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  • Electron microscopy  (646)
  • Springer  (646)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (96)
  • 1980-1984  (160)
  • 1970-1974  (382)
  • 1965-1969  (8)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 140 (1994), S. 215-223 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Insulin receptor ; Membrane reconstitution ; Electron microscopy ; Quaternary structure ; Immunogold labeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Insulin receptors were incorporated into liposomes by two different procedures, one using dialysis and one using detergent removal by Bio-Beads. Receptor incorporation was analyzed by gradient centrifugation and electron microscopy. Reconstituted receptors projected up to 12 nm above the membrane and exhibited a T-shaped structure compatible with that previously described for the solubilized receptor. Insulin binding and autophosphorylation experiments indicated that approx. 50% of the receptors were incorporated right-side out. Such random orientation was confirmed by immunogold labeling of the α- and the β-subunit of the receptor. Immunogold labeling of the C-terminus of the β-subunit indicates that it resides about 6 nm off the membrane, while two α-subunit epitopes were labeled at about twice this distance, confirming that the α-subunit is harbored in the cross-bar of the T-structure.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; Electron microscopy ; Glycine (root nodules) ; High-pressure freezing ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract High-pressure freezing of chemically untreated nodules of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), in sharp contrast to chemical fixation and prefixation, appears to preserve the ultrastructure close to the native state. This is supported by the observation that the peribacteroid membrane of high-pressure-frozen samples is tightly wrapped around the bacteroids, a finding that is fully consistent with the current views on the physiology of oxygen and metabolite transport between plant cytosol and bacteroids. In soybean root nodules, the plant tissue and the enclosed bacteria are so dissimilar that conventional aldehyde-fixation procedures are unable to preserve the overall native ultrastructure. This was demonstrated by high-pressure freezing of nodules that had been pre-fixed in glutaraldehyde at various buffer molalities: no buffer strength tested preserved all ultrastructural aspects that could be seen after high-pressure freezing of chemically untreated nodules.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Machine vision and applications 4 (1991), S. 271-285 
    ISSN: 1432-1769
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; three-dimensional vision ; surface reconstruction ; stereo ; shape from shading ; dynamic programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The computational reconstruction of surface topographies from scanning electron microscope (SEM) images has been extensively investigated in the past, but fundamental image processing problems still exist. Since conventional approaches adapted from general-purpose image processing have not sufficiently met the requirements in terms of resolution and reliability, we have explored combining different methods to obtain better results. This paper presents a least-squares combination of conventional stereoscopy with “shape from shading” and a way of obtaining self-consistent surface profiles from stereoscopy and “stereo-intrinsic shape from shading” using dynamic programming techniques. Results are presented showing how this combined analysis of multi-sensorial data yields improvements of the reconstructed surface topography that cannot be obtained from individual sensor signals alone.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 119-124 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Avian eggshell ; Microstructure ; Electron microscopy ; Electron diffraction ; Calcite growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The eggshell of the domestic fowl has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and diffraction. Thin sections of shell were prepared by chemical and ion-beam thinning techniques. Each calcite column of the palisade layer consisted of crystallites of diameter 20 to 30 µm with some tendency for crystallite alignment within a single column. Evidence indicates that there was no significant preferred orientation in the palisade layer as a whole. Only in the surface layer was any preferred orientation detected, and here {1014} planes tended to lie parallel to the surface. The results are compared with previously published data, and calcite nucleation and growth are discussed.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 43-50 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteogenesis ; In vitro ; Electron microscopy ; Mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chick limb mesenchymal cells differentiate into muscle, cartilage, fibrous, and bone tissue. Previous reports show that when stage 24 limb mesenchymal cells are cultured in vitro, chondrocytes, myocytes, fibrocytes, and osteoblasts can be identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical parameters. The study reported here demonstrates that phenotypic expression in culture seems to be dependent on the initial plating density, Scanning electron microscopic observations indicate that when stage 24 limb mesenchymal cells are initially seeded at high densities (5 × 106 cells per 35 mm culture dish), mounds of cells appear in culture. These mounds represent cartilage nodules composed of a fine fibrous matrix and chondrocytes, surrounded by a loose fibrous connective tissue matrix. Cultures initially plated at intermediate densities (2.0–2.5 × 106 cells/35 mm culture dish) produce a flattened layer of fibrocytes overlying a matrix of collagen fibers and calcium phosphate deposits as determined by electron-microprobe analysis; these observations are indicative of osteoblast expression. Cells seeded at this intermediate density appear larger and possess greater surface area than cells seeded at high density. It is suggested that conditions that permit such increased cell surface area coupled with a relative compaction due to cell crowding may provide conditions permissive for osteogenesis. Based on morphological criteria, it appears that chick limb mesenchymal cell osteogenesis in vitro is not associated with chondrogenesis but represents a separate route of phenotypic expression.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Decalcification ; Electron microscopy ; Bone matrix ; Bone glycoproteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A solution of triethylammonium EDTA in 80% ethanol was evaluated as a demineralizing reagent for bone in comparison with aqueous solutions of EDTA. Biochemical analysis and acrylamide gel electrophoresis of extracts of finely powdered bovine bone showed that most of the macromolecular components of the organic matrix extractable in aqueous EDTA were retained when the triethylammonium EDTA reagent was used. Ultrastructural examination of chick tibias decalcified with the reagents showed a better preservation of cellular morphology, especially the membranous components, and more uniformly distributed ground substance, though slightly less in quantity, when the aqueous reagent was used. Use of the two reagents appears to be complementary, the alkylammonium reagent being more appropriate for use in studies of the organic matrix of bone, including immunohistochemical studies of bone glycoproteins. The aqueous reagent is more appropriate for use in studies of cellular ultrastructure.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 165-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Ceramic ; Tetracycline ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un implant céramique non poreux est testé au niveau du fémur de rat en ce qui concerne son adhésivité à l'os. Un certain nombre de techniques morphologiques sont utilisées pour examiner le rapport entre l'implant et l'os néoformé. La microscopie électronique par transmission et la microscopie par fluorescence après marquage à la tétracycline ont donné les meilleurs résultats. Un rapport étroit entre l'os minéralisé et la céramique a été noté en microscopie électronique. Par marquage à la tétracycline, il semble que l'implant puisse stimuler la formation osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein unporöses keramisches Implantat in Rattenfemora wurde auf seine Fähigkeit geprüft, sich mit Knochen zu binden. Eine Anzahl morphologischer Techniken wurde verwendet, um die Beziehung zwischen den Oberflächen von Implantat und neuem Knochen zu untersuchen. Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie und Fluoreszenzmikroskopie nach Tetracyclinmarkierung waren die erfolgreichsten Techniken. Eine enge Beziehung zwischen mineralisiertem Knochen und dem Keramikimplantat konnte mit der Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie nachgewiesen werden. Das Aussehen der Tetracyclinmarkierung im keramischen Implantat deutet darauf hin, daß dieses wahrscheinlich die Fähighkeit hat, Knochenbildung zu erhöhen.
    Notes: Abstract A nonporous ceramic implant in rat femora was evaluated as to its ability to bond to bone. A number of morphologic techniques were utilized to examine the interfacial relationship of the implant to new bone. Transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy after tetracycline labelling were the most successful techniques. An intimate relationship between mineralized bone and the ceramic was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. The appearance of tetracycline labelling at the ceramic interface indicates that the implant may have capacity to enhance bone formation.
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  • 8
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 143-151 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium transport ; Cytochalasin B ; Dihydrocytochalasin B ; Colchicine ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary In vivo calcium absorption was studied in normal and rachitic chicks. Cytochalasin B (CB) at a concentration of 25 µg/ml added to the medium inside the duodenal lumen inhibited calcium absorption (20 min) from 82.5±1.9% of calcium absorbed in the controls to 59.2±3% in normal and from 70.0±2.3% to 47.0±2.1% in rachitic chicks. In vitro studies by everted ileal sacs of young rabbits also showed an inhibition of active transport of calcium due to CB. Whereas in the controls the ratio of45Ca concentrations in serosal and mucosal media (60 min) was 7.2±0.32, the ratios were 5.24±0.52; 4.40±0.36; 3.40±0.42; 5.77±0.52; 1.38±0.08; and 1.06±0.02 in the presence of CB at concentrations of 5, 10 and 25 µg/ml; colchicine 10−4M, Na citrate 0.02M, and heat-devitalized conditions, respectively.45Ca concentration in the mucosal scrapings was also affected. It showed an increase from controls (15,101±404 cpm/mg) and correlated with CB concentration: 17,378±489, 19,015±1000, and 20,201±362 at 5, 10, and 25 µg/ml, respectively. Dihydrocytochalasin B also inhibited active calcium transport and caused an increase in45Ca concentration in the mucosal scrapings. Correlated electron microscopic studies showed certain changes in the brush border, especially in some actin microfilaments in the terminal web region. It seems that these morphological alterations may be related to transcytoplasmic movement of calcium.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 93-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dentinogenesis ; Globules ; Pyrophosphatase ; Calcification ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Three-day-old rats were fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde and thin slices were cut of the first molar germs. The slices were treated with EDTA and “activated” with buffered solutions containing Mg2+, Ca2+ or Zn2+. Incubation was carried out in buffered solutions (pH 8.5) containing inorganic pyrophosphate and Pb2+. In the Mg2+-activated specimens incubation products were localized to the plasma membranes in the stratum intermedium and the subodontoblastic area. Lead deposits were found on the periphery of the dentinal globules. Incubation products were more randomly distributed in Ca2+-activated specimens whereas those activated with Zn2+ displayed a deposition of lead precipitates mainly corresponding to that seen after activation with Mg2+. The findings are discussed in reference to the localization of alkaline phosphatase in the dentin-producing tissues and it is proposed that the results are indicative of the presence of an inorganic pyrophosphatase in these tissues.
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  • 10
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 287-303 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Bone ; Matrix ; Apatite ; Nucleation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du collagène d'os compact de mouton est préparé par décalcification dans I'EDTA et à partir de tendons de queux de rats, par extraction dans l'acide acétique et reconstitution dans NaCl. Le dépôt d'apatite dans le collagène osseux de mouton dans une solution de calcification métastable est étudié chimiquement et par microscopie électronique. Le collagène osseux est un bon catalyseur de nucléation pour le dépôt minéral, alors que le collagène de tendons de rat ne l'est pas. Le dépôt minéral du collagène osseux se produit en deux phases cinétiques séparées, une phase rapide de nucléation et une croissance cristalline, donnant naissance à de petits ilots calcifiés et une seconde phase lente de croissance dans des régions ne comportant pas de zones catalytiques. La seconde phase de dépôt minéral paraît être le résultat d'une diffusion inhibée d'ions à travers les fibrilles collagènes alignées, laissant de larges régions de collagène sans minéral, bien que le tampon reste hautement sursaturé. La microscopie électronique permet de penser que les zones de catalyse pourraient avoir un rapport avec la périodicité de 640 Å de collagène, mais l'importance d'un matériel noncollagènique, lié au collagène, n'est pas à exclure. L'activité catalytique faible du collagène reconstitué n'est pas liée à la présence d'inhibiteurs faiblement liés, bien que des inhibiteurs puissent être intimement liés à ce type de collagène, qui pourrait être absent du collagène osseux. La différence d'activité catalytique pourrait intervenir dans la calcification physiologique. Une hypothèse plus générale pour la nucléation de la phase minérale dans les systémes biologiques est nécessaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Kollagen wurde aus kompaktem Schafsknochen mittels EDTA-Entkalkung und aus Rattenschwanzsehnen durch Essigsäureextraktion und Rekonstitution mit NaCl gewonnen. Die Apatitablagerung aus einer metastabilen Verkalkungslösung auf Schafsknochenkollagen wurde chemisch und im Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß das Knochenkollagen ein guter Nukleationskatalysator für die Mineralablagerung ist, was beim Rattenschwanzkollagen nicht zutraf. Im Knochenkollagen erfolgte die Mineralablagerung in zwei getrennten kinetischen Phasen: einer raschen Phase der Nukleation und des Kristallwachstums, welche kleine verkalkte Inseln entstehen läßt, und einer zweiten langsamen Phase, welcher das Wachstum in Bezierken, die keine katalytischaktiven Stellen einschließen, zuzuschreiben ist. Diese zweite Phase der Mineralablagerung wird als Resultat einer verminderten Ionendiffusion durch die enganeinanderliegenden Kollagenfibrillen angesehen, wodurch weite Kollagenbereiche ohne Mineral bleiben, obwohl der Puffer stark übersättigt ist. Elektronenmikrographien ließen vermuten, daß die katalytischaktiven Stellen in einem gewissen Verhältnis zur 640 Å-Periodizität des Kollagens stehen; es konnte jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen werden, daß nicht-kollagenhaltiges Material, welches an Kollagen gebunden ist, ebenfalls eine Rolle spielt. Die schlechte katalytische Aktivität des rekonstituierten Kollagens konnte nicht auf die Anwesenheit von schwachgebundenen Hemmstoffen zurückgeführt werden, obwohl Inhibitoren stark an dieses Kollagen gebunden sein könnten, die jedoch im Knochenkollagen nicht vorhanden sind. Die Unterschiede in der katalytischen Aktivität können mit der physiologischen Verkalkung in Beziehung stehen. Eine allgemeinere Hypothese für die Nukleation einer Mineralphase in biologischen Systemen wäre erforderlich.
    Notes: Abstract Collagen was prepared from compact sheep bone by decalcification with EDTA and from rat tail tendons by acetic acid extraction and reconstitution with NaCl. The deposition of apatite in sheep bone collagen in a metastable calcification solution was studied chemically and by electron microscopy. The bone collagen was shown to be a good nucleation catalyst for mineral deposition, while rat tail collagen was a poor catalyst. Mineral deposition in bone collagen occured in two separate kinetic phases, a rapid phase of nucleation and crystal growth, giving rise to small calcified islands, and a second slow phase, ascribed to growth in regions not involving the catalytic sites. This second phase of mineral deposition is considered to be the result of impaired ion diffusion through the closely-aligned collagen fibrils, thus leaving large areas of the collagen free of mineral even though the buffer remains highly supersaturated. Electron micrographs suggested that the catalytic sites might be in some relationship to the 640 Å periodicity of collagen, but a role for non-collagenous material bound to the collagen has not been excluded. The poor catalytic activity of reconstituted collagen was not due to the presence of loosely-bound inhibitors, although inhibitors could be strongly bound to this type of collagen and be absent from bone collagen. The differences in catalytic activity may have a bearing on physiological calcification. A more general hypothesis for nucleation of a mineral phase in biological systems is required.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Alcohol ; Electron microscopy ; Growth plate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary We have previously demonstrated that ethanol has a direct toxic effect on the rat skeleton characterized by decreased trabecular bone volume. In the present study, we examined the ultrastructure of the distal radial epiphyseal growth plates in these same animals. Eight weeks of ethanol administration to 12 male rats results in serum alcohol levels of 140 mg/dl but did not alter the width or light microscopic appearance of the radial growth plate. Quantitative electron microscopy failed to demonstrate morphologic evidence of toxicity in the skeletal cells. We conclude that although ethanol appears to have a direct effect on rat bone characterized by enhanced resorption, toxicity is not attended by ultrastructural changes in the skeletal cells.
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  • 12
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 529-540 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone cells ; Electron microscopy ; PTH ; PGE1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Four different cell populations—designated PF, OB, OC, and PC—were isolated from calvaria of 18-day-old chick embryos for analysis of the effects of hormones on bone tissue. The cell populations were studied with histological and biochemical methods. Apart from the well-known cell types present in calvaria, a new cell type was found in the noncalcified organic matrix between the osteoblastic layer and the calcified matrix. These cells were provisionally called osteocytic osteoblasts. They represent the “transition state” between osteoblasts and osteocytes. On the basis of histological studies with light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the PF population was considered to originate primarily from the periosteal fibroblasts, the OB population from the osteoblasts and osteocytic osteoblasts. The population of cells still present in calvaria after removal of periosteal fibroblasts and osteoblasts was called the OC population. This cell population was very much enriched with osteocytes. The fourth isolated population (PC) was a mixed population of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and preosteoblasts. On exposure to parathyroid hormone (PTH), all four cell populations showed increased lactate production, but only the OB and OC populations displayed increased cAMP production. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) stimulated cAMP production in both OB and PF cells. From the results of this study it was concluded that PTH receptors are present on all of the cell types studied, but that occupancy of the receptor induces adenylate cyclase stimulation only in osteocytes and fully differentiated osteoblasts.
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  • 13
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 213-220 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Acid phosphatase ; Electron microscopy ; Shell Regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Acid phosphatase activity was mainly localized in the lysosomes in all the regions of the outer epithelium. The transitional portion of the outer epithelium showed more intense activity than the other regions. During shell regeneration the activity of this portion decreased to a minimum level at 12 hours and was restored to normal at 72 hours. The other regions showed no change of activity during shell regeneration. It is postulated that the acid phosphatase in the transitional protion is responsible for conferring calcifiability to the organic matrix of the shell.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Chondrocytes ; High-density suspension culture ; Electron microscopy ; Matrix vesicle ; Apatite formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chondrocyte cultures grown in centrifuge tubes with intermittent centrifugation differentiate into hypertrophic chondrocytes and form calcification. We examined chondrocytes cultured in this system electron microscopically. Rat growth-plate chondrocytes were seeded in a plastic centrifuge tube and cultured in the presence of Eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 50 μg of ascorbic acid per ml. Specimens were examined by using electron microscopy and selected-area electron-diffraction techniques. In the early stage of culture, a few chondrocytes were scattered and extracellular matrices were not observed. In the middle stage of the cultures, the chondrocytes resembled proliferative cells. Matrix vesicles appeared to be budding from the cell surfaces of chondrocytes and were observed sparsely in the extracellular matrices, which were well formed around the chondrocytes. Matrix vesicles increased substantially during the following cultures. In the mature stage of the cultures, crystal formation related to matrix vesicles was observed. In the 33-day cultures, several masses of calcified matrix were formed and it was confirmed to be apatite by selected-area electron diffraction analysis. The chondrocytes appeared hypertrophic during this same stage. The 56-day culture was similar to the 33-day culture. It was concluded that this culture system provides an extracellular-matrix mineralization which is produced by chondrocytes per se.
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  • 15
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 205-207 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chitin inhibition ; Nikkomycin ; Cuticle ; Electron microscopy ; Epilachna varivestis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleoside antibiotic nikkomycin has proved to be an effective inhibitor of chitin synthesis in the Mexican bean beetleEpilachna varivestis. Ultrastructural investigations show defects in the procuticular area after nikkomycin application which suggest the complete absence of chitin. A cuticle like this is inflexible and too brittle to satisfy its normal function as an exoskeleton. The individuals are not able to free themselves from the exuvia and finally die. Therefore nikkomycin seems to be a potential insecticide with high specifity.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Calvarium ; Electron microscopy ; Preosteoclasts ; Osteoclasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary This is a study of the fine structure of cells of the 20-day fetal rat calvarium. Special attention is given to identifying and characterizing preosteoclasts. These cells are relatively common and located largely, but not exclusively, at the endocranial bone surface. The preosteoclasts are characterized by abundant mitochondria, an incomplete perinuclear Golgi apparatus, and variable-shaped dense granules. The dense granules are unique in appearance in that they contain an internal dense matrix surrounded by a clear halo. Most granules are circular in shape but some are elongate or tubular in form. Granules with identical appearance are observed in osteoclasts. The preosteoclasts are mononucleate, or occasionally binucleate. It is suggested that because preosteoclasts are morphologically distinctive and relatively abundant, it should be feasible to separate these cells from a heterogeneous cell isolate.
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  • 17
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    Archives of microbiology 126 (1980), S. 277-283 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacteriophage ; Myxococcus ; λ ; Superooiled DNA ; Cross-linking ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA was partially released from the heads of myxococcus phages and also coliphage λ and examined by electron microscopy by a modification of the Kleinschmidt technique, in which water was used as hypophase. DNA emerged from the heads in patterns suggestive of newly relaxed supercoils. The unreleased DNA appeared to occupy discrete regions in the head. Some closed circles were released from λ heads. When NaCl solution was used as hypophase, the DNA was observed either released from the tail or from the head, in the latter case, supercoiled regions were observed. When NH4OAc solution was used as hypophase, tightly wound structures were released from λ heads; these fields also contained supercoiled circles. The presence of constrained supercoiled domains in newly released phage DNA was confirmed by observing the effects of ethidium bromide on its conformation. Treatment of phage with nitrogen mustard, a bifunctional alkylating agent, preserved supercoiled domains, even when the phage were lysed over water as hypophase. Further experiments suggested that phage inactivation by nitrogen mustard is largely due to restraint of the supercoiled, native, tertiary structure and that DNA-protein cross-linking may be involved in this reaction. The implications of these findings for the conformation of phage DNA in vivo are discussed and a new model for the winding of DNA in phage heads is proposed.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Allomyces ; Zoospores ; Cell wall ; Chitin ; Gamma particle ; Encystment ; Electron microscopy ; Calcofluor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Structural changes during cell wall formation by populations of semisynchronously germinating zoospores were studied in the water mold Allomyces macrogynus. Fluorescence microscopy using Calcofluor white ST (which binds to β-1,4-linked glycans) demonstrated that Calcofluor-specific material was deposited around most cells between 2–10 min after the induction of encystment (beginning when a wall-less zoospore retracts its flagellum and rounds up). During the first 15 min of encystment there was a progressive increase in fluorescence intensity. Ultrastructural analysis of encysting cells showed that within 2–10 min after the induction of encystment small vesicles 35–70 nm diameter were present near the spore surface, and some were in the process of fusing with the plasma membrane. The fusion of vesicles with the zoospore membrane was concomitant with the appearance of electron-opaque fibrillar material outside the plasma membrane. Vesicles similar to those near the spore surface were found within the gamma (γ) particles of encysting cells. These particles had a crystalline inclusion within the electron-opaque matrix. During the period of initial cyst cell wall formation numerous vesicles appeared to arise at the crystal-matrix interface. Approximately 15–20 min was required for the cell wall to be formed. We suggest that the initial response of the zoospore to induction of encystment is the formation of a cell wall mediated by the fusion of cytoplasmic vesicles with the plasma membrane.
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  • 19
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    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 129-134 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cockroach ; Hindgut ; Distribution ; Microbial morphotypes ; Transmission ; Electron microscopy ; Statistical analysis ; Eublaberus posticus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relative numbers of fourteen microbial morphotypes in transmission electron micrographs of the hindgut of a cockroach, Eublaberus posticus, were counted and their distribution was analyzed statistically. The microbiota of three wall-associated regions (the anterior paunch, the posterior paunch, and the black band region) was clearly different from that of the gut lumen. The three wall fractions were also significantly different from each other. Only one of the fourteen types, prosthecate bacteria, appeared to be distributed randomly in the four fractions. The five main wall-associated morphotypes individually constituted up to 41% of the microbes in some micrographs. They included one type with the characteristic morphology of Methanospirillum. Six morphotypes rarely made up over 2% of the population, but were consistently present. The numbers of the remaining three morphotypes were quite variable between micrographs and between individual insects, but when present often made up 5–10% of the population.
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  • 20
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    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 97-99 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Thylakoid centers ; Photosynthetic membranes/thylakoids ; Membranes ; Membrane biogenesis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An ultrastructural study of four cyanobacteria (Anabaena cylindrica, Dermocarpa violaceae, Gleocapsa alpicola, Pleurocapsa minor) indicates the presence of previously undescribed thylakoid centers from which photosynthetic membranes (thylakoids) radiate. These peripherally located thylakoid centers are cylinders 30 nm wide by 320 nm long, consisting of globular subunits oriented in nonparallel stacked arrays. Thylakoids are attached to the outer surface of the cylinder along its longitudinal axis. Thylakoid centers appear to be functionally significant due to their structure, location and thylakoid association.
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  • 21
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    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 339-343 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Leptospira ; Halophilic ; Electron microscopy ; X-ray analysis ; Inclusions ; Cytoplasmic tubules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology of cells of strain Muggia, a slightly halophilic leptospire, was examined by the negative staining technique. The ultrastructure of the cells was rather similar to that of cells of Leptonema illini, i. e. the cells possessed cytoplasmic tubules. The basal complex of their flagella, however, was similar to the corresponding part of flagella on Gramnegative bacteria. The interior of the cells was densely packed with inclusions, except for the two outermost wavelengths at each end where these inclusions were absent. X-ray microanalysis showed that the inclusions contained sodium and chlorine as their main constituents. The inclusions disappeared upon storage of the cultures at room temperature.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase ; Quaternary structure ; Molecular weight ; Electron microscopy ; Cyanobacteria ; Synechococcus
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ribulose bisphosphate (RuP2) carboxylase from the marme cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp., comprised both large (57,000 dalton) and small (12,000 dalton) subunits. The undissociated, purified enzyme was considerably smaller than the spinach enzyme when compared by pore-gradient electrophoresis, gel filtration and density-gradient centrifugation. This suggested that the cyanobacterial enzyme might have a hexameric (L6S6) subunit structure, unlike the enzymes from spinach and many other organisms which are octamers (L8S8). However, the molecular weight of the Synechococcus enzyme was measured by equilibrium sedimentation and found to be 530,000, which is within the range observed for L8S8-type enzymes. Furthermore, electron microscopic studies of negatively stained preparations of both the native enzyme, and a preparation depleted of 87% of its small subunits by repeated mild-acid precipitation, revealed four-fold symmetry characteristic of an octameric, cubical structure. Synechococcus RuP2 carboxylase therefore must be an L8S8 octamer and its anomalous pore-penetration behaviour may be due to an asymmetric shape. Some support for the latter possibility was provided by electron miscoscopic observations of two different types of images which may be different views of the molecule in two planes.
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  • 23
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    European biophysics journal 7 (1981), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Photosynthetic bacteria ; Electron microscopy ; Planar lattices
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thylakoids of Rhodopseudomonas viridis have been studied by freeze-fracturing whole cells. Depending on growth conditions and treatment before freezing, three different types of particle arrangements in the photosynthetic membrane are reported: a random arrangement, an isometric (quadratic) lattice arrangement with a lattice constant of 12.5 ± 0.8 nm, and a hexagonal lattice arrangement with a lattice constant of 12.5 ± 0.8 nm.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Allomyces macrogynus ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Restriction enzyme map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial (mt) DNA of the aquatic phycomycete Allomyces macrogynus is a circular molecule with a size of 56.1 kbp. The cleavage sites for the restriction enzymes SalI and PvuI were mapped by comparing the partial denaturation patterns of isolated restriction fragments with the pattern of the intact circle. The genes coding for the small and large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) were located on the restriction map by heteroduplex and R-loop analysis. The gene coding for the large rRNA contains an intervening sequence, app. 0.7 kbp in size, near the 3′-end of the gene. The two rRNA genes are encoded on the same strand of the mtDNA and separated by a region of 17–18 kbp. This rRNA gene organization is similar to that found with members of the Ascomycetes.
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  • 25
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    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 12-18 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Moraxella glucidolytica ; Electron microscopy ; Lipopolysaccharide
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cellular (LPS I) and extracellular (LPS II) lipopolysaccharide were isolated from Moraxella glucidolytica cells grown on ethanol and from the culture fluid, respectively. Both LPS were toxic when injected to mice and chick embryos. These LPS contained glucose, galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and lipids. By permethylation studies, glucose was found to be linked (1→6) and (1→3) in LPS I and only (1→6) in LPS II. Galactose was the terminal non-reducing sugar. Branching occurred at positions 3 and 4 of galactose residues. LPS I was rich in α- and β-hydroxylauric and α-hydroxymyristic acids and LPS II contained mainly stearic and α-hydroxymyristic acids. LPS I was detoxified by mild acid and alkaline treatments. It was also dissociated by sodium deoxycholate and chromatographed on Sephadex G-75. The main fraction was reassociated by removing the surfactant by dialysis. The morphology of LPS I and LPS II was examined by electron microscopy. LPS I (original and reassociated fractions) consisted exclusively of ribbons while LPS II contained ribbons and vesicles.
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  • 26
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    Archives of microbiology 135 (1983), S. 25-29 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Euglena mutabilis ; Flagellate ; Photomovement ; Photoreceptor ; Phototaxis ; Single-cell analysis ; Videomicroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Due to the lack of an emergent flagellum the green flagellate Euglena mutabilis is restricted to gliding motility. During forward movement, the organisms orient positive phototactically in the presence of a suitable light stimulus. The cell contains both a stigma and a paraflagellar body which differ in shape and size from the organelles found in E. gracilis. The degree of orientation in white light follows an optimum curve with a maximum at about 100 lx. The spectral sensitivity shows a number of prominent peaks in the blue and green regions and extends well into the red region of the visible spectrum. Since the cell does not rotate during locomotion a periodic shading mechanism cannot account for phototactic orientation. Thus, phototaxis in the related species, E. gracilis and E. mutabilis differ in their photoreceptor molecules, their sensory transduction chains and their strategies of light direction detection.
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  • 27
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    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 125-128 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhodospirillum rubrum ; Chromatophores ; Reaction centers ; Liposomes ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In freeze-fractures of chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum the reaction centers are seen as hexagonal arranged particles of 13 nm diameter with a density of around 5,500 particles per μm2. Similar regions on the cytoplasmic membrane suggest that these parts are the prospective invagination sites. Isolated reaction centers are easily incorporated into liposomes. In freeze fractures of liposomes particles similar in shape and size, although less dense as in chromatophores are observed. In negative staining much smaller units of only 5 nm in diameter are found indicating that reaction centers occur in the membrane as tri- or tetramers. There is a strong correlation between particle density in chromatophores and titratable reaction centers remaining in these membranes after extraction of reaction centers by detergents; both values are in good agreement with the yield of reaction centers at a given detergent concentration.
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  • 28
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    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 273-277 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Secondary metabolite ; Allelopathy ; Photosynthesis ; Electron transport ; Thylakoids ; Herbicides ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cyanobacterin is a secondary metabolite produced by the cyanobacterium, Scytonema hofmanni. Highly purified cyanobacterin was found to inhibit the growth of many cyanobacteria at a minimum effective dose of 2 μg/ml (4.6 μM). The antibiotic had no effect on eubacteria including the photosynthetic Rhodospirillum rubrum. The site of action of cyanobacterin was further investigated in the unicellular cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. Electron micrographs of antibiotic-treated Synechococcus cells indicated that cyanobacterin affects thylakoid membrane structure. The antibiotic also inhibited light-dependent oxygen evolution in Synechococcus cells and in spheroplasts. These data support our conclusion that cyanobacterin specifically inhibits photosynthetic electron transport. This activity is similar to herbicides such as 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU). The anhydro analog of cyanobacterin had no biological activity.
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  • 29
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    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 265-270 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: EcoRI ; EcoRI-DNA complexes ; EcoRI* activity ; Recognition sites ; Frequency of binding ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electron microscopy of negatively stained isolated restriction enzyme EcoRI revealed particle projections with triangular or square outlines, indicating that the enzyme, in its tetrameric state, is tetrahedron-like. The two dimers making up the tetramer appear to be arranged in two planes orthogonal to each other. Complexes formed by EcoRI with the plasmids pBR322 or pGW10 were investigated by electron microscopic spreading techniques. In the presence of Mg2+, EcoRI was bound to the DNA molecules to form pearl necklace-like aggregates. The number of bound EcoRI particles was much higher as the sum of EcoRI-and 5′..AATT..3′ sites (with exceptions, the 5′..AATT..3′ sites may function as one type of EcoRI* sites) along the DNAs, indicating unspecific binding. In the absence of Mg2+, EcoRI was bound to the DNA only at the recognition site for EcoRI and the sites where the tetranucleotide sequence 5′..AATT..3′ was present. A direct correlation of the local concentrations of the bases A and T within the flanking sequences of the binding sites with the frequency of EcoRI to the DNA was observed. Dimers and tetramers of the enzyme was found to bind to the DNA. Tetramers occasionally exhibited two binding sites for DNA as indicated by the observation of DNA loops originating at the sites of bound tetrameric EcoRI particles.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Soluble NAD-dependent hydrogenase ; Alcaligenes eutrophus ; Nocardia opaca ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Abstract The soluble NAD-dependent hydrogenase (hydrogen-NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.12.1.2), consisting of four non-identical subunits, was isolated from Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 and from Nocardia opaca 1b and analyzed by a HPLC gel permeation technique and electron microscopy. The tetrameric enzyme particles from both origins, as determined from negatively stained electron microscopic samples, were found to be elongated and very similar in shape and size. The A. eutrophus enzyme was measured in more detail. It exhibited dimensions of 12.7 nm by 5.5 nm (axial ratio 2.3:1). Dissociation into smaller particles and unspecific aggregation combined with partial inactivation were observed in the presence of the inhibitor NADH. Kept in buffer without added nickel, the enzyme was partially dissociated. Reassociation of tetramers without restored enzyme activity was achieved by addition of 0.5 mM NiCl2. A working model for the structural organization of the tetrameric enzyme particle is presented.
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  • 31
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    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 267-271 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Extremely thermophilic eubacterium ; Calderobacterium hydrogenophilium ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Calderobacterium hydrogenophilum is an extreme thermophilic, obligately chemoautotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium. The cells were shown to be nonmotile straight rods of average size 0.4x2.5 μm. After negative-staining of the whole cells, no flagella were observed. The multilayered cell wall was of type 1 and possessed a crystalline proteinaceous surface layer exhibiting p4 symmetry. The square unit cells had a lattice constant of approximately 11 nm. Cell division occurred by a constriction mechanism. C. hydrogenophilum differred from a similar hydrogen-oxidizing eubacterium, Hydrogenobacter thermophilus, by the absence of intracytoplasmic membrane structures in chemically fixed cells. However, an electron-dense intracytoplasmic hemispherical structure adhering to the inner membrane was frequently observed.
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  • 32
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    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ammonium excretion ; Azospirillum brasilense ; Auxine ; 2,4-Dichlor-phenoxy-acetic acid ; Nitrogen fixation ; Paranodulation ; Maize ; Zea mays ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize seedlings develop nodule-like tumour knots (para-nodules) along primary roots when treated with the auxin 2,4-dichlor-phenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D). Inoculated NH 4 + -excreting Azospirillum brasilense cells were shown to colonize these tumours, mostly intracellularly, promoting a high level of N2 fixation when microaerophilic conditions were imposed. The nitrogenase activity inside the para-nodules was less sensitive to free O2 than in non-para-nodulating roots. Both light and electron microscopy showed a dense bacterial population inside intact tumour cells, with the major part of the cell infection along a central tumour tissue. The bacteria colonized the cytoplasm with a close attachment to inner cell membranes. In an auxin-free growth medium, young 2,4-D-induced para-nodules grew further to become mature differentiated root organs in which introduced bacteria survived with a stable population. These results provide evidence that gramineous plants are potentially able to create a symbiosis with diazotrophic bacteria in which the NH 4 + -excreting symbiont will colonize para-nodule tissue intracellularly, thus becoming well protected.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Biological control ; Cyanobacteria ; Electron microscopy ; Entrapment ; lysis ; Myxococcus ; Phormidium ; Spherule
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A Myxococcus xanthus isolate from a farm drainage ditch, designated strain PCO2, is capable of rapidly inducing lysis of both agar and liquid-grown cultures of the cyanobacterium, Phormidium luridum, var. olivacea. Microscopic studies of the predator-prey interaction demonstrate that lysis of the cyanobacterium occurs within clumps and spherules formed by the cells of M. xanthus PCO2. In the earliest stage, one sees the formation of irregular microclumps of bacteria and cyanobacterial filaments. As these clumps mature, colonies 1 to 6 mm in diameter develops. The center of these densely green colonies contains cyanohacteria in various stages of degradation, while the periphery is almost exclusively a tightly woven mass of myxobacterial cells. Electron microscopy shows that long extrusions from the outer membrane of the M. xanthus PCO2 cells are involved in the formation both of initial clumps and of mature colonial spherules. These extrusions appear to efficiently entangle the cyanobacterial filaments in the culture environment. Predator-to-prey ratios of 1/10, 1/100 and 1/1,000 have resulted in cyanobacterial lysis. Because the entrapment and lysis of P. luridum filaments by M. xanthus PCO2 appears to be independent of any other heterotrophic nutritional requirement, as well as of environmental agitation, this system has potential as a biological control technique for undesirable aquatic cyanobacteria.
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  • 34
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    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 10-13 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Calcofluor White ; Cell wall structure ; Chlorella ; Electron microscopy ; Protoplast ; Ruthenium Red
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Among 12 strains ofChlorella ellipsoidea, C. vulgaris, andC. saccharophila tested, 4 strains (1,C. ellpsoidea; 2,C. vulgaris; 1,C. saccharophila) formed osmotically labile protoplasts after treatment with mixtures of polysaccharide degrading enzymes. The relationship between enzymatical digestibility and structure or composition ofChlorella cell walls were studied by electron microscopy and staining techniques with some specific dyes. The cell wall structures of the 12Chlorella strains were grouped into three types: (1) with a trilaminar outer layer, (2) with a thin outer monolayer, and (3) without an outer layer. Protoplasts were formed only from the strains with a cell wall of Type 2. In the strains with a cell wall of Type 1, the outer layer protected the inner major microfibrillar layer against enzymatic digestion. The cell wall of Type 3 was totally resistant to the enzymes; the chemical composition of the cell wall would be somewhat different from that of other types.
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  • 35
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    Archives of microbiology 135 (1983), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Photosynthetic membranes ; Electron microscopy ; Image processing ; Ectothiorhodospira halochloris ; Ectothiorhodospira abdelmalekii ; Rhodopseudomonas viridis ; Rhodopseudomonas sulfoviridis ; Thiocapsa pfennigii
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    Notes: Abstract The photosynthetic membranes of the five bchl b-containing bacteria Ectothiorhodospira halochloris, E. abdelmalekii, Rhodopseudomonas viridis, R. sulfoviridis and Thiocapsa pfennigii have been investigated by electron microscopy and digital image analysis. All five species have the photosynthetic complexes hexagonally arrayed in the membrane with lattice spacings close to 13 nm, except for R. sulfoviridis and T. pfennigii which display somewhat smaller (∼12.5 nm) lattice spacings. Correlation averaging which imposes less stringent requirements on the lattice perfection than conventional Fourier filtration techniques has been employed to elucidate the structure of the photosynthetic complexes. Their basic organization, i.e. a ring, probably containing the light-harvesting (LH) polypeptides, surrounding a core (the “reaction centre”) appears to be almost identical for all species under scrutiny. Despite a resolution of ∼1.6 nm, however, little further significant substructure can be deduced from the averages; possible reasons for the “blurred” appearance of the LH-ring and absence of any subdivision in the reaction centre are discussed along with strategies aimed at obtaining a more detailed model of the molecular architecture of the photosynthetic membranes.
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  • 36
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    Archives of microbiology 157 (1992), S. 381-388 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: PhiX174 ; Bacterial lysis ; Escherichia coli ; Electron microscopy ; Membranes ; Cell envelope
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    Notes: Abstract Expression of cloned gene E of bacteriophage PhiX174 induces lysis by formation of a transmembrane tunnel structure in the cell envelope of Escherichia coli. Ultrastructural studies of the location of the lysis tunnel indicate that it is preferentially located at the septum or at polar regions of the cell. Furthermore, the diameter and shape of individual tunnel structures vary greatly indicating that its structure is not rigid. Apparently, the contours of individual lysis tunnels are determined by enlarged meshes in the peptidoglycan net and the force produced at its orifice, by the outflow of cytoplasmic content. Once the tunnel is formed the driving force for the lysis process is the osmotic pressure difference between cytoplasm and medium. During the lysis process areas of the cytoplasmic membrane which are not tightly attached to the envelope are extended inward by the negative pressure produced during lysis. After cell lysis external medium can diffuse through the lysis tunnel filling the inner cell space of the still rigid bacterial ghosts.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Trichoderma reesei ; Xylanase ; Ultrastructural localization ; Immunogold labelling ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Abstract The intracellular location of the “low-molecular weight, alkaline” xylanase (XYN II) of Trichoderma reesei RUT C-30 was investigated during growth on xylan, using immunoelectron microscopy. A monoclonal antibody, produced against XYN II, was used for this purpose. The enzyme was found at the endoplasmic reticulum and in electron dense 0.2 to 0.8 μm vesicles, as well as in the vacuole, at the plasma membrane and in the fungal cell-wall. No staining occured in the cytoplasm, the mitochondria and the nucleus. No Golgi-like structures could be seen. Addition of the carboxylic ionophore monensin blocked xylanase as well as total protein secretion. The results are discussed with respect to XYN II being secreted by T. reesei via a pathway involving the endoplasmic reticulum and secretory vesicles and/or the vacuole.
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  • 38
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    Keywords: Lactobacillus ; Medium composition ; Metal cations ; Electron microscopy ; Protoplast-like forms
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    Notes: Abstract The growth of some locally isolated Lactobacillus strains forming D(-) or L(+) lactic acid, Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 15009 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 was examined in different media. L. helveticus and Lactobacillus LBL strains formed atypical protoplast-like cells in LAPT medium, sensitive to SDS and proteinase. Specific morphological changes in the cell wall structure of these variants were revealed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of glucose and various salts on their appearance was investigated. The prevalent role of metal cations, especially of Mg2+, was established.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Malonomonas rubra ; Propionigenium modestum ; Malonate decarboxylase ; Methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase ; Biotin ; Avidin ; Electron microscopy ; High pressure freezing ; Immunolabeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Malonate decarboxylase of Malonomonas rubra is a complex enzyme system involving cytoplasmic and membrane-bound components. One of these is a biotin-containing protein of Mr 120'000, the location of which in the cytoplasm was deduced from the following criteria: (i) If the cytoplasm was incubated with avidin and the malonate decarboxylase subsequently completed with the membrane fraction the decarboxylase activity was abolished. The corresponding incubation of the membrane with avidin, however, was without effect. (ii) Western blot analysis identified the single biotin-containing polypeptide of Mr 120'000 within the cytoplasm. (iii) Transmission electron micrographs of immuno-gold labeled M. rubra cells clearly showed the location of the biotinyl protein within the cytoplasm, whereas the same procedure with Propionigenium modestum cells indicated the location of the biotin enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase in the cell membrane. The biotin-containing protein of the M. rubra malonate decarboxylase enzyme system was not retained by monomeric avidin-Sepharose columns but could be isolated with this column in a catalytically inactive form in the presence of detergents. If the high binding affinity of tetrameric avidin towards biotin was reduced by destructing part of the tryptophan residues by irradiation or oxidation with periodate, the inhibition of malonate decarboxylase by the modified avidin was partially reversed with an excess of biotin. Attempts to purify the biotin protein in its catalytically active state using modified avidin columns were without success.
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  • 40
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    Archives of microbiology 160 (1993), S. 206-213 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Treponema denticola ; Spirochetes ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The formation of quasi-multicellular bodies of Treponema denticola was analysed using different electron microscopical methods. These bacteria could develop four different conformations: (i) normal helical forms; (ii) twisted spirochetes, forming plaits; (iii) twisted spirochetes, forming club-like structures; (iv) spherical bodies in different size. Treponemes within spherical bodies, plaits, and clubs proved to be enclosed in a common outer sheath in which the normal arrangement of their axial flagella was lost. The development of the quasi-multicellular bodies starting from the monoforme spirochetes was elucidated and this morphogenetic process is illustrated by a schematic drawing. Factors which might be involved in the induction of the structures are discussed and their possible pathogenetic importance is considered.
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  • 41
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    Archives of microbiology 160 (1993), S. 284-287 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacterial glucoamylase ; Clostridium thermosacharolyticum ; Cellular location ; Activity states ; Macromolecular organization ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By application of immunocytochemical techniques at the electron microscope level, glucoamylase was localized to the cell periphery in Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum during and following growth on starch, sucrose or glucose. Levels of immunolabelling were found to be relatively independent of growth substrate and of phase of growth, whereas previous studies had demonstrated strong dependence of glucoamylase activity on growth conditions; previously high levels of glucoamylase activity had been detected after growth on starch (i.e. during the stationary phase after growth) and only very low activities detected during exponential growth and following growth on glucose. The results presented demonstrate that levels of the glucoamylase protein are independent of measurable enzyme activity, and imply that the protein is constitutive. This indicates that the protein can exist in active and inactive states in the cell. By analogy with similar systems, we consider it likely that “maturation” or “activation” of newly synthesized glucoamylase occurs during (or following) transport through the cytoplasmic membrane. Electron microscopy of individual protein molecules which had been subjected to negative staining revealed that the enzyme consists of two domains of approximately equal size which are linked by a “hinge” region.
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  • 42
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    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 267-271 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words     Extremely thermophilic eubacterium ; Calderobacterium hydrogenophilium ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Abstract       Calderobacterium hydrogenophilum is an extreme thermophilic, obligately chemoautotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium. The cells were shown to be non-motile straight rods of average size 0.4 × 2.5 μm. After negative-staining of the whole cells, no flagella were observed. The multilayered cell wall was of type 1 and possessed a crystalline proteinaceous surface layer exhibiting p4 symmetry. The square unit cells had a lattice constant of approximately 11 nm. Cell division occurred by a constriction mechanism. C. hydrogenophilum differred from a similar hydrogen-oxidizing eubacterium, Hydrogenobacter thermophilus, by the absence of intracytoplasmic membrane structures in chemically fixed cells. However, an electron-dense intracytoplasmic hemispherical structure adhering to the inner membrane was frequently observed.
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  • 43
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    Archives of microbiology 126 (1980), S. 87-95 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ascodichaena ; Beech bark ; Electron microscopy ; Host-fungus relationship
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ascodichaena rugosa Butin is a corkinhabiting fungus, found frequently on the bark of Fagus sylvatica L. The hyphae of the fungus are distributed solely in the phellem cells, stopping their growth in the last-formed cork cell layer. The cell to cell invasion is effected by penetration hyphae, causing no extensive dissolution of the cork wall. Electron microscopical observations revealed fine structural details of the fruit bodies and of the intracellular hyphae. Of special interest were the finger-like hyaline hyphae in the last-formed layer of cork cells, which are interpreted as haustoria on the basis of the fine structure both of hyphae and host cells. This situation is considered as reflecting a parasitic relationship of Ascodichaena to beech bark. The activity of the fungus led also to the increased production of cork cells, perhaps related to the nutrient supply of the fungus.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Immunoferritin labeling ; Electron microscopy ; Membrane vesicles ; Nitrate reductase ; Bacillus licheniformis ; Klebsiella aerogenes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The indirect immunoferritin labeling method was used to localize the membrane-bound respiratory nitrate reductase in membrane vesicles and protoplasts or spheroplasts of Bacillus licheniformis and Klebsiella aerogenes, respectively. For a comparison of the labeling of the various vesicle preparations, which differed not only in size but also in the percentage of inside-out orientation, a quantification of the results was needed to circumvent the problem of non-specifically bound ferritin. From the results the sidedness of the nitrate reductase in the cytoplasmic membrane of the abovementioned bacteria was determined as being cytoplasmic in B. licheniformis and as transmembranous in K. aerogenes.
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  • 45
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    Archives of microbiology 131 (1982), S. 116-123 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cell wall ; Wall degradation ; Lysozyme ; Autolysines ; Electron microscopy ; Staphylococcus aureus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to former findings lysozyme was able to attack the cell walls ofStaphylococcus aureus under acid conditions. However, experiments with14C-labelled cell walls and ribonuclease indicated that, under these conditions, lysozyme acted less as an muralytic enzyme but more as an activator of pre-existing autolytic wall enzymes. Electron microscopic studies showed that under these acid conditions the cell walls were degraded by a new mechanism (i.e. “attack from the inside”). This attack on the cell wall started asymmetrically within the region of the cross wall and induced the formation of periodically arranged lytic sites between the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall proper. Subsequently, a gap between the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane resulted and large cell wall segments became detached and suspended in the medium. The sequence of lytic events corresponded to processes known to take place during wall regeneration and wall formation. In the final stage of lysozyme action at pH 5 no cell debris but “stabilized protoplasts” were to be seen without detectable alterations of the primary shape of the cells. At the same time long extended ribbon-like structures appeared outside the bacteria. The origin as well as the chemical nature of this material is discussed. Furthermore, immunological implications are considered.
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    Archives of microbiology 159 (1993), S. 114-118 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacillus pulvifaciens ; Vegetative cells ; Spotes ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus pulvifaciens was studied by CTEM and SEM methods. The vegetative cells are rods, 1.6–4.5 μm long and 0.4–0.6 μm wide, exhibiting typical ultrastructural features of Gram-positive bacteria. The spores are of ellipsoidal shape, 0.6×1.2 μm in size, with six longitudinal ribs reaching up to 130 nm in height. There are satelite ribs on both sides of the longitudinal ribs, reaching up to 20 nm in height. Between the longitudinal ribs, additional transversal ribs were observed in SEM. A special tubular layer, separating the outer and inner coat of the spores, was revealed in ultrathin sections. This layer seems to be a typical ultrastructural feature of Bacillus pulvifaciens spores.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Ferritin ; Thalassemia ; Ferrihydrite ; Crystallinity ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The cores of ferritins isolated from different organs of human subjects withβ-thalassemia/hemoglobin E (β-thal/HbE) disease have different size distributions and crystallinities depending on the source organ. These patients have not been treated by hypertransfusion regimen or iron chelation therapy.β-Thal/HbE spleens and livers yield ferritin cores which are less crystalline than those isolated from normal spleens and livers, reflecting the more rapid deposition of iron in the diseased state. Ferritins isolated from the hearts and pancreases ofβ-thal/HbE subjects were found to have larger, more crystalline cores than those from theβ-thal/HbE livers and spleens, possibly as a consequence of the role of the heart and pancreas as long-term iron deposition sites in this iron overload pathology.
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  • 48
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    Mycopathologia 125 (1994), S. 93-105 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Aflatoxin B1 ; Callus ; Differentiation ; Electron microscopy ; Organogenesis ; Tobacco
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Calli ofNicotiana tabacum (tobacco) were treated with two dose ranges of aflatoxin B1 (0.1–2.0 µg ml−1 - low does; 5–25 µg ml−1 aflatoxin B1). The ability of calli to recover following 3 weeks of toxin exposure was also investigated. The I50 (50% inhibition) value for fresh mass accumulation was approximately 2 µg ml−1 AFB1. Fresh mass accumulation was significantly lower than the control value from 0.5 µg ml−1 AFB1. Following 3 weeks growth without a toxin source, the growth of calli up to and including 10 µg ml−1 AFB1, was significantly greater than control calli, indicating reversibility of the toxic effects. With increasing toxin concentration, chlorophyll content of callus was inhibited from 0.5 µg ml−1. Transfer to a toxin-free medium resulted in a degree of recovery (up to 0.5 µg ml−1). In the dose range 5–25 µg ml−1, the levels of chlorophyll were drastically reduced, with no recovery following AFB1 removal. Electron microscopy revealed a disruption of chloroplast structure as an early deteriorative event in AFB1 exposure of callus cells. Protein levels were less sensitive, with inhibition manifested only in the high dose range. Shoot development occurred at all concentrations, but was significantly inhibited from 5 µg ml−1 AFB1. Recovery following toxin removal was minimal at these higher AFB1 concentrations. The number of necrotic calli increased progressively from 5 µg ml−1 as toxin levels increased.
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  • 49
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    Mycopathologia 121 (1993), S. 143-147 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Farmer's lung ; Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula ; Thermoactinomyces vulgaris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fine structure ofThermoactinomyces vulgaris andSaccharopolyspora rectivirgula is described by transmission electron microscopy. These two bacteria are the most common microbes causing farmer's lung. The fine structure of hyphae, germination of endospores and the details of conidial wall layers ofT. vulgaris, as well as the fine structure of septate hypha and globose, polygonal conidia ofS. rectivirgula are described. The conidial wall ofT. vulgaris consisted of an inner multilayered spore coat, intermediate spore coat and outer spore coat. The findings are important for the investigations to find fragments of these bacteria in the lungs of exposed patients and experimental animals.
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  • 50
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    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 564-569 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: lin. Polyethylene ; Single crystals ; Heat of Fusion ; DSC ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Recently published results for solution crystallized PE single crystals have shown, that the experimental heat of fusionΔH * is higher, if the solvent is exchanged to silicon oil (oil suspension samples) as compared with dried mats. This has been interpreted by the collapse of the original hollow pyramids during drying, inducing lateral defects within the lamellae. The present investigation does not confirm this unexpected result.ΔH * of dried mats (T c 66 to 91 °C) and of the corresponding oil suspension samples agree within the rather small limits of experimental error. The crystallinities as derived fromΔH *, density or WAXS are in excellent agreement. SEM micrographs of cold fractured dried mats show their spongy macromorphology, but TEM micrographs of stained ultra-thin sections reveal the lamellar morphology of the walls, consisting of curved lamellae and stacked hollow pyramides. If a dried mat is sintered at room temperature, a dense transparent film is obtained with a rather regular stacked morphology of large flat lamellae.ΔH * of these films agrees with that of the original mat.
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  • 51
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    Colloid & polymer science 261 (1983), S. 373-374 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; short-time staining ; nodular structure ; crystallization
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 52
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    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 363-366 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Laser vascular welding ; Tissue fusion ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The central problem in microsurgery is the reconstruction of small vessels. The long operating time, foreign body granuloma formation around the suture material as well as aneurysmal alterations of the vessel wall after conventional suture technique make the search for alternatives indispensable. Some of these disadvantages can be avoided as demonstrated by our animal experiments and histological examinations in laser-assisted anastomosing. The aim of this study is to show these aspects in connection with laser application and compare them with conventional suture techniques.
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  • 53
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    Colloid & polymer science 272 (1994), S. 604-611 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; light scattering ; dodecyldimethylaminoxide/hexanol/water ; iridescent phase ; bicontinuous sponge phase ; vesicle phase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Electron microscopic observations and classical light-scattering measurements have been carried out for dodecyldimethylaminoxide/hexanol/water mixtures in the concentration range where iridescent colors occur. This system has two different iridescent phases. The iridescent phase with more hexanol forms quickly, and the phase with less hexanol forms very slowly. Three different isotropic phases which show strong flow birefringence are found near both iridescent phases. The electron microscopic pictures show clearly that only one of these isotropic phases with strong flow birefringence is a bicontinuous sponge phase (L3h -phase). This is the phase which comes out by adding some alkanol to the upper lamellar phase. The flow birefringent phase below the lower lamellar phase forms unilamellar vesicles. The flow birefringent phase which occurs between both iridescent phases contains multilamellar vesicles and is shown to be a precursor of a lamellar phase.
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  • 54
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    Trees 8 (1993), S. 23-30 
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Wound responses ; Hardwoods ; Xylem parenchyma ; Suberization ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wound responses of xylem parenchyma by suberization were investigated in some hardwoods by light and electron microscopy. Suberized ray and axial parenchyma cells form a distinct boundary around the wound in all investigated species. Vessels and fibres within and close behind the suberized area appeared more or less occluded; vessels in Fagus, Quercus, and Populus contained suberized tyloses, those in Betula and Tilia contained amorphous and fibrillar deposits. A common mechanism for suberin deposition in the parenchyma cells became evident. Cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum were apparently involved in suberization. Suberin compounds are extruded by cytoplasmic vesicles, which fused with the plasma membrane, in order to release their content. The suberin layer exhibited the typical lamellated structure; cytoplasmic continuity between suberized cells by plasmodesmata was maintained through the suberin layer. Fagus revealed the most intense suberized area as compared with the other species. Within the reaction zone of Fagus and Quercus, some individual ray and axial parenchyma cells exhibited a subdivision into 2 or 3 compartments prior to suberization. Subdivision was achieved by the formation of a primary wall-like layer. Subsequently, the compartments became individually suberized. Wounding during winter did not induce suberization. Also, samples wounded and kept under water during the vegetation period showed no response. The role of suberization in the effectivity of wound-associated compartmentalization is discussed.
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    Primates 34 (1993), S. 233-235 
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Chimpanzee ; Infant-eating ; Electron microscopy ; Feces ; Hair
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A large bolus of hairs found in the feces of an adult wild chimpanzee in the Budongo Forest, Uganda, was identified as belonging to a chimpanzee below the age of 3 yrs. This represents the second case of infant-eating recorded in the Budongo Forest.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Microsporon audouinii ; Pyrrolnitrin ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that a ceiling quantity (1.56 mcg) of antifungal antibiotic Pyrrolnitrin caused heavy damage to dermathophyteMicrosporon audouinii Gruby CBS 313-54in vitro. Suitable preparation technique made it clear that the changes involved consisted of hyphal collapse on the edge of the culture, with loss of euplasmic organelles identity and cell autolysis. The cell wall, however, was apparently undamaged. These findings fit in with the suggestion that the mode of action of the antibiotic leads to generalised lipoproteic membranes damage. They must, however, be considered as representing the result of the terminal phase of cell distress.
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  • 57
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1993), S. 108-112 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; celluloytic microorganisms ; termite gut
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The major gut microflora colonizing the hind gut of a higher termite,Odontotermes obesus, included morphologically diverse bacteria, both coccoid and rod-shaped, along with spirochaetes, pseudomonads and actinomycetes. Flagellated protozoa were totally absent. When the gut extract was inoculated on plates containing carboxymethyl cellulose or cellobiose, higher numbers of bacteria grew than on plates without cellulosic sources. The gut homogenate exhibited strong hydrolytic activity when carboxymethyl cellulose,p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucoside or xylan were used as substrate, indicating the role of gut microbiota in the process of cellulose and hemicellulose digestion. Activities were highest in the hind gut, and the paunch was probably the major site of polysaccharide digestion in this higher termite.In vitro cultivation of some of the isolates revealed both cellulase and xylanase activities. To our knowledge, this is the first report on ultrastructural studies of the higher termiteOdontotermes obesus.
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  • 58
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 127-137 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adenylate pool ; Biomass volume ; CO2 evolution ; Chitin ; DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Enzymes ; Fluorescent antibody ; Fumigation-respiration ; Fungi Histochemistry ; Imunofluorecence ; Jones-Mollison technique ; Microcosms ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Oxygen consumption ; Phosphorus ; Phytotoxins ; Plate counts ; Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Sulphur ; Xenobiotics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary There is an immense literature on biological and biochemical analyses of soils. Such analyses have revealed the enormous richness of species in soil and their vast range of metabolic potentials and ecological diversity. Accordingly, the approaches used to investigate the soil biota and its biochemistry usually have to be modified or adapted depending upon the purpose of the investigation. Studies of micro-organisms in the soil environment, are complicated because microbial cells are commonly attached to surfaces where they live side-by-side with other populations in consortia usually containing different morphological and physiological types. Such assemblages of organisms cannot be described quantitatively using cultural techniques, such as plate counts, which underestimate both cell numbers and viable biomass. The development of more powerful observational and staining techniques has improved our knowledge of the diverse morphological and biochemical composition of soil micro-communities. Such findings have been amplified at a grosser level by laboratory studies with multi-component systems (microcosms) to mimic field situations and to assess the range of biochemical potentials of microbial consortia. But despite notable advances in analytical methods we are still, with a few exceptions, unable to detect or identify those microorganisms which carry out specific biochemical transformations or determine whether particular cells are alive, dormant or dead at the time of observation. Considerable work has been done to define some of the fundamental ecological attributes of microbial assemblages in soil. Productive work on the metabolic activities of the soil microbiota, specially geochemical transformations of C, N, S and P, has been under way for more than a century. But only in more recent years have more sensitive and reproducible analytical methods become available to measure viable biomass in soil. This will enable some insight to be gained into the role that microbial biomass plays as a labile source and sink for plant nutrients.
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  • 59
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 319-337 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aggregates ; Aluminium ; Bacterial mucilage ; Binding agents ; Calcium ; Cation bridges ; Complexing agents ; Dispersion ; Electron microscopy ; Electrophoretic mobility ; Fungal hyphae ; Glues Iron ; Management Periodate ; Polysaccharides ; Rhizosphere ; Roots ; Slaking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The stability of pores and particles is essential for optimum growth of plants. Two categories of aggregates macro- (〉 250 μm) and micro- (〈250 μm) depend on organic matter for stability against disruptive forces caused by rapid wetting. Dispersion of clay particles from microaggregates is promoted by adsorption of complexing organic acids which increase the negative charge on clays. The acids are produced by plants, bacteria and fungi. However, the dispersibility of clay in microaggregates is offset by the binding action of polysaccharides, mainly mucilages produced by bacteria, but also by plant roots and fungal hyphae. The stability of microaggregates is also enhanced by multivalent cations which act as bridges between organic colloids and clays. Macroaggregates are enmeshed by plant roots, both living and decomposing, and are thus sensitive to management, and increase in number when grasses are grown and the soil is not disturbed. Lack of root growth,i.e. fallow, has the opposite effect. Various implications for management of soil structure are discussed.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: Transferrin ; Receptor ; Isolation ; Reconstitution ; Liposomes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Human transferrin receptor was isolated from Triton X-100 solubilized placental plasma membranes by a rapid one-step chromatographic procedure based on immunoadsorption of the receptortransferrin complex on anti-transferrin Sepharose and lectin-affinity on wheat germ agglutinin. Following exchange of Triton X-100 with CHAPS or n-octylglucoside, the purified receptor was incorporated into egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes upon, detergent removal by dialysis (lipid/protein ratio 15:1 to 45:1 (w/w) Reconstitution of the receptor was confirmed by trypsin cleavage to dissociate the large extracellular receptor domain from the liposomal membranes. Electron micrographs of the receptor-lipid recombinants negatively stained with sodium sillicotungstate, showed ographs of the receptor-lipid recombinants negatively stained with sodium sillicotungstate, showed that the receptor molecules distributed very inhomogeneously on the liposomes, most receptors being clustered. Single copies of the receptor were seen as elongate structures (5×10 nm) oriented with their long axis parallel to the liposome surface and separated from this by a 2–3 nm gap. This result provides evidence for a narrow connecting link between the globular extracellular receptor domain and the membrane spanning segment.
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    Bioscience reports 12 (1992), S. 495-501 
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; secretion ; neuropeptides ; exocytosis ; endocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Exo- and endocytotic processes induced by depolarization of isolated neurosecretory nerve terminals show a close temporal correlation, which suggests a short time of integration of the neurosecretory granule membrane with the plasma membrane. In order to determine minimal time requirements for exocytosis-coupled endocytosis to occur, we have analyzed by electron microscopy uptake of horserdish peroxidase (HRP) as a fluid phase marker at the onset of depolarization. We have applied rapid mixing and sampling (quenched flow) to assess events in subsecond time peroids after stimulation. A significant number of labelled endocytotic vacuoles was observed during the first second of depolarization. This number then further increased by a factor of about 2 (within 5 s) and 4 (within 50s). Thus, as for exocytosis, the rate of endocytosis decreased considerably during prolonged stimulation. These data indicate i) that a substantial proportion of secretory granules undergoes exocytosis very shortly after stimulation, and ii) that, following exocytosis, the minimal time required for consecutive membrane retrieval is in the sub-second range.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies (L.) Karst ; Freezing injury ; Acid rain ; Carbohydrate histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The cellular structures of acid rain-irrigated needles of several provenances of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) seedlings were studied after winter experimental freezing. Frost injuries and recovery were characterized by visual damage scoring and classification of mesophyll cell alterations, also using histochemical methods for carbohydrate fluorescent staining. The treatment with-30° C during the late dormancy period was sufficient to cause significant injuries and intracellular degradation in the tissues of the green needles. The most affected seedlings in terms of visual injury scoring were found among those treated with clean water or at pH 3, while freezing injury, defined as an occlusion of phenolic substances in the central vacuole of the mesophyll cells, was most abundant in the needles from spruces irrigated either with clean water or at pH 4 or pH 3. Electron microscopy revealed the details of the injury, e. g. thinning out of the cytoplasm and chloroplast stroma, darkening of the chloroplasts and eventually swelling of the chloroplasts and protoplast. PAS and ConA reactions in the needle tissue revealed intense starch accumulation in the mesophyll and transfusion tissues as early as in March, with a tendency to increase, especially in the untreated needles during the recovery period. Plasma membrane disturbances were indicated by histochemical identification of callose deposits in the mesophyll cell walls, these being most abundant in the acid rain-treated needles. All these findings suggest that freezing at −30° C was more deleterious to the seedlings pretreated with acid or clean water than to those not given additional irrigation.
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    Protoplasma 153 (1990), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Acid phosphatase ; Electron microscopy ; Mammary glands ; Subcellular fractions ; Substrate specificity ; Sulfhydryl agents ; Tartrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Localization of acid phosphatase in mammary glands of lactating rats was studied by both biochemical and cytochemical methods. Cytochemically, acid phosphatase activity was detected by using lead citrate as the capture agent for the inorganic phosphate released from p-nitrophenyl phosphate. The activity was predominantly localized in the lumina of the endomembrane system and in the milk that had been secreted into the alveolar lumen. Biochemically, acid phosphatase was present in all the subcellular fractions with higher activities in the membrane-associated fractions. The localization of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatases within the endomembrane system of fully lactating rat mammary tissue suggests a possible role for these enzymes in milk secretory processes.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Barley yellow mosaic virus ; Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies ; Electron microscopy ; Hordeum vulgare ; Immunogold labeling ; RNA 2-encoded proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Antisera were raised against the RNA 2-encoded proteins of 28 kDa and 70 kDa of barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) by using the corresponding cDNA sequences of a German isolate for protein overexpression inEscherichia coli BL 21 and subsequent purification. The proposed processing of a 98 kDa precursor polyprotein encoded by the long open reading frame of RNA 2 to two proteins of 28 kDa and 70 kDa could be confirmed by immunoprecipitation of the in vitro transcribed and translated cDNA-clone of RNA 2 and Western blot analysis of fragmentated protein extracts of BaYMV-infected winter barley plants. In situ localisation studies of infected leaf tissue using immunogold labeling techniques for electron microscopy revealed that both viral proteins of BaYMV (RNA 2) were associated with the crystal-like cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. No other parts of the cells and no other inclusions (pinwheelstructures or aggregated virus particles) showed any gold labeling when the 28 kDa and 70 kDa antisera were used. We suppose that both RNA 2-encoded proteins take part in the formation of the crystal-like cytoplasmic inclusion bodies which are the most dominant structures in the cytoplasm of BaYMV-infected tissue. Possible functions of the 28 kDa and 70 kDa protein of BaYMV (RNA 2) are discussed.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Adiantum capillus veneris ; Meristematic root cells ; Microtubule organization ; Immunofluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The interphase meristematic root cells ofAdiantum capillus venerispossess a well developed cytoskeleton of cortical microtubules (Mts), which disappear at prophase. The preprophase-prophase cells display a well organized preprophase microtubule band (PMB) and a perinuclear Mt system. The observations favour the suggestion that the cell edges included in the PMB cortical zone possess a Mt organizing capacity and thus play an important role in PMB formation. The perinuclear Mts are probably organized on the nuclear surface. The preprophase-prophase nuclei often form protrusions towards the PMB cortical zone and the spindle poles, assuming a conical or rhomboid shape. Mts may be involved in this nuclear shaping. Reinstallation of cortical Mts in dividing cells begins about the middle of cytokinesis with the reappearance of short Mts on the cell surface. When cytokinesis terminates, numerous Mts line the postcytokinetic daughter wall. Many of them converge or form clusters in the cytoplasm occupying the junctions of the new and the old walls. In the examined fern, the cortical Mt arrays seem to be initiated in the cortex of post-cytokinetic root cells. A transitory radial perinuclear Mt array, comparable to that found in post-telophase root cells of flowering plants, was not observed inA. capillus veneris.
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    Protoplasma 111 (1982), S. 206-214 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Bark beetle ; Sensilla ; Chemoreceptors ; Mechanoreceptors ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The antennal sensilla inI. typographus are almost exclusively confined to the flattened terminal flagellar segment. The sensillar types have distinct distribution patterns in the three areas where they are found. Judging from the ultrastructural characteristics the following functions can be assigned to the sensillar types: chemoreception, single-walled and double-walled sensilla; chemoreception/mechanoreception, terminal-pore sensillum. Moreover there are two types of mechanoreceptors, one of which is connected to a bristle, whereas the other terminates within the cuticle of the flagellar segment.
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    Protoplasma 154 (1990), S. 132-143 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Vigna sinensis ; Immunofluorescence ; Electron microscopy ; Colchicine ; Tubulin reticulum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The primary leaf, epicotyl, and root cells ofVigna sinensis seedlings grown continuously in a 0.08% colchicine solution, become microtubule-free and polyploid. In meristematic root cells a tubulin transformation is detected 1–3 h after the treatment had begun. Tubulin strands are organized at the positions of the pre-existing microtubules. Frequently, the strands converge on or are organized in the cortical cytoplasmic zone where in normal cells the preprophase microtubule band (PMB) is assembled. In meristematic root cells subjected to a 6–12 h colchicine treatment, the tubulin strands become perinuclear, entering the cortical cytoplasm at regions close to the nucleus. One day after the onset of the treatment, tubulin generally forms a continuous reticulum of interconnected strands in all the organs examined. In most cells this reticulum surrounds the nucleus partly or totally or lies close to it, exhibiting variable configurations in different cells. After prolonged treatments, the organization of the tubulin reticulum changes further. Now this consists of crystal-like structures interconnected by thin strands. On thin sections of fixed tissue the tubulin strands consist of paracrystalline material. The distribution of this material in the affected cells coincides with that of tubulin reticulum visualized by immunofluorescence. In transverse planes each strand exhibits circular subunits arranged close to one another in a hexagonal pattern but in longitudinal ones variable images were observed. The paracrystalline material persists in root cells subjected to an 8-day continuous colchicine treatment. The immunolabeled strands seem to be composed of tubulin-colchicine complexes and not pure tubulin.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Anther embryogenesis ; Brassica napus ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry ; Microspore embryogenesis ; Pollen division
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural and cytochemical features of embryo development during anther and free microspore culture inBrassica napus have been followed from the late uninucleate microspore stage through the first embryonic division. On transfer to culture, the microspore cytoplasm possesses a large vacuole, often containing electron opaque aggregates, and a peripheral nucleus. Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and starch-free plastids are distributed throughout the cytoplasm. The conditions of culture induce a number of major changes in the cytoplasmic organisation of the microspore. First, the central vacuole becomes fragmented allowing the nucleus to assume a central position within the cell. Secondly, starch synthesis commences in the plastids which, in turn, are seen to occupy a domain investing the nucleus. Thirdly, the cell develops a thick fibrillar wall, situated immediately adjacent to the intine of the immature pollen wall. Finally, the microspores develop large cytoplasmic aggregates of globular material. The nature of this substance remains unknown, but it remains present until the young embryos have reached the 30 cell stage. The first division of cultured microspores destined to become embryos is generally symmetrical, in contrast to the asymmetric division seen in normal development in vivo. Consideration is given to the differences observed between embryos developing from anthers and free microspores in culture.
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  • 69
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 229-244 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclasts ; Vacuoles ; Lysosomes ; Bone resorption ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cytoplasmic vacuoles and bodies in the osteoclast (rat) were studied by electron microscopy. The vacuole-like structures (0.03–5 μ in diameter) may be classed as a) vacuoles b) coated vacuoles and c) invaginations. The cytoplasmic bodies vary in size from 0.02–3 μ in diameter and these may similarly be classed as a) light cytoplasmic bodies, b) dense cytoplasmic bodies, c) coated cytoplasmic bodies and d) cytoplasmic bodies containing inclusions. Both the cytoplasmic vacuoles and the bodies are limited by a triple layered membrane of about 91 Å in thickness. Their relationship to the lysosomal system and the role of this system in the osteoclast is discussed.
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  • 70
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 85-96 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Lampetra ; Physiological biliary atresia ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A morphologic and histochemical study was carried out on the liver of larval and adult lampreys at the optical and electron microscopic level. In the larva the liver is composed of blind ending single cell thick tubules of hepatocytes. The tubular lumina provided with microvilli are morphologically comparable with the canalicular lumens of the higher species of animals. The cytoplasm of the hepatocytes contains numerous inclusions with heterogeneous appearance and crystalline material. The biliary system is composed of numerous bile ductules and ducts. In the adult lamprey, the biliary system has disappeared. The hepatocytes loose their tubular arrangement and the characteristic differentiation of their biliary pole. In contrast to previous reports in the literature the presence of bile pigment in the adult lamprey liver could not be demonstrated with any histochemical technique.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Interstitial cells, genesis ; Hen's ovary ; Electron microscopy
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die Zwischenzellen des Hühnerovars gibt es embryonal und post-embryonal bindegewebige und epitheliale Quellen. Die bindegewebigen Mutterzellen sind Mesenchymzellen und Fibrozyten, die epithelialen Mutterzellen sind Wandepithelzellen der Markstranglakunen und Epoophorontubuli. Kriterien zur Unterscheidung dieser vierfachen Abstammungsmöglichkeiten der Zwischenzellen werden angegeben.
    Notes: Summary The interstitial cells of the hen's ovary have two sources: connective tissue mother cells, which are mesenchymal cells or fibrocytes, and epithelial mother cells, which are wall epithelial cells of the medullary cord lacunae or of the tubuli of the epophoron. Criteria are provided for differentiating this fourfold genesis of the interstitial cells.
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  • 72
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 101-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Infundibulum ; Rat ; Neuro-glial synapses ; Neuro-Vascular contacts ; Corticotropin-Releasing Factor ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Gefäßfortsätze von ependymalen und subependymalen Zellen bilden in der subependymalen Zone und in der Zona interna des Ratteninfundibulum mit Nervenfasern kompakte neuro-gliöse Faserbündel, die sich in der Zona externa aufzweigen. 2. In allen Zonen des Infundibulum kommen zwischen den Nervenfasern und den Gefäßfortsätzen zahlreiche neuro-gliöse Synapsen vor. In den Gefäßfortsätzen fällt die hohe Zahl an Mikrotubuli sowie die zahlreichen, vielgestaltigen Einschlüsse auf. 3. In der subependymalen Zone sind die Interzellularspalten an bestimmten Stellen außerordentlich weit. Sie haben eine kanalartige Beschaffenheit und enthalten feine Bündel von Nervenfasern. 4. Von den lateralen Anteilen des Infundibulum her erreichen Dendriten von Ganglienzellen des Nucleus infundibularis die Mitte des Infundibulum. In dieser Region sind axodendritische Synapsen anzutreffen. 5. Morphometrische Analysen der Nervenfaserendigungen der Zona externa von Normaltieren zeigen, daß die prozentuale Verteilung der nach Granulagröße differenzierten Nervenfaserklassen für Mitte und Seite der Zona externa etwa gleich ist. Zwischen der Größe der Elementargranula und der Anschnittfläche der zugehörigen Nervenfasern besteht eine direkte Beziehung. 6. Die Nervenfaserendigungen erreichen die Basalmembran des perikapillären Raumes fast ausschließlich im Bereich von gefäßwärts gerichteten Vorwölbungen der Zona externa. Das Ausmaß, in dem Nervenfasern im Vergleich zu den Gefäßfortsätzen von Ependymund Gliazellen den perivaskulären Raum erreichen, ist medial weitaus größer als lateral. 7. Bei bilateral adrenalektomierten Ratten nimmt in bestimmten, vorwiegend lateral gelegenen Nervenfasern die Zahl und Größe der Elementargranula in Abhängigkeit von der Überlebensdauer zu. Dies dürfte auf eine verstärkte Synthese und Speicherung von Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in diesen Nervenfasern zurückzuführen sein. Gegenüber dem Normalbefund ist die neurohämale Kontaktfläche erheblich vergrößert. Der perivaskuläre Raum enthält zerfallene Nervenfaserteile, die durch Bindegewebszellen phagocytiert werden. Diese Veränderungen dürften durch eine unter Versuchsbedingungen verstärkte Wachstumstendenz der Nervenfasern in Richtung auf die Blutgefäße und durch eine Abschnürung der Nerven-faserendigungen ausgelöst werden.
    Notes: Summary 1. In the subependymal and internal zones of the rat median eminence nerve fibres and vascular processes of ependymal and subependymal cells form neuro-glial bundles. They branch in the external zone. 2. In all these three zones of the infundibulum numerous neuro-glial synapses are found between nerve fibres and vascular processes of glial cells. The vascular processes contain a high number of microtubules as well as polymorphous granular inclusions. 3. In certain regions of the subependymal layer the intercellular spaces are enlarged. They form channel-like spaces containing small bundles of delicate nerve fibres. 4. Nerve cells of the infundibular nucleus located in the lateral parts of the infundibulum send dendrites to the medial parts of the infundibulum. In this area axo-dendritic synapses are found. 5. For morphometric analysis, the nerve fibres of the external zone were classified according to the diameter of their granules. It is shown that in the different regions of the external zone the distribution of the various types of nerve fibre is similar. Moreover it can be seen that a direct correlation exists between the size of the sectional plane of a given nerve fibre and the size of the granules it comprises. 6. Nerve fibre endings abutting on the basement membrane of the pericapillary space are mostly found in bulb-like protrusions of the external zone. The extent to which nerve fibres reach the perivascular space—as compared with the vascular processes of ependymal and glial cells—is higher in the medial than in the lateral parts of the infundibulum. 7. In bilaterally adrenalectomized rats the number and diameter of elementary granules increases in nerve fibres located laterally. This increase is directly related to the survival time and may be due to an enhanced synthesis and storage of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in these nerve fibres. Compared with the findings in untreated animals the neurohemal contact area is significantly enlarged. The perivascular space contains degenerating nerve fibres which are undergoing phagocytosis by connective tissue cells. It is assumed that these alterations are due to the increased growth of nerve fibres towards the vessels of the “Mantelplexus”, and that, following adrenalectomy, this excessive growth leads to a pinching off of nerve fibres.
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  • 73
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 139-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Giant fiber ; Earthworm ; Septum ; Electrical synapse ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die erneute elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung der dorsalen Riesenfasern der Lumbriciden Lumbricus terrestris (L.t.) und Eisenia foetida (E.f.) zeigt, daß es sich bei den segmentalen Septen um Strukturen bisher unbekannter Komplexität handelt. Bei beiden Tierarten beträgt der Septalspalt nur 65 Å (E.f.) bzw. 75 Å (L.t.) und ist deshalb als „gap junction“ anzusprechen. Daneben fallen folgende Differenzierungen am Septum auf: „septate junctions” (L.t. und E.f.), „intermediate junctions“ (L.t. und E.f.), beidseitig am Septum gelegene und nicht von einer Membran umschlossene Membranappositionen (E.f.), sowie einseitig am Septum gelegene „dense projections“ (L.t.). Bei L.t. kommen außerdem auf beiden Seiten des Septums Vesikel vor, die von einer Elementarmembran umschlossen sind und nach Größe (φ ca. 575 Å), Lage, Haufenbildung und elektronenoptischem Habitus den Vesikeln chemisch übertragender Synapsen gleichen. Die Befunde werden hinsichtlich ihrer möglichen Bedeutung bei der elektrischen Übertragung und als Indizien für das Vorliegen einer gemischten Synapse diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Electronmicroscopical examination of the dorsal giant fibers in the earthworms Lumbricus terrestris (L.t.) and Eisenia foetida (E.f.) reveals that their segmental septa are structures of so far unknown complexity. In both species the extracellular cleft between the two axon membranes of the septum amounts to only 65 Å (E.f.) and 75 Å (L.t.) respectively and is therefore regarded as “gap junction”. The following other structural differentiations of the septum were observed: “septate junctions” (E.f. and L.t.), “intermediate junetions” (E.f. and L.t.), densities apposed to both sides of the septum and not surrounded by a membrane (E.f.), and densities resembling “dense projections” on one side of the septum only (L.t.). In addition the septa of L.t. show vesicles on both sides which are bounded by a unit membrane and resemble the vesicles of chemically transmitting synapses in size (φ ca. 575 Å), location, accumulation, and electronoptical habitus. The significance of the findings in regard to electrotonic transmission and the possible existence of a mixed synapse is discussed.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 177-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Epididymis ; Effect of vasectomy ; Spermatozoa ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Epididymal biopsies from rats that had undergone unilateral or bilateral vasectomies from one to eight months previously were compared with biopsies from their contralateral side or from normal controls to ascertain what ultrastructural changes had occurred. After vasectomy, spermatozoa appeared to dissolve in the lumen of the caput epididymidis and to be absorbed by the principal cells. About 5 weeks after vasectomy, numerous lamellar accumulations became apparent in the supernuclear region. Their resemblance to lysosomes or residual bodies was confirmed by an acid phosphatase reaction. After 10 weeks, similar lamellar and polymorphic accumulations on the contralateral side of animals with unilateral vasectomies indicated that resorption had also increased on the unligated side.
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  • 75
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 183-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nuclear pore ; Amphibian oocyte ; 8-fold symmetry ; Fibrous network ; Electron microscopy ; Negative staining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pictures, in front view, are presented of the nuclear pores from the oocytes of the newt Taricha granulosa. Negative staining is used. It is directly visible, on a substantial proportion of the pores, that the number of subunits in the annulus is 8. This conclusion had been reached earlier by other writers, who had used the rotation technique to ascertain the radial symmetry. The rotation technique is known to be very unreliable, though on this occasion had produced the correct result. A fibrous mesh network, connecting the subunits of separate pores is described.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 191-205 
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    Keywords: Thymus ; Fine structure ; Avian ; Gallus domesticus ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the normal thymus of the young chicken (Gallus domesticus) is described. Four main cell types, lymphoid cells, epithelial cells, macrophages and myoid cells, can be distinguished. The lymphocytes are more numerous in the cortex than in the medulla, and are quantitatively the most important component of the thymus. The epithelial cells vary greatly in morphology. Reticular epithelial cells, which have long cytoplasmic processes connected by desmosomes, and which appear to afford a supporting network for the free cells of the thymus, are present in the cortex and medulla. Undifferentiated epithelial cells are present in the medulla and cortico-medullary regions and have few intracytoplasmic fibrils or desmosomes. Cystic epithelial cells, showing intercellular and intracellular cyst formation are frequent in the medulla. Also present in the medulla are squamous epithelial cells which contain many intracytoplasmic fibrils and have numerous desmosomes, and which are involved in the formation of Hassall's corpuscles. Macrophages are present in moderate numbers in the cortex and medulla, and immature and fully developed myoid cells are common in the medulla. Other cell types present include granule-containing cells with desmosomes, large pale cells with few cytoplasmic organelles, mast cells, plasma cells, red blood corpuscles and cells of the granular leukocyte series.
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  • 77
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    Keywords: Ovary (mouse) ; Granulosa cells ; Steroidogenesis ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
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    Notes: Summary A systematic study of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the granulosa cells of immature and mature mice was made. The histochemical results were compared with the ultrastructural findings on the same cells in an attempt to determine whether the granulosa cells are capable of a steroidogenic role. In newborn and immature mice the granulosa cells of a great amount of follicles demonstrated a moderate or strong histochemical activity. In mature mice the granulosa cells demonstrated a weak or moderate activity normally only in preovulatory follicles and in some other atretic follicles. The granulosa cells of the normal developing follicles did not show such activity. In addition the histological control of numerous parallel sections demonstrated particularly in immature ovaries the presence of a great amount of atretic follicles. In the cytoplasm of the granulosa cells of the follicles in immature ovaries only clusters of lipid droplets with ribosomes were noted; while in the preovulatory follicles of mature animals there started to appear mitochondria with tubular cristae, smooth membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and irregular lipid droplets. In the obviously atretic follicles several granulosa cells as well as theca interna cells showed numerous lipid droplets and ribosomes together with different degenerating organelles. The granulosa cells of the normal developing follicles showed a well developed Golgi complex, granular endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. The histochemical and ultrastructural findings suggest a steroidogenic role of the granulosa cells only in the larger preovulatory follicles (probably related to an early luteinization of this layer) but this role was not demonstrated in the same cells in normal developing follicles. In addition, since an histochemical positivity was demonstrated also in the granulosa cells of some obviously atretic follicles, it is possible that many of the follicles having granulosa cells filled with lipid droplets and attached ribosomes and histochemically positive might be, in the immature ovaries, in a very precocious stage of atresia. It is to precise for these cells whether a cytoplasm with these two strictly correlated components (lipid droplets and attached ribosomes) and showing an histochemical positivity could carry-on all the biochemical steps involved in steroid biosynthesis or only has only a temporary capability to produce some precursors of steroids.
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  • 78
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 171-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tooth germs ; Organ culture ; Differentiation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tooth germs from foetal rats of 17 days post-insemination were maintained in vitro for 12 days. Odontoblasts and ameloblasts differentiated and secreted their respective matrices in which mineralization occurred. The ultrastructure of the cells was qualitatively similar to that observed in normal development. Odontoblasts contained more lysosome-like bodies and were found to degenerate in some sites. Mantle dentine was formed but few von Korff fibres were observed. Calcospherites were rarely seen and the mineralizing front of dentine was predominantly linear, associated with numerous small early foci of mineral formation. Enamel showed prism formation associated with the Tomes' process of the ameloblast but some local disturbances in the pattern of enamel formation were observed.
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protonephridial system ; Turbanella cornuta Remane (Gastrotricha) ; Cyrtocytes ; Fine structure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Protonephridien des marinen Gastrotrichs Turbanella cornuta Remane werden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Terminalapparate der Macrodasyoidea sind Cyrtocyten. Ein Reusenröhrchen besteht aus acht Längsstäben mit netzartigen Zwischenwänden aus dünnen Fibrillen. Im Lumen des Röhrchens schwingt eine Geißel. Die Wand eines Terminalbechers bildet ein zusätzliches Reusensystem, das mit Poren und Schlitzen versehen ist. Die drei bis vier Cyrtocyten eines Protonephridiums münden in eine Sammelzelle ein. Von dieser geht ein Exkretionsröhrchen mit Treibwimperflamme aus, welches von einer Ausleitungszelle gebildet wird. Die Cyrtocyten der beiden Gastrotrichenordnungen (Chaetonotoidea u. Macrodasyoidea) grenzen sich strukturell gegenüber bisher bekannten Formen dieses Zelltyps ab.
    Notes: Summary The protonephridial system of the marine gastrotrich Turbanella cornuta Remane was studied with the electron microscope. The terminal cells of the Macrodasyoidea are Cyrtocytes. Each tube for filtration consists of eight longitudinal rods with a net of fine fibrils between them; it contains a single whip. The wall of a terminal cup with its pores and slits is an additional system for filtration. Three or four filtration tubes are ending in a collecting cell. From this cell an excretory channel with one whip formed by an outlet cell arises. The filtration tubes of Macrodasyoidea are similar to those of Chaetonotoidea and differ from other forms of this cell-type.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 333-350 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta ; Human ; Blood vessels ; Endothelium ; Vascular muscle, Myoendothelial junctions ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Gefäße der Nabelschnur, Chorionplatte, Stammzotten und das Mikrozirkulationssystem des Zottenbaums der reifen menschlichen Plazenta wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Endothel- und Muskelzellen besitzen auch am Ende der Gravidität alle morphologischen Kennzeichen voller Funktionsfähigkeit. Auffällig sind die zahlreichen myo-endothelialen Verzahnungen und die zahlreichen Kontakte der Muskelzellen untereinander. Sphinkterartige Einrichtungen werden nur an den Verzweigungen der Präkapillaren beobachtet. Gefäßnerven fehlen überall. Möglicherweise kann die Durchströmung der fetalen Placentagefäße durch autonome Kontraktion der Gefäßwände reguliert werden. — Alle Gefäße der Placenta sind elasticafrei. In den Nabelarterien sind elastische Systeme schwach ausgebildet. Eine Elastica interna wird nur in der Nabelvene gefunden. — Das Mikrozirkulationssystem in den Rami und Ramuli chorii sowie den Terminalzotten wird von allen bekannten Endstromeinheiten aufgebaut. Die englumigen Kapillarabschnitte befinden sich vor allem in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft zum organellenreichen Syncytiophoblast, während die weitlumigen Abschnitte, die möglicherweise die venösen Kapillarstrecken sind, den Epithelplatten anliegen.
    Notes: Summary In the human placenta at term the blood vessels of the umbilical cord, chorionic plate and trunks and the microcirculation system of the placental lobes have been investigated. Also at the end of pregnancy the vascular endothelium and the smooth muscle cells exhibit all morphological criteria of full functional activity. The vessel wall is characterized by numerous myoendothelial junctions and many adjacent muscle cells being in close contact with one another. Sphincterlike structures can only be observed at the ramifications of the precapillaries. Vascular nerves are always absent. The blood circulation is perhaps regulated autonomously by means of the contractile vessel wall.—In all placental vessels a special tunica elastica never exists. In the umbilical arteries elastic systems are poorly developed. A genuine internal elastic layer only occurs in the corresponding vein.—In the region of the rami and ramuli chorii as well as in the single villi the microcirculation system consists of all types of terminal vessels. The capillaries with small diameter are preferentially situated close to the organellrich syncytiotrophoblast, whereas the distended segments, which may represent the venous capillaries, are in intimate contact with the epithelial plates.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 369-396 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Giant fibres ; Ventral nerve cord ; Lumbricus terrestris L. ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die proximalen Kollateralen der dorsalen Riesenfasern des Regenwurms wurden in Serienschnitten vom Soma bis zum Eintritt in die Riesenfaser verfolgt und im Hinblick auf ihre Feinstruktur und ihre synaptischen Kontakte Untersucht. Es finden sich sowohl chemische als auch elektrische Synapsen. Ihre Feinstruktur wird mit der bekannter Synapsen anderer Wirbellosen und Wirbeltiere verglichen. In beiden Riesenfasersystemen kommen efferente chemische Synapsen mit feinen postsynaptischen Verzweigungen vor, die anscheinend von Bauchmark-Motoneuronen stammen. Das Axon der medianen Riesenfaser weist darüber hinaus nur noch eine elektrische Synapse mit den Rieseninterneuronen auf. Demgegenüber erhalten die Kollateralen der lateralen Riesenfasern zahlreiche Afferenzen, die zum Teil als sensorische Fasern der Epidermis, multisegmentale Fasern der Hauptfaserzüge und Rieseninterneurone identifiziert werden konnten. Weitere Afferenzen stammen vermutlich von unisegmentalen Interneuronen her. Beide lateralen Riesenzellaxone bilden außerdem miteinander eine elektrische Chiasma-Synapse mit besonderen Membraneinfaltungen.
    Notes: Summary The proximal collaterals of the dorsal giant fibres of the earthworm were traced through serial sections from the cell bodies to the giant axons. Their structure and synaptic connections were examined. There are chemical as well as electrical synapses. Their fine structure is compared to that of other known invertebrate and vertebrate synapses. Both giant fibre systems have efferent chemical connections with thin postsynaptic arborizations which probably belong to ventral cord motoneurons. Moreover the median giant axon is connected by an electrical synapse with the giant interneurons. The lateral giant collaterals on the contrary receive many afferences through chemical synapses which were partly identified as sensory fibers from the epidermis, multisegmental axons from the main fibre bundles or giant interneurones. Other afferences probably come from unisegmental interneurones. In addition both lateral giant axons form an electrical chiasma synapse with special membrane folds.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 397-403 
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    Keywords: Visual system ; Musca domestica ; Monopolar cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nur drei von den fünf Monopolarzelltypen L1, L2, L3, die in jeder Cartridge der Lamina vorhanden sind, sind synaptisch mit den sechs Rezeptorendigungen (R1–R6) verbunden. Entsprechend der Verteilung ihrer Dendriten sind zwei von den drei Neuronen (L1 und L2) zur gesamten Länge der Endigungen verbunden, während das dritte Neuron (L3) Verbindungen nur in dem äußeren Zweidrittel der Lamina hat. Obwohl diese drei Zellen als Neurone 2. Ordnung des Neurosuperpositionsauges wirken könnten, deutet ihre anatomische Organisation auf funktionelle Unterschiede hin.
    Notes: Summary Only three of the five types of monopolar cells which are present in each cartridge of the lamina have synaptic connections with receptor endings (R1–R6). Due to the distribution of their dendrites two of these (L1 and L2) contact the whole length of the six receptor endings of their cartridge whereas the third type (L3) contacts only their outer 2/3rds. Although these three cells may function as the second order neurons of the neurosuperposition eye, their anatomical relationship imply functional differences between them.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 431-450 
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    Keywords: Cardiac muscle ; Frog ; Regeneration ; Electron microscopy ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary From the 5th day up to the end of 3rd week following local crushing of the frog ventricle myocardium, ca. 13% of myocyte nuclei, in the vicinity of the damaged zone, were labelled after a single 3H-thymidine (3HTdr) injection, and 30–50% of these were labelled after repeated 3HTdr administration. The number of myocyte mitoses was maximal (ca. 1.3%) at the beginning of the 3rd week. The reactive proliferation of myocytes was accompanied by their “partial dedifferentiation”. This involved the nuclear euchromatic rearrangement, increase in size of nuclei and nucleoli, accumulation of the sarcoplasm rich in free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum, hyperplasia of the Golgi apparatus, and the appearance of 80–100 Å in diameter cytofilaments. Electron microscope autoradiography has shown that all these changes may be more or less pronounced in myocytes incorporating 3HTdr. The myofibril ultrastructure was found to be unchanged during S phase. However, in the mitotically dividing myocytes, the majority of Z-disks were disintegrated resulting in progressive release of myofilament bundles. Both 3HTdr labelled and mitotic myocytes were anchored to the adjacent ones by desmosomes and intercalated disks. No free myoblasts were observed.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 463-471 
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    Keywords: Gallbladder (Human) ; Mucus secretion ; Reverse pinocytosis ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mucous secretory activity of the human gallbladder epithelium was investigated by light and electron microscopy and with histochemical techniques. There are two types of granules in the supranuclear region of the epithelial cells. The one low in density contains a fine filamentous material and gives a strongly positive silver methenamine reaction. The other is dense and only faintly positive. The granules of the former are considered to be mucous secretory granules and the granules of the latter may be lysosomes. PAS positive granules correspond presumably to both types of granules mentioned above. The mucous secretory granules are considered to be synthesized by the Golgi apparatus and the granular endoplasmic reticulum as has been confirmed in other mucous secretory cells. Their content is released from the cell by reverse pinocytosis. Typical goblet cells occur frequently in the fetal epithelium, but cannot be observed in the adult specimens.
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  • 85
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 159-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovum ; Mouse ; Membranes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies have revealed the presence of unusual membrane complexes within developing mouse oocytes. These structures, most obvious 18 days post fertilization, are found in the nucleus or cytoplasm of cells in meiotic prophase. The complexes, usually found in small groups, are characterized by a slightly bowed appearance, and a thin middle section that is vesiculated at each end. At high magnification the middle section exhibits a pentalaminar structure similar to tight junctional complexes, while the looped membranes of the vesiculated ends are trilaminar in appearance. In addition to being free in the nucleoplasm or cytoplasm, the complexes are also seen in continuity with the inner and outer leaflets of the nuclear envelope, and with typical membranes forming cytoplasmic tubular systems. The possible formation of these complexes from blebs or vesicles derived from the nuclear envelope is presented and the role that these structures may play in developing oocytes is discussed.
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  • 86
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 195-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid (Salamander) ; Influence of TSH ; Epithelial cells ; Crystalloid structures ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of thyrotropic hormone (TSH) on the salamander thyroid gland was studied by electron microscopy. The following sequence of changes in the follicular cells was observed: (1) 1–1.5 hrs after a single administration of 1 i.u. of TSH, many large colloid droplets appear in the apical cytoplasm; (2) within about 2 hrs hereafter, most of them are replaced by large vacuolar bodies, and cytosomes are remarkably decreased; (3) 2.5–3 hrs after two administrations of 1 i.u. of TSH at an interval of 20 hrs, large vacuolar bodies with or without filaments are frequently observed but cytosomes are hardly encountered; (4) in the group placed at room temperature for 10 days after a single administration of TSH, large vacuolar bodies almost disappear; (5) in the group placed in the ice room for 10 days after the same treatment, large vacuolar bodies with or without filaments frequently appear but cytosomes almost disappear; and (6) in some of large vacuolar bodies with filaments the different stages of crystalloid formation are discernible. From these findings, it is suggested that large colloid droplets are changed into large vacuolar bodies and that crystalloid originates from large vacuolar bodies with filaments, probably as a result of interrupted hydrolysis caused by a deficiency of cytosomes.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Male ; Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur. ; “Globular basophil cells” ; Antiandrogen treatment ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The adenohypophysis of the newt Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur. shows three types of cells: 1) cells with granules of about 350–550 mμ in diameter, 2) cells with small granules of 200–250 mμ in diameter and globules with a cristal-like arrangement containing cylinders with a diameter of about 960 Å and 3) cells containing small granules only. The AA. discuss the ultrastructural changes of the gland and the modifications of sexual secondary characters (S.S.C.) in animals given Cyproterone acetate (1/2 mg every three days). The animals have been treated for a period of time varying between 3 and 5 months, starting in October-November, when S.S.C. begin to develop again. At the end of the treatment the newths showed a loss of S.S.C., and the ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis resembled that of castrated animals, i.e.: great swelling of R.E.R. and partial degranulation of glycoprotein secreting cells which contain the 200 mμ granules and the globules. The S.E.R. showed also swelling and hyperactivity.
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  • 88
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    Keywords: Optic nerve ; Myelination ; Hypocholesteremic drug ; Exogenous and endogenous cholesterol ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The effect of AY-9944, an inhibitory cholesterol biosynthesis, on the myelination of the optic nerve of rats was studied. Suckling rats were injected intraperitoneally with the drug every other day from birth, and were sacrificed at 10, 20 and 30 days of age together with littermate controls. The analysis is based on counting, at the electron-microscope level, the number of unmyelinated axons and the number of myelin lamellae surrounding each myelinating axon. The results indicate that a decrease in endogenous cholesterol by AY 9944, induced an overall retardation of the myelination process in the optic nerve: a larger proportion of myelinated axons and smaller number of myelin lamellae around the myelinating axons, when compared with the littermate controls, was observed. Exogenous cholesterol from the maternal milk did not compensate for a lack in endogenous cholesterol. Degenerating myelin sheaths were frequently seen in the experimental optic nerves at 20 and 30 days of age. Numerous membranous, intracytoplasmic drug-induced inclusions were found at all ages studied.
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  • 89
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 101-124 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Contractile structures ; Embryonic metanephros ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cytoplasmic filaments have been observed in the cells of normal and pathological kidneys. These filaments are usually grouped into bundles anchored to electron dense bodies underlying the cell membrane. In the embryonic human metanephros the filaments are found within the cells of different portions of the nephron at various stages of development. They appear first in the podocytes, almost simultaneously in the Bowman's capsule and tubular cells, then in the “mesangial cells”, and finally in the cells of the media of the afferent glomerular and interlobular arterioles. The presence of filaments and their attachment bodies in the mammalian nephron suggests that the podocytes and the so-called mesangial cells have a contractile activity, thus representing an intraglomerular apparatus which regulates the intravascular pressure, blood flow and filtration rate in the glomerular capillaries, whilst the contractile activity of the Bowman's capsule and proximal, distal, and collecting tubules, could facilitate the progression of the filtrate. The increase in number of the filaments in some pathological conditions is probably related to the functional changes of the intraluminal pressure in the glomerular capillaries, in the Bowman's space, and in the tubular lumen.
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  • 90
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 39-75 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Johnston's organ ; Camponotus vagus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) ; Chordotonal structure, Scolopidia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'organe de Johnston de Camponotus vagus est composé par un ensemble d'environ 55 structures chordotonales, chacune étant formée par une ou plusieurs scolopidies. Les terminaisons dendritiques de tous les organes chordotonaux aboutissent sous des cônes cuticulaires insérés dans la membrane d'articulation entre le pédicelle et le troisième article antennaire. Chaque scolopidie est composée de 3 dendrites; les trois segments proximaux sont entourés par une même cellule enveloppe CE1 fortement accolée aux cellules épithéliales adjacentes au moyen d'attaches spécifiques. Au niveau des racines ciliaires et des segments ciliaires les trois dendrites sont enveloppés dans une cellule scolopale qui sécrète des colonnes scolopales autour de chaque dendrite et ayant des points de jonctions avec ceux-ci. Ces colonnes scolopales se réunissent ensuite pour entourer les trois dendrites dans un cylindre scolopal unique. A partir des dilatations ciliaires les dendrites évoluent de façon différente; certains s'interrompent très tôt dans le cylindre scolopal alors que d'autres s'élèvent plus haut jusqu'à l'articulation, leur extrémité distale étant coiffée d'un tube cuticulaire. Par structure chordotonale il n'y a généralement qu'un dendrite — quel que soit le nombre des scolopidies à l'origine de la structure — qui est relié à la membrane articulaire par une «tigelle cuticulaire intermédiaire». Chaque structure chordotonale est formée par une scolopidie, ou le regroupement de plusieurs identiques à celle décrite ci-dessus. Le plus souvent les premières cellules enveloppes CE1 présentent des zones d'affrontement membranaires entre CE1 des scolopidies d'un même organe chrodotonal. A partir du niveau des cellules scolopales, deux cellules enveloppes CE2 et CE3, se relayent successivement, formant un manchon autour des groupements scolopidiaux, déterminant ainsi l'unité sensorielle. On a observé et décrit des différenciations intercellulaires à tous les niveaux du système, entre éléments nerveux d'une part et éléments nerveux et structures associées d'autre part. Des inclusions particulières telles des microtubules associées en chaîne au moyen de bras ont notamment été décrites au niveau de structures de jonctions. Le rôle des divers structures et caractères spécifiques rencontrés lors de la description de l'ensemble de la structure réceptrice est envisagé dans le sens des mécanismes de transduction.
    Notes: Summary Johnston's organ of Camponotus vagus is composed of 55 chordotonal structures, each of them being formed by one or several scolopidia. The dendritic endings of the chordotonal organs are in contact with cuticular cones which occur at the articular joint between pedicellus and the third antennal segment. Each scolopidium is composed of three dendrites. The three proximal segments are enclosed by one cell, CE1, which is connected with neighbouring epithelial cells by specific attachment zones containing microtubules. At the level of the ciliary roots and of the dendritic ciliary segments, the three dendrites are enclosed by the scolopal cell which secretes the scolopal rod around each dendrite. Some junctions occur between the dendrites and the scolopal cell. The scolopal rods are interconnected constituting the scolopal ring. The distal portion of each dendrite exhibits a different ultrastructure: some of them are short and terminate in the scolopal ring while others continue to the joint, here being covered by a cuticular canal. Generally there is only one dendrite which is connected with the joint by a cuticular stalk. Each chordotonal structure is formed by one or several scolopidia. Very often the first ensheathing cells, CE1, of one organ are connected by some intercellular differentiations. Above the scolopal cells two other ensheathing cells, CE2 and CE3 are to be found. These cells define each sensory unit. Intercellular differentiations are described at all levels of the system, between neural elements on the one hand and between neural elements and associated structures on the other hand. Specific inclusions such as associated “arm-bearing” microtubules are described near some of the junctions. The possible role of these specific structures in the process of impulse conduction in mechanoreceptors is discussed. The results are compared with those obtained from Johnston's organs of other species. Their functional significance is discussed.
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  • 91
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 125-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatogenesis ; Meiosis ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Synaptinemal complex ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Meiosis in male Drosophila melanogaster was studied with the electron microscope. The number and the distribution of ring channels between individual members of a cluster of primary spermatocytes was determined from serial sections. The tubules with a diameter of 45 nm characteristic for meiotic prophase nuclei gave a chromatin type reaction, when treated with EDTA according to Bernhard's technique, thus suggesting that these tubules contain DNA. A material resembling central regions of synaptinemal complexes was observed in the nucleolus of primary spermatocytes during the downward movement in the testis. It is suggested that they represent unused precursors to central components of synaptinemal complexes, which are absent at pachytene of Drosophila males. Up to six tail fibers (kinetosomes + axonemes) were observed in every primary spermatocyte prior to meiosis.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 203-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Development ; Chick embryo ; Cell culture ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The formation and development of synaptic contacts between dissociated chick spinal cord neurons has been investigated. By the 6th day in vitro “immature” profiles with few vesicles were observed. By 14–18 days “mature” types with numerous vesicles were found, indistinguishable from those of newly hatched chick spinal cord. After this period degeneration occurred, and was especially marked in the post-synaptic element. Such degeneration could be postponed by the addition of small numbers of somatic muscle cells. The Kanaseki and Kadota (1969) technique was applied to the study of coated vesicles at various stages of synaptic development.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 187-202 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macrophage ; Differentiation ; Triolein ; Stereology ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The results of an objective two- and three-dimensional analysis of the morphological features of normal and triolein-induced mouse peritoneal macrophages are reported. An “equivalent circle“ technique for resolving the effects of volume and surface area on volume-to-surface parameters is described. The method is a simple comparative one which does not require the actual determination of cell volume. Macrophage stimulation promoted increases in mean cell size, cytoplasmic granularity and volume-to-surface ratio. In addition, a reduction in nuclear volume-to-surface ratio accompanied in vivo stimulation. Nucleocytoplasmic ratio remained constant. The equivalent circle procedure showed that the increase in cellular volume-to-surface ratio was due largely to the increase in cell volume; the decrease in nuclear volume-to-surface ratio was primarily the result of a substantial increase in nuclear membrane surface area. Stereological estimations suggest that interiorized cell membrane (in the form of triolein-containing phagosomes) is replaced by newly reconstructed surface membrane.
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 235-259 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliated protozoa ; Loxophyllum and Prorodon ; Trichocysts ; Toxicysts ; Expulsion mechanism ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Nesselkapseltrichocysten der Ciliaten Loxophyllum und Prorodon wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Feinstruktur sowie des Ausschleuderungsablaufes untersucht. Loxophyllum besitzt zwei morphologisch unterscheidbare Sorten von Toxicysten, wohingegen Prorodon nur eine Art dieser Organelle aufweist (Krüger, 1936). Wie an Hand gehemmter Stadien gezeigt werden kann, verläuft die Ausschleuderung bis auf geringfügige Variationen bei den drei Sorten in der gleichen Art: Schläuche, die im ruhenden Zustand bereits in den endgültigen Dimensionen in der Toxicystenkapsel eng ineinandergeschachtelt vorliegen, werden handschuhfingerförmig umgestülpt und verlassen hierdurch die Kapsel und damit den Zellkörper. Dieser Prozeß ist mit der Ausscheidung einer teils fädigen, teils amorphen Substanz gekoppelt. Der Umstülpungsvorgang der Innenstruktur der Nesselkapseltrichocysten wird mit den völlig andersartigen, während der Ausschleuderung von Mucocysten und Spindeltrichocysten ablaufenden morphologischen Veränderungen verglichen. Es zeigte sich, daß aufgrund ihrer differierenden Feinstrukturen und Funktionsweisen in den Nesselkapseltrichocysten einerseits und in den Mucocysten sowie Spindeltrichocysten andererseits zwei grundsätzlich voneinander verschiedene Organellentypen gesehen werden müssen.
    Notes: Summary The toxicysts of the ciliates Loxophyllum meleagris and Prorodon teres were examined with regard to fine structure and expulsion mechanism. Loxophyllum possesses two morphologically distinct types of toxicysts, whereas in Prorodon only one type is present. As can be shown by discharge inhibition experiments, the expulsion mechanisms, except for small variations, are identical in all three types: Tubes, which in their resting state lie closely packed one within the other possess already at this state their final dimensions; they are inverted, thereby leaving the capsule and thus the cell body. This process is correlated with the excretion of a substance partly filamentous, partly amorphous. The inversion of the tubes during the expulsion is compared to the fundamentally different morphological alterations during discharge of mucocysts and spindle trichocysts. The differences and similarities in fine structure and function between toxicysts on the one hand and mucocysts and spindle trichocysts on the other, indicate that two rather than three fundamentally different organelle types must be distinguished.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Superior colliculus ; Primate, Galago ; Optic terminals ; Eye enucleation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several types of terminals were found in the three superficial collicular layers of Galago. At least two axon terminals with round vesicles (R1 and R2) could be distinguished on the basis of vesicle packing and electron density of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial matrices. R1 axon terminals were characterized by aggregations of vesicles in an electron lucent cytoplasm and mitochondria with a relatively dark matrix, while in R2 axon terminals the vesicles were more evenly distributed in an electron dense cytoplasm and the mitochondrial matrix was pale. R2 endings occurred in clusters in the stratum griseum superficiale; they were absent in the stratum zonale. R1 endings were found in all three superficial collicular layers. Both types of R terminals made asymmetrical contacts with small dendrites, dendritic spines and F profiles. Profiles containing flattened vesicles and establishing symmetrical contacts were numerous, and many could be identified as dendrites by accepting as criteria for dendrites evenly spaced microtubules, clusters of ribosomes and the fact that these F profiles were postsynaptic to other terminals. F terminals were presynaptic to other F profiles, dendrites and somata; they were postsynaptic to R terminals and took part in serial synapses. Dendrodendritic contacts were frequent, somatodendritic contacts rare. After eye enucleation most R2 axon terminals underwent the electron dense degenerative reaction. The degeneration process was a lengthy one; many degenerating boutons were found 30 days after axotomy and some persisted up to 180 days postoperatively. There was strong indication that the superior colliculus received more crossed than uncrossed retinofugal fibers. The crossed and uncrossed retinocollicular axons terminated in two different substrata of the stratum griseum superficiale.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 357-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Guinea-pig ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nuclear bag and nuclear chain intrafusal fibres are present in guinea-pig muscle spindles. Unlike muscle spindles in other species two types of nuclear chain fibre seem to be present. The electron microscopical appearance of one type of nuclear chain fibre is similar to that of nuclear bag fibres. It is suggested that under tension the nuclei of small nuclear bag fibres become sufficiently displaced to form nuclear chain-like fibres. The frequent occurrence of fibres which combine some of the properties of both nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibres indicates the possible occurrence of a third type of intrafusal fibre. The sensory innervation of guinea-pig muscle spindles is similar to that of the cat and the rat. Three types of motor nerve ending which could be classified according to the complexity of their subneural apparatus were seen.
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 369-388 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus preopticus ; Nucleus lateralis tuberis ; Leuciscus rutilus ; Falck-Hillarp technique ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamus of the teleost fish Leuciscus rutilus was investigated with the Falck-Hillarp technique. The nucleus preopticus (NPO) and the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) contain no fluorescent, i.e. catecholaminergic cells. Green fluorescent fibers probably originating from the paraventricular organ and/or the preoptic recess organ, are intermingled with the cells. The electron microscopical study was based on the three fixatives glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide, osmium tetroxide and potassium permanganate. In the NPO two cell types are recognized, characterized mainly by dense core vesicles (dcv) with measured diameter of 130 nm and 170 nm across respectively. The endoplasmic reticulum in the former cell type generally has large dark inclusions measuring from 175 to 375 nm across, which are also found in the neurite. In the NLT, four different cell types are identified, some of which are subject to considerable variations. The rostral and the medial parts of the nucleus include a large cell type (I) with dcv of diameter 170 nm. The medial part also has a small cell type (II) with dcv of 80 nm. The lateral part is characterized by two cell types (III, IV). Cell type III occurs in three forms with dcv of about 140 nm. The fourth cell type (IV) is rare and contains irregularly formed granules, the most circular ones measuring about 130 nm and the most elongated ones 110 nm×210 nm. The ventrolateral part contains the same cell types (except for type II) as those found in the lateral and medial parts. The morphological differentiation of the NLT as well as its different cell types strongly indicates its functional diversity. After permanganate fixation the secretory granules of the different cell types in the NPO and the NLT appear as “empty” vesicles. This method also reveals that the cell types of the two nuclei have dcv of about 90 nm. The possible monoaminergic content and the role of these dcv are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 425-432 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle innervation ; Myxine glutinosa (L.) ; Dense-core vesicles ; Monoamine fluorescence ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Motor nerve terminals on “white” and “intermediate” muscle fibers of the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.) contain translucent synpatic vesicles and about 1–2% dense-core vesicles. Terminals on “red” muscle fibers contain up to 40% dense-core vesicles with diameter 800–1100 Å. Examinations for formaldehyde-induced fluorescence indicate yellow fluorescence (5-HT ?) apparently corresponding with terminal axons on “red” muscle fibers in craniovelar muscles. Possibly “red” muscle fibers of Myxine receive monoaminergic innervation.
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 481-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptosomes ; Dense projections ; Complex vesicles ; Serial sections ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptosomes and synaptic junctions have been examined employing serial sections, with emphasis placed on four areas of investigation. 1. Starting from unequivocal synaptosomal profiles and tracing them through consecutive sections to the periphery of the synaptosomes, it is clear that vesicles are the one constant feature of the presynaptic terminal. In no instance was it possible to identify an empty membranous profile as synaptosomal. 2. Following a similar procedure it was found that the criteria required to predict the existence of a junctional region within a synaptosomal profile are: the accumulation of synaptic vesicles at one locus within its presynaptic component, and the presence of a postsynaptic profile characterized by two or more junctional features. 3. Serial sections of non-osmicated, PTA stained synaptic junctions confirm the regularity and orderliness of dense projection distribution along the length of the junction. 4. Complex vesicles can usually be followed in two and sometimes three adjacent sections, appearing either as intact vesicles or empty shells. Further observations confirmed that the latter profiles may be sections through the periphery of intact vesicles or through isolated shell fragments. They are more common in the latter form in unbuffered material.
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 529-544 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclast ; Parathyroid hormone ; Lysosomes ; Bone resorption ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Young rats were treated with high doses of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Osteoclasts from these animals revealed characteristic alterations in comparison to control cells: a) The cytoplasm contained large vacuoles with phagocytosed cells, some of which resembled osteoblasts or osteocytes. The vacuoles were interpreted as lysosomes because the engulfed cells often appeared partly digested and the vacuoles contained acid phosphatase as demonstrated histochemically, b) lipid droplets were present in the cytoplasm and usually located close to the endoplasmic reticulum and/or in regions with many free ribosomes, c) the Golgi complex was more frequently separated from the nuclei than in control cells, d) small coated cytoplasmic bodies were numerous in the peripheral cytoplasm, e) the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were fused in some places, f) cytoplasmic regions with numerous free ribosomes were frequent, g) large ring-shaped granules occurred in some mitochondria. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of these granules provided evidence that they contained calcium and probably phosphorus, h) in some osteoclasts the mitochondria were enlarged. — The findings are consistent with an increased activity of osteoclasts and in particular a stimulation of the lysosomal system in these cells.
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