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  • Coleoptera  (315)
  • Springer  (315)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (217)
  • 1980-1984  (98)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abiotic mortality factors of the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hypothenemus hampei ; coffee berry borer ; abiotic mortality ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mortality of the coffee berry borer was studied under controlled laboratory conditions in Tapachula, Mexico. For adult female borers subjected to a range of relative humidities (RH) without food at 25°C, the longest mean survival time (20 days) was obtained at 93.5% RH. Adult borer survival was also studied at a range of temperatures for a fixed relative humidity (93.5% RH); at 20°C mean survival time was 28 days. Fecundity and mortality of borer stages in berries was studied for a range of humidities at 25°C. Maximum fecundity was obtained at 90 and 93.5% RH. Immature stages were ejected from the berry at 84% RH and above, which is interpreted as a form of brood hygiene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02426404
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral responses of Colorado potato beetle larvae to combinations of temperature and insolation, under field conditions (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 255-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; behavior ; thermal biology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In short-term field trials at combinations of ambient temperature (°C) and insolation (W·m−2), larval Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata [Say] [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]) were observed after their release on the adaxial surface of leaflets on potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. Solanaceae). The larvae either began feeding or moved under the leaflet; mean interval from release to expression of these behaviors (2.9±0.05 min [n =358]) was independent of air temperature and insolation. Proportion of larvae moving under the leaflet increased logistically with both air temperature and insolation. A 1 W·m−2 change in insolation (P) evoked the same effect on this proportion as a 0.0838 °C change in air temperature (T a ), so the two quantities were combined as T*=T a +P·0.0838 °C/(W·m−2), which has units of °C. The proportion of larvae moving under the leaflet increased logistically with T*. In 1-day field trials we monitored air temperature, insolation and proportion of larvae under the leaflet, and compared the latter to predictions from the logistic regression derived from the short-term trials. Consistently more larvae occurred under leaflets than predicted from the logistic regression; this bias diminished as T* increased until at T*≥40 °C, observed and predicted proportions were equal. This pattern of deviation from the predictions of the logistic regression is consistent with a thermoregulatory strategy in which larvae move away from hostile conditions, rather than seek optimal conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383813
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of artificial diets and two species of natural prey as laboratory food forChilocorus spp. (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Artificial diets ; Coccinellidae ; rearing ; biological control ; Chilocorus spp. ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Promising diets were screened and the most successful modified with additives used in artificial diets for other entomophagous insects. Two suitable diets were obtained, one for adults and one for larvae ofChilocorus nigritus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). They were still inferior to natural prey and not adequate as the sole food source for rearing consecutive generations. They are valuable as substitute food in the insectary during shortages of natural prey. Oleander scaleAspidiotus nerii Bouché andAsterolecanium miliaris (Boisduval) were evaluated as natural prey forC. nigritus and two other potential biocontrol agents in southern Africa,C. bipustulatus (Linnaeus) andC. infernalis Mulsant.A. nerii andA. miliaris were suitable for all life stages ofC. nigritus and adults ofC. bipustulatus andC. infernalis. A. miliaris was inadequate for larvae ofC. bipustulatus andC. infernalis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380669
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Examination of anAspergillus flavus resistant inbred of maize for crossresistance to sap beetle vectors (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 177-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aflatoxin ; Carophilus ; Zea mays ; corn ; plant resistance ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382385
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the function of pea flower feeding by Bruchus pisorum (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 115-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pea weevil ; Bruchus pisorum ; Bruchidae ; Coleoptera ; flower feeding ; nectar robbing ; pea ; Pisum sativum ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pea flower feeding by adult pea weevils, Bruchus pisorum (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), with special emphasis on nectar feeding, was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. Male and female adults robbed nectar from flowers of the garden and field pea, Pisum sativum L., and females which fed on the nectar, petals, and female organs of pea flowers lived significantly longer than those denied food and water and those that fed on water only. The results of other experiments suggested that pea flower qualities other than pollen influenced the reproductive success of female B. pisorum. It is hypothesized that pollen seeking B. pisorum effected cross-pollination in the wild progenitor of the modern-day autogamous pea, and adult pea weevils of both sexes rob pea nectar to obtain a readily available source of energy to sustain flight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343571
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host plant recognition in monophagous weevils: Specialization ofCeutorhynchus inaffectatus to glucosinolates from its host plantHesperis matronalis (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 49-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ceutorhynchus inaffectatus ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Hesperis matronalis ; Dame's violet ; Brassicaceae ; Cruciferae ; glucosinolates ; feeding stimulants ; host plant specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ceutorhynchus inaffectatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae:Ceutorhynchinae) is a monophagous species feeding only onHesperis matronalis L. (Cruciferae) in North-western Europe. Feeding responses of this weevil to five glucosinolates from its host plant were compared with the responses to four glucosinolates from non-host plants. The major glucosinolates in the host plant were isolated and identified: 6-methylsulphinylhexylglucosinolate (glucohesperalin), 3,4-dihydroxybenzylglucosinolate (glucomatronalin), 3-O-apiosylglucomatronalin, a 3,4-dihydroxybenzoylester and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzoylester of 3-O-apiosylglucomatronalin. The three glucosinolates containing apiose were powerful feeding stimulants forC. inaffectatus while the other host plant compounds and allyglucosinolate (sinigrin), 3-methylsulphinylpropylglucosinolate (glucoiberin), benzylglucosinolate (glucotropaeolin) and p-hydroxybenzylglucosinolate (sinalbin) were weaker stimulants. The role of glucosinolates in host plant selection ofC. inaffectatus and related monophagous crucifer feeders is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688993
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glandular trichomes ofSolanum berthaultii alter host preference of the Colorado potato Beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 217-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Colorado potato beetle ; Solanaceae ; Solanum berthaultii ; plant resistance ; glandular trichomes ; host preference ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Choice and no-choice studies were conducted to determine how the glandular trichomes of the wild potato,Solanum berthaultii Hawkes, affect host preference of the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Given a feeding choice betweenS. tuberosum andS. berthaultii, larvae and adults preferred the foliage ofS. tuberosum, but adults were more discriminating. When foliage ofS. berthaultii was appressed toS. tuberosum leaflets, fewer adults fed on the appressed leaflets. When given a choice between ‘trichome-intact’ and ‘trichome-removed’S. berthaultii foliage, adults preferred to feed on the latter. The preference for ‘trichome-removed’ foliage and the percent of adults initiating feeding, increased with the degree of trichome removal. These studies provide evidence that the resistance ofS. berthaultii is associated with feeding deterrents localized in the glandular trichomes, thatS. berthaultii possesses more than one mechanism of resistance to the Colorado potato beetle, and that the expression of resistance is dependent on the developmental stage of the insect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380555
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of bioassay conditions for the olive bark beetle Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Laboratory bioassay ; olfactometer ; olive bark beetle ; Phloeotribus scarabaeoides ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bioassay conditions with a glass olfactometer for the olive bark beetle, Phloeotribus scarabaeoides Bern. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), have been investigated. The best temperatures and light intensities were between 17 and 28° C and 1000 and 1500 lux, respectively. The best response was obtained with newly emerged individuals from reproduction galleries with no feeding period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350349
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet, fecundity and egg size in some polyphagous predatory carabid beetles (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 129-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Bembidion lampros ; Pterostichus cupreus ; P. melanarius ; diet ; egg production ; egg size variation ; pirimicarb ; fat reserves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Egg size was measured at different rates of egg laying in three polyphagous carabid species, known to be useful predators of cereal aphids; the small Bembidion lampros Herbst and the medium-sized Pterostichus cupreus L. and P. melanarius Illiger. Variations in fecundity, as well as the ability of the medium-sized species to also build up fat reserves, were obtained when beetles were subjected to different dietary regimes consisting of aphids, or foods with a lower or higher protein content. Egg size was found to be dependent on the rate of egg laying within a species. A diet of cereal aphids appeared to be adequate for egg production in these polyphagous carabids, but female P. cupreus were unable to build up fat reserves when they ingested aphids contaminated with the aphicide pirimicarb. Beetles were able to devote resources to more and larger eggs (B. lampros), or to larger eggs and/or fat reserves (P. melanarius/P. cupreus) when given access to a carbohydrate-rich food with low protein content. The highest rate of egg laying was obtained when female P. cupreus and P. melanarius were given a more varied diet at frequent intervals; including regular shifts between unsprayed aphids, carbohydrate-rich food and protein-rich maggots. Within the varied diet treatment a negative relationship was obtained between egg size and egg number among similar-sized individuals of P. cupreus and P. melanarius; females producing the largest number also laid the smallest eggs. Egg size affected larval survival, since first instars hatching from large eggs were found to survive longer than those hatching from small eggs. The influence of differences in food intake on reproduction, maintenance metabolism, and survival of fieldinhabiting carabids is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221363
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial distribution and sequential sampling of adults ofGonocephalum macleayi andPterohelaeus darlingensis in different cropping regimes (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae ; Pterohelaeus darlingensis ; Gonocephalum macleayi ; false wireworms ; sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Counts of adults of the false wirewormsGonocephalum macleayi (Blackburn) andPterohelaeus darlingensis Carter in pitfall traps in burnt, mulched and sorghum treatments conformed to Taylor's power law. Within a species there were no significant differences in distributions of counts of either sex in any habitat butG. macleayi were more aggregated thanP. darlingensis (Taylor'sb 1.35 and 1.26, respectively). Relationships to determine sample sizes for fixed levels of precision and fixed-precision-level stop lines for sequential sampling are developed for each species using Taylor's parameters for combined data over all habitats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02343856
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic structure of leaf-beetles populations: microgeographic and sexual differentiation inOreina cacaliae andO. speciosissima (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 247-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Population genetics ; microgeographic differentiation ; leaf-beetles ; Chrysomelinae ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We usedF-statistics to quantify the population structure of two sympatric species of leaf beetles,Oreina cacaliae andO. speciosissima (Chrysomelinae, Coleoptera), which share the same microhabitat since they feed on the same herbaceous host plants. We measured genetic differentiation at six allozyme loci 1) among populations separated by relatively small distances (40 to 250 kilometers), 2) within each population, and 3) between sexes within populations. For both species, the populations studied are not panmictic. For each population, heterozygosities are relatively high, but the observed heterozygosities are generally lower than the expected values. Overall, within-population differentiation is high and similar for both species (F is=0.326 forO. cacaliae and 0.332 forO. speciosissima). Additionally, populations of both species are highly differentiated (F st=0.234 versus 0.051 forO. speciosissima). ForO. cacaliae,F is andF st are greater among females than among males, while forO. speciosissima,F st is sustantially greater among the males whileF is is slightly greater among males. Differences in gene frequency among the sexes were statistically tested using a modifiedF st with sex as the defining category, and the sexes differed significantly with the exception of one population inO. cacaliae. Possible explanations for this difference are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02343858
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The behaviour of 9 stored product beetles at pitfall trap arenas and their capture in millet (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 161-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: avoidance behaviour ; capture efficiency ; Coleoptera ; time-lapse video ; visual recording
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pitfall trap capture forSitophilus oryzae (L.),S. zeamais (Motschulsky),S. granarius (L.),Tribolium confusum (Duval),T. castaneum (Herbst);Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.),Cryptolestes pusillus (Schonherr),Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabr.), andProstephanus truncatus (Horn) in millet was assessed by visual and time-lapse video recordings. The behaviour of different beetle species in arenas containing millet was monitored over 24 h and the frequency of encounters with the trap rim resulting in capture recorded. The capture efficiency of four types of pitfall traps (i.e. polystyrene, polythene, glass and tin-plated steel can) with rims exposed or submerged below the millet surface level were compared. Capture was related to beetle size, locomotory rate, and beetle behaviour at the trap rim as well as trap design and placement. The lighter and smaller species were least captured. Glass jars were more effective than plastic and metal containers. Traps placed with their rims submerged below the grain surface level were more efficient than those with rims exposed. Capture rate was unrelated to trap size. The frequency of encounters with trap rims was not correlated with capture rate. Three types of avoidance behaviours at the trap rims i.e. probing, skirting and spontaneous retreat, were related to capture rate, spontaneous retreat being the most effective escape mechanism and probing least.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382285
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intraspecific variation in bionomic characters of the Mexican bean weevil, Zabrotes subfasciatus (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 39-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Development ; fecundity ; geographical variation ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; ecology ; Phaseolus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera:Bruchidae) is native to parts of Central and South America but has now been spread to many others areas. It commonly infests the seeds of both Lima beans, Phaseolus lunatus, and common beans, Phaseolus vulgaris. Five geographic populations were found to differ in fecundity, patterns of egg distribution, times of development and adult sizes when they were kept under the same conditions. Each population also differed unpredictably from the others in its response to different cultivars of host seed. These differences have been shown to be of considerable importance in determining the potential pest status of the populations and should also promote caution in making predictions about the responses of different populations to new cultivars of bean for agricultural use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189715
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of overwintering Colorado potato beetle in and near Massachusetts potato fields (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 191-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; distribution ; diapause ; overwintering ; mortality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382289
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of symbiotes in flight activity ofSitophilus weevils (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 201-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Sitophilus oryzae ; S. zeamais ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; flight activity ; symbiosis ; vitamin ; amino acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les performances de vol de nombreuses souches deSitophilus oryzae L. etS. zeamais Mots. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) ont été comparées sur blé. Il s’avère que les mâles sont plus actifs que les femelles et queS. zeamais possède une meilleure aptitude au vol queS. oryzae. De plus, dans les deux espèces élevées sur blé, seuls les charançons normalement symbiotiques sont capables de voler, tandis que les aposymbiotiques ont perdu ce pouvoir. En complémentant la nourriture avec des vitamines (acide pantothénique et riboflavine) et certains acides aminés (phénylalanine et proline), cette activité a pu être restaurée en partie. L’influence de la symbiose sur l’aptitude au vol du charançon du genreSitophilus est commentée en fonction du métabolisme énergétique (coenzymes, proline) et du rôle joué par la symbiose dans ce comportement qui permet d’augmenter la dissémination de l’espèce.
    Notes: Abstract The flight activity (take-off) of various strains ofSitophilus oryzae L. andS. zeamais Mots. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) have been compared on wheat. It was shown that males are more active than females and thatS. zeamais, is more active thanS. oryzae. Furthermore, in the two species, when reared on wheat kernels, only symbiotic weevils were able to fly, while aposymbiotic insects did not. By supplementation of the diet with vitamins (pantothenic acid, riboflavin) and amino acids (phenylalanine and proline), this activity could be restored in part. The influence of symbiosis on the flight ability ofSitophilus weevil is discussed in relation to the energy metabolism (coenzymes, proline), the role played by symbiosis in this behaviour and its possible effect on the dissemination of the species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380553
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Disrupting spring colonization of Colorado potato beetle to nonrotated potato fields (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 73 (1994), S. 39-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; distribution ; overwintering ; diapause ; cultural control ; trap cropping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Overwintering Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)) were concentrated primarily within woody borders, and mortality was lower in borders than in potato fields. After overwintering, only 15–44% of live beetles were in the potato fields. In experiments with small plots, colonization of fields from woody borders was reduced ∼60% by a trap crop, either treated with adulticide or with beetles collected daily. Such trap crops, or simply pitfall traps to prevent colonization from woody borders, could significantly reduce early-season adult numbers and subsequent larval populations. However, success is dependent on the local densities of overwintered beetles, and the prevalence of arrestment behavior in the case of trap crops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382512
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection response of the Colorado potato beetle for adaptation to the resistant potato,Solanum berthaultii (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 73 (1994), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Colorado potato beetle ; Solanaceae ; Solanum berthaultii ; potato ; plant resistance ; selection ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thirty cohorts of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB) were reared for ten consecutive generations on the cultivated potato,Solanum tuberosum, and on two accessions (PI 473331 and PI 473334) of the resistant wild species,S. berthaultii. At each generation, selection was imposed for increased survival, decreased development time, and for increased fecundity. Although several parameters responded to selection, net replacement rate (R0) onS. berthaultii was consistently less than 1/3 that on cultivated potato. At the tenth generation, eachS. tuberosum strain female replaced herself with 110 daughters, whereas females from strains reared on PI 473334 and PI 473331 produced an average of 30 and 7 daughters, respectively. Slopes of the R0 regression lines for populations reared onS. tuberosum andS. berthaultii did not differ from zero, indicating no significant response to selection. Our findings suggest that populations of the Colorado potato beetle may have genetic variability in some performance traits for adaptation toS. berthaultii, but that adaptation is unlikely to occur as rapidly as previously reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383415
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Pitfall-trap catches of the carabid beetle Pterostichus melanarius, in relation to gut contents and prey densities, in insecticide treated and untreated spring barley (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pterostichus melanarius ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; pitfall traps ; insecticides ; prey ; hunger ; activity ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; Fenitrothion ; Sumicidin (Fenvalerate) ; spring barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au cours d'essais à grande échelle, effectués en 1981 et 1982, sur orge de printemps, pour évaleur l'effet des insecticides Fenitrothion et Sumicidine (fenvalerate) sur les arthropodes utiles, un accroissement significatif des captures, dans des trappes pièges de Barber, de Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) a été observé plusierus semaines après le traitement dans les lots traités par rapport aux lots témoins. Significativement plus de femelles de P. melanarius ont été capturées dans les parcelles traitées pendant cette période d'accroissement après traitement. Une diminution correspondante dans les populations de proies a été observée à la suite des traitements. Chaque femelle de P. melanarius des parcelles traitées avait une fraction significativement moins importance de son intestin remplie d'aliments solides (arthropodes) que celles des parcelles non traitées. Des auteurs précédents avaient observé des taux de capture plus rapides dans les trappes et ne plus grande mobilité des carabes affamés. La réduction des populations proies par l'application d'insecticides affamerait les carabes dont l'activité serait par suite plus élevée. Comme le taux de captures dans les trappes est dû à la fois à la taille de la population et à son activité, on en déduit que la capture par trappes seule ne peut donner une image exacte de l'effet des insecticides sur les populations de carabes dans les champs.
    Notes: Abstract During large-scale field experiments in 1981 and 1982, designed to assess the effects of the insecticides Fenitrothion and Sumicidin (Fenvalerate) on beneficial arthropods in spring barley, significant increases in pitfall-trap catches of Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) were observed in treated plots compared to untreated controls, several weeks after treatment. Significantly more female P. melanarius were caught in treated plots during these post-treatment increases. Corresponding decreases were observed in prey populations following treatments. Individual female P. melanarius from treated plots had significantly fewer of their gut areas full of solid (arthropod) food when compared to those from untreated control plots. Earlier workers observed both faster recapture rates in pitfalls and higher mobility in hungry carabid beetles. The following hypothesis is suggested: reducing prey populations by the application of insecticides results in hungrier carabid beetles with consequently higher activity. Since pitfall-trap catch is determined not only by population size but also activity, it is argued that pitfall-trap catches alone cannot give a true measure of the effects of insecticides on carabid populations in the field.
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    Flash behavior of femalePhoturis versicolor fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in simulated courtship and predatory dialogues (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 843-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: firefly ; entrainment ; insect communication ; Coleoptera ; aggressive mimicry ; bioluminescence ; Lampyridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract FemalePhoturis versicolor fireflies attempt to capture males by responding to heterospecific flash patterns. A mating-dependent switch occurs which affects response timing and frequency of female flashes. We examined the switch using females of known age, mating status, and flash experience to assess how accurate mimicry is, what factors influence it, and what mechanism produces it. Presentations of simulated male flash patterns before and after mating revealed elements of an entrainment mechanism controlling female responsiveness. Unmated females preferentially answered conspecific patterns with variable latencies, averaging 1 s. Mating induced changes in both response frequency and response latency: Females answered heterospecific patterns more frequently, and latencies elicited by conspecific patterns shifted away from the unmated range. Heterogeneity in mean and variance of response latency among individuals indicates that females do not share a discrete reply to a given pattern. Little correspondence exists between latencies of sympatric species andP. versicolor females, suggesting that the flash response mechanism produces entriainment to any rhythmic pattern, not a one-to-one matching between prey and predator latencies. Different selective scenarios underlie strict mimicry versus entrainment mimicry.
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    Responses of male green June beetlesCotinis nitida (L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to female volatiles in a flight tunnel (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 271-276 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Cotinis nitida (L.) ; beetle flight ; pheromone bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01417918
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    Method for screening female sex pheromone extracts of the Colorado potato beetle (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 59 (1991), S. 75-78 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; female sex pheromone ; screening method ; mating behaviour ; tactile stimuli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187968
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    Influence of corn planting date on the life stage development and phenology of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 219-224 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; corn ; life-stage occurrence ; planting date
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans les conditions de l'est du Sud Dakota (USA), 3 dates de semailles de maïs et 3 dates de contamination avec des œufs de D. virgifera virgifera LeConte ont servi à imposer ou à empêcher la synchronisation des éclosions des œufs et par conséquent des développements ultérieurs. Les dates médianes d'apparition de chacun des 3 stades larvaires et des imagos ont été déterminées en relation avec les unités de température et le nombre de jours depuis la contamination. Aucune différence significative entre les dates médianes d'apparition n'a été mise en évidence par utilisation des unités de température; par contre, ces différences deviennent significatives lorsque l'on utilise le nombre de jours depuis la contamination. Des paramètres fiables sont nécessaires pour prédire la présence des différentes stades de cet insecte. En dépit des différentes conditions imposées pour cette étude, la méthode la moins capricieuse pour prédire l'apparition d'un stade larvaire et l'émergence des adultes est la somme de températures avec une base de 11°C.
    Notes: Abstract Under field conditions in eastern South Dakota, USA three different planting dates of corn and three times of egg infestation were used to imposed synchronous and asynchronous timing of corn growth and Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte egg hatch and subsequent development. Median occurrence of each of the three larval stages and of the adult stage for each of the infestation-planting treatments was determined by relating occurrence to thermal units and to days after infestation. No significant differences were found among the treatments for median occurrence of each life stage when the thermal unit approach was used. However, significant differences were found among treatments for median occurrence when the day after infestation approach was used. Consistent parameters are needed for prediction of the occurrence of life stages of this insect. Despite the various imposed conditions, this study indicates that the least variable method of predicting life stage occurrence and adult emergence of D. v. virgifera was the use of thermal unit accumulations (base 11°C).
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    Behavioural responses of three stored product Coleoptera species to extract of carob (Locust bean),Ceratonia siliqua (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 9-13 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: bioassay ; behavioural response ; Coleoptera ; carob extract ; stored product
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioural responses ofCryptolestes pusillus Oryzaephilus surinamensis andProstephanus truncatus to different doses of carob extract were assessed in a two-choice pitfall bioassay and in plastic grain probe traps. The extract evoked a quick directional response and induced high beetle attraction to treated pitfall arenas compared with the controls. Overall, the extract improved probe trap efficiency by about 50% compared to unbaited probes. Beetle response was dose-dependent with the medium dose of 10 μl probably eliciting optimum response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380576
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    Biosynthesis of 1-alkenes in the defensive secretions ofTribolium confusum (Tenebrionidae); stereochemical implications (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 700-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae ; Tribolium confusum ; defesive secretion ; biosynthesis of 1-alkenes ; oxidative decarboxylation ; anti-elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The terminally unsaturated hydrocarbons of the defensive secretion ofTribolium confusum are biosynthesized from fatty acids by oxidative decarboxylation. The process involves an enantiospecific cleavage of the C−H bond of thepro-(S) C(3)−H atom and simultaneous decarboxylation of the acid into an 1-alkene and carbon dioxide via ananti-periplanar transition state geometry (anti-elimination). The stereochemistry of this biotranformation is identical in all respects with the same reaction in higher plants. The mechanism seems to be of general importance for the biosynthesis of many vinylic substructures of natural products from oxygen-containing precursors.
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    Cantharidin production in a blister beetle (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 171-174 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Meloidae ; Epicauta funebris ; chemical defense ; biosynthesis ; terpenoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cantharidin, a potent defensive chemical, is present in all ten life stages of the blister beetleEpicauta funebris. The first five larval stages accumulate cantharidin as they feed and grow in size. When disturbed, they exude cantharidin in a milky oral fluid, not in hemolymph which adult beetles reflexively discharge from leg joints. Two subsequent larval stages and the pupa do not feed, grow, regurgitate, or change in their defensive reserves (110 μg cantharidin/insect, regardless of sex). Adult beetles kept in isolation for 60–90 d exhibit a pronounced sexual dimorphism in cantharidin production: the male biosynthesizes about 17 mg of the toxin, representing 10% of his live weight, whereas the female actually loses most of her defensive reserves. But in the wild a female beetle repeatedly acquires cantharidin as copulatory gifts from her mates.
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    Avoidance of competition by spruce bark beetles,Ips typographus andPityogenes chalcographus (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 272-275 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Semiochemical ; pheromone ; host selection ; competition ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bark beetles,Ips typographus andPityogenes chalcographus, attracted by synthetic or natural pheromone to Norway spruce logs,Picea abies, preferred to colonize uninfested logs rather than logs occupied by these beetles, probably as a means of avoiding intra-and interspecific competition. The aggregation pheromone components ofP. chalcographus, chalcogran and methyl (E, Z)-2,4-decadienoate, inhibited the attraction response ofI. typographus to its pheromone components (methyl butenol andcis-verbenol), while the converse was not true. However, verbenone released from colonized bark inhibited pheromonal response ofP. chalcographus.
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    Ecdysteroids during pupal development of female Xyleborus ferrugineus (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 151-156 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Xyleborus ferrugineus ; pupae ; ecdysteroids ; pharate adult ; radioimmunoassay ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Ecdysteroidtiter weiblicher Puppen von Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabr.) wurde geschätzt, indem ganze Tiere homogenisiert und radioimmunologisch untersucht wurden. Ein ausgeprägtes Maximum an Ecdysteroiden wurde bei 36 Stunden Puppenent-wicklung beobachtet (743 pg/mg Körpergewicht). Der Titer nahm ab auf 299 pg/mg im Pharatstadium und auf 193 pg/mg unmittelbar vor Schlüpfen der Adulten. Qualitative Studien mit HPLC ergaben in frischen Puppen ein Verhältnis von 3:1 Ecdyson zu 20-Hydrooxyecdyson. Pharatstadien enthielten vor allem 20-Hydrooxyecdyson. Das beobachtete einzige Maximum im Titer stimmt überein mit den Resultaten bei andern untersuchten Coleopteren.
    Notes: Abstract Ecdysteroid titers were estimated on the whole body homogenates of Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabr.) female pupae during development by radioimmunoassay. A distinct peak of ecdysteroids was observed at 36-hr pupal development (743 pg/mg body wt). Titer declined to 299 pg/mg by the pharate adult stage and to 193 pg/mg body wt just before adult emergence. Qualitative studies by HPLC revealed a ratio of 3:1 ecdysone to 20-hydroxyecdysone in the initial pupal stage. Pharate adults had mainly 20-hydroxyecdysone. The observed single peak in ecdysteroid titer agrees with findings in other studied coleopteran species.
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    The feeding characteristics and development of larvae of a salvinia weevil Cyrtobagous sp. (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 291-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Cyrtobagous ; Salvinia weevil ; Feeding characteristics of larvae ; Development of larvae ; Plant nutrition ; Temperature effects on development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après leur naissance, les larves de Cyrtobagous sp. passent de 1 à 4 jours à brouter les racines, et de 0 à 9 jours dans les bourgeons de la plante hôte, Salvinia molesta, avant d'y creuser une galerie dans le rhizome. Bien que les larves aient été capables de survivre jusqu'à 38 jours en broutant les racines, quant elles furent privées de rhizome, elle ne purent achever leur développement. Quand les galeries furent commencées, le développement larvaire, entre 21° et 31°, dépendit de la température et de la teneur en azote de l'hôte. Les larves ne se développèrent pas à 17°. Une haute valeur nutritive de l'aliment consommé par les larves réduisit la durée du développement, mais n'influença pas la durée ultérieure de leur développement nymphal. Les lieux de prise de nourriture et les dégâts produits par des larves isolées furent précisés.
    Notes: Abstract Newly-emerged larvae of a salvinia weevil, Cyrtobagous sp. spent from 1–4 days browsing on the roots and from 0–9 days in the buds of the host plant, Salvinia molesta, prior to tunnelling into the rhizome of this aquatic weed. Although larvae were able to survive up to 38 days browsing on roots when rhizomes were withheld, they were unable to complete development. After tunnelling began, larval development between 21° and 31° was dependent on temperature and nitrogen levels in the host. Larvae failed to develop at 17°. High nutritional intake by the larvae reduced larval development time but did not influence duration of their subsequent pupal development. The feeding sites and plant damage produced by individual larvae were assessed.
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    Influence of adult diet on the reproductive biology and survival of the western corn rootworm,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 56 (1990), S. 15-21 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; corn rootworms ; age-specific survival ; age-specific fecundity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé D. virgifera virgifera LeConte a été placé sur des régimes nutritifs mimant l'évolution des tissus du maïs disponsibles dans le champ lorsque les insectes éclosent est aux stades suivants du maïs: 1) après émergence de l'épi mâle, mais avant l'apparition des barbes et l'émission du pollen; 2) lors de la présence de barbes et de l'émission de pollen; 3) après la pollinisation et quand les barbes ont bruni. Un quatrième régime a été fourni pendant toute l'expérience comprenant des barbes vertes, du pollen et des feuilles. Les pontes moyennes des femelles pendant les 12 semaines de l'étude on été 125, 235, 179 et 441 pour les régimes 1, 2, 3 et 4. Les dates de mort de la moitié des adultes a été 7,2, 7,2, 6,7 et 8,8 semaines pour respectivement les mêmes régimes. Les femelles du régime 1 pondent à un âge plus avancé que les femelles des régimes 2 et 3. L'influence des changements de la qualité alimentaire du maïs au fur et à mesure du vieillissement des plantes et deDiabrotica, a été déterminée par la survie au bout de 48 heures d'insectes éclos depuis peu et d'autres maintenus en cage sur des lots de maïs à différents stades poussant en serre depuis des temps plus ou moins longs. Plus les plantes sont âgées, plus la survie des 2 groupes deDiabrotica diminue, mais plus vite chez les lots d'insectes âgés.
    Notes: Abstract Adult corn rootworm beetles,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, were maintained on three dietary regimes which mimicked the progression of corn tissues that would be available in the field for beetles eclosing when corn was in the following growth stages: (A) after tassels had emerged but prior to silking and pollen shed; (B) while plants were silking and shedding pollen; and (C) after pollination was complete and silks had turned brown. A fourth regime (D) was established in which green corn silks, pollen, and leaves were provided throughout the study. The mean number of eggs laid per female over the 12-week duration of the study was 125, 235, 179, and 441 for regimes A, B, C, and D, respectively. Median length of life was 7.2, 7.2, 6.7, and 8.8 weeks for regimes A, B, C, and D respectively. Beetles in regime A laid a greater proportion of their eggs at an older age than did beetles from regimes B and C. To further investigate the influences on survival of changes in food quality of corn as plants and beetles aged, newly-eclosed beetles and beetles that had been maintained in caged plots of corn growing in a greenhouse for various lengths of time were caged on corn at different stages of growth, and the proportion of beetles surviving for 48 h was determined. Survival decreased as plants aged for both groups of beetles, but decreased at a faster rate for old than for young beetles.
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    Distribution of proteinases and carbohydrases in the midgut of larvae of the sweetpotato weevilCylas formicarius elegantulus and response of proteinases to inhibitors from sweet potato (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 97-105 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Cylas formicarius elegantulus ; sweetpotato weevil ; sweet potato ; digestion ; enzyme distribution ; trypsin-inhibitors ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'activité endoprotéinase était limitée au liquide de la lumière des régions ventriculaires antérieure et postérieure de l'intestin moyen des larves deCylas formicarius elegantulus Summers. Les aminopeptidases ont été trouvées dans le liquide de la lumière (18%), mais étaient principalement associées avec les fractions insolubles des cellules du ventricule postérieur (82%). Suivant le substrat, l'activité carboxypeptidase était à peu près également répartie entre le liquide de la lumière et les fractions insolubles des cellules du ventricule postérieur. L'amylase, enzyme secrétée, a été observée à la fois dans la lumière antérieure et postérieure. Cinq bandes d'activité amylase ont été révélées sur zymogrammes d'amidon après électrophorèse d'intestins moyens entiers. Trois des bandes d'amylase pouvaient provenir de la plante. Il y avait au moins 2 α-glucosidases, une secrétée et une liée aux cellules du ventricule antérieur. L'activite β-glucosidase était liée aux cellules du ventricule antérieur, fandis que l'activité α-galactosidase était limitée au fluide de la lumière. Les activités β-galactosidase et cellulase ont été trouvées à la fois dans le liquide de la lumière et dans la fraction cellulaire insoluble. Ainsi, la digestion initiale des grosses protéines et des polymères de carbohydrates se produit dans le liquide de la lumière dans les régions ventriculaires antérieure et postérieure. Cependant, l'achèvement de la digestion des oligopeptides se produit principalement dans le ventricule postérieur, tandis que la fin de la digestion des oligosaccharides se produit dans le ventricule antérieur. Les concentrations en inhibiteurs de trypsine de 5 cultivars d'I. batatas L. diffèrent de 1 à 20. Les endoprotéinases deC. formicarius elegantulus ont été inhibées par des extraits de cultivars, mais les cultivars avec des concentrations relativement élevées d'inhibiteur avainent antérieurement montré être susceptibles d'être attaqués par le coléoptère dans des essais en champs.
    Notes: Abstract Endoproteinase activity was confined to luminal fluid from anterior and posterior ventricular regions of midguts of larvae of the sweetpotato weevil,Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers). Aminopeptidase was found in luminal fluid (18%) but was primarily associated with insoluble fractions from cells of the posterior ventriculus (82%). Depending on substrate, carboxypeptidase activity was about equally distributed between luminal fluid and insoluble fractions from posterior ventriculus cells. Amylase was found in luminal fluid in both the anterior and posterior ventriculus. Five bands of amylase activity were detected on starch zymograms following electrophoresis of whole midgut samples. Three of the amylase bands may be plant-derived. At least two α-glucosidases were present, one secreted and one bound to anterior ventriculus cells. β-Glucosidase activity was bound to anterior ventriculus cells whereas α-galactosidase activity was confined to luminal fluid. β-Galactosidase and cellulase activities were found in both luminal fluid and the insoluble cell fraction. Thus, initial digestion of large protein and carbohydrate polymers occurs in luminal fluid in both anterior and posterior ventriculus regions. However, terminal digestion of oligopeptides occurs primarily in the posterior ventriculus while terminal digestion of oligosaccharides occurs in the anterior ventriculus. A 20-fold difference in trypsin-inhibitor concentration was found among five sweetpotato cultivars. Endoproteinases from sweetpotato weevil larvae were inhibited by extracts from the cultivars but cultivars with relatively high concentrations of inhibitor were previously shown to be susceptible to weevil attack in field trials.
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    A new, X-linked body colour mutation in Tribolium confusum (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 124-126 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Negret ; Melanic mutant ; X-linked mutation ; Flour Beetle ; Tribolium confusum ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300913
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    Responses of Prostephanus truncatus to components of the aggregation pheromone of Rhyzopertha dominica in the laboratory and field (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 266-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Storage pests ; Coleoptera ; Bostrichidae ; Prostephanus truncatus ; (±)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate ; Rhyzopertha dominica ; (±)-1-methyl-butyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate ; Dominicalure ; Aggregation pheromone ; Monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les réponses de Prostephanus truncatus Horn (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) à deux constituants de la phéromone d'agrégation de Rhyzopertha dominica Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), le (±)-1-méthylbutyl (E)-2-méthyl-2-penténoate et le (±)-1-méthylbutyl (E)-2,4-diméthyl-2-pentéoate, connus comme “Dominicalure 1” et “Dominicalure 2”, ont été étudiées au laboratoire et au champ. Auslaboratoire ces composés ont été essayés individuellement et en mélange 1:2. Une membrane de caoutchouc imprégnée de phéromone a été utilisée comme émetteur lent, et une courbe de réponse en fonction de la dose a été établie. P. truncatus répondait plus vigoureusement à la Dominicalure 2 seule. Tous ces traitements ont été comparés dans un essai aux champs en Tanzanie, dans lesquels des pièges en carton ondulé contenant des diffuseurs de phéromone étaient placés dans des entrepôts de maïs dans les fermes. La Dominicalure 1 et le mélange de 1 et 2 étaient tous deux efficaces pour piéger R. dominica. La Dominicalure 2 a piégé plus de P. truncatus que les autres traitements et était à peu près aussi efficace que le contrôle visuel pour détecter la présence de cet insecte dans les stocks. On peut envisager que la Dominicalure 2 pourrait servir de base à un programme pour lutter contre P. truncatus en Afrique de l'Est.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory and field studies have been made of the responses of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) to two components of the aggregation pheromone of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) — (±)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate and (±)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate, known as “Dominicalure 1” and “Dominicalure 2” respectively. In the laboratory, these compounds were tested individually and as a 1:2 mixture; P. truncatus responded most strongly to Dominicalure 2 alone. All three treatments were compared in a field trial in Tanzania to monitor both R. dominica and P. truncatus in farm stores. Dominicalure 1 or a mixture of 1 and 2 were both highly effective for trapping R. dominica. In contrast, Dominicalure 2 trapped more P. truncatus than the other treatments and was about as effective as visual inspection at demonstrating the presence of the beetle in stores. Dominicalure 2 could form the basis of a monitoring programme for P. truncatus in East Africa.
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    Effect of larval density on development and induction of reproductive diapause in Bruchidius atrolineatus (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 255-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Bruchidius atrolineatus ; larval crowding ; post-embryonic development ; intracotyledonary mortality ; weight of emerging adults ; reproductive diapause
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez Bruchidius atrolineatus, l'accroissement de la densité larvaire à l'intérieur de la graine entraîne une augmentation de la mortalité alors que la réduction de poids des individus à l'émergence est relativement limitée. L'accroissement de la densité larvaire provoque une augmentation du taux d'adultes en diapause reproductrice, dans certaines conditions thermopériodiques. Dans d'autres conditions, permenttant l'émergence d'un fort taux d'adultes diapausants, l'effet de la densité larvaire est nul. Lorsque l'on analyse l'effet de la densité chez les individus d'une souche ne présentant pas de phénomène de diapause, il n'y a pas de corrélation entre la durée de développement et le poids des adultes. Par contre, lorsqu'il y a émergence d'adultes sexuellement actifs et diapausants, il existe une corrélation entre la durée de développement et le poids des adultes émergeants. Cette corrélation est due au fait que les adultes diapausants, qui présentent les durées de développement les plus longues, sont ceux qui ont les poids les plus faibles.
    Notes: Abstract In Bruschidius atrolineatus (Pic), an increase in larval density inside the seed led to a reduction in the survival rate during post-embryonic development, with only a limited decrease in the weight of adults. A high larval density increased the proportion of adults in reproductive diapause under certain thermoperiodic conditions. Under other conditions that already promote the emergence of a high proportion of diapausing beetles, an increase in larval density had no effect on diapause. There was no correlation between the larval developmental time and the weights of adults in a strain with a very low incidence of diapause. However, such a correlation was observed when both sexuallyactive and diapausing beetles emerged. This correlation was explained by the longer developmental times and lower weights of diapausing beetles.
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    Systemic retention of ingested cantharidin by frogs (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: toxin sequestration ; predation ; human dietary hazard ; cantharidin ; Coleoptera ; Meloidae ; Epicauta vittata ; Rana ; Hirudo ; Nerodia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Frogs(Rana pipiens) fed on blister beetles (Meloidae) or cantharidin, retain cantharidin systemically. After cessation of feeding, they void the compound relatively quickly. Systemic cantharidin does not protect frogs against ectoparasitic feeding by leeches(Hirudo medicinalis) or predation by snakes(Nerodia sipedon). As suggested by our data, and from reports in the early literature, ingestion of cantharidin-containing frogs can pose a health threat to humans.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01325229
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    Aggregation pheromone ofCarpophilus freemani (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae): A blend of conjugated triene and tetraene hydrocarbons (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 105-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: pheromone ; attractant ; triene ; tetraene ; hydrocarbon ; Insecta ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; Carpophilus freemani
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Males ofCarpophilus freemani Dobson (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) produce an aggregation pheromone to which both sexes fly in a wind-tunnel bioassay. The major pheromone component (ca. 30 ng per male per day in volatile collections) was identified as (2E,4E,6E)-5-ethyl-3-methyl-2,4,6-nonatriene. A minor component, (2E,4E,6E,8E)-7-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-undecatetraene, was 3–10% as abundant as the major triene and was 5–20% as active when compared at relative doses ranging from natural proportions to 1:1. These compounds act synergistically: a mixture of major and minor components in natural proportions attracted more than twice as many beetles as the major component alone, and the mixture fully accounted for the activity of male-derived volatile collections. Six other male-derived conjugated hydrocarbons, ranging from 2% down to 0.04% as abundant as the major component, were also identified. These are (in order of decreasing bioassay activity when compared on an equal-weight basis): (3E,5E,7E)-6-ethyl-4-methyl-3,5,7-decatriene, (2E,4E,6E)-5-ethyl-3-me-thyl-2,4,6-octatriene, (3E,5E,7E,9E)-8-ethyl-4,6-dimethyl-3, 5,7,9-dodecatetraene, (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4,6, 8-undecatetraene, (3E,5E,7E)-5-ethyl-7-methyl-3,5,7-undecatriene, and (2E,4E,6E)-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-nonatriene. All structure identifications were confirmed by synthesis. In the wind tunnel, the pheromone acted synergistically with “host”-type volatiles such as propyl acetate, valeric acid, and ethanol. This concept was verified by fields tests in California, in which there was dramatic synergism between the pheromone and fermenting host materials. Pheromone biosynthesis is discussed.
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    Secretion-grooming in aquatic beetles (Hydradephaga): A chemical protection against contamination of the hydrofuge respiratory region (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: secretion-grooming ; pygidial glands ; chemical defence against microorganisms ; respiration ; aquatic beetles ; Coleoptera ; Hydradephaga ; Gyrinidae ; Haliplidae ; Noteridae ; Hygrobiidae ; Dytiscidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary All Hydradephaga investigated so far crawl onto land when exposed to an increase in water temperature and light intensity and spread the secretion from their pygidial glands over the body surface (“secretion-grooming”). The secretions have antimicrobial properties and are mainly applied to hydrofuge body regions important for aquatic respiration. Experimental prevention of secretion-grooming leads to the loss of the respiratory air bubble and a significant increase in mortality. These findings support the view that the secretion-grooming of adephagous aquatic beetles, like in some aquatic Heteroptera, inhibits the growth of microor-ganisms, thus preventing the contamination and wetting of the cuticular respiratory structures. Thus it keeps functional the air-retaining hydrophobous body regions essential for aquatic respiration. A model is presented on how secretion-grooming may have evolved in the Hydradephaga. Other possible functions of the pygidial gland secretions are discussed.
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    Chemical defence in ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae). I. Distribution of coccinelline and individual variation in defence in 7-spot ladybirds (Coccinella septempunctata) (1991)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; mimicry ; reflex bleeding ; variation ; alkaloid ; coccinelline ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Coccinella septempunctata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 7-spot ladybirds secrete alkaloid (coccinelline)-rich fluid (reflex blood) from leg joints as a defence mechanism against predators. A technique is described that enables the collection and accurate quantification of reflex blood produced, and the amount of coccinelline therein. Coccinelline was found distributed throughout the body, although concentrated in the reflex blood. Reflex blood was collected from a large set of beetles at several time points. Significant variation was found among beetles in the amount of reflex blood produced (for males and for females corrected for body weight) and the coccinelline concentration of the reflex blood. The results are discussed in relation to automimicry and the maintenance of variation through energy trade-offs. The relationships between tendency to aggregate, ability to reflex bleed and the possession of aposematic coloration are also considered.
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    Orientation ofRhizophagus grandis (Coleoptera: Rhizophagidae) to oxygenated monoterpenes in a species-specific predator-prey relationship (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 14-18 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: specificity ; predation ; long-range orientation ; windtunnel ; Coleoptera ; Rhizophagidae ; Scolytidae ; Rhizophagus grandis ; Dendroctonus micans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The predator,Rhizophagus grandis, is linked to its specific prey,Dendroctonus micans, by semiochemical signals regulating oviposition and long range orientation. A mixture of simple oxygenated monoterpenes [(−)—fenchone, (−)—pinocamphone, rac. camphor, terpinene-4-ol, borneol, fenchol and verbenone], identified from the frass ofD. micans has been found to be extremely active in a flight windtunnel as a long—range attractant for the predator. The mixture elicited 84 % of the response to larval frass of the prey. Excluding pinocamphone from the mixture did not influence its activity. Also, changing the absolute configurations of some of the components (fenchol, terpinene-4-ol and borneol) did not influence the predators' response. However, the addition of (−)—α-terpineol increased the attractivity of the synthetic blend to almost that of larval frass of the prey. Ecological implications of the identified semiochemicals and their use in pest management are discussed.
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    Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 19-24 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: sequestration ; pharmacophagy ; defense ; allomone ; kairomone ; cucurbitacin ; Cucurbitaceae ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Luperini ; Diabrotica ; Aulacophora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.
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    Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae) (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 118-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; tri-trophic interactions ; alkaloids ; Homoptera ; Aphis craccivora ; Icerya spp. ; Lepidosaphes ulmi ; Planococcus citri ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Cryptolaemus montrouzieri ; Rodolia cardinalis ; Chilocorus bipustulatus ; Neuroptera ; Chrysopidae ; Chrysoperla carnea ; Hymenoptera ; Encyrtidae ; Encyrtus infelix ; Leguminosae ; Erythrina corallodendrum ; Spartium junceum ; Citrus sinensis ; Euphorbia tirucalli ; Pittosporum tobira
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.
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    Is the alkaloid in 2spot ladybirds (Adalia bipunctata) a defence against ant predation? (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 29-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; alkaloids ; predation ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Adalia bipunctata ; Coccinella septempunctata ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Lasius niger
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Garden black ants,Lasius niger L., in a laboratory colony, attacked three species of live ladybirds found near their nest, killing the smaller two species. A second colony was offered artificial diets containing crushed ladybirds of two species, and the ants' choice of feeding site noted. Both the diets were aversive compared to control, but that containing 7spot,Coccinella septempunctata L., was more aversive than the diet containing 2spot,Adalia bipunctata L. The implications of this lesser protection for 2spots in terms of the chemical defence of the species are discussed.
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    E-myrcenol inIps duplicatus: An aggregation pheromone component new for bark beetles (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 1209-1211 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Pheromone ; E-myrcenol ; ipsdienol ; Ips duplicatus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Picea abies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Males of the Eurasian bark beetleIps duplicatus, when feeding in host Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), produced and released ipsdienol andE-myrcenol, which we show to be aggregation pheromone components. Bioassays using walking beetles indicated thatE-myrcenol in synergistic combination with ipsdienol is essential for attraction. Synergism ofE-myrcenol and ipsdienol released at natural rates in the forest was also demonstrated with a new technique using mechanical slow-rotation of sticky traps.
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    Cardenolide glycosides from the adults and eggs ofChrysolina fuliginosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 1023-1027 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Chrysolina fuliginosa ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; beetles ; cardenolides ; eggs ; glands ; chemical defence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Besides the known sarmentogenin 3-O-β-D-allopyranoside (1) and digitoxigenin-3-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-2′, 3′-di-O-acetyl-β-D-allopyranoside] (4), four new cardiac glycosides (2, 3, 5 and6) have been isolated from the defensive glands of adults ofChrysolina fuliginosa. The structures of the new compounds were determined by1H NMR at 600 MHz and FABMS. Compounds1–6, present in the adults ofC. fuliginosa, have also been identified in the eggs.
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    Chemical defence in ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae). II. Amount of reflex fluid, the alkaloid adaline and individual variation in defence in 2-spot ladybirds (Adalia bipunctata) (1991)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 15-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; mimicry ; reflex bleeding ; variation ; alkaloid ; adaline ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Adalia bipunctata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 2-spot ladybirds secrete alkaloid (adaline)-rich defence fluid (reflex blood) in response to predator attack. Reflex fluid was collected from individual ladybirds and weighed and the alkaloid content measured by GC. The amount of fluid produced built up rapidly following winter hibernation in animals feeding on aphids. The concentration of adaline in the fluid was highest in the first bleeding after winter hibernation. A large sample of beetles was reflex bled several times. Significant among beetle variation was found in the amount of fluid produced and the concentration of the reflex blood. The results are discussed in relation to the possibility that 2-spot ladybirds are Batesian mimics of 7-spot ladybirds and to the possible functions of adaline.
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    Chemical defense of a primitive Australian bombardier beetle (Carabidae):Mystropomus regularis (1991)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 29-34 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: defensive secretion ; hot secretion ; elytral flanges ; evolution ; benzoquinones ; hydrocarbons ; bombardier beetle ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Paussinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Australian bombardier beetle,Mystropomus regularis, sprays a mixture of quinones (1,4-benzoquinone, 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, 2-ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone) and hydrocarbons (principallyn-pentadecane). The defensive fluid ist generated explosively in two-chambered glands, and is ejected audibly and hot (maximal recorded temperature = 59°C).Mystropomus is a member of the paussoid lineage of bombardiers. In common with other members of the group, it has a pair of elytral flanges (flanges of Coanda), associated with the gland openings, that serve as launching guides for anteriorly-aimed ejections of spray. It is argued thatMystropomus may be the least derived of flanged paussoids, and the closest living relative of the most primitive of extant bombardiers (Metriini).
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    Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 63-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defense ; predator-prey interaction ; synergism ; Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Oxytelinae ; Bledius ; Carabidae ; Dyschirius ; Pogonus ; Dichirotrichus ; Formicinae ; Cataglyphis ; Dermaptera ; Labidura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in eitherγ-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.
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    Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus, a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 1-5 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: adult mortality ; oviposition inhibition ; larval mortality ; aromatic hydrodistillated and non hydrodistillated plants ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Acanthoscelides obtectus ; Lamiaceae ; Origanum ; Thymus ; Satureia ; Rosmarinus ; Mentha ; Myrtaceae ; Eucalyptus ; Lauraceae ; Laurus ; Poaceae ; Cymbopogon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.
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    Ladybird defence alkaloids: Structural, chemotaxonomic and biosynthetic aspects (Col.: Coccinellidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 173-183 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; sequestration ; reflex bleeding ; alkaloids ; chemotaxonomy ; biosynthesis ; repellency ; toxicity ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The defensive mechanisms which protect ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) against predators are reviewed. Besides behavioural mechanisms, such as thanatosis and reflex bleeding, chemical defence mechanisms are playing a prevalent role. Indeed, ladybirds are protected not only by their smell, but also by repulsive alkaloids, most of which are considered to be of autogenous origin. In a few cases, dietarily-acquired substances are also involved. Particular emphasis is laid on the repellent alkaloids which are contained in the haemolymph of many species. The structures of 34 nitrogen-containing compounds isolated so far are presented, and their distribution within the family is discussed in the light of the most widely accepted classification of these beetles. To conclude, the mode of release of the alkaloids, their variation through the life cycle and their repellent and toxic properties are discussed, as well as the few biosynthetic data yet available.
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    Chemoecological studies of the exocrine glandular larval secretions of two chrysomelid species (Coleoptera):Phaedon cochleariae andChrysomela lapponica (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 185-189 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: oviposition ; repellents ; larval secretion ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Phaedon cochleariae ; Chrysomela lapponica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The exocrine glandular secretions of larvae of the subfamily Chrysomelinae are known to repel conspecific adults, other competitive phytophagous insects and natural enemies. InPhaedon cochleariae, the intraspecific activity of tlc fractions of the larval secretion was tested in order to examine the ecological significance of two fractions containing minor components and a fraction containing the major compound, the cyclopentanoid monoterpene (epi)chrysomelidial. InChrysomela lapponica, the defensive activity of the larval secretion against ants is known from specimens feeding upon willow or birch. The feeding preferences of larvae and adults ofC. lapponica from a Finnish and a Czech population were tested. The Finnish individuals significantly preferred feeding uponSalix borealis, whereas they hardly fed upon birch. The Czech specimens clearly preferred birch (Betula pubescens) to willow species. Application of salicin onto leaves of a willow species free of this phenolglycoside revealed that the Finnish individuals preferred feeding upon leaves with salicin. On the other hand, the Czech individuals avoided feeding upon leaves ofB. pubescens treated with salicin. The chemical composition of the glandular secretion of the Finnish larvae differed from the one of the Czech larvae. GC-MS-analyses of the secretions revealed that salicylaldehyde was the only major component of the secretion of Finnish larvae feeding upon the salicin-containing willowS. borealis. The glandular secretion of the Czech larvae feeding upon birch contained numerous esters of isobutyric acid and 2-methylbutyric acid. When Czech larvae had fed upon a salicin-containing willow (S. fragilis), the major compounds of their secretion were benzoic acid, salicylalcohol and benzoic acid esters; salicylaldehyde was only detected in traces. Thus,C. lapponica individuals from the Finland population adapted so closely to a salicincontaining willow that they clearly prefer this plant for food and that they obviously derive their main larval defensive compound (salicylaldehyde) from their host-plant.
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    Sequestration of plant pyrrolizidine alkaloids by chrysomelid beetles and selective transfer into the defensive secretions (1991)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides ; alkaloid sequestration ; defensive secretion ; host plant ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Oreina ; Asteraceae ; Adenostyles alliariae ; Senecio fuchsii ; Petasites paradoxus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Oreina cacaliae andO. speciosissima (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) sequester in their elytral and pronotal defensive secretions pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) as Noxides (PA N-oxides). The PA N-oxide patterns found in the beetles and their host plants were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Of the three host plantsAdenostyles alliariae (Asteraceae) is the exclusive source for PA N-oxide sequestration in the defensive secretions of the beetles. With the exception of O-acetylseneciphylline the N-oxides of all PAs ofA. alliariae, i.e. senecionine, seneciphylline, spartioidine, integerrimine, platyphylline and neoplatyphylline were identified in the secretion. PA N-oxides typical ofSenecio fuchsii (Asteraceae) were detected in the bodies of the beetles but not in their secretion. No PAs were found in the leaves of the third host plant,Petasites paradoxus (Asteraceae). The results suggest the existence of two distinctive storage compartments for PA N-oxides in the beetle: (1) the defensive secretion, containing specifically PA N-oxides acquired fromA. alliariae; (2) the body of the beetle, sequestering additionally but less selectively PA N-oxides from other sources,e.g. S. fuchsii or monocrotaline N-oxide fed in the laboratory. The concentration of PA N-oxides in the defensive secretion is in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 mol/1, which is more than 2.5 orders of magnitude higher than that found in the body of the beetle. No significant differences exist in the ability of the two species of beetles to sequester PA N-oxides fromA. alliariae, althoughO. speciosissima, but notO. cacaliae, produces autogenous cardenolides. A negative correlation seems to exist between the concentrations of plant-derived PA N-oxides andde novo synthesized cardenolides in the defensive secretion ofO. speciosissima.
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    Response of the predatorRhizophagus grandis to host plant derived chemicals inDendroctonus micans larval frass in wind tunnel experiments (Coleoptera: Rhizophagidae, Scolytidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 55-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: larval frass ; predator ; prey ; biological control ; kairomones ; Rhizophagus grandis ; Dendroctonus micans ; Coleoptera ; Rhizophagidae ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Adults of the predatory beetleRhizophagus grandis are strongly attracted to both adult and larval frass of its specific prey,Dendroctonus micans, in walking bioassays. Spruce bark and resin are relatively unattractive. Solvent extracts of larval frass that were attractive toR. grandis adults in a flight wind tunnel contained a mixture of monoterpenes of host plant origin. A synthetic mixture of these monoterpenes, (+)—α-pinene, (−)—β-pinene, β-phellandrene,dl limonene and 3-carene, was responsible for 70–80% of the activity of the most attractive extract. We suggest that a blend of monoterpenes in frass acts as a kairomone forR. grandis but that attraction to monoterpenes is only the first of a sequence of behavioural responses that ensures successful host location and identification.
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    The aggregation pheromone ofIps duplicatus and its role in competitive interactions withI. typographus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 103-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: competition ; inhibition ; sex-ratio ; mass-at-tack model ; ipsdienol ; E-myrcenol ; cis-verbenol ; 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ips duplicatus withI. typographus co-inhabiting Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) would benefit from a pheromone blend distinct from that of the larger competitorI. typographus. GC-MS analysis showed thatI. duplicatus males feeding in the host produced ipsdienol (Id),cis-verbenol (cV),trans-verbenol (tV), myrtenol (Mt), andE-myrcenol (EM) and traces of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MB).I. duplicatus produced Id in approximately racemic form (48.9-54.5% (+)-(S)-isomer). The amounts of Id and EM released over a 9 day period had a maximum of 250 and 5 ng/h/male, respectively, on day 2. Exposure ofI. duplicatus males to myrcene and α-pinene resulted in the production of small amounts of Id, cV, tV, Mt, andtrans-pinocarveol, but not of EM. In laboratory bioassays with walking beetles, the pheromone component Id alone was weakly attractive while EM was inactive, but in binary combination with Id strongly synergized attraction. A combination of EM and Id at a release rate equivalent to 100–200 males was more attractive in the field than 70 unmated males in a spruce log. The addition of myrcene ( a suggested pheromone precursor of Id) to Id did not enhance trap caches, while addition of EM increased catches 〉 10-fold. Subtracting EM from a blend of Id, EM, cV and MB drastically reduced trap catches while subtraction of cV or MB or both had no significant effect. Addition of EM over a wide concentration range to the synthetic pheromone ofI. typographus did not reduce the attraction of females of this species in the laboratory. A two-species pheromone interaction field test releasingI. typographus pheromone components (MB + cV) at 10–1000 male equivalents (ME) andI. duplicatus pheromone (Id + EM) at 0, 10–1000 ME in all possible combinations showed both positive intraspecific dose-response effects and an interspecific inhibition. Higher release rates of EM appeared to inhibitI. typographus, especially males. In a tree colonization model, the response of the two competing species to their respective pheromones show a good separation during the mass-attack with a small initial cross-attraction. It remains to be shown whether either of the two pheromone systems have in fact evolved in the present sympatry, or if they are an incidental effect of ancestry of these phylogenetically distantIps.
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    Sexual dimorphism in the lipid fraction of the defensive secretion ofGastrophysa viridula (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 766-770 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Gastrophysa viridula ; Chrysomelidae ; Coleoptera ; chemical defence ; acetates ; hydrocarbons ; gas-liquid chromatography ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; sexual dimorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The lipid fraction of the defensive secretion of adultGastrophysa viridula was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three long chain acetates and two methyl-branched hydrocarbons were identified and their amounts in the secretion of single field-collected and laboratory-reared beetles determined. The composition of the secretion was affected by the sex, reproductive status, and age of the beetle. The ratio of (Z)-11-eicosenyl acetate to (Z)-13-docosenyl acetate ranged from 0.30 to 0.78 in male beetles and from 1.05 to 2.06 in female beetles. The biological significance of this sexual dimorphism is discussed.
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    Female sex pheromone of the longhorn beetleMigdolus fryanus Westwood: N-(2′S)-methylbutanoyl 2-methylbutylamine (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 853-856 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Migdolus fryanus ; Coleoptera ; Cerambycidae ; N-2′-methylbutanoyl 2-methylbutylamine ; N-formyll-isoleucine methyl ester ; sex pheromone ; chiral resolution ; dose-response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The first known long-range female-released sex pheromone for the family Cerambycidae is reported fromMigdolus fryanus, a sugarcane pest in South America. Although two female-specific compounds, namely, N-(2′S)-methylbutanoyl 2-methylbutylamine and N-formyll-isoleucine methyl esters were identified, field tests with synthetic chemicals revealed that only the amide was active and that the amino acid derivative neither increased or decreased trap catches by the amide. This is the first identification of amide as a sex pheromone.
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    Apparent transgenerational effects of host plant in the leaf beetle Ophraella notulata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 96 (1993), S. 365-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Herbivory ; Host selection ; Maternal effect ; Paternal effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The natural host of Ophraella notulata is Iva frutescens (Asteraceae); its close relative feeds on a related plant, Ambrosia artemisiifolia. We reared beetles on both plants, obtained progeny from the four possible crosses (two sexes X two parental hosts), and reared the progeny on both plant species. Survival to the imaginal stage of progeny reared on Iva varied with both maternal and paternal host. Hatchling feeding response to both plants showed a maternal host X paternal host interaction. Consumption of Ambrosia by adult beetles was, counter to expectation, higher for progeny of Iva-reared males than Ambrosia-reared males. Oviposition response, although based on too few data to be definitive, was peculiar: parental host did not affect oviposition on Ambrosia; on Iva daughters of Iva-reared males laid significantly more eggs than did daughters of Ambrosia-reared males, but only if they had been reared on Iva; those reared on Ambrosia displayed the reverse pattern. We discuss the possibility that nongenetic paternal transmission of host plant effects may explain these results, but offer a somewhat uncomfortable hypothesis of selection as a preferable explanation. An important outcome of the experiment is that it provided no evidence of maternal effects of host plant on offspring feeding or oviposition.
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    Predator: non-predator ratios in beetle assemblages (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 90 (1992), S. 417-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Predator-prey ratios ; Trophic structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In common with samples from less taxonomically constrained studies, significant correlations exist between the numbers of predatory and non-predatory species in assemblages of terrestrial beetles. Under logarithmic transformation the relationship can be described reasonably well by a straight line. Explanations for predator: non-predator relationships based on the dynamics of trophic interactions (e.g. competition for prey types or enemy-free space) seem insufficient to explain this pattern, because within beetle assemblages the necessary interactions are so few. Of other proposed determinants, those based on the relationship of local and regional species pools, on energetics, or on non-trophic factors seem the most plausible candidates for explaining proportionality amongst beetles. Much of the deviation from the overall pattern can be accounted for by sampling method and latitude. Temperate samples have a higher proportion of predatory species than tropical, whilst litter and pitfall trap samples have higher proportions of predatory species than Malaise trap and fogging samples.
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    Guns and butter: a no cost defense against predation for Chrysomela confluens (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 92 (1992), S. 556-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Herbivory ; Chemical defense ; Sequestration ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chrysomela confluens produces a salicylaldehyde-based defensive secretion which is very effective against generalist predators and apparently produced at no cost. If no cost defenses are common, then one of the basic assumptions in the plant-herbivore literature, i.e. tradeoffs among defense, reproduction, and growth, must be reconsidered. We examined the effectiveness of this defense by exposing defended larvae and larvae whose secretion had been removed to a generalist predator. Larvae which had their secretions intact were attacked by only 7% of the ants which encountered them, and none of these larvae suffered serious damage. In contrast, those which had been “milked” of their secretions immediately prior to exposure were attacked in 48% of such encounters, and two-thirds of the larvae were killed. Larvae which had been milked 24 or 72 h before exposure, then allowed to regenerate their defenses, were attacked at rates indistinguishable from larvae that had not been milked. Thus regenerated defenses are just as effective as original defenses. We also tested the hypothesis that the cost of defense production and maintainence would be reflected in reductions in developmental rates and final adult mass and increases in leaf consumption rate. We found that larvae which were milked daily of their secretions manifested no measurable cost of recharging reservoirs. Milked larvae grew and fed at the same rates as their control sibs, and became adults of equal or slightly larger size. The liberation of glucose from salicin, a precursor present in leaves of salicaceous hosts, during the production of salicylaldehyde apparently provides enough of an energetic benefit to offset the cost of maintaining an effective defense. Consistent with this hypothesis, we did not find that milked larvae compensated for increased nutritional or salicin demands by increasing their feeding rates. Although this patterns is familiar to chemical ecologists it is generally unappreciated in the plant-herbivore literature. It is likely that many arthropod herbivore defensive systems come at little or no cost, given the intimacy of association between herbivores and their food plants. Sequestration of host plant defensive chemicals which eliminates the cost of synthesis is common in arthropods. The de novo synthesis of chemical defenses may be less costly than expected if it is integrated into other parts of an insects metabolism. Calculations based on the bond energies or molecular constitution of the compounds will not yield a complete perception of cost. Tests over the life of the herbivore, coupled with an understanding of the herbivore's metabolism, are necessary.
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    Field tests of a balloon-suspended trap system for studying insects in the canopy of tropical rainforests (1994)
    Springer
    Ecological research 9 (1994), S. 357-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: balloon system ; Coleoptera ; pollinators ; tree canopy ; wood borers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A system of suspending traps from a movable balloon was developed and tested on pollinating and wood boring Coleoptera in a tropical rainforest canopy in Pasoh Forest Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. The balloons, 2.5 m in diameter, were filled with helium gas for levitation and moored in different directions by three pieces of thin rope. Traps in which benzyl acetate and ethanol were used as attractants for the pollinators and wood borers, respectively, were suspended from the balloon at different heights. The trapping results show that the balloon system can be used for studying canopy insects and their vertical distribution on a spatial and temporal scale.
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    Role of glandular scales of lepidote rhododendrons in insect resistance (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1787-1798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) ; black vine weevil ; Ericaceae ; Rhododendron ; trichomes ; glandular scales ; essential oils ; volatiles ; plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Glandular scales on selected lepidote rhododendron species varied in density from 109 ± 13 to 4180 ± 60/cm2 of leaf surface. Globules contained within the scales stained with Sudan IV, a lipophilic dye. Essential oil contents of the scales varied with species from 24 ± 8 to 151 ± 35 ng/scale. Black vine weevil [(Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.)] feeding on leaves from a sample of rhododendron species was inversely related to leaf essential oil content, and weevil feeding on membrane filters was inhibited by application of essential oil extracts from leaves of most lepidote rhododendrons tested. Results suggest that the glandular scales of the lepidote rhododendrons function, at least in part, in plant defense against insects.
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    Attraction of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to a pheromone trap (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 723-752 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; pheromone ; release ; recapture ; diffusion ; model ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; trap ; marking ; dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The movement of bark beetles near an attractive pheromone source is described in terms of mathematical models of the diffusion type. To test the models, two release experiments involving 47,000 marked spruce bark beetles [Ips typographus (L.)] were performed. The attractive source was a pheromone trap, surrounded by eight concentric rings with eight passive trap stations on each ring. Captures were recorded every 2–10 minutes for the pheromone trap and once for the passive traps. The models were fitted to the distribution in time of the central pheromone trap catch and to the spatial distribution of catch among the passive traps. The first model that gives a reasonable fit consists of two phases: Phase one—After release the beetles move according to a diffusion process with drift towards the pheromone trap. The strength of the drift is inversely proportional to the distance from the traps. Phase two—those beetles attracted to, but not caught by, the pheromone trap are no longer influenced by the pheromone, and their movement is described by a diffusion process without drift. In phase two we work with a loss of beetles, whereas the experiment seems to indicate that the loss of beetles in phase one is negligible. As a second model, the following modification of phase one is considered: After release the beetles move according to a diffusion process without drift, until they start responding to the pheromone (with constant probability per unit time), whereafter they start moving according to a diffusion process with drift. This study, like other release experiments, shows that the efficiency of the pheromone trap is rather low. What is specific for the present investigation is that we try to explain this low efficiency in terms of dynamic models for insect movement. Two factors seem to contribute: Some beetles do not respond to pheromone at all, and some beetles disappear again after having been close to the pheromone trap. It also seems that the motility of the beetles decreased after they ceased responding to the pheromone. Furthermore, the data lend some support to the hypothesis that flight exercise increases the response of the beetles to pheromone.
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    Receptor cells inIps typographus andDendroctonus micans specific to pheromones of the reciprocal genus (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 759-769 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; Dendroctonus micans ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; exo-brevicomin ; (+)-ipsdienol ; single-cell recordings ; interspecific attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Olfactory receptor cells were studied electrophysiologically inIps typographus andDendroctonus micans. The investigation revealed cells which were keyed to pheromone compounds characteristic of the reciprocal genus. Thus, cells keyed toexo-brevicomin were found inI. typographus, whereas cells keyed to (+)-ipsdienol were present inD. micans. Laboratory behavioral tests indicated an attractive effect of the two compounds on beetles of the reciprocal genus. InI. typographus the effect ofexo-brevicomin predominantly concerned males and enhanced their response to the pheromone “ipslure.” It is suggested thatexo-brevicomin serves as an interspecific attractant forI. typographus, which may be guided by pheromone compounds of the reciprocal genus in finding suitable breeding material. The function of (+)-ipsdienol inD. micans is more uncertain. It may be either a pheromone or an interspecific messenger.
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    Olfaction in the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Electroantennogram studies (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1759-1785 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotton boll weevil ; Anthonomus grandis ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; pheromone ; kairomone ; plant odor ; olfaction ; electroantennogram ; attractant ; host plant ; green leaf volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram (EAG) techniques were utilized to measure the antennal olfactory responsiveness of adult boll weevils,Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to 38 odorants, including both insect and host plant (Gossypium hirsutum L.) volatiles. EAGs of both sexes were indicative of at least two receptor populations: one receptor population primarily responsive to pheromone components and related compounds, the other receptor population primarily responsive to plant odors. Similar responses to male aggregation pheromone components (i.e., compounds I, II, and III + IV) were obtained from both sexes, but females were slightly more sensitive to I. Both sexes were highly responsive to components of the “green leaf volatile complex,” especially the six-carbon saturated and monounsaturated primary alcohols. Heptanal was the most active aldehyde tested. More acceptors responded to oxygenated monoterpenes than to monoterpene hydrocarbons. β-Bisabolol, the major volatile of cotton, was the most active sesquiterpene. In general, males, which are responsible for host selection and pheromone production, were more sensitive to plant odors than were females. In fact, males were as sensitive to β-bisabolol and heptanal as to aggregation pheromone components. Electrophysiological data are discussed with regard to the role of insect and host plant volatiles in host selection and aggregation behavior of the boll weevil.
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    Quantitative variation of pheromone components in the spruce bark beetleIps typographus from different attack phases (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1029-1055 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; spruce bark beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol ; ipsenol ; cis-verbenol ; ipsdienol ; trans-verbenol ; verbenone ; myrtenol ; trans-myrtanol ; 2-phenylethanol ; ß-isophorone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ips typographus beetles were collected in the field, separated into eight attack phases (from beetles walking on the trunk of a tree under attack to those excavating gallery systems with a mother gallery longer than 4 cm), and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol,cis- andtrans-verbenol, verbenone, myrtenol, trans-myrtanol, ipsenol, ipsdienol, and 2-phenylethanol were quantified from excised hindguts against an internal standard, heptyl acetate, in the extraction solvent. Methylbutenol, the pinene alcohols, and 2-phenylethanol showed the same pattern of variation between attack phases in males, with the largest amounts present before accepting females and then a fast decline. Ipsenol and ipsdienol were not detected in males before the females were accepted, and the amounts increased when the females start their egg laying. Verbenone occurred only in trace amounts. The beetles were sampled from five Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) of differing resin flow. The correlations between the nine pheromone components and five major host monoterpenes in the gut showed that the variation in the amount of methyl-butenol, ipsenol, and ipsdienol could not be explained by the variation in the amounts of host monoterpenes. In contrast over 80% of the quantitative variation ofcis-verbenol,trans-verbenol, and myrtenol was explained by the amount of α-pinene. The nine pheromone components from 36 individual males were also quantified. Both methylbutenol andcis-verbenol showed a large variation in both amounts and proportions. Females containedtrans-verbenol and traces of most other components found in males. When accepted by the male, they also contained a female-specific compound, β-isophorone. Behavioral and biosynthetic implications of the results are discussed.
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    Attraction of pinyon pine bark beetle,Ips hoppingi, to conspecific andI. confusus pheromones (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2791-2798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; pinyon pine ; bark beetle ; cross-attraction ; Ips hoppingi ; Ips confusus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Pinus discolor ; Pinus edulis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of a pinyon pine bark beetle,Ips hoppingi Lanier, were less attracted by the aggregation pheromone produced by conspecific males than by the pheromone produced by the neighboring sibling species,I. confusus (LeConte). Cross-attraction was elicited by males infesting the regional pinyon pine hosts (P. discolor andP. edulis) of eitherIps species in south-eastern Arizona. Pheromonal specificity has not accompanied speciation in this species pair.
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    (+)-Juniperol and (+)-pimaral: Attractants for the cerambycid beetle,Monochamus alternatus Hope (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3383-3392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Monochamus alternatus Hope ; Coleoptera ; Cerambycidae ; female ; Pinus densiflora ; Pinus thunbergii ; attractants ; (+)-juniperol ; (+)-pimaral ; sesquiterpenes ; diterpenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sesquiterpene and a diterpene were isolated from sound pines and identified as (+)-juniperol and (+)-pimaral, respectively. The combination of these compounds in a certain ratio induced a significant laboratory flight response by the female cerambycid beetle,Monochamus alternatus Hope. Individual compounds elicited a limited response only.
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    Defense chemicals from abdominal glands of 13 rove beetle species of subtribe staphylinina (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2691-2711 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Staphylinina ; chemical defense ; abdominal glands ; iridoids ; iridodial ; ketones ; cyclic compounds ; spiroacetals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Forty-one volatile constituents have been characterized from the abdominal defensive glands of 13 Staphylinina rove beetle species (Staphylinidae). The major secretion component, a rapidly polymerizing iridoid dialdehyde (in most cases iridodial), is mainly accompanied by variable amounts of some iridoid lactones, traces of actinidine, some possible monoterpene precursors, short-chain ketones, cyclic compounds, and spiroacetals. The secretion mixtures even of single Staphylinina genera are very heterogenously composed of a variety of active substances with different structures. This situation may be a typical feature of iridoid defense systems based upon a primary fixative major compound and clearly differs from other chemical defense systems (for example the quinone system) which have a toxic main component.
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    Glucosinolate levels in cotyledons of mustard,Brassica juncea L. and rape,B. napus L. do not determine feeding rates of flea beetle,Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2735-2746 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Glucosinolate ; sinigrin ; glucobrassicin ; sulfur ; crucifer ; Brassica juncea ; B. napus ; flea beetle ; Phyllotreta cruciferae ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; feeding ; cotyledon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sinigrin (allyl glucosinolate), the major glucosinolate in the cotyledons ofBrassica juncea cv. Cutlass, occurred in the highest concentration and amount at seedling emergence and declined during growth. Glucobrassicin (3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate), the major glucosinolate in the cotyledons ofB. napus cv. Westar, occurred in the lowest concentration and amount at seedling emergence. The amount of glucobrassicin per cotyledon pair increased about fourfold during 14 days of growth, but its concentration remained relatively unchanged because of “dilution” by increasing cotyledon biomass. These different glucosinolate profiles indicate a different metabolic control and different biological function for sinigrin and glucobrassicin. The flea beetle,Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze, does not discriminate between cotyledons having sinigrin or glucobrassicin since the two crucifers were fed upon equally in choice tests. Restricting the concentration of sulfur in the nutrient medium accelerated the decline of sinigrin inB. juncea cv. Cutlass but did not alter the feeding rate ofP. cruciferae compared to controls. Sulfur restriction reduced glucobrassicin inB. napus cv. Westar to undetectable levels and somewhat reduced the feeding rate of P.Cruciferae. Nevertheless,P. cruciferae still fed actively on cotyledons ofB. napus cv. Westar depleted of glucosinolates and severely damaged many of them. Since glucosinolate type and concentration had little effect on feeding response, reduction or elimination of foliar glucosinolates alone would not seem a useful strategy for protecting seedlings of these two crucifers from flea beetle damage.
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    Male-produced aggregation pheromone of the american palm weevil,Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): Collection, identification, electrophysiogical activity, and laboratory bioassay (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2127-2141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aggregation pheromone ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Rhynchophorus palmarum ; American palm weevil ; (2E)-6-methy1-2-hepten-4-ol ; synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male American palm weevils (APWs),Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.) produced two sex-specific compounds, which were disclosed by volatile collections on Supelpak-2 and gas chromatography. One was a minor compound, not always detected. The major male-produced volatile was identified as (2E)-6-methyl-2-hepten-4-ol through coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and rational synthesis. We propose the trivial name rhynchophorol for this new molecule, which proved to be the essential component of the APW aggregation pheromone by electroantennography, coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography and behavioral bioassays.
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    Response ofDendroctonus brevicomis andIps paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to combinations of synthetic pheromone attractants and inhibitors verbenone and ipsdienol (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2163-2176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Ips paraconfusus ; bark beetle ; verbenone ; ipsdienol ; pheromones ; inhibitors ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract DendroctonusBrevicomis andIps paraconfusus are sympatric bark beetle species colonizingPinus ponderosa in western North America. Interspecific and intraspecific competition for resources is, in part, mediated through semiochemicals. The response ofD. brevicomis to its attractant pheromone was significantly reduced by simultaneous release of either verbenone or racemic ipsdienol. Trap catch was significantly further reduced by including both inhibitors with the attractant pheromones. However, although the response ofIps paraconfusus was significantly inhibited with the addition of either verbenone or racemic ipsdienol, both compounds together did not result in a significant further reduction in trap catch. There was a trend for greater reduction in response ofD. brevicomis to attractant pheromones with increased release rates of either 69% (+)-/31% (−)-verbenone or 84% (−)-/16% (+)-verbenone. Response of associates to attractants and inhibitor combinations was also determined.
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    Effect of trichome B exudate ofSolanum berthaultii Hawkes on consumption by the colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1547-1555 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Colorado potato beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; S. berthaultii ; S. tuberosum ; trichome ; antifeedant ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The leaf extract fromS. berthaultii Hawkes (PI 473340) contains exudate from trichomes (type B). Consumption ofS. tuberosum var. Norchip foliage by the Colorado potato beetleLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) was reduced when treated with the leaf extract. The leaf extract from a resistantS. berthaultii clone without type B trichome had no antifeedant activity. It suggests that more than one mechanism of resistance to the Colorado potato beetle exists inS. berthaultii.
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    Fumigant toxicity of essential oils against four major stored-product insects (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 499-504 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sitophilus oryzae ; Curculionidae ; Rhyzopertha dominica ; Bostrichidae ; Oryzaephilus surinamensis ; Cucujidae ; Tribolium castaneum ; Tenebrionidae ; Coleoptera ; essential oils ; fumigant toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The fumigant toxicity of 28 essential oils extracted from various spice and herb plants and some of their major constituents were assessed for adult coleopteransRhyzopertha dominica, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Tribolium castaneum, andSitophilus oryzae. Three groups of active materials were distinguished: (1) The compounds terpinen 4-ol, 1,8-cineole, and the essential oils of three-lobed sage, sage, bay laurel, rosemary, and lavender were most active againstR. dominica; (2) The compounds linalool,α-terpineol, and carvacrol and the essential oils of oregano, basil, Syrian marjoram, and thyme were most active againstO. surinamensis; and (3) the compound 1,8-cineole and the essential oils anise and peppermint were active againstT. castaneum.
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    Variation in semiochemical-mediated prey-predator interaction:Ips pini (Scolytidae) andThanasimus dubius (Cleridae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 515-524 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips pini ; Thanasimus dubius ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Cleridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The bark beetleIps pini (Say) displays variation in its response to and production of enantiomeric blends of its pheromone ipsdienol. One of the principal predators ofIps pini isThanasimus dubius (F.), which uses ipsdienol as a kairomone for prey location. During 1988 and 1989, in Wisconsin and Michigan, the response of both species to a range of enantiomeric blends of ipsdienol was investigated. Blends tested had the following ratios of the (S)-(+) to (R)-(−) enantiomers: 3%∶97%, 25%∶75%, 50%∶50%, 75%∶25%, and 97%∶3%. Either75% (+) ∶ 25% (−) or 50% (+)∶ 50% (−) ipsdienol captured the mostIps pini in both years at both sites. The 25% (+)∶75% (−) blend also caught moreIps pini than the control during both years at both sites. All blends tested were attractive toThanasimus dubius in both years at both locations. Blend preferences of both species were variable and labile at both sites. Response patterns of both species in Wisconsin were different from those in Michigan each year. Furthermore, response patterns of both species to the ipsdienol blends changed from 1988 to 1989 at both locations. A genetic component to this variation would permit predator-prey coevolution, as well as the development of resistance byIps pini to management strategies based on mass-trapping with single blends.
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    (Z)-oxacyclotridec-10-en-2-one does not appear to be responsible for resistance to adult alfalfa weevil feeding exhibited byMedicago rugosa (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 535-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Hypera postica ; alfalfa weevil ; Medicago rugosa ; Medicago sativa ; insect resistance ; (Z)-oxacyclotridec10-en-2-one ; cis-9-dodecen-12-olide ; (Z)-12-hydroxydodec-9-enoic acid lactone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Steam distillate prepared from leaves ofMedicago rugosa Desr. could inhibit feeding by adult alfalfa weevils (Hypera postica (Gyll.) on membrane filters, whereas an equivalent amount of steam distillate prepared usingM. sativa L. had no effect on weevil feeding. Earlier work established that a 12-carbon lactone, (Z)-oxacyclotridec-10-en-2-one, was responsible for the feeding deterrent properties of the steam distillate fromM. rugosa. The concentration of this volatile varied with plant age and leaf position. The maximum concentration in leaves ofM. rugosa (area basis) was estimated, on the basis of tests using an inert substrate, to be too low to cause a detectable inhibition of feeding. No correlation between lactone content and weevil feeding was detected when leaves from similar positions on plants of different ages were used in a multiple choice bioassay. Although small amounts (〈 12.5μg) of (Z)-oxacyclotridec-10-en-2-one can inhibit adult alfalfa weevil feeding on 13-mm-diameter membrane filters, because leaf concentrations (area basis) of this compound are lower than required to cause a detectable inhibition of feeding on the inert substrate, and because concentrations do not correlate with weevil feeding, it is unlikely that this lactone is responsible for resistance to adult alfalfa weevil feeding exhibited byM. rugosa.
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    1-Octen-3-ol, attractive semiochemical for foreign grain beetle,Ahasverus advena (Waltl) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 567-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ahasverus advena (Waltl) ; foreign grain beetle ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae ; 1-octen-3-ol ; volatile attractant ; aggregation pheromone ; population density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatiles were captured on Porapak Q from foreign grain beetles,Ahasverus advena (Waltl), feeding on rolled oats at various population densities. At low population density, males, females, and mixed-sex beetles four to six weeks posteclosion and older produced 1-octen-3-ol. Mixed-sex beetles emitted almost pure (R)-(−) enantiomer. Weekly production rates of 1-octen-3-ol by males were at least four times greater than those of females. Production of 1-octen-3-ol was barely detectable in volatiles from mixed-sex adults maintained at the highest population density. Laboratory bioassays in a two-choice, pitfall olfactometer modified to retain responding beetles revealed that 1-octen-3-ol serves as an aggregation pheromone forA. advena. Both racemic and chiral 1-octen-3-ols were good attractants for mixed-sex adults in the pitfall olfactometer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982127
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    Enantiomeric synthesis of dominicalure, aggregation pheromone of lesser grain borer,Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1921-1925 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lesser grain borer ; Rhyzopertha dominica (F) ; Coleoptera ; Bostrichidae ; aggregation pheromone ; chiral synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (S)-(+)-1-Methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate,1, and (S)-(+)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate2, the aggregation pheromone for lesser grain borerRhyzopertha dominica (F). were synthesized from crotylaldehyde in an overall yield of 30%. The chiral intermediate6 was prepared in 90% enantiomer excess, employing the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation.
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    Ipsenol: an aggregation pheromone forIps latidens (Leconte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1517-1527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; ipsenol ; cis-verbenol ; chirality ; Ips latidens ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; predator ; kairomone ; Enoclerus sphegeus ; Thanasimus undatulus ; Cleridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ipsenol was identified from the frass of male, but not female,Ips latidens from British Columbia, feeding in phloem tissue of lodgepole pine,Pinus contorta var.latifolia. The responses ofJ. latidens to sources of ips-enol andcis-verbenol were determined with multiple-funnel traps in stands of lodgepole pine in British Columbia. Ipsenol attracted both male and femaleI. latidens, verifying that it is a pheromone for this species. MaleI. latidens showed a slight preference for (S)-(−)-ipsenol.cis-Verbenol was not produced by beetles of either sex and, in contrast to an earlier report, both enantiomers inhibited attraction to ipsenol-baited traps. The predators,Enoclerus sphegeus andThanasimus undatulus (Cleridae), were attracted to traps baited withcis-verbenol and ipsenol.
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    Flight and landing behavior ofTrypodendron lineatum (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in response to different semiochemicals (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2589-2604 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trypodendron lineatum ; ambrosia beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; semiochemicals ; flight behavior ; wind tunnel ; drainpipe trap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responses of the striped ambrosia beetle,Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), to modified drainpipe traps baited with the host attractant ethanol, the aggregation pheromone lineatin, both alone and in combination, were studied in a wind tunnel. Exposure of males to ethanol increased their frequency of steady, upwind flight; however, only lineatin was effective in inducing them to land on and enter the traps. In contrast, exposure of females to either ethanol or lineatin alone resulted in an increased frequency of trap landing and entry. Both compounds released simultaneously did not significantly increase the frequency of trap landing and entry for either sex. These responses are consistent with the life history strategies used by both sexes to seek and colonize suitable host material.
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    Evidence for volatile chemical attractants in the beetleMaladera matrida argaman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2673-2685 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Maladera matrida ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; collection of volatiles ; field trapping ; olfactometer ; attractants ; host plant volatiles ; synergism ; aggregation ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract TheMaladera matrida beetle (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae), a relatively new species to science, was first identified in Israel in 1983. In the course of field observations it was found that adultM. matrida beetles emerged from the soil at sunset to feed and mate. During the first 20 min of flight, most of the beetles were males. The females emerged shortly afterwards, and aggregations numbering 20–30 individuals with equal proportions of males and females were eventually formed on peanut plants. Laboratory olfactometer bioassays showed that peanut leaves (food) attracted both males and females. Field-trapping experiments and olfactometer studies showed thatM. matrida beetles were highly attracted by live virgin females in the presence of food (cut-up peanut leaves). Another set of field trapping experiments indicated that airborne volatiles produced by live virgin females plus food had the same attracting ability as live virgin females plus food. The attraction exerted by the combination of live virgin females and peanut leave volatiles suggests a synergism effect. Accordingly, we propose a two-stage mechanism of chemical communication in theM. matrida beetles: first, the males cause mechanical damage to the host plant to attract both sexes; later, the females emit attractants (sex pheromone) while eating or shortly thereafter.
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    Allelochemicals produced during glucosinolate degradation in soil (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2021-2034 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rapeseed ; Brassica spp. ; isothiocyanate ; thiocyanate ; defatted ; seed meal ; allelochemicals ; Limonius infuscatus ; wireworms ; Coleoptera ; Elateridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A variety of plant pests are suppressed by the incorporation of cruciferous plant material into soil. Although this effect is attributed to decomposition of glucosinolates into toxic products, little is known concerning glucosinolate degradation in the soil environment. Arenas (30 × 18 × 8 cm) that contained soil amended with 30 g defatted winter rapeseed meal (Brassica napus L.)/kg soil on one half and unamended soil on the other were constructed. Isothiocyanate concentrations in the soil were measured using infrared analysis of CC14 extracts, and ionic thiocyanate (SCN−) using ion chromatography on aqueous extracts. Quantities were monitored during a 100-hr time period in conjunction with a wireworm bioassay. Isothiocyanate production reached a maximum of 301 nmol/g soil at 2 hr, but decreased by 90% within 24 hr. Production of SCN− reached a maximum of 180 nmol/g soil at 8 hr but persisted longer than isothiocyanate. Separate late instar wire-worms (Limonius infuscatus Mots.) were repelled by the presence of rapeseed meal in less than 24 hr even though the meal was shown in separate experiments not to be toxic. We propose that rapidly produced isothiocyanates are responsible for this repellency, but other products such as SCN− may play a role.
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    The role of lanierone in the chemical ecology ofIps pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in California (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2305-2329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Cleridae ; Trogositidae ; Pteromalidae ; Ips pini ; Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Enoclerus lecontei ; Enoclerus sphegeus ; Temnochila chlorodia ; Tomicobia tibialis ; ipsdienol ; lanierone ; aggregation pheromone ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Five doses of lanierone (2-hydroxy-4,4,6-trimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one) were tested with one dose of enantiomerically pure [99.4% (4R)-(−)] ipsdienol (2-methyl-6-methylene-2,7-octadien-4-ol) for activity as an aggregation pheromone ofIps pini (Say) in California. The response ofI. pini to 1 mg/day ipsdienol + 20 μg/day lanierone was significantly greater than the response to ipsdienol alone, but the response pattern did not demonstrate a clear dose-response relationship. The response to the highest dose of lanierone (2 mg/day) was significantly lower than the response to ipsdienol alone. Ipsdienol attracted significantly moreI. pini than a male-infested log. Lanierone did not alter the percentage of maleI. pini responding to ipsdienol alone. Neither sex ofI. pini orDendroctonus brevicomis LeConte from California produced detectable amounts of lanierone, but myrcene-aerated maleD. brevicomis produced 97.8%-(4S)-(+)-ipsdienol. The black-bellied clerid,Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) was attracted to lanierone when released with ipsdienol. Neither compound was attractive when released alone, proving synergism for the kairomone of this predator. Lanierone did not influence the response of the predatorsTemnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae) andEnoclerus sphegeus (F.) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), which were attracted to all treatments containing ipsdienol.Tomicobia tibialis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) responded in significantly greater numbers to the male-infested log than it did to ipsdienol or ipsdienol + 20 μg/day lanierone.
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    Attraction of bark beetles,Tomicus piniperda,Hylurgops palliatus, andTrypodendron domesticum and other insects to short-chain alcohols and monoterpenes (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2385-2402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host-plant selection ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Nitidulidae ; Rhizophagidae ; Calliphoridae ; Diptera ; semiochemical ; monoterpenes ; methanol ; ethanol ; propanol ; terpinolene ; α-pinene ; 3-carene ; verbenone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several Scandinavian forest insects,Hylurgops palliatus, Tomicus piniperda, andTrypodendron domesticum (Coleoptera: Scolytidae),Rhizophagus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Rhizophagidae) andPollenia spp. (Diptera: Calliphoridae) were attracted to window traps baited with ethanol and placed on Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris) in May–June, 1986. Release of ethanol at increasing relative rates of 0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 (800 mg/day) from the window traps on trees in 1987 causedH. palliatus, T. domesticum, andR. ferrugineus to be increasingly attracted, whileT. piniperda was equally attracted at both 0.1 and 1.0 rates. The attraction ofT. piniperda to ethanol was weak compared to attraction to a monoterpene mix, (±)-α-pinene, (+)-3-carene, terpinolene. The terpene mix plus ethanol was significantly more attractive toH. palliatus than ethanol alone, but terpenes significantly reduced the attraction ofT. domesticum to ethanol. Baiting of pipe traps with a series of short-chain alcohols (methanol to hexanol) each alone showed that ethanol was greatly preferred byH. palliatus, T. domesticum, andR. ferrugineus over alcohols of one more or one less carbon, while longer-chain alcohols were not attractive. However,Glischrochilus hortensis (Col.: Nitidulidae) was attracted only to propanol. A series of 10-fold increasing release rates of ethanol (0.0001-1.0, where 1.0=800 mg/day) with either a “low” or “high” release of the terpene mix had various effects on the sexes during their attraction to pipe traps and subsequent entering of holes. Release of (−)-verbenone at 0.25 mg/day had no significant effect onH. palliatus orR. ferrugineus attraction to ethanol, but the response ofT. domesticum to ethanol was reduced. Several theories on olfactory mechanisms of host selection byT. piniperda are integrated and placed in ecological perspective.
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    Mechanism of aggregation behavior inMaladera matrida Argaman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 361-371 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Maladera matrida ; aggregation ; plant volatiles ; olfactometer ; attractant ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract AdultMaladera matrida Argaman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) males emerge from soil for an active period at dusk, a few minutes before the females. Adults are found during most of the active hours on the foliage in aggregations composed of an equal sex ratio. The mechanism of aggregation behavior ofM. matrida beetles was studied in a Y-shaped olfactometer. No evidence was found for the existence of an aggregation pheromone released either by males or by females, but behavior tests indicate that adultM. matrida beetles, males as well as females, are attracted to volatiles of an injured host plant. The following scenario is suggested: Males emerge daily from soil at dusk, a few minutes before the females, and immediately start feeding. Additional males are attracted to the injured host's volatiles and form aggregations. When females emerge from soil, the attractant volatiles are concentrated in spots, and the females join the aggregations, forming an equal sex ratio.
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    Evidence of an aggregation pheromone in the flea beetle,Phyllotreta Cruciferae (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 875-884 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aggregation pheromone ; olfactometer ; field trapping ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Phyllotreta cruciferae ; Brassica napus ; crucifer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory olfactometer bioassays and field trapping experiments showed that the flea beetle,Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), was highly attracted by oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.) when flea beetles were on the plant. This attraction was mediated by a flea beetle-produced aggregation pheromone based upon: (1) Oilseed rape damaged mechanically, or byP. cruciferae, or by diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.), did not attractP. cruciferae. (2) Contact with the plants or feeding was required for the production of aggregation pheromone because oilseed rape alone was not attractive when separated from flea beetles by a screen. (3) Equal numbers of males and females were attracted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988328
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    Response of flea beetles,Phyllotreta spp., to mustard oils and nitriles in field trapping experiments (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 863-873 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Alticinae ; Phyllotreta cruciferae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trapping experiments were carried out near Winnipeg, Canada, in the spring of 1987 and 1988 to test attraction of crucifer-feeding flea beetles to volatile glucosinolate (GS) hydrolysis products released from glass vials. Nine isothiocyanates (IC) or mustard oils and three nitriles (CN) were tested. The pattern of attraction was the same for both flea beetle species,Phyllotreta cruciferae, andP. striolata. Captures in traps baited with allyl IC increased as release rates increased from 0.04 mg/day to 40 mg/day. The lowest rate that attracted large numbers of beetles was 4 mg/day; therefore this rate was used for further experiments. More beetles were captured in traps baited with allyl IC than with any other compound. In 1988 only, four IC in addition to allyl IC were attractive to both species; namely, benzyl IC, ethyl IC, and a mixture of ethyl and methyl 4-isothiocyanatobutyrate (ICB). When captures of the two species were pooled, 3-methylthiopropyl IC, methyl ICB, andn-butyl IC were also found to be significantly attractive. Nitriles were the least attractive compounds. The high release rates of mustard oils required to attract flea beetles indicate that fields ofBrassica crops would release sufficient quantities of IC to attract flea beetles from a distance but individual or small groups of plants normally would not. It is concluded thatBrassica varietal resistance to flea beetles is unlikely to be affected by manipulating IC release.
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    Tasting green leaf volatiles by larvae and adults of Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 753-769 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Contact chemoreception ; electrophysiology ; taste ; leaf alcohols ; galeal sensilla ; feeding behavior ; host selection ; gustatory coding ; Colorado potato beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae and adults of the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), are shown to have galeal gustatory cells that are highly sensitive to distillate of potato leaf extracts, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexenal, and other saturated and unsaturated six-carbon alcohols. In larvae and adults, the sensory response patterns elicited by leaf homogenate, leaf distillate and a mixture of these two extracts differ in subtle ways. Beetle larvae feed most readily on Millipore disks treated with leaf homogenate and the mixture, but they did not feed on disks treated with leaf distillate. The differences in behavioral response and sensory input are used to derive a potential gustatory code that may stimulate different levels of feeding. This code may be disrupted by compounds present in nonhost leaves, thus leading to reduced feeding. Possible interactions of sapid leaf volatiles, amino acids, sugars, and potentially deterrent plant compounds are discussed.
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    (S)-(+)-Ipsdienol: Interspecific inhibition ofIps latidens (leconte) byIps pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1577-1582 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Ips latidens ; Ips pini ; interspecific communication ; synomone ; pheromone ; ipsenol ; ipsdienol ; chirality ; enantiospecificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In south-central British Columbia, the attraction ofIps latidens (LeConte) to its pheromone, ipsenol, was inhibited by (S)−(+)-ipsdienol, a pheromone forI. pini (Say). (R)-(−)−lpsdienol had no effect onI. latidens. (S)−(+)-lpsdienol probably plays a role in interspecific communication between the two species, facilitating reductions in interspecific competition for breeding material and/or interspecific mating interference.
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    Comparison of volatiles from beetle-transmittedCeratocystis fagacearum and four non-insect-dependent fungi (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1623-1632 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oak wilt ; Ceratocystis fagacearum ; headspace volatiles ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; Carpophilus hemipterus ; Carpophilus lugubris ; Stelidota geminata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ceratocystis fagacearum (Bretz) Hunt is the causative agent of oak wilt disease, which is transmitted primarily by nitidulid beetles. This fungus was compared with four non-insect-dependent fungi for their volatile profiles using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and for their attractiveness to nitidulids using a wind-tunnel bioassay. The four additional fungi includedXerula radicata Sing,Pluteus atricapillus Kumm,Tyromyces chioneus Karst, andBotrytis cinerea. Nitidulids have been reported in association with each of these fungi, but unlikeC. fagacearum, they are dispersed primarily by wind or rain. Significant attraction of three nitidulid species,Carpophilus hemipterus (Linne),C. lugubris Murray, andStelidota geminata (Say) was elicited byC. fagacearum and to a lesser extent byX. radicata, but not by the others. A comparison of headspace volatile profiles showed that the odor ofC. fagacearum was the strongest, both with regard to the number of components and in their rates of production. Chemical characterization of the headspace profile ofC. fagacearum revealed 16 components: one aldehyde, one ketone, five alcohols, and nine esters. These components were all common fruit-odor constituents and many of them were previously shown to be attractive to nitidulid beetles. The results of this study suggest that, by mimicking food odors,C. fagacearum odor is an adaptation for attracting nitidulid and possibly other insect vectors.
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    Impact of acidic deposition onEncelia farinosa gray (Compositae: Asteraceae) and feeding preferences ofTrirhabda geminata horn (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 97-105 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Encelia farinosa ; Asteraceae ; Trirhabda geminata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; feeding preferences ; acidic deposition ; plant stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Container grownEncelia farinosa were exposed to three 3-hr episodes of acidic fog (pH 2.5) typical of events in southern California. Adults and larvae of the specialist leaf-feeding herbivore,Trirhabda geminata, preferred to feed on the acidic-treated foliage compared to control fogged (pH 6.3–6.5) foliage. Previous feeding damage on the plants did not affect feeding preference. The acidic-fogged foliage was significantly higher in total nitrogen and soluble protein but not different from control-treated tissue in water content. Stress on native populations of this drought-deciduous shrub caused by atmospheric pollutants may also result in altered feeding ecology of the beetle.
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    Reduced offspring production in bark beetleTomicus piniperda in pine bolts baited with ethanol and α-pinene, which attract antagonistic insects (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1429-1444 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tomicus piniperda ; Thanasimus formicarius ; Rhizophagus depressus ; Rhizophagus ferrugineus ; Epuraea spp. ; Acanthocinus aedilis ; predators ; competitors ; attractants ; α-pinene ; ethanol ; Scolytidae ; Cleridae ; Rhizophagidae ; Cerambycidae ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bolts of Scots pine,Pinus sylvestris L., attacked by the bark beetleTomicus piniperda (L.) were baited with ethanol and α-pinene to attract antagonistic insects and thereby enhance their detrimental effects on the production of bark beetle progeny. Unbaited and caged bolts were included in the experiments as controls. Attraction of beetles to the bolts and subsequent emergence were estimated using traps. Six phloem-feeding species (potential competitors ofT. piniperda) and four predatory species were caught in significantly higher numbers at the baited bolts than at the unbaited ones. The number of offspring and the productivity ofT. piniperda were four to seven times higher in unbaited bolts than in baited bolts. Exclusion of other insects, by using cages, resulted in a nine-fold increase in the number ofT. piniperda offspring per square meter and productivity (offspring per egg gallery) compared with unbaited, exposed bolts.Hylurgops palliatus (Gyll.) (Scolytidae) andRhagium inquisitor (L.) (Cerambycidae) attacked both the baited and unbaited bolts, whereasAcanthocinus aedilis (L.) (Cerambycidae) andPytho depressus (L.) (Pythidae) reproduced almost exclusively in the baited ones. Large numbers of larvae ofThanasimus (Cleridae) andRhizophagus (Rhizophagidae) emerged from both the baited and unbaited bolts. Adults ofPlegaderus vulneratus (Panzer) andCylister linearis (Er.) (Histeridae) emerged almost exclusively from the baited bolts. The low progeny production ofT. piniperda in the baited bolts was attributed largely to the influence of adults ofRhizophagus andEpuraea (Nitidulidae), and larvae ofThanasimus andA. aedilis.
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    Male-produced aggregation pheromone ofCarpophilus obsoletus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1483-1493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Carpophilus obsoletus ; sap beetle ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; aggregation pheromone ; hydrocarbon ; tetraene ; date
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males ofCarpophilus obsoletus Erichson produce an aggregation pheromone to which both sexes respond. The pheromone was identified by GC-MS as (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4,6,8-undecatetraene (1), which is also a minor constituent of the pheromone blends ofC. hemipterus (L.),C. freemani Dobson, andC. lugubris Murray. The pheromone was synergized in wind-tunnel bioassays by propyl acetate, a “host-type” coattractant. In a dose-response study, 50 pg of1, plus propyl acetate, was significantly more attractive than just propyl acetate. Pheromone emission from groups of 65 males, feeding on artificial diet, averaged 2.2 ng/male/day. Emissions from individual males were larger, averaging 72 ng/day and ranging as high as 388 ng/day. Synthetic1 was tested in a date garden in southern California (500 µg/rubber septum), using fermenting whole-wheat bread dough as the coattractant. The pheromone plus dough attracted significantly more beetles than dough alone (means were 4.2 and 0.0 beetles per week per trap). Captured beetles were 54% females. Field trap catches were highest during the months of July and August.
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    Identification and synthesis of female sex pheromone of Oriental beetle,Anomala orientalis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2415-2427 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Anomala orientalis ; Oriental beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)- and (E)-7-tetradecen-2-one ; DMDS derivatization ; flight tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the Oriental beetle,Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse), release a sex pheromone composed of a 9:1 blend of (Z)- and (E)-7-tetradecen-2-one. The double-bond position of the pheromone was determined by DMDS derivatization and interpretation of the fragmentation patterns produced by monounsaturated ketones. In a sustained-flight tunnel, males responded by flying toward female beetles and attempting to copulate with them. Both effluvium and whole-body extracts of OB females were analyzed, and the activity was found only in the airborne extracts. Flight-tunnel bioassays also showed that a synthetic 90:10Z/E blend on a rubber septum was attractive and that the responses of males to this blend were equivalent toZ isomer alone, but much better than to the singleE isomer.
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    Field trapping ofMigdolus fryanus westwood (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) using natural sex pheromone (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 245-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Natural attractant ; pheromone ; Migdolus fryanus ; Coleoptera ; Cerambycidade ; male response ; sugarcane pest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Migdolus fryanus is a sugarcane pest restricted to South America that is becoming more important due to the inefficacy of control methods against it. The larvae bore into the plant root system and the available insecticides can not give adequate protection. So, the search for alternate control strategies is mandatory. However, the literature on bioethological studies of the species is scarce. This work investigates the attraction of adult males in the field by females that is mediated by a sex pheromone that remains to be identified. Dissected female thoraces were more attractive than other body parts. A trap design for monitoring field populations of this species also is presented.
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    Male-specific tetraene and triene hydrocarbons ofCarpophilus hemipterus: Structure and pheromonal activity (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 379-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; aggregation ; hydrocarbon ; tetraene ; triene ; NMR ; mass spectra ; dried-fruit beetle ; Carpophilus hemipterus ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males ofCarpophilus hemipterus (L.), the dried-fruit beetle, (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) were found to emit nine all-E tetraene and one all-E triene hydrocarbons in addition to two pheromonally active tetraenes that had been reported previously. The previously known compounds are (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4,6,8-decatetraene(1) and (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3, 5,7-trimethyl-2,4,6,8-undecatetraene(2). The new tetraenes were all related to structure1 by having one additional carbon at either one or two of the following four locations: at carbon 1 of the chain, at carbon 10 of the chain, at the 5-alkyl branch, or at the 7-alkyl branch. (Structure 2 also fits within this pattern.) The triene inC. hemipterus is (2E,4E,6E)-5-ethyl-3-methyl-2, 4,6-nonatriene. Also identified from volatile collections from the beetles were the 2Z and 4Z isomers of1. All structures were proven by synthesis, with NMR and mass spectral data for the compounds provided. Two of the newly discovered compounds, (2E,4E,6E,8E)-7-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-decatetraene and (2E,4E,6E,8E)-7-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-undecatetraene, were quite active in the wind-tunnel bioassay, but others, such as (2E,4E,6E,8E)-5-ethyl-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-decatetraene and (2E,4E,6E,8E)-4,6,8-trimethyl-2,4,6,8-undecatetraene were not. Structureactivity relationships are explored among the natural compounds and additional, synthetic analogs, which were never detected from the beetles. Some of these analogs, such as (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5-dimethyl-7-propyl-2,4,6,8-undecatetraene, were quite active in the bioassay. The biosynthesis of the beetle-derived compounds is discussed. A single biosynthetic scheme that lacks complete enzyme specificity at four specific steps could account for the entire series of compounds found in the beetles and their relative proportions. The definition of “pheromone” is discussed in relation to these hydrocarbons.
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    Physiological sources of variation in chemical defense ofOreina gloriosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 395-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oreina gloriosa ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; chemical defense ; cardenolides ; quantitative variation ; aging ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The defensive secretion of the alpine chrysomelidOreina gloriosa is a complex mixture of mainly cardenolides and tyrosine betaine. Individually sampled secretions of adult laboratory-reared and field-collected beetles were analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC; 16 secretion components were quantified. Quantities and concentrations of different components were significantly affected by the age, sex, and reproductive status of individual beetles. Aging was correlated with marked increases (up to 4.4-fold) and decreases (up to 2.7-fold) of quantities and concentrations of several components. Differences between the sexes were smaller, but quantities of all components and concentrations of several components were larger in laboratory-reared females than in males. There was less of one component of the secretion in mated than unmated females, but the concentrations of four secretion components were higher (up to 1.6-fold) in mated females.
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    Odors influence choice of oviposition sites byDiabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1227-1237 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Western corn rootworm ; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; bacteria ; carbon dioxide ; pheromone ; semiochemicals ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract FemaleDiabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte were allowed to choose between oviposition substrates that were and those that were not associated with potential sources of semiochemicals. Females deposited over five times more eggs on moist towelettes that were treated with homogenates of female abdomens than on towelettes treated with distilled water. Similar results were obtained when screening separated the homogenates from the towelettes, indicating that odors alone could elicit the response. In contrast, females did not choose towelettes that had previously been used for oviposition or towelettes containing eggs over unused towelettes. Further tests with homogenates of abdomens and a bacteriostatic agent (sorbate) indicated that the females were probably responding to bacterial odors rather than an oviposition-enhancing pheromone. Four strains of bacteria were isolated from a homogenate of female abdomens; females deposited 4 to 16 times more eggs on substrates with odors of the bacteria than on substrates with odors of uninoculated nutrient agar. In no-choice tests, bacterial odors did not increase the number of eggs deposited per female beetle; however, in choice tests with dishes that tended to retain any beetles that entered, there were more eggs per female (but not more beetles) after 24 hr in dishes with bacterial odors than in those without the odors. Females also chose dishes with odors of excised maize (Zea mays L.) roots or elevated levels of carbon dioxide over “control” dishes.
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    Toxicity of allyl isothiocyanate-amended soil toLimonius californicus (Mann.) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) wireworms (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1033-1046 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rapeseed ; Brassica spp. ; allyl isothiocyanate ; glucosinolates ; allelochemicals ; Limonius californicus (Mann.) ; Coleoptera ; Elateridae ; toxicity ; sublethal effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Acute toxicity of soil amended with allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) to three size classes ofLimonius californicus (Mann.) wireworms was determined in the laboratory. Wireworms were exposed to AITC at initial concentrations of 120–300 nmol/g soil for one day. During this time, extractable AITC concentrations decreased by 66 to 93 %. Probit analysis estimated LC50 values of 238 and 226 nmol/g soil at one day posttreatment for medium and large wireworms, respectively. For small wireworms, LC50 values decreased from 211 to 157 nmol/g soil during 1–137 days posttreatment. Sublethal concentrations of AITC significantly reduced feeding activity of treated wireworms at three posttreatment times and over the entire 137 days. Wireworm weight was not significantly affected by AITC. The potential exists to use glucosinolate-containing plant tissue as an isothiocyanate (ITC) source to reduce crop damage caused byL. californicus wireworms.
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    Genetic component of variation in chemical defense ofOreina gloriosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1375-1387 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oreina gloriosa ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; chemical defense ; allomone ; cardenolides ; quantitative variation ; heritability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Defensive secretions of adultOreina gloriosa, liberated at the surface of the pronotum and elytra, contain a complex mixture of cardenolides, and ethanolamine. Proportions and concentrations of constituents determined by reverse-phase HPLC show considerable variation among individual beetles. Heritabilities of proportions of five main components were estimated by mother-offspring regression providing a validation of the less reliable full-sib correlation estimates. Average heritabilities based on the two methods were 0.51 and 0.58, respectively, estimated by using offspring of two age groups. Regression estimates of 2- and 10-week-old offspring differed significantly for one secretion constituent (RT16). Heritability estimates of concentrations of 16 secretion components were calculated by full-sib correlation analysis. Average heritability was 0.45, indicating a significant genetic component. Estimates did not differ significantly between the two age groups. We also estimated heritabilities of concentrations by a two-way model including data from offspring of both age groups. Heritability estimates based on this model are thought to correspond approximately to estimates based on samples from natural populations. The average of these estimates was lower (h 2 =0.31) than the average heritability of each age group separately (h 2 =0.45), suggesting a developmental effect on variation in chemical defense ofO. gloriosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994363
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  • 98
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    Host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes: Behavioral response to contact with host feces (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1219-1231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host recognition behavior ; entomopathogenic nematodes ; feces ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Popillia japonica ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Blattella germanica ; Blatteria ; BlattellidaeAcheata domesticus ; Orthoptera ; Gryllidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes may occur through contact with insects' excretory products, cuticle, or gut contents. We analyzed the behavioral responses of four species of entomopathogenic nematodes during contact with feces of natural or experimental hosts. Host recognition by nematodes was manifested in alterations in the frequency and/or duration of one or more search parameters including forward crawling, headwaving, body-waving, stopping, backward crawling, head-rubbing, and headthrusting.Heterorhabditis bacteriophora andSteinernema glaseri showed behavioral responses to contact with feces of their natural hosts,Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera) andPopillia japonica (Coleoptera), and to the experimental hosts,Acheata domesticus (Orthoptera) andBlatella germanica (Blatteria).Steinernema carpocapsae responded only toB. germanica feces, whereas5. scapterisci did not significantly respond to any of the insect species. During contact with cockroach feces, all nematodes, exceptS. scapterisci, showed avoidance behavior. We suggest that ammonia present in cockroach feces is inhibitory to nematodes. Specific host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes may be an important mechanism to maintain host affinities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987382
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  • 99
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    Unusual periodicity of sex pheromone production in the large black chaferHolotrichia parallela (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1381-1391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Holotrichia parallela ; large black chafer ; scarab beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; isoleucine methyl ester ; linalool ; sex pheromone ; circabidian periodicity ; pheromone titer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (R)-(−)-Linalool was identified as a minor component sex pheromone of the scarab beetleHolotrichia parallela (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Field evaluations revealed that, although not attractive per se, (R)-(−)-linalool enhances the attractiveness of the major sex pheromone,L-isoleucine methyl ester (LIME). Analyses of the pheromone titers in the glands of field-collected females demonstrated the occurrence of peak levels of 48-hr (“circabidian”) periodicity. The levels of LIME in the glands of 45-day-old virgin females increased over three times from the scototo the photophase of a calling day, but the amounts of (R)-(−)-linalool did not significantly change. Virgin females had in average two times more LIME and 3.6 times more (R)-(−)-linalool than the average amount found in the field-captured beetles throughout the season.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984883
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  • 100
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    Field evaluation ofAnomala schonfeldti ohaus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) synthetic sex pheromone (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1453-1459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Anomala schonfeldti ; Popillia japonica ; scarab beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; 2-(E)-nonenol ; sex pheromone ; mark-and-recapture ; field test ; mass trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Synthetic 2-(E)-nonenol, previously identified as the sex pheromone ofAnomala schonfeldti (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), is demonstrated to be very attractive to males in the field. Nevertheless, no significant differences were found between treatments with 1, 5, 10, and 20 mg dosages. Males ofA. schonfeldti were more significantly attracted to traps at 30 cm high than at 90 cm. Although the observed behavior seemed to indicate a trend of more attraction to buried traps than those placed at 30 cm, there was no statistical difference between the two treatments. Pheromone-baited traps caught significantly more beetles than traps containing three virgin females. Over 70% of released beetles were recaptured in six traps surrounding the point of release and separated from each other by 50 m, suggesting a possible use of the pheromone (in combination with floral compounds) in mass trapping.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984889
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