation Safety Conference; Oct 21, 2008; Denver, CO; United States
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  • 80
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    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A broad overview of current adaptive flight control research efforts at NASA is presented, as well as some more detailed discussion of selected specific approaches. The stated objective of the Integrated Resilient Aircraft Control Project, one of NASA s Aviation Safety programs, is to advance the state-of-the-art of adaptive controls as a design option to provide enhanced stability and maneuverability margins for safe landing in the presence of adverse conditions such as actuator or sensor failures. Under this project, a number of adaptive control approaches are being pursued, including neural networks and multiple models. Validation of all the adaptive control approaches will use not only traditional methods such as simulation, wind tunnel testing and manned flight tests, but will be augmented with recently developed capabilities in unmanned flight testing.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: 14th Yale Workshop on Adaptive and Learning Systems; Jun 02, 2008 - Jun 05, 2008; New Haven, CT; United States
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A maneuver design method that is particularly well-suited for determining the stability and control characteristics of hypersonic vehicles is described in detail. Analytical properties of the maneuver design are explained. The importance of these analytical properties for maximizing information content in flight data is discussed, along with practical implementation issues. Results from flight tests of the X-43A hypersonic research vehicle (also called Hyper-X) are used to demonstrate the excellent modeling results obtained using this maneuver design approach. A detailed design procedure for generating the maneuvers is given to allow application to other flight test programs.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: U.S. Air Force T&E Days; Feb 05, 2008 - Feb 07, 2008; Los Angeles, CA; United States
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper describes a combined control strategy designed to reduce sound radiation from stiffened aircraft-style panels. The control architecture uses robust active damping in addition to high-authority linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control. Active damping is achieved using direct velocity feedback with triangularly shaped anisotropic actuators and point velocity sensors. While active damping is simple and robust, stability is guaranteed at the expense of performance. Therefore the approach is often referred to as low-authority control. In contrast, LQG control strategies can achieve substantial reductions in sound radiation. Unfortunately, the unmodeled interaction between neighboring control units can destabilize decentralized control systems. Numerical simulations show that combining active damping and decentralized LQG control can be beneficial. In particular, augmenting the in-bandwidth damping supplements the performance of the LQG control strategy and reduces the destabilizing interaction between neighboring control units.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: Acoustics ''08 Paris Conference and Exhibition - 155th Acoustical Society of A; Jun 29, 2008 - Jul 04, 2008; Paris; France
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) is developing an active damping at blade resonances using piezoelectric structure to reduce excessive vibratory stresses that lead to high cycle fatigue (HCF) failures in aircraft engine turbomachinery. Conventional passive damping work was shown first on a nonrotating beam made by Ti-6A1-4V with a pair of identical piezoelectric patches, and then active feedback control law was derived in terms of inductor, resister, and capacitor to control resonant frequency only. Passive electronic circuit components and adaptive feature could be easily programmable into control algorithm. Experimental active damping was demonstrated on two test specimens achieving significant damping on tip displacement and patch location. Also a multimode control technique was shown to control several modes.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NASA/TM-2008-215212 , E-16486 , Paper no. 3124 , 2008 Propulsion-Safety and Affordable Readiness (P-SAR) Conference; Mar 18, 2008 - Mar 20, 2008; Myrtle Beach, SC; United States
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Multivariable control allows controller designs that can provide decoupled command tracking and robust performance in the presence of modeling uncertainties. Although the last two decades have seen extensive development of multivariable control theory and example applications to complex systems in software/hardware simulations, there are no production flying systems aircraft or spacecraft, that use multivariable control. This is because of the tremendous challenges associated with implementation of such multivariable control designs. Unfortunately, the curriculum in schools does not provide sufficient time to be able to provide an exposure to the students in such implementation challenges. The objective of this paper is to share the lessons learned by a practitioner of multivariable control in the process of applying some of the modern control theory to the Integrated Flight Propulsion Control (IFPC) design for an advanced Short Take-Off Vertical Landing (STOVL) aircraft simulation.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NASA/TM-2008-215027 , AIAA Paper-2007-6334 , E-16220 , Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference; Aug 20, 2007 - Aug 23, 2007; Hilton Head, SC; United States
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A variable-structure control system designed to enable a fuselage-heavy airplane to recover from spin has been demonstrated in a hand-launched, instrumented model glider airplane. Variable-structure control is a high-speed switching feedback control technique that has been developed for control of nonlinear dynamic systems.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: LAR-17106-1 , NASA Tech Briefs, July 2008; 21
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In this paper we present an integrated approach to in-flight damage accommodation in flight control. The approach is based on Multiple Models, Switching and Tuning (MMST), and consists of three steps: In the first step the main objective is to acquire a realistic aircraft damage model. Modeling of in-flight damage is a highly complex problem since there is a large number of issues that need to be addressed. One of the most important one is that there is strong coupling between structural dynamics, aerodynamics, and flight control. These effects cannot be studied separately due to this coupling. Once a realistic damage model is available, in the second step a large number of models corresponding to different damage cases are generated. One possibility is to generate many linear models and interpolate between them to cover a large portion of the flight envelope. Once these models have been generated, we will implement a recently developed-Model Set Reduction (MSR) technique. The technique is based on parameterizing damage in terms of uncertain parameters, and uses concepts from robust control theory to arrive at a small number of "centered" models such that the controllers corresponding to these models assure desired stability and robustness properties over a subset in the parametric space. By devising a suitable model placement strategy, the entire parametric set is covered with a relatively small number of models and controllers. The third step consists of designing a Multiple Models, Switching and Tuning (MMST) strategy for estimating the current operating regime (damage case) of the aircraft, and switching to the corresponding controller to achieve effective damage accommodation and the desired performance. In the paper present a comprehensive approach to damage accommodation using Model Set Design,MMST, and Variable Structure compensation for coupling nonlinearities. The approach was evaluated on a model of F/A-18 aircraft dynamics under control effector damage, augmented by nonlinear cross-coupling terms and a structural dynamics model. The proposed approach achieved excellent performance under severe damage effects.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: AIAA Paper 2008-6504 , LF99-7796 , AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference and Exhibit; Aug 18, 2008 - Aug 21, 2008; Honolulu, HI; United States
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper presents a stable discrete-time adaptive law that targets modeling errors in a direct adaptive control framework. The update law was developed in our previous work for the adaptive disturbance rejection application. The approach is based on the philosophy that without modeling errors, the original control design has been tuned to achieve the desired performance. The adaptive control should, therefore, work towards getting this performance even in the face of modeling uncertainties/errors. In this work, the baseline controller uses dynamic inversion with proportional-integral augmentation. Dynamic inversion is carried out using the assumed system model. On-line adaptation of this control law is achieved by providing a parameterized augmentation signal to the dynamic inversion block. The parameters of this augmentation signal are updated to achieve the nominal desired error dynamics. Contrary to the typical Lyapunov-based adaptive approaches that guarantee only stability, the current approach investigates conditions for stability as well as performance. A high-fidelity F-15 model is used to illustrate the overall approach.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN-171 , AlAA Guidance Navigation and Control Conference; Aug 18, 2008; Hawaii; United States
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  • 88
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: To control vortices originating at the tips of a rotor's blades rotating through the air at a revolution frequency f, separation control device(s) are actuated to periodically introduce perturbations into the airflow moving over the blades. The periodic introduction of perturbations is controlled in accordance with a periodic modulating frequency of introduction f.sub.0 while the frequency of the perturbations so-introduced is designated as f.sub.e. Vortex control is achieved when the periodic modulating frequency of introduction f.sub.0 satisfies the relationship nf.ltoreq.f.sub.0.ltoreq.f.sub.e where n is the number of blades.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: This talk will present the motivation, research approach and status of intelligent control research for Next Generation Cruise Efficient Short Take Off and Landing (CESTOL) aircraft. An introduction to the challenges of CESTOL control will be given, leading into an assessment of potential control solutions. The approach of the control research will be discussed, including a brief overview of the technical aspects of the research.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: Fundamental Aeronautics Program Annual Meeting; Oct 08, 2008; Atlanta, GA; United States
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The objective of this work is to leverage NASA resources to enable effective evaluation of resilient aircraft technologies through simulation. This includes examining strengths and weaknesses of adaptive controllers, emergency flight planning algorithms, and flight envelope determination algorithms both individually and as an integrated package.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN-213 , Aviation Safety Conference; Oct 21, 2008; Denver, CO; United States
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper presents a bounded linear stability analysis for a hybrid adaptive control that blends both direct and indirect adaptive control. Stability and convergence of nonlinear adaptive control are analyzed using an approximate linear equivalent system. A stability margin analysis shows that a large adaptive gain can lead to a reduced phase margin. This method can enable metrics-driven adaptive control whereby the adaptive gain is adjusted to meet stability margin requirements.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN119 , American Control Conference; Jun 11, 2008 - Jun 13, 2008; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The vortex hazard produced by large airliners and increasingly larger airliners entering service, combined with projected rapid increases in the demand for air transportation, is expected to act as a major impediment to increased air traffic capacity. Significant reduction in the vortex hazard is possible, however, by employing active vortex alleviation techniques that reduce the wake severity by dynamically modifying its vortex characteristics, providing that the techniques do not degrade performance or compromise safety and ride quality. With this as background, a series of experiments were performed, initially at NASA Langley Research Center and subsequently at the Berlin University of Technology in collaboration with the German Aerospace Center. The investigations demonstrated the basic mechanism for managing trailing vortices using retrofitted devices that are decoupled from conventional control surfaces. The basic premise for managing vortices advanced here is rooted in the erstwhile forgotten hypothesis of Albert Betz, as extended and verified ingeniously by Coleman duPont Donaldson and his collaborators. Using these devices, vortices may be perturbed at arbitrarily long wavelengths down to wavelengths less than a typical airliner wingspan and the oscillatory loads on the wings, and hence the vehicle, are small. Significant flexibility in the specific device has been demonstrated using local passive and active separation control as well as local circulation control via Gurney flaps. The method is now in a position to be tested in a wind tunnel with a longer test section on a scaled airliner configuration. Alternatively, the method can be tested directly in a towing tank, on a model aircraft, a light aircraft or a full-scale airliner. The authors believed that this method will have significant appeal from an industry perspective due to its retrofit potential with little to no impact on cruise (devices tucked away in the cove or retracted); low operating power requirements; small lift oscillations when deployed in a time-dependent manner; and significant flexibility with respect to the specific devices selected.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: LF99-7241 , 4th AIAA Flow Control Conference; Jun 23, 2008 - Jun 26, 2008; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Electronics for Distributed Turbine Engine Control and Space Exploration Missions are expected to encounter extreme temperatures and wide thermal swings. In particular, circuits deployed in a jet engine compartment are likely to be exposed to temperatures well exceeding 150 C. To meet this requirement, efforts exist at the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC), in support of the Fundamental Aeronautics Program/Subsonic Fixed Wing Project, to develop temperature sensors geared for use in high temperature environments. The sensor and associated circuitry need to be located in the engine compartment under distributed control architecture to simplify system design, improve reliability, and ease signal multiplexing. Several circuits were designed using commercial-off-the-shelf as well as newly-developed components to perform temperature sensing at high temperatures. The temperature-sensing circuits will be described along with the results pertaining to their performance under extreme temperature.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: E-16795 , HiTEC 2008 High Temperature Electronics Conference/International Microelectronics and Packaging society (IMAPS); May 12, 2008 - May 15, 2008; Albuquerque, NM; United States
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  • 94
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    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Ministère de l'économie et des Finances
    Description: Published
    Description: Pêche artisanale, pêche industrielle,pêche maritime,pêche sardinière, produits halieutiques,Transformation,
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Fishery products ; Marine fish ; Fisheries ; Artisanal fishing ; Fishery products
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: pêcherie; gestion des ressources; cymbium; poulpe; crevette
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Fishery management ; Biodiversity ; Fishery resources ; Biodiversity ; Fisheries ; Fishery management ; Fishery resources ; Bait fishing
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Working Paper
    Format: 2371081 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 27
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  • 96
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    Unknown
    Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The exploitation status of cardinalfish (Epigonus crassicaudus) yielded in Chile between 33° to 41°S was analyzed. An indirect assessment was performed between 1997 and 2003 through size-structured model with a transition matrix defining the changes among sizes. The model was calibrated using size structures, official landings, catch-per-unit of effort (CPUE) taken from commercial fishing logbooks and standardized by generalized linear models (GLM). After 7 years of an intense fishery activity, we concluded that the cardinalfish resource in Chile is on the recruitment overfishing limit. On 2003, the spawning biomass with respect to the virginal spawning biomass is close to 40%. The biological references points (BRP) based on spawning per recruit biomass (SPR) support this assesment because the fishing mortality level on 2003 (Fact) was very close to fishing mortality level of 40% of SRP at virginal value (F40%).
    Description: Published
    Description: Besugo, Cardinalfish
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Stock assessment ; Exploitation ; Fisheries ; Stock assessment
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Published
    Description: pêche par espéce; crustacé
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Artisanal fishing ; Capture fishery economics ; Fisheries ; Fishery statistics
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
    Format: 1546887 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 122
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Published
    Description: pêche artisanale; pêche industrielle; pêche par espéce
    Keywords: Fishery oceanography ; Fisheries ; Fishery economics ; Fishery statistics ; Fishery oceanography ; Commercial fishing ; Artisanal fishing ; Fish catch statistics ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
    Format: 792055 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 129 pp
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  • 99
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    Unknown
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Published
    Description: pêche artisanale; pêche industrielle; pêche par espéce; Saint-Louis; Thiès; Louga; Dakar; Ziguinchor
    Keywords: Fishery products ; Fisheries ; Capture fishery economics ; Fishery economics ; Fishery statistics ; Fishery products ; Fisheries ; Artisanal fishing
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book
    Format: 950233 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 131
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  • 100
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The first year of the New England Regional Fisheries Management Council has been marked by its experimental aura. Neither the Council nor the various sectors (representatives of the Federal and State agencies, members of the fishing industry, the public at large) were clear as to exactly what they were to do and how they were to do it--except in the broadest, most flexible (ambiguous?) terms. This created certain operational difficulties, and confusion for those whose livelihood was affected by the Council's operation. This latter group, particularly the fishermen, knew little of what went on, save in terms of the 'public facet of the Council--i.e., that portion of the Council's performance which occurred during the monthly meetings which were open to the public and which, supposedly, received public input at that time. This study defines that public face, deliberately avoiding the presentation of any data which was not accessible to the average audience participant, in an attempt to present some of the behavior which all participants demonstrated and which generated responses and reactions on the part of the other sectors. It uses standard anthropological techniques of data gathering and analysis to show the degree to which impression management on the part of all the actors operated in a systematic fashion to produce action, reaction, and counter-action. Particularly emphasized is the communication aspects.
    Description: Prepared with funds from the Pew Memorial Trust and by the Department of Commerce, NOAA Office of Sea Grant under Grant #04-7-158-44104, and the Marine Policy and Ocean Management Program of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; and by sabbatical funding from the State University of New York.
    Keywords: Legislation ; Fisheries ; Sociocultural analysis
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: application/pdf
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