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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 220 (1968), S. 926-927 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1. Probaculum in the primexine of Lilium longiflorum in an early growth stage. The lamellae forming the body of the probaculum arise from or near the plasmalemma over a radially directed cytoplasmic eminence. C, Callose of the tetrad wall; M, matrix material, presumed to be cellulose, of the ...
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] To the editor: We report the development of a unique knowledge base of phenotypic and gene expression data relevant to germ-line development and gametogenesis. GermOnline includes an interactive platform for cross-species gene annotation by research scientists. This new approach to knowledge ...
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 215 (1967), S. 997-999 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Changes in UNA content and composition and in ribo-some populations have been studied in the meiocytes of two liliaceous species, Lilium henryi and Trillium erectum. For the direct determination of the quantity and base composition of meiocyte UNA, the ultramicrochemical methods of Edstrom were ...
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Nuclear envelope ; Nuclear vacuoles ; Meiosis ; Prophase ; Sporogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Vacuoles formed by the invagination of the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope have been observed during meiotic prophase in a wide range of plants. In the angiosperm Lycopersicon their formation was found to coincide with the completion of synaptonemal complex formation, and this timing is analogous to that observed during this stage in the silkworm Bombyx. The implications of this activity in relation to the process of chromosome movement are discussed. In the gymnosperm Pinus, the heterosporous fern Marsilea and homosporous ferns Pteridium and Dryopteris the formation of nuclear vacuoles begins much earlier, coinciding with the condensation of chromatin during leptotene. They enlarge and become more elaborate as meiosis proceeds, and may eventually become detached from the nuclear envelope. It is therefore thought unlikely that theyfulfil functions connected with chromosome movement in the manner proposed for the silkworm and the tomato. During diplotene/diakinesis they contain electron-opaque granules and fibrils, and the possible origin and significance of this material is discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Carotenoid ; Lilium ; Lipid ; Micro-sporogenesis ; Pollen wall ; Sporopollenin ; Tapetum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Stages in the formation and degradation of pollenkitt in the anther of Lilium have been investigated using the electron microscope. This material, which appears to be a complex of lipid and carotenoids, is formed during the autolysis of the tapetal cells by the fusion of lipidic inclusions with globules derived from plastids. Autolysis of the tapetal cells is progressive for it commences with the disintegration of many cytoplasmic components, followed by the breakdown of storage lipids. The plasma membrane maintains its integrity during these events apparently, by proliferation, aiding in the transfer of the products of hydrolysis into the loculus. During the course of lipid breakdown, a striking vacuolar system is formed in the tapetal cytoplasm, presumably containing the products of this hydrolysis. The source of membranes for this system is clearly the lipid globules themselves. The generation of the membrane apparently involves the participation of electronopaque material, possibly enzymic, contained within the lipid globules.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 58 (1980), S. 241-246 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica ; Pollen germination ; Pollen surface ; Self-incompatibility ; Stigma surface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Recent studies on the mechanism of self-incompatibility in Brassica indicate the location, nature and mode of action of the molecules involved. Characteristics of the pollen surface and the stigma surface are described in detail, together with new information pertaining to the recognition molecules located therein. A sequence of events is outlined leading from pollination, through adhesion, hydration, germination, and tube growth to acceptance and ultimate compatibility. The characteristics of rejection of incompatible grains are described for each stage of the pollen-stigma interaction. It is proposed that recognition of proteins from the coating of self-pollen by the molecules in the pellicle results in the formation of a biologically-active complex which inhibits water supply to the incompatible grain, and that all other manifestations of incompatibility are a consequence of this initial response.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Cytoplasmic male sterility ; DNA synthesis ; Mitochondria ; Pollen development ; Tapetum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A new method is described by which tapetal cells may be isolated from anthers of cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) and fertile lines of Petunia hybrida. Using a combination of stereometry and Feulgen densitometry it has been possible to chart DNA synthesis and nuclear division with great precision within these cells. Results are presented which show CMS lines both to synthesize far less DNA than the fertiles and also to undergo less cell division. These differences in DNA kinetics and cytokinesis are obvious long before any differences between sterile and fertile lines may be detected in the meiocyte mass. In addition to these difference in nuclear behaviour, the tapetal cells of CMS lines also synthesize far lower levels of rough endoplasmic reticulum than do their fertile counterparts. Again, this difference is evident at a very early stage of anther development when all other cell components, including mitochondria and plastids, appear normal. These data are discussed in terms of the very special differentiation undergone by tapetal cells in angiosperms, and the conclusions drawn are considered in the perspective of current hypotheses proposed to explain the operation of CMS.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung der Sporopollenin-Orbicula (Ubisch-Körper) in den Tapetenzellen von Lilium beginnt wenn die Sporen noch in den meiotischen Tetraden zusammen geschlossen sind. Sphärosomenähnliche Gebilde, die Pro-Orbicularkörper, werden im frühen Tetradenstadium in der Nähe des Plasmalemmas angehäuft und dann in den Raum innerhalb der degenerierenden Innenwände der Tapetenzellen ausgestoßen. Dort werden sie mit einer Hülle aus Sporopollenin versehen; dieser Vorgang dauert noch an, wenn die Sporen aus dem Tetradenverband freigesetzt worden sind. Einige der Orbicular bleiben mit dem Plasmalemma mittels Stielchen verbunden. Im mittleren Tetradenstadium setzt in den Primexinen der jungen Sporen die Synthese eines Materials ein, welches der allgemeinen Klasse der Sporopollenine angehört; auch dieser Vorgang verläuft außerhalb der Zellmembran, aber innerhalb der aus Callose bestehenden Tetradenwand. Ein allgemeines Schema für Sporenpollenbildung in der Anthere wird vorgeschlagen. Danach werden a) Vorstufen sowohl in der jungen Spore als auch im Tapetum synthetisiert und in den extracellulären Raum ausgeschieden, und b) findet Polymerisation an spezifischen Stellen außerhalb der Zellmembran, und zwar den Oberflächen der Pro-Orbicularkörper und der für das Wachstum der Exine maßgeblichen, speziellen Lamellen, statt. Die Synthese des Sporopollenins in der Anthere ist praktisch beendet bevor die Synthese der pigmentierten Substanzen der Pollenhaut (Pollenkitt) im Tapetum einsetzt. Es ist daher unwahrescheinlich, daß die Carotinoide, die in den Endstadien der Stoffwechseltätigkeit der Tapetenzellen gebildet werden, Vorstufen des Sporopollenins sein können.
    Notes: Summary The development of the sporopollenin orbicules (Ubisch bodies) on the tapetal cells of Lilium begins while the spores are still enclosed in the meiotic tetrads. Spherosome-like structures, the pro-orbicular bodies, accumulate in the vicinity of the plasmalemma early in the tetrad period, and are extruded into the space within the degenerating inner walls of the tapetal cells. There they acquire a coating of sporopollenin, the accretion continuing until after the release of the spores from the tetrads. Some orbicules remain attached to the plasmalemma by stalks. Synthesis of a material of the general class of sporopollenin begins in the primexine of the young spore in the mid-tetrad period, again outside of the cell membrane, but within the callose tetrad wall. A general scheme for sporopollenin formation in the anther is given. According to this, (a) precursors are synthesised both in the young spores and in the tapetum, and released into the extracellular space; and (b) polymerisation occurs on initiating sites outside of the cell membranes, these sites being the surface of the proorbicular bodies and of the special lamellae concerned in exine growth. Synthesis of sporopollenin in the anther is virtually complete before the main synthesis of the pigmented pollen coat substances (Pollenkitt) begins in the tapetum. It is therefore improbable that the carotenoids produced in the final phase of metabolic activity in the tapetum can be sporopollenin precursors.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the microsporangium of Pinus the outer layer of the peritapetal membrane and the pro-orbicular cores are not only formed in a similar manner, but are composed of apparently identical materials. Precursors for this lipoidal material are produced by the tapetal protoplasts, as are the precursors of sporopollenin. Production the precursors is sequential and appears to involve different cytoplasmic structures. The sporopollenin synthesised by the tapetum condenses upon the pro-orbicular cores, the peritapetal membrane, the exine initials and, on fragmentation of the tapetum, parts of the disintegrating cytoplasm. The evident unpolarised nature of the tapetal protoplasts, and the sequential nature of the synthesis of the lipoid and the sporopollenin by them, may point to orbicule formation in gymnosperms being a necessary by-product of the development of the peritapetal membrane.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Alternation of generation ; Gametogenesis ; Lilium ; Meiosis ; Ribosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the prophase of both mega- and microsporogenesis, a sizeable proportion of the meiocyte cytoplasm becomes invested in double or multiple membrane-bround inclusions. This cytoplasm remains thus isolated from the rest of the cell until the completion of meiosis II in the female cells, or the ‘young spore’ stage in those of the male. Significantly this encapsulation proceeds immediately the elimination of the major part of the ribosome population from the cytoplasm and, further, the electron microscope reveals that those ribosomes contained in these membranous inclusions remain unaffected by the lytic enzymes active elsewhere in the cytoplasm at this time. This encapsulated cytoplasm is proposed to fulfill two rôles; one, that it carries reserves necessary for postmeiotic development through from the diplophase to the haplophase environment and, two, that it permits the continuity of protein synthesis throughout meiosis I and II, a period when the major part of the protein synthetic apparatus is absent.
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