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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 17-29 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Mayetiola destructor ; Cecidomyiidae ; oviposition ; host specificity ; wheat ; oats ; insect-plant interactions ; thresholds ; deprivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les réactions de femelles préalablement accouplées de Mouches de Hesse ont été examinées en analysant le comportement de femelles isolées sur blé et sur avoine. Le répertoire comportemental de ces femelles comprenait: le vol, l'atterrissage sur feuille, la flexion du corps de sorte que l'extrémité de l'abdomen touchât la surface de la feuille, l'antennation, les mouvements de l'extrémité de l'abdomen sur la feuille à angle droit des nervures, le repos avec la tarière droite et encore dévaginée, le repos avec la tarière télescopée à l'intérieur du corps. Sur blé plus que sur avoine, les femelles après atterrissage ont présenté une fréquence plus élevée de passage de la flexion à l'antennation que de la flexion à l'abdomen droit. Durant les 5 premières minutes d'observation, les individus libérés dans des enceintes avec blé fléchirent et ‘antennèrent’ 2 à 3 fois plus que ceux libérés sur avoine. Les durées des différentes séquences différaient aussi: sur blé, pendant les 5 premières minutes, les femelles passèrent plus de 50% du temps à fléchir, tandis que sur avoine elles passèrent plus de 50% du temps en repos. Les femelles restèrent aussi plus longtemps sur les feuilles de blé et y pondirent 4 fois plus d'oeufs que sur avoine. Les femelles de M. destructor ont montré une plasticité du seuil d'acceptation. Pendant les premières heures de ponte, elles ont été très sélectives et refusèrent, ou ne pondirent que quelques oeufs sur avoine, mais acceptèrent volontiers le blé. La discrimination s'est poursuivie tant que les femelles ont eu accès au blé en même temps qu'à l'avoine. Cependant, quand les femelles ont été privées de blé pendant plusieures heures, l'acceptation de l'avoine a augmenté. Cet accroissement de l'acceptation a eu lieu à peu près au moment où les femelles sur blé pondaient leurs derniers oeufs.
    Notes: Abstract Responses of mated female Hessian flies were investigated by analysing the behaviour of individual flies in wheat and oats. The behavioural repertoire of such females included: flying, alighting on leaves, arching of the body so that the tip of the abdomen touched the leaf surface, antennation, movements of the tip of the abdomen across the leaf at right angles to leaf veins, sitting with the ovipositor straight but still extended, and sitting with the ovipositor telescoped into the body. After alighting, females on wheat showed a higher frequency of transitions from arching to antennation and a lower frequency of transitions from arching to abdomen straight than females on oats. During the first 5 min of observations, individuals released into arenas with wheat arched and antennated 2–3 times more frequently than females released into oats. Time allotted to behaviours also differed; during the first 5 min, females in wheat spent 50 percent more time arching, whereas females in oats spent 50 percent more time sitting. Females in wheat also stayed longer and laid 4 times more eggs than females in oats. Temporal changes in egglaying were monitored by quantifying hourly rates of egglaying in no-choice assays for several hours following mating at 9:00 am. During the first and second hours post-mating, egglaying occurred infrequently. However, during the third hour post-mating (11:00 am to noon) females on wheat laid 5 times more eggs than females on oats. Rates of egglaying decreased on wheat but increased on oats during the fourth hour, and then during the fifth hour, decreased on both wheat and oats. Changes in egglaying responses were also evident when behaviours of individual females were measured 1–3 h vs. 3–7 h post-mating. Females deprived of host plants and released into wheat or oats later in the day showed higher frequencies of arching and antennation and laid more eggs before leaving the arena.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 115-119 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: wheat ; aphids ; hydroxamic acids ; DIMBOA ; DIMBOA-glucoside ; EPG ; electrical penetration graph ; feeding deterrents ; antixenosis ; plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Feeding behaviour of five species of cereal aphids in wheat seedlings differing in hydroxamic acid (Hx) levels, was monitored via electrical penetration graphs (EPG). Aphid species could be grouped as sensitive to the feeding deterrent effect of Hx in the seedlings (Rhopalosiphum padi, Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, andMetopolophium dirhodum) or insensitive to them (Rhopalosiphum maidis). However, when feeding behaviour was studied in artificial diets containing Hx, all species were equally sensitive to Hx. The behavour ofR. maidis was further compared with that ofR. padi through detailed EPG analysis. It was found that the insensitivity ofR. maidis to Hx in seedlings may be due to a feeding strategy avoiding contact with the compounds by decreasing the number of cellular punctures in live tissues other than sieve elements during its way to the phloem.
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  • 3
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 283-294 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: hypersensitivity ; Hessian fly ; plant resistance ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hessian flyMayetiola destructor (Say) larvae are able to obtain food from their host plant without inflicting mechanical damage to the plant surface, apparently by secreting substances which elicit release of nutrients from plant cells surrounding the feeding site. Cells of fully susceptible plants retain their normal appearances, while in resistant plants extensive areas of cellular collapse occur. These responses indicate that hypersensitivity is the basis of wheat's resistance to the Hessian fly. The fly's feeding mechanism more closely resembles that of a pathogen than of a phytophagous insect; correspondingly, both the genetic relationship and resistance mechanism of the host plant to the parasite are of the sorts commonly associated with bacterial and fungal pathogens.
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 227-230 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rhopalosiphum padi ; cereal aphids ; wheat ; induced responses ; feeding site
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coccinella septempunctata ; Coccinellidae ; wheat ; egg laying ; larva ; adult ; vertical distribution ; Coccinella septempunctata ; Coccinellidae ; blé ; ponte ; larve ; adulte ; répartition spatiale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary At the beginning of spring, post-hibernating adults of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae), larvae and nymphs are found on the lower part of wheat plants. In June, adults born in the field as well as their progeny are dispersed all over the plant and a significant proportion of them is found on the apical parts of plants. Most of the egg clutches are layed on soil lumps, stones and small wild plants which represent preferential sites. Variations in coccinellid distribution may be influenced by climatic conditions, especially the temperature, by the thermophilic nature of this species and by the repartition of the three main aphid species on the plants. These results are relevant for the selection of a sampling methods.
    Notes: Résumé Au début du printemps les adultes de Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae) issus des sites d'hivernation, les larves et les nymphes qui en proviennent, fréquentent le sol et les parties basses du blé. En juin, les adultes nés dans le champ et leur descendance sont dispersés sur toute la hauteur des talles bien qu'une fraction non négligeable de leur population se rencontre à l'extrémité supérieure. La plupart des pontes sont déposées sous les mottes de terre, les pierres et les petites adventices qui constituent des sites privilégiés. Ces variations de la distribution de cette coccinelle peuvent être mises en relation avec le climat, en particulier la température, avec la thermophilie de cette espèce et avec la répartition sur les différentes parties des talles des 3 espèces de puceron qui se succèdent au cours de la saison. Ces observations sont importantes à considérer lors du choix ou de la mise au point d'une méthode d'échantillonnage.
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  • 6
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 157-164 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: plant resistance ; antibiosis ; tolerance ; antixenosis ; Russian wheat aphid ; wheat ; Homoptera ; Aphididae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), is one of the most important aphid pests of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., worldwide. Among the various pest management options, plant resistance is an economical management tactic to control D. noxia in cereal crops such as wheat. Researchers have identified D. noxia resistant germplasm and it has been incorporated into wheat. This study compared D. noxia resistance between the ‘Betta’ wheat isolines Betta-Dn1, Betta-Dn2, and Betta-Dn5 and their corresponding donor gene plant introduction (PI) lines PI 137739 (Dn1), PI 262660 (Dn2), and PI 294994 (Dn5). Although the Betta isolines and PI lines showed D. noxia resistance when compared with Betta wheat, the degree of resistance in the isolines to D. noxia was different from their corresponding PI donors. Aphid number, aphid fecundity, and biomass per aphid were not different between Betta-Dn1 and PI 137739 or Betta-Dn2 and PI 262660; however, the same parameters were significantly lower on PI 294994 compared with Betta-Dn5. This indicated that aphid resistance in PI 137739 and PI 262660 was probably governed by a single dominant gene, while the resistance in PI 294994 was controlled by more than one gene. Additionally, plant biomass reduction was aphid density dependent, which suggested that use of appropriate aphid infestation level is important when using plant biomass reduction as an indicator of resistance. Plant resistance categorization showed that there was no detectable difference in antixenosis among the seven lines evaluated. However, the higher aphid fecundity observed on PI 262660 compared with PI 137739 and PI 294994, in addition to no significant differences among the three PIs in plant biomass reduction, suggested PI 262660 was a tolerant line, while PI 137739 and PI 294994 were antibiotic lines. Plant tolerance could not be elucidated among the three Betta isolines using aphid fecundity and plant biomass reduction as indicators.
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  • 7
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 111-118 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: leaf surface wax ; probing behavior ; nymphoposition ; Russian wheat aphid ; wheat ; barley ; oat ; Homoptera ; Aphididae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of cereal leaf surface wax on Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), the Russian wheat aphid, probing behavior and nymphoposition was evaluated. Ultrastructure of leaf epicuticular wax from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) c.v. ‘Arapahoe’ and ‘Halt’ was different from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) c.v. ‘Morex’, and oat (Avena sativa L.) c.v. ‘Border’. Both wheat cultivars had similar rod-shaped epicuticular wax, while barley and oat plants had flakes. The chemical composition comparison of gas chromatograms also indicated that the extract of the two wheat cultivars had similar pattern of peaks, while the barley and oat leaves had similar peaks. Cereal variety significantly affected aphid probing behavior (P 〈 0.05), but wax removal using ethyl ether swab did not (P 〈 0.05). Aphids initiated significantly more probes on Border oat leaves than on Morex barley irrespective of wax removal, although total probing duration per aphid was not significantly different among the four cereals examined. Accumulative salivation duration per aphid on oat leaves with wax was significantly longer than other cereal leaves with wax, while accumulative ingestion duration per aphid on Arapahoe wheat and Morex barley was significantly longer than on oat. Nymphoposition of D. noxia on cereal leaves maintained on the benzimidazole-agar medium showed that aphids produced a greater number of nymphs on Morex barley and less on Border oat leaves, although wax removal did not affect aphid nymphoposition. Removal of leaf epicuticular waxes from the 4 cereal genotypes using ethyl ether swab indicated that the influence of wax on plant resistance to D. noxia probing and reproduction was limited. Morex barley was the most favorable, while Border oat was the least favorable cereal host of D. noxia.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sieve element ; salivation ; aphid ; plant resistance ; wheat ; Sitobion fragariae ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Extended sieve element salivation (E1 waveform in the electrical penetration graph) is a characteristic activity during early sieve element punctures, particularly in resistant plants. In order to explore a chemically-mediated mechanism of resistance associated with sieve element salivation, we compared the pattern of feeding behaviour of the aphid, Sitobion fragariae (Walker), on two cultivars of the wheat Triticum aestivum L., with different concentrations of hydroxamic acids (Hx). During 24 h of electronic monitoring, aphids dedicated over 50% of the total time to phloem ingestion from the sieve elements. Total time allocated to E1 in the experiment, time to first E1 within the experiment, time allocated to E1 before a sustained phloem ingestion (E2) and the contribution of sieve element salivation to the phloem phase (E1/[E1+E2]) were significantly higher in the high-Hx cultivar. The increased salivation in plants with higher contents of Hx suggests the existence, at least in this system, of a chemically-mediated sieve element constraint.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Hydroxamic acid ; cereals ; maize ; wheat ; aphids ; greenbug
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 2-β-Glucosyl-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA-Glc), the main hydroxamic acid from maize and wheat, and its aglucone, decreased survival ofSchizaphis graminum reared on artificial diets. Both compounds were toxic for aphids and acted as feeding deterrents, at concentrations as low as 1 mM. The natural concentrations of glucosides of hydroxamic acids in wheat leaves reach up to 6 mmoles/kg fresh weight, thus falling within the range in which DIMBOA-Glc causes delecterious effects to diet-fed aphids.
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  • 10
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Sitophilus ; S. oryzae ; S. zeamais ; rice weevil ; maize weevil ; geographical strains ; digestion ; amylase ; diet ; barley ; corn ; maize ; rice ; wheat ; amylase inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La transformation de rang des valeur d'activité spécifique de l'α-amylase de 4 souches de S. oryzae et de 4 souches de S. zeamais montre que les niveaux les plus élevés de ces enzymes prédominantes s'observent chez les adultes nourris d'orge mondé ou de riz brun á grains longs. Des niveaux intermédiaires d'activité ont été obtenus chez les insectes élevés sur maïs jaune, et les niveaux les plus faibles chez ceux élevés sur blé. Bien que les extraits préparés à partir d'orge présentent une activité inhibitrice de deux isoamylases purifiées de S. oryzae, les niveaux des inhibiteurs naturels α-amylase de ces deux enzymes sont environ respectivement 2,2 et 6,1 fois plus concentrés dans le blé. L'ingestion de ces inhibiteurs d'amylase et la formation d'un complexe enzyme inactive/inhibiteur avec l'amylase secrétée antérieurement, peut rendre compte de la plus faible activité de l'amylase chez les charançons consommant du blé. Le niveau d'amylase de S. oryzae est 2 fois plus élevé que celui de S. zeamais pour toutes les souches élevées sur un régime donné. Des niveaux d'activité significativement différents ont été trouvés suivant les souches pour chacune des deux espèces. Puisque l'amylase est la principale hydrolase digestive de ces espèces, l'intensité de la modification des teneurs en amylase par la consommation de céréales peut indiquer leur adéquation comme hôtes potentiels.
    Notes: Abstract Rank transformation of specific activity values of α-amylase across four strains of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and four strains of S. zeamais Motschulsky indicates that levels of these predominant enzymes are highest in adults feeding on hulled barley or long-grain brown rice. Intermediate activity levels are found in weevils feeding on yellow corn (maize) and lowest levels are found in wheat-fed weevils. Although extracts prepared from barley contain inhibitory activity against two purified isoamylases from S. oryzae, levels of the naturally-occurring α-amylase inhibitors against these two enzymes are about 2.2-fold and 6.1-fold, respectively, more concentrated in wheat. Ingestion of these amylase inhibitors and formation of an inactive enzyme:inhibitor complex with previously secreted amylase may account for the lower activity of amylase in weevils of both species feeding on wheat. Amylase levels across all strains feeding on a given diet are about 2-fold higher in S. oryzae than in S. zeamais. Significant differences in activity levels were also found between strains in both species. Since α-amylase is a predominant digestive hydrolase in these species, the degree to which cereal diets affect amylase levels may indicate their suitability as potential hosts.
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  • 11
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 27-33 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: wheat ; lysine ; carnitine ; lipids ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 32 abgesetzte männliche Albinoratten wurden in 4 Gruppen eingeteilt, um die Wirkung einer lysinarmen Weizendiät (AW), einer Weizendiät mit 0,4 % Lysin (LW) oder 0,2 % Carnitin (CW) sowie einer Caseindiät auf den Stoffwechsel von Lipiden in verschiedenen Geweben zu untersuchen. Nach 8 Wochen Fütterung der verschiedenen Diäten unter Anwendung der „paired feeding technique“ wurden Veränderungen in den Gesamtlipiden, den Lipidbestandteilen, den einzelnen Fettsäuren und dem Lipidgehalt der Mitochondrien des Herzens, der Skelettmuskeln, der Lungen und des Fettgewebes der Tiere bestimmt. Die lysinarme Weizendiät (AW) bewirkte eine Lipidanreicherung (vor allem an Acylglyzerinen) im Herzen, in der Leber, den Skelettmuskeln sowie eine Lipidabnahme im Fettgewebe. Die Diäten mit 0,4 % Lysin (LW) oder 0,2 % Carnitin (CW) zeitigten die entgegengesetzte Wirkung, wobei CW wirkungsvoller erschien als LW. LW und CW erhöhten die relativen Anteile von C14∶0-, C16∶0- und C16∶1-Fettsäuren und verkleinerten diejenigen von C18∶1-, C18∶2- und C18∶3-Fettsäuren, während die Anteile unter der AW- und Caseindiät ab- bzw. zunahmen. Die Fettsäurezusammensetzung des Fettgewebes war bei allen Gruppen gleich. Die AW-Diät vergrößerte die relativen Anteile von C14∶0- und C20∶4- und verringerte die von C16∶0-, C16∶1- und C18∶3-Fettsäuren in den Lungen. Die AW-Ergänzungsdiäten verringerten die relativen Anteile von C16∶0-, C16∶1-, C18∶3-sowie auch der C18∶1-Fettsäuren. Der Lipidgehalt der Mitochondrien von Leber, Herz, Skelettmuskeln und Lunge verringerte sich unter der AW-Diät und erhöhte sich unter den LW- und CW-Diäten.
    Notes: Summary 32 weanling male albino rats were divided into 4 groups to study the effects of lysine-deficient wheat diet (AW) and AW supplemented with either 0.4 % lysine (LW) or 0.2 % carnitine (CW) as compared to casein diet on metabolism of lipids in various tissues. LW, CW and casein diet groups were pair-fed with AW group. Changes in total lipids, lipid components, individual fatty acids, mitochondrial content in liver, heart, skeletal muscles, lungs and adipose tissue were determined after 8 weeks of feeding. AW diet resulted in accumulation of lipids (mainly acylglycerols) in heart, liver, skeletal muscles and depletion in adipose tissue. The LW and CW diets reversed the effects of AW diet, the CW being more effective than LW diet. The LW and CW diets increased the relative proportion of C 14∶0, C 16∶0, C 16∶1 and decreased that of C18∶1, C18∶2, C18∶3 fatty acids which were decreased and increased, respectively, on the AW and casein diets. The fatty acids composition of adipose tissue was the same in all the groups. The AW diet increased the relative proportions of C 14∶0, C 20∶4 and decreased that of C 16∶0, C 16∶1, C 18∶3 fatty acids in the lungs. Supplemented AW diet decreased the relative proportions of the former group and increased that of the later group including C 18∶1 fatty acid also. The mitochondrial content of liver, heart, skeletal muscles and lungs was decreased on AW and reversed on LW and CW diets.
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  • 12
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    Plant molecular biology reporter 17 (1999), S. 323-331 
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; modular vector ; transformation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wheat (cv Chinese Spring) tissues were transformed using Agrobacterium tumefasciens and a new plasmid modular vector, pMVTBP. We constructed pMVTBP with unique restriction sites connecting (1) the CaMV 35S promoter, (2) a Kozak sequence, (3) the FLAG epitope, (4) the (His)6 epitope, (5) a coding region (for wheat TATA Binding Protein, wTBP) and (6) the CaMV 35S 3′UTR. This vector thus allows easy exchange of different regulatory or coding sequences. Explants of either germinating mature seeds, or immature embryos, were induced to callus for up to two weeks, treated with virulence-induced bacteria for one hour, then regenerated into plantlets. Transient expression of a GUS reporter gene, assayed at about one week, occurred in 10–12% of calluses. Expression of the FLAG-tagged wTBP was also detected, by immunostaining. Stable expression, by selective growth on geneticin, and by GUS expression at about six weeks, occurred in 1–2% of calluses, quite comparable to that achieved by other methods.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: deoxynivalenol ; enzyme immunoassay ; feed ; maize ; mycotoxins ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Samples of wheat (n = 25) and maize (n = 30) for animal consumption, collected in 1997 after harvest from western Romania, were analyzed by enzyme immunoassays for mycotoxin contamination. Toxins analyses included deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetylDON, 15- acetylDON, fusarenone X (FX), T-2 Toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OA), and citrinin (CT). DON and acetylDONs were the major contaminants in wheat (100%) and maize (46%). Median values for DON, 3-acetylDON, and 15-acetylDON were 880 μg kg-1, 66 μg kg- 1, and 150 μg kg-1 in wheat, and 890 μg kg-1, 180 μg kg-1, and 620 μg kg- 1 in maize, respectively. Additionally, 3,15-diacetylDON was detected in some samples by HPLC-EIA analysis. All samples were negative for FX (〈150 μg kg-1). T-2 was found in wheat (n = 6) and maize (n = 1) at levels between 13 and 63 μg kg- 1. DAS (2.6 μg kg-1) was found in one maize sample. ZEA occurred in all wheat and in four maize samples, median values were 10 μg kg-1 and 250 μg kg-1, respectively. One maize sample contained FB1 (140 μg kg-1). All samples were AFB1-negative (〈4 μg kg-1). OA was found in one wheat sample (37 μg kg- 1), CT was found in one maize sample (580 μg kg- 1). This first reported natural occurrence of a range of mycotoxins in Romanian feeding stuff shows that DON and acetyl DONs may be present at levels which may affect animal production.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: odors ; volatiles ; microflora ; fungi ; wheat ; seasonality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fungal odor compounds 3-methyl-l-butanol, l-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone were monitored in nine experimental bins in Winnipeg, Manitoba containing a hard red spring wheat during the autumn, winter and summer seasons of 1984–85. Quality changes were associated with seed-borne microflora and moisture content in both ventilated and non-ventilated bins containing wheat of 15.6 and 18.2% initial moisture content. All three odor compounds occurred in considerably greater amounts in bulk wheat in non-ventilated than in ventilated bins, particularly in those with wheat having 18.2% moisture content. The presence of these compounds usually coincided with infection of the seeds by the fungi Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Aspergillus repens DeBarry, A. versicolor (Vuill.) Tiraboschi, Penicillium crustosum Thom, P. oxalicum Currie and Thom, P. aurantiogriseum Dierckx, and P. citrinum Thom. High production of all three odor compounds in damp wheat stored in non-ventilated bins was associated with heavy fungal infection of the seeds and reduction in seed germinability. High initial moisture content of the harvested grain accelerated the production of all three fungal volatiles in non-ventilated bins.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Fusarium ; mycotoxins ; occurrence ; trichothecenes ; wheat ; zearalenone ; deoxynivalenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Wheat for human consumption (140 samples) was collected after harvest from all regions of Bulgaria. The 1995 crop year was characterized by heavy rainfall in the spring and summer months. The internal mycoflora of wheat samples was dominated by Fusarium spp. and Alternaria spp., and storage fungi were rarely present. The samples were analysed for contamination with Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), T-2 Toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and zearalenone (ZEA), using enzyme immunoassay methods. DON and ZEA were the predominant toxins, with a contamination frequency of 67% and 69%, respectively. The average levels of these toxins in positive samples were 180 μg/kg (DON) and 17 μg/kg (ZEA), maximum concentrations were 1800 μg kg−1 and 120 μg kg−1, respectively. Acetyl derivatives of DON, namely 3-AcDON and 15-AcDON, were found in 2.1 % and 0.7% of the samples, at at maximum level of about 100 μg kg−1. Only one sample was positive for T-2 (55 μg/kg), DAS was not detected. This is the first report about the natural occurrence of a range of Fusarium mycotoxins in wheat for human consumption in Bulgaria.
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  • 16
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 201-218 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: relative effectiveness ; apatites ; wheat ; initial and residual effectiveness ; bicarbonate extractable phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The initial and residual agronomic effectiveness of six apatite rock phosphates from India, one from the USA (North Carolina) and one from Australia (Queensland) were evaluated in a pot trial with wheat on a lateritic soil. All of the Indian rock phosphates were very poor sources of phosphorus. Values of initial effectiveness relative to monocalcium phosphate ranged from 〈 0.0001 to 0.02 and from 〈 0.0001 to 0.008 for measurements based on yield and phosphorus uptake respectively. The residual effectiveness relative to freshly applied monocalcium phosphate was determined by growing a second crop on the fertilized soils. The effectiveness of the Indian rock phosphates remained very low ranging from 〈 0.0001 to 0.002 and from 〈 0.0001 to 0.0004 for yield and phosphorus uptake respectively. Queensland and North Carolina rock phosphates were much superior to the Indian sources with initial effectiveness values in terms of yield of 0.08 and 0.37 and residual effectiveness values of 0.02 and 0.15 respectively. For each crop there was a single relationship between yield and phosphorus uptake (i.e. internal efficiency) for all phosphorus sources showing that variations in yield response were due solely to differences in phosphorus availability. Sodium bicarbonate extractable phosphorus values for fertilized soils sampled shortly after fertilization were not predictive of yield unless different calibration curves were used for the different phosphorus fertilizers.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 191-197 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: chemical extractants ; critical levels ; semi-arid region soils ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To find critical tissue levels of Zn for wheat, and to evaluate various chemical extractants, a screen-house experiment was conducted on 21 diverse soils representing semi-arid regions in Haryana State, India. The extractants differed in the amounts of Zn extracted and the order was: 0.1 N HC1 〉 EDTA-NH4OAc 〉 EDTA-(NH4)2CO3 〉 DTPA + CaCl2. The amounts (mg kg−1) of extractable Zn associated with a yield reduction of 20% were: DTPA + CaCl2, 0.60; EDTA — (NH4)2CO3, 0.80; EDTA-NH4OAc, 0.92 and 0.1 N HCl, 1.20. The corresponding critical Zn concentration in ten weeks old plants was found to be 17 mg gm−1. The DTPA + CaCl2 method gave the best correlation (r = 0.85) between extracted Zn and Bray's per cent yield. It is recommended for assessing Zn status of soils of semi-arid region.
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  • 18
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 147-151 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: time of zinc application ; wheat ; zinc sulphate ; zinc oxide ; zinc uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with wheat were conducted for two years on flood plain alluvial soils to study the effectiveness of soil application of zinc sulphate and zinc oxide at 0, 15, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after sowing. Yield and zinc uptake of wheat increased significantly with the application of zinc. Delaying the application of both zinc sulphate and zinc oxide up to 45 days of sowing did not adversly affect the zinc nutrition of wheat. However, delaying the application for 75 or 90 days after sowing eliminated the response. Zinc sulphate, when applied within 60 days of sowing performed better than zinc oxide. In a laboratory study, zinc sulphate maintained a higher level of zinc in the soil solution than zinc oxide at least over a 3-week period.
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  • 19
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 137-146 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonium-nitrate-potassium interaction ; accumulation of reduced nitrogen ; wheat ; nitrification inhibitor ; grain ; stover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment with wheat in 3L pots filled with a sandy loam soil in a factorial design was conducted to determine the effect of potassium on nitrogen utilization. Nitrogen was applied in three NH4-N/NO3-N ratios, 0/100, 25/75 and 50/50, at three levels: 0.75, 1.50 and 3.00gN/pot, and potassium was applied at three levels: 0, 0.5 and 1.0gK/pot. The higher levels of nitrate nitrogen with or without potassium reduced dry matter yields drastically, while the same levels of a NH4-N/NO3-N mixture of 50/50 with applied potassium reduced yields only slightly. Highest grain yield and total yield were obtained with a 25/75 mixture of ammonium/nitrate nitrogen with added potassium. Potassium addition to soil increased the utilization of nitrogen fertilizers, particularly when the ratio of ammonium to nitrate was increased. The highest uptake of reduced nitrogen was at the highest level of the ammonium to nitrate nitrogen ratio (50/50) when potassium was applied. Tillering was enhanced by an increased ammonium ratio in the nitrogen mixture, and by potassium.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; maize ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with rice-wheat rotation were conducted during five consecutive years on a coarse-textured low organic matter soil. By amending the soil with 12t FYM ha−1, the yield of wetland rice in the absence of fertilizers was increased by 32 per cent. Application of 80 kg N ha−1 as urea could increase the grain yield of rice equivalent to 120 kg N ha−1 on the unamended soil. Although the soil under test was low in Olsen's P, rice did not respond to the application of phosphorus on both amended and unamended soils. For producing equivalent grain yield, fertilizer requirement of maize grown on soils amended with 6 and 12 t FYM ha−1 could be reduced, respectively to 50 and 25 per cent of the dose recommended for unamended soil (120 kg N + 26.2 kg P + 25 kg K ha−1). Grain yield of wheat grown after rice on soils amended with FYM was significantly higher than that obtained on unamended soil. In contrast, grain yield of wheat which followed maize did not differ significantly on amended or unamended soils.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Phosphorus ; lupin ; chickpea ; wheat ; nodulation ; dry matter production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A glasshouse experiment was conducted to examine the comparative growth and P uptake response following P fertilizer application in lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L. cv. Chittick) and chickpeas (Cicer arietinum cv. Tyson) compared to wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Sunstar). Measurements of dry matter, phosphorus uptake and nodule numbers were made at 50 and 100 days after sowing. At the 50 day harvest, the two legume crops produced less dry matter and accumulated less plant P than wheat but no such species interactions were present at the 100 day harvest. Chickpeas showed strong positive responses in nodule numbers with increasing rates of P fertilizer while such effects were less and more variable with lupins.
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  • 22
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 20 (1989), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cropping system ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A long term field experiment was conducted on a sandy loam soil from 1983 to 1987 to determine how to best apply phosphorus fertilizer in a rice-wheat cropping system. The treatments included 9 combinations of phosphorus application either to both rice and wheat or to rice or wheat alone. Direct application of phosphorus at 13 kg/ha to both the crops resulted in significantly higher total productivity of the rice-wheat cropping system as compared with 26 kg P/ha applied either to rice or wheat alone. Phosphorus at 13 kg/ha for rice and 26 kg/ha for wheat was as efficient as 13 kg P/ha for rice and 13 kg P/ha for wheat. The higher rate of P (26 kg/ha) applied to both rice and wheat resulted a decline in the total productivity. The residual effects of phosphorus applied to either rice or wheat were significant to the succeeding crop but was inferior to its direct application. Phosphorus increased the leaf area index, chlorophyll content of leaves, and interception of more photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) which resulted in increased grain yield of rice and wheat. Phosphorus status of the surface soil declined markedly, in the absence of P application from 15.4 to 6.4 kg P/ha. Phosphorus applied at 26 kg P/ha to both the crops resulted a build up of the available P status of soil. Phosphorus application at 13 kg/ha to both rice and wheat maintained the phosphorus status of the soil at original level.
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  • 23
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 20 (1989), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonia volatilization ; nitrogen leaching ; denitrification ; time of N application ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticale ; irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Grain yield, nitrogen (N) assimilation, ammonia (NH3) volatilization, denitrification and fertilizer N distribution were examined in three commercially grown cereal crops; two were sown into conventionally tilled fields, while the third was direct drilled into an untilled field. The crops were top dressed with urea at establishment, tillering or ear initiation. Crop yield and N assimilation were measured in 16 m by 2.5 m plots receiving 0, 35, 70, 105, 140 or 175 kg N ha−1. A mass balance micrometeorological technique was used to measure NH3 volatilization, and other fertilizer N transformations and transfers were studied using15N labelled urea in microplots. On the conventionally tilled sites application of urea increased the grain yield of wheat from 3.9 to 5.5 t ha−1, when averaged over the five application rates, three application times and two sites. There were no site or application time effects. However, on the direct drilled site, time of application had a significant effect on grain yield. When urea was applied at establishment, grain yield was not significantly increased and the mean yield (2.81 t ha−1) was less than that obtained from treatments fertilized at tillering or ear initiation (4.09 and 4.0 t ha−1, respectively). Much of the variation in grain yield at the no-till site could be ascribed to differences in NH3 volatilization. At the no-till site, NH3 losses were equivalent to 24, 12 and 1% of the N applied at establishment, tillering and ear initiation, respectively. Negligible volatilization of NH3 occurred at the other sites. The surface soil at the no-till site had the highest urease activity and the soil was covered with alkaline ash resulting from stubble burning. Plant recovery of fertilizer N did not vary with application time on conventionally tilled sites (mean 62%). However, plant recovery of15N applied to the no-till site at establishment (35% of the applied N) was significantly less than that from plots where the application was delayed (45% at tillering and 55% at ear initiation, respectively). Leaching of N to below 300 mm depth was minimal (0 to 5% of the applied N). The calculated denitrification losses ranged from 1% to 14% of the applied N. The results show that the relative importance of NH3 volatilization, leaching and denitrification varied with site and fertilization time. The importance of the various N loss mechanisms needs to be taken into account when N fertilization strategies are being developed.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: 15N ; non-nod beans ; quantification of N2 fixation ; reference crops ; simulation technique ; wheat
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A technique for the application of the15N isotope dilution technique for the quantification of plant associated biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) was tested and applied to quantify the BNF contribution to two genotypes ofPhaseolus vulgaris. The technique makes use of sequential measurements of the15N enrichment of soil mineral N, and the uptake of labelled N by the “N2-fixing” plant, to simulate its uptake of soil N (the “soil to plant simulation” technique). The test was made with two non-N2-fixing crops (non-nodulating beans and wheat) and two bean genotypes (PR 923450 and Puebla 152), at two levels of N fertilizer addition (10 and 40 kg N ha−1), to compare the actual N uptake with that simulated from the soil and crop15N data. The simulation of the soil N uptake by the non-nod bean crop using this “soil to plant simulation” technique underestimated by 20 to 30% the true N uptake, suggesting that the mineral N extracted from soil samples taken from the 0–15cm layer had a higher15N enrichment than that N sampled by the roots of this crop. In the case of the wheat crop the simulation resulted in a much greater underestimation of actual N uptake. In general the results using this technique suggested that BNF inputs to the bean cultivars was higher than would be expected from the nodulation and acetylene reduction data, except for the early PR beans in the 40 kg N ha−1 treatment. In this case the total N and simulated soil N accumulation were well matched suggesting no BNF inputs. An allied technique (the “plant to plant simulation technique”) was proposed where the15N enrichrnent of soil mineral N was simulated from the data for total N and labelled N accumulation taken from sequential harvests of either of the non-N2 -fixing control crops. This was then utilized in combination with the labelled N uptake data of the other crop to simulate its soil N uptake. However, the results using either technique indicated that the wheat and non-nod or nodulating beans exploited pools of N in the soil with completely different15N enrichments probably due to differences in exploitation of the soil N with depth.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 209-215 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: climate ; fertilizer recovery ; 15N fertilizer ; precipitation-evaporation quotient ; soil ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data was assembled from experiments on the fate of15N-labelled fertilizer applied to wheat (Triticum spp.) grown in different parts of the world. These data were then ranked according to the annual precipitation-evaporation quotient for each experimental location calculated from the average long-term values of precipitation and potential evaporation. Percentage recovery of15N fertilizer in crop and soil varied with location in accordance with the precipitation-evaporation quotient. In humid environments more15N fertilizer was recovered in the crop than in the soil, while in dry environments more15N fertilizer was recovered in the soil than in the crop. Irrespective of climatic differences between locations 20% (on average) of the15N fertilizer applied to wheat crops was unaccounted for at harvest. Most of the15N fertilizer remaining in the soil was found in the 0–30 cm layer. The most likely explanation of these differences is that wheat grown in dry environments has a greater root:shoot ratio than wheat grown in humid environments and, further, that the residue of dryland crops have higher C/N ratios. Both factors could contribute to the greater recovery of15N fertilizer in the soil in dry environments than in humid ones.
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  • 26
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 225-234 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: long-term experiment ; maize ; wheat ; fertilizers ; farm yard manure ; weedicide application ; yield sustainability ; zinc deficiency ; nutrient uptake ; cropping sequence ; organic carbon build-up
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Long-term field experiments play an important role in understanding the complex interactions of plants, soils, climate and management and their effects on sustainable crop production. A long-term fertilizer experiment with maize-wheat-cowpea (fodder) is in progress since 1971 at Punjab Agricultural University farm Ludhiana, India. The experimental result for the first 21 years showed that application of N alone or in combination with P did not produce as much maize and wheat grains as the application of N, P and K together. Eight years after the start of the experiment, the optimal levels of N, P and K application (100% NPK) were unable to sustain the similar (maize) yield level as before because of Zn deficiency. Whereas in FYM amended plots the Zn deficiency did not appear and the higher crop yields could be sustained. The chemical control of weeds could not sustain the maize productivity at the same level as the manual removal of weeds. It was concluded that the high level of crop production can be sustained with the application of N, P and K under intensive cropping system provided deficiency of any of the micronutrient does not crop up. The deficiency of Zn is most likely to occur in semi-arid light textured alluvial soils under intensive cropping without the addition of farm yard manure/organic manures. In maize based cropping systems, manual control of weeds may be preferred to the chemical one. Addition of FYM in conjunction with 100% NPK is most beneficial both from bio-physical and economic point of view.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: millet ; sorghum ; rice ; maize ; wheat ; nutrient harvest index ; post-anthesis nutrient uptake ; recovery fraction ; simulation modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In land use plans, fertilizer recommendations are indispensable to avoid soil nutrient depletion or soil water pollution. Nutrient relations of five cereals have been evaluated on the basis of a literature review with the aim of arriving at such fertilizer recommendations at regional level. Nutrients considered were nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for millet, sorghum, maize, rice and wheat. The relevant nutrient relations are fertilizer nutrient application to nutrient uptake, and nutrient uptake to crop yield. In addition, post-anthesis nutrient uptake is considered. Subsequently, obtained results are used in simulation modelling exercises to calculate the time required to attain an equilibrium nutrient balance and to investigate the effect of erosion control and straw recycling. Although fertilizer requirements could be assessed for each of the five cereals, monitoring of nutrient supply from natural sources remains necessary. Moreover, research on fertilizer use should focus on improvement of fertilizer recoveries and multiperiod models for both N and P uptakes by crops to allow quantitative land use planning where the time scale is included.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 44 (1995), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: foliar fertilizer ; nitrate ; potassium ; urea ; wheat ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Winter wheat crops were grown with ostensibly adequate supplies of all soil nutrients in 1990 and 1991 with the aim of testing if late foliar supplements of K and N, applied at key development stages, could improve grain yield and grain N content. Foliar sprays of KNO3 solution, supplying up to 40 kg K ha−1 in total, at flag leaf unfolded, inflorescence completed and the watery-ripe stage of grain filling, had no effect on yield, yield components or grain N. Urea, supplying 40 kg N ha−1 at flag leaf unfolded, had no effects on grain yield and grain N in 1990, but in 1991 grain N was increased by 0.14% whilst yield was reduced by up to 0.6 t ha−1. Urea scorched flag leaf tips in both years. In 1990, the spring was very dry and foliar supplements might have been expected to have had an effect, but on this highly fertile soil all crop K and N requirements were met from the soil.
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  • 29
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 53 (1999), S. 139-146 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: critical levels of Mn ; soil extractants ; Mn-deficiency ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seven chemical extractants were tested for their relative performance to predict the response of wheat to Mn application in coarse textured alkaline soils of semi-arid region. Five out of the seven extractants were found to be promising for the estimation of critical level of available Mn in these soils, as the amount of Mn extracted by these extractants was positively and significantly correlated with relative grain yield as well as Mn uptake. The critical deficiency level of soil available Mn with 0.005 M DTPA, 0.02% hydroquinone, 0.02 N sodium pyrophosphate, 0.1N H3PO4 and 0.05N HCl+0.025N H2SO4 was 3.1, 13.8, 23.5, 5.3 and 17.8 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. The 1N ammonium acetate and 0.01M CaCl2 were found to be unsuitable extractants for these soils. Further field trials at eight locations with varying levels of Mn deficiency showed successive increase in the grain yield of wheat with foliar Mn application, emphasizing the need for Mn fertilization when wheat is grown on Mn deficient soils.
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  • 30
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 171-176 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Chloride ; phosphorus ; salinity ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot study with four levels each P (control, 6.5, 13.0, 19.5 mg kg−1) and Cl− in irrigation water (control, 30, 60, 90me l−1) was carried out to test Cl− and P interaction on wheat. It has been found that optimum P nutrition alleviates the toxic effect of excess Cl−. Highest P rate resulted in a significant yield increase upto a Cl− level of 60me l−1. Cl− depressed P content in the plant only at a Cl− level of 90me l−1, while P rates had no major impact on the Cl− concentration in the plant. Lower Cl− concentration at higher P rates are rather a dilution effect than an antagonistic one. With optimum P supply higher Cl− contents in the plants were tolerated than with a low P supply.
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  • 31
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1985), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: chickpea ; Egyptian clover ; field experiments ; K uptake ; mustard ; wheat ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment on a potassium deficient Typic ustochrept soil of the University Farm at Pura, Kanpur compared the responses of wheat, chickpea, mustard and Egyptian clover to added potassium for two consecutive years commencing in 1979–80. All the crops responded to potassium fertilization. Sensitivity of various crops to potassium deficiency was in the order: Egyptian clover 〉 chickpea 〉 wheat 〉 mustard. Higher sensitivity of Egyptian clover and chickpea compared to wheat was in agreement with their comparatively high root cation exchange capacity. Mustard by contrast showed higher root cation exchange capacity and exhibited least potassium sensitivity because of its higher potassium utilization efficiency. Leaf K content and total uptake of potassium by all crops was increased by applying potassium upto the highest level.
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  • 32
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1985), S. 173-178 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: critical limit of Mn ; highly permeable soils ; methods and rates of Mn ; Mn deficiency ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two field experiments were conducted on Mn-deficient soils to evaluate the efficiency of rates, methods and time of MnSO4.H2 O application for wheat. Manganese sulphate was broadcast and mixed in soils at the rate of 5 to 50kg Mn ha−1 before seeding and 10 to 40 kg Mn ha−1 as top dress at 28 days — just before first irrigation. Three sprays of 1% MnSO4·H2O unneutralised solutions were applied, the first at 26 days — 2 days before first irrigation and the others afterward at weekly intervals. Both the methods caused a significant and marked increase in grain yield. Three foliar sprays were as effective as soil applications of 20 to 40 Kg Mn ha−1 before seeding. The difference in grain yield resulting from soil applications of Mn before seeding and applications at the first irrigation was not significant. The DTPA-Mn status of 20 fields, selected on the basis of varying degree of Mn deficiency, was related to grain yield (r = 0.77**). Also grain yield of all the experiments had a significant correlation with Mn content of grain (r = 0.55** to 0.82**) and straw (r = 0.77** to 0.82**). The critical limits calculated by statistical method were 1.25, 2.18 and 3.5 mg Mn kg−1 soil for severe deficiency, deficiency and latent deficiency respectively for wheat.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1986), S. 307-311 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer P recovery ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Labelled Ca(H2PO4)2 · H2O was added to two soils (an Oxisol and a vertisol) at two rates, both as a point source and completely dispersed through the soil. The point source treatments included two spatial distributions at each of two percentages of soil volume fertilized. Total and fertilizer phosphorus uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown for 42 days were determined in a glasshouse experiment. Uptake of fertilizer phosphorus was not affected by spatial distribution, but declined in the Oxisol as percentage soil volume fertilized increased at the low application rate. The implications of these results in terms of the effects of cultivation on fertilizer availability are briefly discussed.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 9 (1986), S. 223-228 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: crop rotation ; fertilizers ; groundnut ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Investigations were carried out in a long term field experiment from 1976 to 1982, on a loamy sand soil to find out the fertilizer requirements of groundnut and wheat grown in fixed rotation. Application of 26 kgP/ha to wheat alone was found to be sufficient for both wheat and succeeding groundnut. Application of phosphorus to both wheat and groundnut did not result in extra beneficial effect over P application to wheat alone. However, application of 26 kg P/ha to groundnut alone was not sufficient for succeeding wheat. There was no response from K application (25 kg K/ha) in either of these two crops. Increasing the dose of N from 50–150 kg/ha to wheat significantly increased the grain yield of wheat but the pod yield of succeeding groundnut were markedly lowered. Response of wheat to 150 kg N/ha was more marked when P was also applied to wheat and response was less when P was applied to preceding groundnut alone. Zinc application at 6.25 kg/ha to wheat alone resulted in significant increase in grain yield of wheat and pod yield of succeeding groundnut.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 165-176 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Low-grade phosphate rock ; acid extracts ; P fertiliser ; available P ; wheat ; soil pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Low grade phosphate rock (PR), containing high amounts of oxides of iron and aluminium is neither suitable for fertiliser production nor useful for direct application to annual crops. The fertiliser effectiveness of P extracted by H2SO4 from a low-grade phosphate rock, PR (Christmas Island C-grade PR) was evaluated for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on a calcareous loam (pH 8.4) and a non-calcareous loam (pH 6.9) in field and glasshouse experiments. Superphosphate was used to compare the performance of the acid extracts of PR. In the non-calcareous loam soil, crop establishment and yield were significantly reduced by the acid extracts of PR due to increased acidity. In the calcareous soil, however, the acid extracts of PR performed as well as superphosphate; similar or even higher crop yields were obtained with the former, especially when applied near the seed. The acid extracts of low-grade PR may, therefore, have a role in calcareous soils, where the extract can be applied directly or added in the irrigation waters to supply P to crops.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 63-71 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen efficiency ; nitrogen fate ; rational use ; rice ; supergranules of urea ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using15 N tracer technique, the fate and efficiency of nitrogen in supergranules of urea as compared with that in powdered urea were studied in rice fields. The results obtained show that supergranules of urea were characterized by the slight N loss and high N recovery as well as by delayed but long lasting fertilization effects. It follows that the supergranules should be applied earlier and at a lower rate as compared with powdered urea.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 95-108 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen fertilizer ; sorghum ; wheat ; soil test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A static model that predicts the nitrogen (N) fertilizer requirement of grain sorghum or wheat crops is described. Inputs required by the model are soil nitrate-N (kg ha−1) in the profile at sowing, total N (%) in the plough layer, available water in the profile at sowing (mm) plus rainfall during the growing season (mm). Output includes fertilizer N required for both maximum yield and optimum economic yield. The model was tested by using published field data from Nebraska and Kansas (U.S.A.), South Australia and Northern Territory (Australia), and Saskatchewan (Canada). The model was accurate when no fertilizer N was required, and when large amounts were required, but quantitative prediction of moderate requirements was only fair. Predictions for grain sorghum were better than for winter wheat, probably because total water use was a better predictor of yield potential for grain sorghum than for winter wheat. Further refinement for specific environments should make the model practical for dryland cereal crops.
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  • 38
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 16 (1988), S. 137-155 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; rock phosphate ; wheat ; oats ; barley ; field experiment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nine soil tests for phosphate were evaluated for predicting the yield and P content of wheat, barley and oats grown on a sandy soil in Western Australia: Olsen, modified Olsen 1 (soil:solution ratio 1:5), modified Olsen 2 (soil:solution ratio 1:50), Colwell, Bray 1, Bray 2, modified Bray 2T (shaking time 10 minutes), modified Bray 2C (pH 3.7) and lactate. The soil had been fertilized 5 years previously with 20 levels each of superphosphate (OSP, range 0 to 400 kg P ha−1) and Queensland rock phosphate (QRP, range 0 to 20 000 kg P ha−1). For each species and fertilizer taken separately, all the tests, except for lactate, gave a good prediction of yield. When data for OSP and QRP were pooled, Bray 2 and modified Bray 2T tests were unsatisfactory predictors of both yield and P content. A linear relationship (P 〈 0.05) between mean soil tests value (χ) and the standard deviation (σ χ ) of the test value was observed for each soil test. For QRP, the results for lactate were the most variable (i.e.σχ/χ was greatest) followed by modified Olsen 2 〉 Bray 1 〉 Bray 2 〉 Olsen 〉 modified Bray 2C 〉 modified Olsen 1 〉 modified Bray 2T 〉 Colwell. The order for OSP fertilized soil was Bray 1 〉 modified Bray 2T 〉 Bray 2 〉 Olsen 〉 Colwell 〉 modified Bray 2C 〉 modified Olsen 1 〉 lactate 〉 modified Olsen 2. For combined OSP and QRP data, the results of the Olsen 1 and Colwell extractions were the least variable. Errors in the prediction of yield (σ Y ) for all crops resulting from an error in soil test values (σχ) were calculated. For OSP-fertilized soil variability in values for the Bray-1 test provided the highest error (about 16%) in the prediction of the yield, followed by Bray 2 (12%) 〉 Bray 2T (10%) 〉 Olsen (8%) 〉 Colwell (7%) 〉 modified Bray 2C (6%) 〉 lactate (4%). Maximum error was at yields of about 65% of maximum yield. For soil fertilized with QRP, lactate provided the highest error (about 10%) in the prediction of yield, followed by the other tests (〈 6%). Maximum error was at yields of about 35% of maximum yield. The Colwell soil test gave the most accurate overall prediction of yield for both fertilizers.
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  • 39
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: iron pyrites ; wheat ; chickpea ; mustard ; Egyptian clover ; biomass production ; S uptake ; P mobilization ; P uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted for three consecutive winter crop seasons commencing in 1979–80 on the Typic Ustochrept of Pura to evaluate iron pyrites as S fertilizer. Four crops viz, wheat, chickpea, mustard and Egyptian clover were tested for their responsiveness to added pyrites. All the crops responded significantly to added pyrites. Mustard proved most sensitive to S deficiency in soil and wheat the least. Between the two legumes, Egyptian clover was more sensitive to S stress than chickpea. Average biomass production by Egyptian clover was highest followed by wheat, mustard and chickpea. Mustard and Egyptian clover required more S to achieve maximum biomass production compared with wheat and chickpea but they also recovered from the soil a large proportion of added S than wheat and chickpea. Addition of pyrites increased availability of S in soil. Pyrites enhanced mobilization of soil P and its utilization by the crops.
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  • 40
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 163-167 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Basal dressing ; Se-enriched fertilizers ; Se-uptake ; soil texture ; top-dressing ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A multisite field experiment was conducted to study the effect of topdressed Se-enriched Ca(NO3)2 (CN) and basal applied NPK on the selenium (Se) concentration in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Selenium was applied either through CN (at the rates of 0, 6.45, and 12.91 g Se ha−1) or NPK (5.83 g Se ha−1). Selenium concentration in wheat grains increased consistently with increasing rate of Se-enriched CN or NPK. However, the superiority of Se-enriched CN over NPK in raising the Se concentration in wheat grain depended on location and growth conditions. At the same rate both methods of Se-application were found to be equally effective in raising the Se concentration of wheat grains. The Se concentration of grain was generally higher in the light textured soils than in the medium to heavy textured soils. Without Se application, the Se-concentration in wheat grain was about 16µg kg−1 which is regarded insufficient to meet the Se requirement for Se in animal and human. Calcium nitrate enriched with 25 mg Se kg−1 (6.45 g Se ha−1) increased the Se concentration in wheat grain to a desired level.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: bioluminescence ; Pseudomonas ; root colonization ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The bioluminescently marked Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 5RL, has been used previously to follow colonisation of soy bean roots (De Weger et al. [1991] Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:36-41). In the present paper the method has been further developed and optimized for wheat roots and it is used to get a quick overview of the colonisation patterns of many different root systems at the same time. Colonisation was followed on wheat plants grown in our gnotobiotic sand system (Simons et al., 1996. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 9: 600–607) and the following results were obtained. (i) A spatio-temporal analysis of the colonisation of wheat roots showed that 4 days after planting the highest bacterial activity was observed at the upper part of the root. After 6 days the high bacterial activity at the upper part was further increased, whereas spot-like activities were observed on the lower root parts, possibly due to micro-colonies. (ii) Bacterial mutations causing lack of motility or auxotrophy for amino acids resulted in impaired colonisation of the lower root parts, indicating that motility and prototrophy for the involved amino acid(s) are important factors for wheat root colonisation by strain 5RL. (iii) Coinoculation of strain 5RL with other wild type Pseudomonas strains on the root influenced the colonisation pattern observed for strain 5RL. Colonisation was not visually affected when the competing strain was a poor root coloniser, but was severely reduced when the competing strain was a good root coloniser. The results show that the spatio-temporal colonisation of wheat root by P. fluorescens strain 5RL and derivatives is similar to that of strain WCS365 on tomato. The advantage of the use of lux-marked strains is that the results are obtained much quicker than when conventional methods are used and that the result is supplied as an image of the colonisation pattern of many different roots.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: Coccinellidae ; Aphididae ; wheat ; spatial scale ; species diversity ; numerical response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of prey density, within-field vegetation, and the composition and patchiness of the surrounding landscape on the abundance of insect predators of cereal aphids was studied in wheat fields in eastern South Dakota, USA. Cereal aphids, aphid predators, and within-field vegetation were sampled in 104 fields over a three year period (1988–1990). The composition and patchiness of the landscape surrounding each field were determined from high altitude aerial photographs. Five landscape variables, aggregated at three spatial scales ranging from 2.6 km2 to 581 km2, were measured from aerial photographs. Regression models incorporating within-field and landscape variables accounted for 27–49% of the variance in aphid predator abundance in wheat fields. Aphid predator species richness and species diversity were also related to within-field and landscape variables. Some predators were strongly influenced by variability in the composition and patchiness of the landscape surrounding a field at a particular spatial scale while others responded to variability at all scales. Overall, predator abundance, species richness, and species diversity increased with increasing vegetational diversity in wheat fields and with increasing amounts of non-cultivated lands and increasing patchiness in the surrounding landscape.
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  • 43
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    Integrated pest management reviews 4 (1999), S. 127-143 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: wheat ; stored-grain ; integrated pest management ; aeration ; biological control ; grain sampling ; insect monitoring ; modeling ; area-wide IPM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Management of stored-grain insect pests by farmers or elevator managers should be based upon a knowledge of the grain storage environment and the ecology of insect pests. Grain storage facilities and practices, geographical location, government policies, and marketing demands for grain quality are discussed as factors influencing stored-grain insect pest management decisions in the United States. Typical practices include a small number of grain samples designed to provide grain quality information for segregation, blending and marketing. This low sampling rate results in subjective evaluation and inconsistent penalties for insect-related quality factors. Information on the efficacy of insect pest management practices in the United States, mainly for farm-stored wheat, is discussed, and stored-grain integrated pest management (IPM) is compared to field-crop IPM. The transition from traditional stored-grain insect pest control to IPM will require greater emphasis on sampling to estimate insect densities, the development of sound economic thresholds and decision-making strategies, more selective use of pesticides, and greater use of nonchemical methods such as aeration. New developments in insect monitoring, predictive computer models, grain cooling by aeration, biological control, and fumigation are reviewed, their potential for improving insect pest management is discussed, and future research needs are examined.
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  • 44
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    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 237-254 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: wheat ; barley ; addition lines ; isozymes ; genes
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Zymogram analysis was used to identify the barley chromosomes that carry the structural genes for particular isozymes. Wheat, barley, and wheatbarley hybrid derivative lines (which contained identified barley chromosomes) were tested by gel electrophoresis for isozymes of particular enzymes. It was found that barley chromosome 4 carries structural genes for acid phosphatase and β amylase isozymes, barley chromosome 5 carries genes for phosphoglucose isomerase and malate dehydrogenase isozymes, and that barley chromosome 2 carries a gene for at least one glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase protomer. These results reinforce previous conclusions that barley chromosome 4 shows homoeology with wheat chromosome group 4 and that barley chromosome 5 shows homoeology with wheat chromosome group 1.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; biological control ; cabbage ; wheat ; Diuraphis noxia ; Brevicoryne brassicae ; olfactometer ; infochemical ; preference ; host plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) is a parasitoid of several aphid species, including the Russian wheat aphid (RWA),Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), and the cabbage aphid (CA).Brevicoryne brassicae (L.). The response of matedD. rapae females to odors from wheat, cabbage, and plant-host complexes was investigated using a four-choice olfactometer. Experienced parasitoids, but not inexperienced females, responded positively to odors of the wheat-RWA complex in a no-choice test. In choice tests, experienced parasitoids did not respond to odors of uninfested cabbage and wheat leaves, but did respond positively to aphid-infested plants and to aphids alone. The response ofD. rapae to the cabbage-CA complex and to CA alone was significantly greater than to the wheat-RWA complex and RWA alone, suggesting an innate odor preference for crucifer-feeding aphids.
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  • 46
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    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2695-2705 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Defense ; herbivory ; aphids ; wheat ; Gramineae ; hydroxamic acids ; Defense theory ; Carbon/Nutrient theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hydroxamic acids (Hx) are natural products of Gramineae that are associated with cereal resistance to pests. We aimed at characterizing the induction of Hx accumulation in seedlings of wheat,Triticum aestivum, by short-term infestation of the cereal aphid,Rhopalosiphum padi. A load of 25 aphids increased significantly the Hx levels in the infested primary leaf in comparison with control levels. Lower loads did not increase Hx concentration. Aphid infestation lasting 16 hr did not elicit induction of Hx, even after a time-lag of 32 hr to allow the expression of any induced response. Forty-eight hours was the minimum duration of aphid infestation required to trigger Hx induction. The age of the infested tissue (the primary leaf) did not affect induction. Similar increases of Hx were found in unfolding, expanding, and totally expanded primary leaves. It was determined that the regime of nutrient supply (N-intensive nutritive solutions at low and high concentration) to wheat seedlings had no effect on the magnitude of the aphid-induced Hx (N-based secondary metabolites). Results obtained are discussed in the framework of general theories of plant defense allocation.
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  • 47
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    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1311-1316 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Pakistan ; air pollution ; ozone ; nitrogen dioxide ; rice ; wheat ; filtration ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Open-top chambers ventilated with ambient or chiarcoal-filtered air were used to assess the impact of air pollution on the yield of local cultivars of wheat and rice, at a site on the outskirts of Lahore. At this location, 6-h mean O3 concentrations reach 60 ppb in certain months, and annual mean NO2 concentrations are 20–25 ppb. The experiments showed significant yield reduction in two successive seasons which ranged from 33% to 46% in wheat and from 37% to 51% in rice. The major yield parameter affected was the number of ears or panicles per plant, although there was also evidence of small effects on 1000 grain weight and on the number of grains per ear/panicle. These results have significance in terms of the maintenance of agricultural yields as pollution emissions rise in south and south-east Asia.
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  • 48
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    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1461-1466 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; growth ; senescence ; biomass partitioning ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In closed-chamber fumigation experiments dry matter partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence of wheat were studied, analysing the effects of ozone during different stages of plant development. Ozone causes enhanced leaf senescence, leading to a loss of green leaf area and, consequently to a decreased supply of assimilates, affecting (in increasing order of severeness) stem, ear and grain productivity because of reduced storage pools for translocation. Leaves of plants before shooting stage were most sensitive but the lack of green leaf area after ear emergence had the most pronounced effects on grain yield. Measurements of photochemical capacity showed that evidence for negative ozone effects could be found in changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in leaf sections not yet showing visible ozone injury. Negative effects on photosynthesis were more distinct with increasing accumulated ozone dose, with increasing age of leaf tissue and with increasing ozone sensitivity of the cultivar. The changes in chlorophyll fluorescence are most likely to be explained by a decreased pool size of plastoquinones caused by ozone.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Ozone ; wheat ; areal interpolation ; economics ; yield losses ; critical levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In Britain wheat is an important crop accounting for 41% of the total cereal production. In this study ozone concentrations for 1989 estimated as described in Part 1 of the paper are integrated with the estimated wheat distribution to derive a detailed estimate of the impact of ozone on wheat yields at a fine spatial scale (1km × 1km). These data provide estimates for calculating regional and national yield losses. The methodology can be applied to other crop species. Recent research on a range of crops has established relationships between the economic yield loss for certain crops, including wheat, and ozone exposure. Exposure is described as the accumulated exposure above a threshold experienced during the daylight hours (AOT). Critical AOT values are derived from yield exposure relationships which show linear reductions of yield loss with increasing ozone concentrations. This study has made use of land cover data from remotely sensed imagery at 25m resolution and nationally collected agricultural statistics for counties. These data were combined using an areal interpolation technique to provide more spatially articulate estimates of the location and intensity of wheat production. The results demonstrate the economic importance of ozone as a pollutant. Wheat yield losses attributed to ozone vary between different parts of the country but, for years when ozone levels are high, yield losses are likely to be significant in some areas.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: wheat ; seed protein genes ; restriction-fragment length polymorphism, prolamins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction enzyme digests of DNA from nullisomic-tetrasomic and intervarietal chromosome substitution lines of wheat were probed with a high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin cDNA. Three restriction endonucleases were used to investigate restriction-fragment differences among five wheat varieties. The results suggest that the hybridizing fragments contain single gene copies and permit the identification of the subunit encoded by each gene. Restriction-fragment variation associated with previously established allelic differences between varieties was observed. Also, there is a clear relationship between the electrophoretic mobility of a HMW subunit and the length of the central repetitive section of the gene encoding it. These results are discussed with reference to the evolution of the HMW glutenin gene family and the uses of restriction-fragment variation in plant breeding and genetics.
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  • 51
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    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 591-602 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: trypsin inhibitor ; homoeoloci ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The aneuploids of Chinese Spring wheat have been used to locate the genes(Ti-2) coding for a novel series of trypsin inhibitors to the long arms of the homoeologous group 5 chromosomes. Three allelic variants at the 5D locus were detected in a limited survey among wheat varieties, but no variation at the loci on either chromosome 5A or chromosome 5B was detected. Homoeoloci were found in a number of alien relatives, and in the majority of cases, these were present on the group 5 homoeologue. However, inAegilops umbellulata, theTi-U2 locus was located on a chromosome presumed to belong to homoeologous group 1. NoHordeum vulgare orH. chilense Ti-2 gene was expressed in a wheat background. This new marker will be especially useful as a screening mechanism for nullisomy of chromosome 5B in work aimed at introgression of alien chromatin into wheat.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: wheat ; gliadins ; gel electrophoresis ; evolution ; genetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The gliadin composition of 78 spring durum wheat varieties has been studied by one-dimensional (Al-lactate,pH 3.1) and two-dimensional (first dimension, Al-lactate,pH 3.1; second dimension, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel) electrophoresis. Analysis of hybrids has shown that all components of the α zone of gliadin spectra are inherited together as blocks and are, probably, coded for by a cluster of tightly linked genes located on chromosome 6A. Fourteen variants of gliadin blocks have been identified, which can be classified into five families on the basis of component composition. All families but one have analogues among chromosome 6A-controlled blocks of bread wheat. The results indicate that some of the genome A diploid genotypes that were ancestors of durum wheats were also ancestors of bread wheats and that polyploid wheats were produced by repeated allopolyploidization events, as has been suggested earlier.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: wheat ; gliadins ; gel electrophoresis ; evolution ; genetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The gliadin composition of 78 spring durum wheat varieties has been studied by one-dimensional (Al-lactate,pH 3.1) and two-dimensional (first dimension, Al-lactate,pH 3.1; second dimension, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel) electrophoresis. Analysis of hybrids has shown that all components of the α zone of gliadin spectra are inherited together as blocks and are, probably, coded for by a cluster of tightly linked genes located on chromosome 6A. Fourteen variants of gliadin blocks have been identified, which can be classified into five families on the basis of component composition. All families but one have analogues among chromosome 6A-controlled blocks of bread wheat. The results indicate that some of the genome A diploid genotypes that were ancestors of durum wheats were also ancestors of bread wheats and that polyploid wheats were produced by repeated allopolyploidization events, as has been suggested earlier.
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  • 54
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    Plant molecular biology 10 (1988), S. 303-310 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast gene ; monocot ; psbA ; transcription ; wheat ; 5′ end
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have mapped and cloned the wheat chloroplast gene (psbA) that encodes the 32 kd polypeptide of Photosystem II. The psbA gene is located in the large single copy region adjacent to one inverted repeat and is transcribed toward the latter. The sequence of the 5′ end of the wheat gene is homologous with dicot psbA genes. We have located the 5′ terminus of the wheat psbA RNA to a position 83 nt upstream of its coding region. The same psbA RNA species was capped in vitro by guanylyltransferase, establishing that its 5′ end is a transcription start site. Regions which resemble procaryotic -10 and -35 promoter elements are located immediately upstream of the wheat psbA transcription initiation site.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; triplet protein (triticin) ; legumin ; amino acid sequence homology
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have obtained several amino acid sequences from purified polypeptides of a wheat endosperm storage globulin previously described as ‘triplet’ protein. The amino acid sequence data supported by immunochemical analysis using anti-oat 12S globulin antibodies, provide definitive evidence that the triplet protein is homologous to pea legumin and related seed storage proteins of oats, rice and several dicotyledonous species. Thus, it is now proposed that the triplet protein of wheat be renamed ‘triticin’. The oat globulin antibodies also cross-reacted strongly with the high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits which have been implicated in bread-making quality.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast DNA ; cytochrome b-559 ; photosystem II ; psbL ; wheat
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The N-terminal amino acid sequence of a 3.2 kDa photosystem II polypeptide is shown to be identical to that of a polypeptide encoded by an open reading frame of 38 codons (orf38) in wheat chloroplast DNA. Orf38 is located just downstream of the psbE and psbF genes for the polypeptides of cytochrome b-559. Analysis of the transcription of this region of chloroplast DNA shows that psbE, psbF and orf38 are co-transcribed to give a 1.1 kb polycistronic transcript which also contains another open reading frame of 40 codons. The orf38 and orf40 products are hydrophobic polypeptides which are both predicted to span the thylakoid membrane once. Orf38 and orf40 are highly conserved, and map to similar locations adjacent to psbE and psbF, in all organisms from which this region of DNA has been sequenced. We propose that orf38 is named psbL.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase ; cDNAs ; gene organisation ; polypeptides ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA clone (WL : AGA.1) encoding wheat leaf ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase has been isolated from a λgt11 expression library, by immunological screening with anti-spinach leaf ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase serum. The WL : AGA.1 cDNA is 948 bp long and contains approximately 55% of the complete wheat leaf ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase mRNA sequence, estimated from Northern blot experiments. A wheat endosperm cDNA library was subsequently constructed in λgt11 and six clones hybridising to the cDNA insert of clone WL : AGA.1 were isolated. The longest of these wheat endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase cDNAs, clone WE : AGA.7, is nearly full-length (1798 bp), indicated by Northern blot analysis of wheat endosperm mRNA and nucleotide sequence analysis. Southern hybridisation analysis and restriction enzyme mapping indicated that the wheat leaf and wheat endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase cDNAs and genes are members of two distinct gene families. In addition, restriction enzyme mapping revealed polymorphism in the wheat endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase cDNAs, indicating the existence of at least two wheat endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene sub-families. Subsequent nucleotide sequence analysis indicates that there is approximately 55% identity between wheat leaf and wheat endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase cDNAs. In contrast, members of each sub-family of endosperm cDNA, represented by clones WE : AGA.3 and WE : AGA.7, are 96% identical.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: aleurone ; barley ; protoplasts ; transient expression ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Methods have been developed for the isolation of aleurone protoplasts from developing caryopses of Hordeum vulgare and Triticum aestivum in order to study transient expression of introduced genes. Chimaeric gene constructs were introduced into aleurone protoplasts by polyethylene glycol (PEG). Transient expression directed by the 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) of the reporter gene encoding chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) was detected in aleurone protoplasts from developing barley and wheat grains. Using a similar construct, CAT activity increased when the alcohol dehydrogenase intron 1 fragment from maize was ligated between the 35S promoter and the CAT coding region. The demonstration of transient expression in protoplasts from developing aleurone layers indicates that they may be useful for investigating tissue and developmental control of genes coding for cereal seed proteins.
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  • 59
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    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 1301-1306 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; glycine-rich ; ribonucleoprotein ; RNA-binding protein ; RNP motif ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A wheat cDNA encoding a glycine-rich RNA-binding protein, whGRP-1, was isolated. WhGRP-1 contains two conserved domains, the RNA-binding motif (RNP motif) combined with a series of glycine-rich imperfect repeats, characteristic of a conserved family of plant RNA-binding proteins. Northern analysis revealed that whGRP-1 mRNA accumulates to high levels in roots and to lower levels in leaves of wheat seedlings. whGRP-1 mRNA accumulation is not enhanced by exogenous abscisic acid in seedlings and accumulates to very high levels during wheat embryo development, showing a pattern different from that of the ABA-inducible wheat Em gene.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: differential display ; heat shock proteins ; non-coding regions ; PCR ; reverse transcription ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Isolation of cDNAs encoding individual members of a gene family is essential for assessing their role in a biological phenomenon. However, this process is often laborious and slow due to highly conserved protein-coding region that interferes with the isolation of the individual members. Identification of gene-specific probes from 3′ non-coding regions of different members can assist in the fast retrieval and characterization of individual members of a multigene family. We used the recent technique of differential display for the same purpose. As an example of a multigene family in plants, we selected a heat shock protein gene family, HSP16.9 from wheat, with estimated 12 members. We modified the original differential display technique for selective amplification of the 3′ non-coding regions of different wheat HSP16.9 genes by replacing the random 10-mer in the original method with a conserved HSP16.9 gene family-specific primer. Sixteen cDNA fragments from these experiments were sequenced and they represent 8 different members of a 12 member gene family. Our succes can be attributed to shorter 3′ non-coding regions that are typical of higher-plant genes and use of highly conserved gene family-specific primer in these experiments. This modified differential display technique can be of general application to other plant systems where cloning of the different members of a gene family is desired.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: male sterility ; ovary ; parthenogenetic lines ; pollen allergen ; subtractive hybridization ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To isolate genes specifically expressed at the initiation of plant embryo development we have applied a sensitive subtractive hybridization technique for three isogenic wheat lines of the so-called ‘Salmon system’ with either zygotic or autonomous embryo development. Here we present a gene sequence showing a high homology to grass pollen allergens of type II/III thought to be expressed in pollen tissue only. Surprisingly, the pollen allergen-like sequence, designated Tri a III, is also expressed in gynoecia of the sexual, male fertile wheat line ‘(aestivum)-Salmon’, whereas the two parthenogenetic and male sterile wheat lines ‘(caudata)-Salmon’ and ‘(kotschyi)-Salmon’ completely lack any Tri a III transcript. Our data suggest a positive correlation between the expression of this clone and the manifestation of male fertility. Northern and in situ hybridization analysis revealed that, in addition to its presence in pollen, Tri a III is expressed in the parenchymatous tissue of ‘(aestivum)-Salmon’ ovaries exclusively at the day of anthesis. This precise temporal and spatial expression pattern suggests a more general function of the pollen allergen-like sequence Tri a III not limited to the exhibition of allergens in pollen grains.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase ; anther ; pollen ; male sterility ; water stress ; wheat ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), water deficit during meiosis in the microspore mother cells (MMCs) induces pollen abortion, resulting in the failure of fertilization and a reduction in grain set. In stressed plants, meiosis in MMCs proceeds normally but subsequent pollen development is arrested. Unlike normal pollen grains, which accumulate starch during the late maturation phase, stress-affected anthers contain pollen grains with little or no starch. Stress also alters the normal distribution of starch in the anther wall and connective tissue. To determine how starch biosynthesis is regulated within the developing anthers of stressed plants, we studied the expression of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP), which catalyzes the rate limiting step of starch biosynthesis. Two partial-length cDNAs corresponding to the large subunit of AGP were amplified by RT-PCR from anther RNA, and used as probes to monitor AGP expression in developing anthers of normal and water-stressed plants. These clones, WAL1 and WAL2, had identical deduced amino acid sequences and shared 96% sequence identity at the nucleic acid level. In normal anthers, AGP expression was biphasic, indicating that AGP expression is required for starch biosynthesis both during meiosis and later during pollen maturation. AGP expression in stressed anthers was not affected during the first phase of starch accumulation, but was strongly inhibited during the second phase. We conclude from these results that the reduced starch deposition later in the development of stressed pollen could be the result of a lower expression of AGP. However, this inhibition of AGP expression is unlikely to be the primary cause of male sterility because anatomical symptoms of pollen abortion are observed prior to the time when AGP expression is inhibited.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: mitochondrial DNA ; transfer RNA genes ; rearrangement ; recombination ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the course of isolating tRNA genes from wheat mtDNA, we have found the same tRNAPro gene in two different Hind III restriction fragments, H-P1 (0.7 kbp) and H-P2 (1.7 kbp). Sequences immediately flanking these duplicate genes are closely related, although not identical; sequence comparisons suggest that multiple rearrangements have occurred in the vicinity of the H-P2 tRNAPro gene, relative to the H-P1 version. The chimeric nature of H-P2 is emphasized by the presence of sequences that are also found upstream of the wheat mitochondrial 26S rRNA gene, as well as sequences derived from chloroplast DNA. Comparison of H-P2 with H-P1 plus upstream sequences provides some insight into possible molecular events that might have generated H-P2. In particular, such comparisons suggest a model in which the homologous sequences in H-P2 are seen to be derived from H-P1 plus upstream sequences as a result of an intragenomic, site-specific rearrangement event, followed by amplification of the product, its fixation in the mitochondrial genome, and subsequent sequence divergence (single base changes as well as insertions/deletions of up to 50 nucleotides). The results reported here implicate particular primary sequence motifs in certain of the rearrangements that characterize H-P2.
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  • 64
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    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 293-306 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ferredoxin ; PetF gene ; circadian rhythm ; light regulation ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genomic clone encoding the precursor of wheat leaf ferredoxin has been isolated and characterised. The uninterrupted PetF gene encodes a polypeptide of 143 amino acid residues, consisting of an N-terminal presequence of 46 amino acid residues and a mature polypeptide of 97 amino acid residues. Southern blot analysis suggests that six copies of the PetF gene are present in the wheat haploid genome. Northern blot analysis has shown that the genes are both developmentally and light regulated in wheat seedlings and provides evidence that a circadian rhythm regulates the steady-state levels of ferredoxin transcripts. The intact wheat gene and several chimeric constructs, containing portions of the 5′-upstream region fused to the β-glucuronidase reporter gene, have been introduced into tobacco plants, but levels of β-glucuronidase activity above background were not detected, suggesting that the 5′-upstream region is unable to function as a promoter in tobacco plants.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNAs ; expression ; mapping porin ; VDAC ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mitochondrial outer membrane of eukaryotic cells contains voltage-dependent anion channels (VDAC) also termed porins. Three cDNAs from wheat (Triticum aestivum) were isolated and sequenced (Tavdac 1–3). They share 65% similarity of their amino acid sequences, and therefore they probably represent isoforms. The deduced amino acid sequence of one of the cDNAs was found to be identical to the purified VDAC protein from wheat mitochondria [8]. Secondary structure analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of the three vdac cDNAs revealed a characteristic α helix at their N-terminal and β-barrel cylinders characteristic of VDAC channels. The Tavdac cDNAs are differentially expressed in meristematic tissues. The transcript levels of Tavdac 1 in all wheat tissues is at least 2.5-fold higher than Tavdac 2 and Tavdac 3. Tavdac 2 has a low level of expression in all floral tissues whereas Tavdac 3 is highly expressed in anthers. This is the first report on differential expression of vdac genes in plants. The Tavdac genes have been mapped on the wheat genome. Tavdac 1 is located on the long arm of chromosome 5, Tavdac 2 on the long arm of chromosome 1 and Tavdac 3 on the long arm of chromosome 3. A phylogenetic reconstruction indicates that vdac genes underwent numerous duplication events throughout their evolution. All duplications occurred after the separation of plants from animals and fungi, and no orthologous genes are shared among phyla. Within plants, some of the vdac gene duplications probably occurred before the monocotydelon-dicotydelon split.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA ; expression ; FKBP ; PPIase ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A novel cDNA encoding for a peptidyl-prolyl-cis-trans-isomerase (PPIase) belonging to the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family was isolated from wheat. It contains an open reading frame of 559 amino acids and it represents the first plant FKBP-PPIase to be cloned. It possesses a unique sequence which is composed of three FKPB-like domains, in addition to a putative tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motif and a calmodulin-binding site. The recombinant FKBP-PPIase expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli exhibits PPIase activity that is efficiently inhibited by the immunosuppressive drugs FK506 and rapamycin. Northern blot analysis showed that wheat FKBP was found mainly in young tissues. Polyclonal antibodies revealed the presence of cross-reacting proteins in embryos, roots and shoots. The unique structural features, the enzymatic activity and the presence of putative isoforms in wheat tissues indicate the possibility of the involvement of wheat PPIase in essential biological functions, similar to other members of the FKBP gene family.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast ; in vitro transcription ; light ; psbA ; psbD/C operon ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dynamical aspects of three chloroplast promoters responding to change in light condition were examined in mature chloroplasts of wheat (Triticum aestivum) by in vitro transcription. The wheat psbD/C operon has four distinct promoters, two of which named as D/C-3 and D/C-4 promoters dominantly function in mature chloroplasts to produce the mRNAs encoding D2/CP43 and CP43 alone, respectively. Activity of the D/C-3 promoter in mature chloroplasts was reduced to less than 30% by 24 h dark adaptation and recovered by re-illumination to the original level within 30 to 60 min. The activation of the D/C-3 promoter which requires de novo cytoplasmic protein synthesis was induced by low fluence of light (e.g. 16 µE m-2 s-1), but the extent of activation increased with increasing light fluence. The accumulation of mRNAs from the D/C-3 promoter saturated at 2- to 3-fold higher level within 2 h when the dark-adapted seedlings were transferred to the lig at 72 µE m-2 s-1, concomitant with the increase in rate of D2 synthesis, suggesting that synthesis of D2 in mature chloroplasts is controlled via the D/C-3 promoter activity in a light-dependent way. Activity of the D/C-4 promoter slightly increased in the dark and decreased in the light. Effect of light on the psbA promoter activity was not observed at all in mature chloroplasts. In vitro transcriptional analysis of the D/C-3 promoter with 5′ deletion mutations revealed that at least two cis elements which are located within the sequences of -78 to -47 and -46 to -29 of the transcription initiation site, respectively, act as enhancing elements in the D/C-3 promoter. The light-switching element of the transcription, however, was suggested to be located in the core promoter sequence downstream of the -35 element.
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  • 68
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    Plant molecular biology 10 (1988), S. 251-262 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: mitochondria ; mitochondrial DNA ; transfer RNA ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have begun a systematic search for potential tRNA genes in wheat mtDNA, and present here the sequences of regions of the wheat mitochondrial genome that encode genes for tRNAAsp (anticodon GUC), tRNAPro (UGG), tRNATyr (GUA), and two tRNAsSer (UGA and GCU). These genes are all solitary, not immediately adjacent to other tRNA or known protein coding genes. Each of the encoded tRNAs can assume a secondary structure that conforms to the standard cloverleaf model, and that displays none of the structural aberrations peculiar to some of the corresponding mitochondrial tRNAs from other eukaryotes. The wheat mitochondrial tRNA sequences are, on average, substantially more similar to their eubacterial and chloroplast counterparts than to their homologues in fungal and animal mitochondria. However, an analysis of regions ∼ 150 nucleotides upstream and ∼ 100 nucleotides downstream of the tRNA coding regions has revealed no obvious conserved sequences that resemble the promoter and terminator motifs that regulate the expression of eubacterial and some chloroplast tRNA genes. When restriction digests of wheat mtDNA are probed with 32P-labelled wheat mitochondrial tRNAs, 〈20 hybridizing bands are detected, whether enzymes with 4 bp or 6 bp recognition sites are used. This suggests that the wheat mitochondrial genome, despite its large size, may carry a relatively small number of tRNA genes.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: F1F0 ATPase ; chloroplast coupling factor ; mitochondrial gene ; wheat
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cold temperature ; dehydration ; greening ; protein kinase ; Triticum aestivum/ ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have identified a new wheat PKABA1/-like protein kinase gene, TaPK3/, that is expressed in greening wheat seedlings. TaPK3 has high sequence homology (97% similarity with some sequence diversity at the 3' end) to the wheat PKABA1 protein kinase mRNA, which is upregulated by cold-temperature treatment, dehydration and abscisic acid (ABA). Use of a TaPK3 gene-specific probe has revealed that TaPK3 is differentially expressed with respect to PKABA1. TaPK3 mRNA accumulates in greening shoot tissue of wheat, but is not affected by dehydration, cold-temperature treatment or ABA. Based on sequence and expression differences, we conclude that expression of the PKABA1/-like protein kinases is not limited to stress responses.
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  • 71
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    Plant molecular biology 34 (1997), S. 643-650 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: callus ; crown tissue ; gene expression ; low temperature ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The low-temperature (2 °C)-specific wheat cDNA, pTACR7, represents a gene designated tacr7 from hard red winter wheat (HRWW; Triticum aestivum L. cv. Winoka). The term low-temperature-specific (LTS) is used because tacr7 is not induced by ABA or stresses such as salt, dehydration, and heat. pTACR7 was isolated by RT-PCR with mRNA from wheat crown tissue, the oligonucleotide primers derived from the barley cognate pHVCR8 (GenBank accession number L28091). Based on the deduced amino acid sequence, TACR7 is highly hydrophobic, with a single transmembrane domain and an amino acid bias for leucine (19%). Thus, the encoded protein TACR7 is unique among low-temperature-regulated wheat proteins described in the literature. Analysis of steady-state levels of tacr7 transcripts (630 nt) showed accumulation in wheat seedlings, crown tissue, and callus cultures after transfer from control (25 °C) to low temperature (2 °C). No detectable transcripts were observed by northern blot hybridization with pTACR7 probe from seedling or callus treated with ABA, salt, dehydration, or heat stress. tacr7 transcripts accumulated during 2 °C exposure to a greater amount in a freeze-resistant HRWW (FR; SDmut 16029) than in a freeze-susceptible HRWW (FS; SDmut 16169) crown tissue, with the largest difference between genotypes being 30% ± 3% at 3 weeks.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat ; transformation ; biolistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have developed a method for the accelerated production of fertile transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that yields rooted plants ready for transfer to soil in 8–9 weeks (56–66 days) after the initiation of cultures. This was made possible by improvements in the procedures used for culture, bombardment, and selection. Cultured immature embryos were given a 4–6 h pre-and 16 h post-bombardment osmotic treatment. The most consistent and satisfactory results were obtained with 30 μg of gold particles/bombardment. No clear correlation was found between the frequencies of transient expression and stable transformation. The highest rates of regeneration and transformation were obtained when callus formation after bombardment was limited to two weeks in the dark, with or without selection, followed by selection during regeneration under light. Selection with bialaphos, and not phosphinothricin, yielded more vigorously growing transformed plantlets. The elongation of dark green plantlets in the presence of 4–5 mg/l bialaphos was found to be reliable for identifying transformed plants. Eighty independent transgenic wheat lines were produced in this study. Under optimum conditions, 32 transformed wheat plants were obtained from 2100 immature embryos in 56–66 days, making it possible to obtain R3 homozygous plants in less than a year.
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  • 73
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 76 (1988), S. 933-940 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Gliadin ; Two-dimensional electrophoresis ; F1 monosomic analysis ; chromosomal assignment ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The gliadin components from four bread wheat cultivars: Chinese Spring, Capelle Desprez, Holdfast and Pane-247 and their monosomic F1s for the chromosomes of homoeologous groups 1 and 6 have been analyzed by two-dimensional (2-pH) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Chromosomal location of gliadin genes and the allelic differences were well established by analyzing the different F1 monosomic hybrids, electrophoretical patterns and differences in relative staining intensity. A new gliadin encoded by a gene located on chromosome 6B in Chinese Spring is described. The two-dimensional patterns of gliadin in the other three varieties and the chromosomal location of their genes are reported for the first time. Relationships between gliadins in the two-dimensional patterns and the traditional system for their nomenclature are discussed.
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  • 74
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 209-220 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticum ; Elytrigia ; wheat ; Evolution ; genome ; karyotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The lengths of the A, B, and D genomes of common wheat,Triticum aestivum, were measured from the karyotype. Relative to the B genome, standardized as length 1.000, the lengths of the A and D genomes were 0.835 and 0.722, respectively. The lengths of the chromosome arms in the A and D genomes were then multiplied by the appropriate constants so that the total lengths of each genome also equalled 1.000. These calculations revealed that homoeologous chromosomes in wheat, with a few exceptions, have similar sizes and arm ratios. The arm lengths of the three homoeologues in each homoeologous group were then averaged. These average chromosomes turned out to be remarkably similar, in size and arm ratio, to their homoeologues in the E genome ofElytrigia elongata. This evidence and data on cross-compatibility and morphological characteristics suggested that the genusTriticum is a result of adaptive radiation from the perennial genusElytrigia, specifically from the complex of species possessing the E genome or one closely related to it.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: consecutive planting ; Phoma sp. ; plant growth-promotion ; potting medium ; soybean ; wheat ; zoysiagrass rhizosphere fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several isolates ofPhoma sp., certain nonsporulating fungi, as well asPenicillium andTrichoderma, all isolated from zoysiagrass rhizosphere, promoted growth of wheat and soybean under greenhouse conditions. However, the ability of these rhizosphere fungi to enhance plant growth varied with the crop tested. For example, most of the fungi effectively promoted the growth of wheat, whereas only a few fungi were effective on soybean. In consecutive plantings of wheat and soybean grown in soil previously infested with these zoysiagrass rhizosphere fungi, the growth promotion ability of the fungi was lowered. However, addition of fresh potting medium appeared to restore their growth-promotive effects. It appears that the activation of plant growth-promoting fungi in soil might depend on the availability of organic substrates to colonize, as evidenced by the promotion of plant growth.
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  • 76
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    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 561-568 
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: wheat ; milling yield ; QTL mapping ; RFLP ; microsatellite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A partial genetic linkage map constructed using 150 single seed descent (SSD) lines generated from a cross between the hexaploid wheat varieties ‘Schomburgk’ and ‘Yarralinka’ was used to identify loci controlling milling yield. Milling yield data were obtained using seed collected from field trials conducted at different sites over two seasons. The estimated broad-sense heritability of milling yield in this population was calculated as 0.48. In the preliminary analysis, two regions were identified on chromosomes 3A and 7D, which were significantly associated with milling yield and accounted for 22% and 19% of the genetic variation, respectively. Bulked segregant analysis in combination with AFLP identified other markers linked to these loci, as well as an additional region on chromosome 5A, which accounted for 19% of the genetic variation. The applicability of these markers as selection tools for breeding purposes is discussed.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: insect resistance ; aphids ; GNA ; lectins ; transgenic plants ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Transgenic wheat plants containing the gene encoding snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) under the control of constitutive and phloem-specific promoters were generated through the particle bombardment method. Thirty-two independently derived plants were subjected to molecular and biochemical analyses. Transgene integration varied from one to twelve estimated copies per haploid genome, and levels of GNA expression from 0 to ca. 0.2% of total soluble protein were observed in different transgenic plants. Seven transgenic plants were selected for further study. Progeny plants from these parental transformants were selected for transgene expression, and tested for enhanced resistance to the grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) by exposing the plants to nymphal insects under glasshouse conditions. Bioassay results show that transgenic wheat plants from lines expressing GNA at levels greater than ca. 0.04% of total soluble protein decrease the fecundity, but not the survival, of grain aphids. We propose that transgenic approaches using insecticidal genes such as gna in combination with integrated pest management present promising opportunities for the control of damaging wheat pests.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: wheat ; DNA markers ; yellow rust resistance ; Yr17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Yr17 gene, which is present in many European wheat cultivars, displays yellow rust resistance at the seedling stage. The gene introduced into chromosome 2A from Aegilops ventricosa was previously found to be closely linked (0.5 cM) to leaf and stem rust resistance genes Lr37 and Sr38, respectively. The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers linked to the Yr17 gene. We screened with RAPD primers, for polymorphism, the DNAs of cv. Thatcher and the leaf rust-resistant near-isogenic line (NIL) RL 6081 of cv. Thatcher carrying the Lr37 gene. Using a F2 progeny of the cross between VPM1 (resistant) and Thésée (susceptible), the RAPD marker OP-Y15580 was found to be closely linked to the Yr17 gene. We converted the OP- Y15580 RAPD marker into a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR). This SCAR marker (SC-Y15) was linked at 0.8 ± 0.7 cM to the Yr17 resistance gene. We tested the SC-Y15 marker over a survey of 37 wheat cultivars in order to verify its consistency in different genetic backgrounds and to explain the resistance of some cultivars against yellow rust. Moreover, we showed that the Xpsr150-2Mv locus marker of Lr gene described by Bonhomme et al. [6] which possesses A. ventricosa introgression on the 2A chromosome was also closely linked to the Yr17 gene. Both the SCAR SC-Y15 and Xpsr150-2Mv markers should be used in breeding programmes in order to detect the cluster of the three genes Yr17, Lr37 and Sr38 in cross progenies.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: leaf rust ; molecular marker ; receptor-like kinase ; resistance breeding ; resistance gene ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We recently showed that the Lr10 wheat leaf rust resistance gene cosegregated with the candidate resistance gene Lrk10 which encodes a putative receptor-like kinase. The aim of this study was to develop Lrk10-derived molecular markers for the detection of the Lr10 gene in breeding material. Different subfragments of Lrk10 were tested as RFLP markers for the Lr10 resistance gene. The most specific fragment (Lrk10-6) was converted into the PCR-based STS marker STSLrk10-6. Both the RFLP and the STS marker did not give a signal with near isogenic lines containing a different Lr gene. The applicability of these markers for the detection of Lr10 in genetically diverse material was tested with 62 wheat and spelt breeding lines, mostly from European breeding programmes. Twelve varieties known to have Lr10 showed the same alleles as the originally characterized line ThatcherLr10. Most of the lines with unknown composition at the Lr10 locus had a null allele with both the RFLP marker Lrk10-6 and the marker STSLrk10-6 whereas 20% of the lines had a different allele. For six lines, including a traditional spelt variety derived from a landrace, both markers showed the same allele as Thatcher Lr10. Artificial infections of these lines with an isolate avirulent on Lr10 resulted in a hypersensitive reaction of all these lines, indicating also the presence of the Lr10 resistance gene. These data demonstrate that the markers derived from sequences of Lrk10 are highly specific for the Lr10 gene in breeding material of very diverse genetic origin. The markers will allow the defined deployment of Lr10 in wheat breeding programmes and will contribute to the elucidation of the role of Lr10 in polygenic resistances against leaf rust.
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  • 80
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    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 177-181 
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: bulked segregant analysis ; H21 ; near-isogenic lines (NILs) ; RAPD ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Near-isogenic lines in conjunction with bulked segregant analysis were used to identify a DNA marker in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) associated with the H21 gene conferring resistance to biotype L of Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] larvae. Near-isogenic lines were developed by backcross introgression BC3F3:4 (‘Coker 797’ * 4 / ‘Hamlet’) and differed by the presence or absence of H21 (on 2RL) derived from ‘Chaupon’ rye (Secale cereale L.). Bulked DNA samples were prepared from near-isogenic lines and BC3F2 population individuals segregating for reaction to Hessian fly biotype L and screened for random amplified polymorphic DNA markers using 46 10mer primers. Random-amplified polymorphic DNA markers from resistant and susceptible individuals and parental lines were scored and these data were used to identify a 3 kb DNA fragment that was related to the occurrence of H21. This fragment was amplified from DNA isolated from Hamlet, a near-isogenic line carrying 2RL, and bulked DNA from resistant BC3F2 individuals, but not from the recurrent parent Coker 797 or DNA bulks from susceptible BC3F2 plants. Analysis of 111 BC3F2 segregating individuals and BC3F2:3 segregants confirmed the co-segregation of the 3 kb DNA marker with the H21 resistance gene to Hessian fly. Use of this marker could facilitate more rapid screening of plant populations for Hessian fly resistance and monitoring the introgression of H21.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Central Europe ; powdery mildew ; wheat ; complexity of pathotypes ; Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici ; stabilizing selection ; survey ; virulence analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In 1993–1996, the virulence of regional populations of the wheat powdery mildew pathogen (Erysiphe graminis DC f. sp. tritici Marchal) from the Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary and Slovakia against 13 resistance genes was investigated. The populations differed mainly at the regional level. Populations from the Czech Republic, mainly from the western regions, showed higher values of virulence against the Pm4b gene. Lower frequency of virulence against Pm4b was found in Austria, and the lowest value was observed in Hungary. The differences in frequencies of virulence against Pm4a and Pm4b showed a similar geographic pattern across the four countries: a continuous decline from west to east and from north to south. Virulence against Pm2 decreased in all countries considered; virulence to pm5, Pm6, Pm8 and Mli was high throughout. Genes and gene combinations that can ensure a relatively effective biological protection against this pathogen across Central Europe at present are Pm3b, Pm2+Mld and Pm1+2+9. Czech and Slovak populations were the most complex: virulence complexity reached a maximum in Slovakia in 1994. A similar evolution, though less significant, was observed in the Czech Republic. Data on complexity of isolates suggest that Central European populations of wheat powdery mildew tend to reach an intermediate level representing the optimal number of virulence genes. This process is probably a consequence of stabilizing selection.
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    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 629-641 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum spp. ; Septoria tritici ; septoria tritici blotch of wheat Stagonospora nodorum ; stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 701-704 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Cephalosporium gramineum ; Cephalosporium stripe ; rye ; susceptibility ; triticale ; wheat ; winter cereals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with winter cereals grown on soil inoculated withC. gramineum showed that wheat and rye cultivars possess some resistance to the pathogen, while the triticale cultivars were the most susceptible. Higher tolerance of the tested wheat cultivars was connected mainly with slow development of disease symptoms; rye cultivars had, on average, lower percentages of plants infected byC. gramineum. The greatest variation in susceptibility toC. gramineum occurred among the selected cultivars of triticale.
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  • 84
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    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 695-699 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides ; eyespot ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Apothecia of the eyespot fungus,Tapesia yallundae, were found on 0–18% of straws in plots of wheat stubble in February–March 1994. The fungicides carbendazim, prochloraz or carbendazim plus prochloraz had been applied repeatedly to the same plots in each of the previous 9 years in which successive wheat crops had been grown. The factors most strongly correlated with the incidence of apothecia were the incidence and severity of eyespot in the preceding wheat crop and the frequency of carbendazim-resistant W-type fungus in populations recovered from that wheat crop. Plots treated with carbendazim, which had previously had more disease and more resistance to carbendazim in the pathogen population relative to untreated plots, therefore yielded most apothecia. Plots treated with prochloraz, which had selected for predominantly R-type fungus and decreased eyespot, yielded few apothecia. Single-ascospore isolates were all of the W-type and were more frequently carbendazim-sensitive than expected, except those from plots treated only with carbendazim. None showed decreased sensitivity to prochloraz. The implications of applying fungicides regularly for controlling eyespot on the capability of the eyespot fungus for genetic variation through sexual reproduction are discussed.
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    Chromosome research 6 (1998), S. 339-344 
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: Leymus ; meiosis ; molecular cytogenetics ; wheat ; wide-hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Meiosis was examined in pollen mother cells of F1 hybrids made from crosses between wheat (Triticum aestivum) and lymegrass (Leymus arenarius and L. mollis). Fluorescence genomic in situ hybridization detected pairing between wheat and lymegrass chromosomes during prophase I and metaphase I. Such pairing, when resulting in bivalent formation, was likely to yield correct disjunction, and hence intergenomic recombination could be incorporated into the gametes. Bivalents in these hybrids, however, were more frequently formed between chromosomes of the same parental origin. Univalents were common, whereas multivalents were not clearly detected. Meiotic behaviour in some cells was not totally aberrant, and this may have accounted for the presence of normal pollen. The results are discussed in relation to intergenomic pairing, meiotic behaviour in wide-hybrids and genome relationships, including the Leymus genome origin.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: in situ hybridization ; intermediate wheatgrass ; translocation ; virus resistance ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fluorescencein situ hybridization (FISH) was used to determine the breakpoint of the translocation chromosome in two bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) germplasm lines withThinopyrum intermedium chromatin carrying resistance to either wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) or barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). In addition, genome-specific random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to ascertain the genomic sources of theTh. intermedium chromosomes carrying the WSMV or BYDV resistance. CI17766, a WSMV-resistant wheat germplasm line derived from induced homoeologous pairing by using theph1b mutant, had a translocation chromosome composed of the complete 4AL and about 45% of proximal 4AS from wheat, and the entire 4ES ofTh. intermedium. The BYDV-resistant translocation line, TC14, derived from tissue culture, had a very short distal segment of 7StL fromTh. intermedium terminally attached to 56% of the proximal 7DL. These observations indicate that translocations in these wheat germplasm lines did not involve centromeric breaks and fusion but were a result of homoeologous chromosome recombination.
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  • 87
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    Plant molecular biology 35 (1997), S. 167-177 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: comparative genetics ; rice ; barley ; wheat ; Arabidopsis ; flowering time (heading date) ; photoperiod ; vernalization ; earliness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of genes controlling flowering time (heading date) contributes to our understanding of fundamental principles of plant development and is of practical importance because of the effects of flowering time on plant adaptation and crop yield. This review discusses the extent to which plants may share common genetic mechanisms for the control of flowering time and the implications of such conservation for gene isolation from the major cereal crops. Gene isolation may exploit the small genome of rice in map-based approaches, utilizing the conservation of gene order that is revealed when common DNA markers are mapped in different species. Alternatively, mechanisms may be conserved within plants as a whole, in which case genes cloned from the model dicot Arabidopsis thaliana provide an alternative route.
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    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 125-131 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: canola ; fallow ; N mineralization ; N immobilization ; organic matter ; rhizosphere ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the influence of cropping variables on nitrogen dynamics in a soil amended with green manure. Surface soil from various long-term spring wheat rotations was amended with15N-labelled legume green manure (Lathyrus tingitanus) and subsequently cropped (canola [Brassica napus] and spring wheat [Triticum aestivum]) or incubated without a crop for 56 days in a greenhouse. Nitrogen mineralization from both the indigenous soil N and from green manure was suppressed in cropped soil. Net N mineralization in the uncropped and cropped treatments averaged 73 and 43 mg kg−1, respectively. This difference was attributed, in part, to enhanced biological immobilization in the rhizosphere. Previous cropping practices also had significant effect on N mineralization, largely by their influence on indigenous organic matter quality. These observations suggest that short-term N mineralization is favored by fallowing soil after green manure application whereas N retention in organic matter is favored by immediate cropping.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: barley ; kinase ; leaf rust ; receptor-like kinase ; resistance ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In plants, several types of receptor-like kinases (RLK) have been isolated and characterized based on the sequence of their extracellular domains. Some of these RLKs have been demonstrated to be involved in plant development or in the reaction to environmental signals. Here, we describe a RLK gene family in wheat (wlrk, wheat leaf rust kinase) with a new type of extracellular domain. A member of this new gene family has previously been shown to cosegregate with the leaf rust resistance gene Lr10. The diversity of the wlrk gene family was studied by cloning the extracellular domain of different members of the family. Sequence comparisons demonstrated that the extracellular domain consists of three very conserved regions interrupted by three variable regions. Linkage analysis indicated that the wlrk genes are specifically located on chromosome group 1 in wheat and on the corresponding chromosomes of other members of the Triticeae family. The wlrk genes are constitutively expressed in the aerial parts of the plant whereas no expression was detected in roots. Protein immunoblots demonstrated that the WLRK protein coded by the Lrk10 gene is an intrinsic plasma membrane protein. This is consistent with the hypothesis that WLRK proteins are receptor protein kinases localized to the cell surface. In addition, we present preliminary evidence that other disease resistance loci in wheat contain genes which are related to wlrk.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: characterization ; deleterious rhizobacteria ; inhibitory bacteria ; pseudomonads ; toxin ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A toxin produced by a deleterious rhizobacterial pseudomonad that inhibits both winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root andEscherichia coli growth was characterized. The toxin was rapidly deactivated at pH 2 and 12 and by autoclaving (121°C, 15 minutes). Less toxin was destroyed as the temperature and time of exposure decreased, and at 40°C it was stable for at least 24 hours. The toxin was extremely polar and could not be extracted from culture filtrates with organic solvents. The compound eluted after the void volume from a Sephadex G-10 column indicating a molecular weight of less than 700. The toxin adsorbed to Dowex 50W strong cation exchange resin and eluted with 2M NH4OH. Numerous thin layer chromatography solvent systems were unsuccessful at purifying the toxin. The partially purified toxin inhibited several different microorganisms while the producing strains were resistant. The toxin appears unique to toxins produced by recognized plant pathogenic bacteria.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: ribulose-P2 ; carboxylase ; wheat ; high specific activity ; fast activation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis ; biological control ; Helicotylenchus multicinctus ; nematicide ; numerical response ; Paecilomyces marquandii ; Radopholus similis ; Streptomyces costaricanus ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of 24 treatment combinations of cultures of Streptomyces costaricanus sp. nov. (ATCC55274), Bacillus thuringiensis (ATCC55273) and a strain of Paecilomyces marquandii, nematicide (cadusaphos), and/or wheat mash on growth and response of potted banana plants (Musa AAA) and populations of Radopholus similis, Helicotylenchus multicinctus and free living nematodes were studied in Río Frío, Costa Rica. The best plant responses (height, leaf numbers, healthy root weight), lowest numbers of plant parasitic nematodes and highest numbers of free living nematodes were observed for treatments containing wheat as a component. Two treatments, viz. wheat + Streptomyces costaricanus (200-ml culture) and wheat + P. marquandii (200-ml culture), gave the overall best results. Numbers of free living nematodes increased up to 1500-fold only for treatments containing wheat. Significant positive correlations existed between numbers of free living nematodes and shoot weight, healthy root biomass, plant height, and leaf numbers. Non-wheat treatments, including nematicide only, gave the poorest responses in general. Observations of nematodes sampled 50 days following planting in wheat-containing treatments showed most of the free-living nematodes (≈ 90%) to be infected by nematophagous fungi (species not recorded). The results show that an organic amendment to soil, with or without a microbial component, can be an effective inducer of processes that regulate plant-parasitic nematode populations in soil.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 31 (1982), S. 243-249 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wheat ; grain protein ; prolamin ; inheritance ; chromosome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic gliadin components are inherited as highly stable blocks of linked components. Multiple allelism of blocks controlled by polygenic loci of six gliadin-coding chromosomes has been revealed. The allelic states of these loci are interrelated with the variability of grain. The regularities discovered permit the use of gliadin polymorphism for estimation of genotype properties in breeding programs.
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  • 94
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 31 (1982), S. 229-241 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wheat ; genetics ; endosperm ; seed proteins ; gliadins ; glutenins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews our present knowledge of the chromosomal location of the genes that control the synthesis of gliadins and glutenins, the two major groups of storage protein in the endosperm of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Allelic relationships and genetic linkage between genes are also discussed. The areas that require futher investigation are identified.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 33 (1983), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wheat ; gliadin ; glutenin subunits ; correlation ; gluten quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 96
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 33 (1983), S. 161-168 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wheat ; gluten ; small scale extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A new small scale device for wheat gluten separation is described and the results of the first experiments on the influence of extraction conditions on different flours are reported.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: nutritive value ; protein fractions ; rapeseed ; soybean ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The nutritive value of various protein fractions was studied. Fractions 2S and 12S from rapeseed, 2S, 7S and 11S from soybean were obtained by dissolution in ammonium sulfate solutions. Albumin-globulin, gluten, glutenin and gliadin fractions from wheat were obtained by dissolution in salted water (albumin-globulin), acetic acid (glutenin) and alcohol (gliadin). Liveweight gains, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) were used as measures of the nutritive value. The protein fractions had a lower nutritive value than the unfractionated proteins except for the albumin-globulin fraction of wheat which had a nutritive value higher than that of the unfractionated wheat protein. PER obtained with the rapeseed 2S and 12S fractions were 2.49 and 2.21, respectively, as compared to 2.64 for unfractionated rapeseed. With soybean fractions, PER were 0.92 for 2S, — 0.007 for 7S and 1.47 for 11S, as compared to 2.19 for the original protein. The wheat albumin-globulin fraction gave a PER of 2.78, as compared to 1.45 for the unfractionated wheat protein. Gluten, glutenin and gliadin fractions had a lower PER than that of unfractionated wheat protein. ADC of all fractions were higher than those of the original proteins. The difference in liveweight gains and PER observed between protein fractions can be partially explained on the basis of the essential amino acid content.
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  • 98
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    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 257-275 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Aegilops ; Triticum ; T. diccocoides ; wheat ; Adaptation ; trait variation ; factor analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eighteen earliness and morphological traits were examined in from 2 to 14 lines each of 10 diploid members of the wheat complex,Triticum-Aegilops, and 15 lines of the tetraploid speciesTriticum diccocoides. In general, earliness traits have the greatest relative between line vs. within line variation of all the traits examined. Within species, earliness traits are the principle set of characters around which evolve between line trait differences, one of the most important oich is leaf dimensions. At the genus level, earliness traits are independent of leaf dimensions and plant height characters. Thus, the pattern of evolution at the genus level is different from that exhibited in each of the species. Biological and evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
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    Plant molecular biology 39 (1999), S. 915-926 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: programmed cell death ; wheat ; endosperm ; ethylene ; nucleases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although maize endosperm undergoes programmed cell death during its development, it is not known whether this developmental feature is common to cereals or whether it arose inadvertently from the selection process that resulted in the enlarged endosperm of modern maize. Examination of wheat endosperm during its development revealed that this tissue undergoes a programmed cell death that shares features with the maize program but differs in some aspects of its execution. Cell death initiated and progressed stochastically in wheat endosperm in contrast to maize where cell death initiates within the upper central endosperm and expands outward. After a peak of ethylene production during early development, wheat endosperm DNA underwent internucleosomal fragmentation that was detectable from mid to late development. The developmental onset and progression of DNA degradation was regulated by the level of ethylene production and perception. These observations suggest that programmed cell death of the endosperm and regulation of this program by ethylene is not unique to maize but that differences in the execution of the program appear to exist among cereals.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; chloroplast genes ; ATP synthase ; methionine tRNA gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast genes for the alpha, beta and epsilon subunits of wheat chloroplast ATP synthase have been determined. Open reading frames of 1512 bp, 1494 bp and 411 bp are deduced to code for polypeptides of molecular weights 55201, 53796 and 15200, identified as the alpha, beta and epsilon subunits respectively by homology with the subunits from other sources and by amino acid sequencing of the epsilon subunit. The genes for the beta and epsilon subunits overlap by 4 bp. The gene for methionine tRNA is located 118 bp downstream from the epsilon subunit gene. Comparisons of the deduced amino acid sequences of the alpha and beta subunits with those from other species suggest regions of the proteins involved in adenine nucleotide binding.
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