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  • Articles  (22,277)
  • Springer  (22,277)
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  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (22,277)
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  • Articles  (22,277)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of extracellular lactase fromFusarium moniliforme (1981)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1981), S. 161-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A strain ofFusarium moniliforme, previously used for microbial protein production, excreted lactase (β-D-galactosidase, EC.3.2.1 23) when cultivated either in a whey liquid medium or on a wheat bran solid medium. The enzyme produced in both media had pH and temperature optima of 4–5 and 50–60°C respectively and was particularly suitable for processing acid whey. In the whey culture, maximum lactase yield was observed after 95 h of growth at 30°C and whey lactose concentration of 9%. The addition of ammonium, potassium and sodium ions to the growth medium considerably enhanced lactase production. A maximum enzyme yield corresponding to hydrolysis of 3 nmoles o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside sec−1 ml−1 of growth medium, at pH 5 and 60°C, was obtained. In the wheat bran culture, the maximum enzyme yield was obtained after 140 h of growth at 28–30°C. A marked increase in the enzyme production was observed when nitrate or phosphate was added to the growth medium. Also, the addition of certain agricultural by-products (molasses, whey) enhanced lactase production. The observed maximum yield corresponding to the hydrolysis of 182 nmoles of ONPG sec−1 g−1 of wheat bran, at pH 5 and 60°C, is comparable to that reported for certain microorganisms used commercially for lactase production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00703046
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Treatment of phenolic wastes byAureobasidium pullulans adhered to the fibrous supports (1981)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1981), S. 175-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Biological treatment of waste water containing a large amount of phenol was carried out by using a phenolassimilating fungus,Aureobasidium pullulans No. 14 adhered (“semi-immobilized”) to fibrous asbestos. The column reactor employed for oxidative degradation of phenol consisted of a cylindrical glass column containing plastic nets. During 27 days operation, it was observed that: 1) The phenol removal capacity of the reactor gradually increased during the first 10 days, reaching a stable level. 2) The best phenol removal capacity (50 mg phenol removed/h/ liter of reactor volume) was obtained when an artificial waste water containing up to 1,200 μg/ml phenol was applied to the reactor. 3) Much higher concentrations of phenol (e.g. 1,700 μg/ml) brought about a marked decrease in the phenol removal capacity (40–50 mg/h/liter). 4) Satisfactorily stable operation was achieved using the semiimmobilized mycelia ofAureobasidium pullulans, whose active state could be checked by observing the thick, black-colored biomass which is characteristic of the genusAureobasidium and covered the plastic nets inside the glass column reactor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00703049
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of long chain n-alkanes by disrupted cells ofChlorella vulgaris (1981)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1981), S. 188-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The alkane oxidation byChlorella vulgaris is improved by disruption of the cells. Although living cells are not able to attack n-dodecane, disrupted cells produced detectable amounts of oxidation products. The amount of isomeric alcohols and ketones of n-tridecane was nearly double the sum found in living cells, whereas the equilibrium was shifted to the ketones. With n-tetradecane and n-pentadecane only the amount of ketones increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00703052
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Removal of contaminating proteases from Bacillus thuringiensis parasporal crystals by density gradient centrifugation in NaBr (1981)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1981), S. 213-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Purification of the Bacillus thuringiensis protein crystal on NaBr density gradients confers a significant technical advantage in that the crystal-associated proteases are thereby removed. The use of protease-free crystals allows reliable determination of native crystal parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500100
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Release of carboxymethyl-cellulase and β-glucosidase from cell walls of Trichoderma reesei (1981)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1981), S. 226-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Carboxymethyl-cellulase and β-glucosidase activities were determined in the cytosole, cell walls and extracellular culture fluid of Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 cultivated on cellulose and cellobiose. By means of carboxymethylcellulose as a specific desorbens for cellulose bound CM-cellulase and β-glucosidase it was found that these enzymes are cell wall bound during consumption of the carbon source, but are excreted during the subsequent cultivation stage. Treatment of intact cell walls with various chemical agents could not cause a release of the enzyme. Treatment of intact cell walls with α-mannanase or trypsin released CM-cellulase, whereas, treatment with laminarinase or chitinase released β-glucosidase. Both enzymes were also released during autolysis in phosphate buffer. This autolysis was accompanined by the appearance of extracellular mannanase, laminarinase and proteinase. The results suggest that cleavage of chemical bonds of certain cell wall polymers of T. reesei could be responsible for the appearance of CM-cellulase and β-glucosidase in the culture fluid during later stages of growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500103
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lactic acid bacteria active during the fermentation of wheat silage in small scale silos (1981)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1981), S. 248-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Wheat was ensiled and periodically analyzed for lactic acid bacteria present. Initially Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus cellobiosus and Streptococcus lactis predominated. After two to four days enterococci including S. faecium and S. bovis were present in high populations as well as Lactobacillus plantarum. It was concluded that mixed populations of enterococci and L. plantarum are active in the successful fermentation of wheat silage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500107
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrafiltration membrane enzymatic reactors, polarized versus stirred reactor performance (1981)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1981), S. 251-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conclusions The use of polarized U.F. membrane enzymatic reactors yields considerable stabilization of the enzyme activity because of the high concentration levels attained by the protein in the polarization layer. Further enzyme stabilization is achieved when even higher overall concentrations are attained by injecting an inert, linear-chain polymer into the system. Both effects are a direct consequence of the polarization phenomena that take place in an unstirred system and hence disappear when dealing with a stirred cell. No appreciable reduction in initial enzyme activity level occurs in the polarized system as compared to the soluble enzyme situation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500108
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiology of α-amylase production by immobilized Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 7-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 321S cells were immobilized with 3.4% κ-carrageenan gel in bead form, and α-amylase production by the immobilized cells was studied. Cells in the gel, after the population reached maximum were restricted to a layer of 50 μm thickness, from the surface of the gel, suggesting that oxygen diffusion is the growth limiting factor. The specific respiratory activity and the growth rate of the entrapped cells under such conditions were 1/2 and 1/5 ∼1/10, respectively, that of free cells. In spite of the repressed respiration and growth, the specific rate of α-amylase production of the entrapped cells reached the maximum value of free cells or higher. In continuous culture, in an aerated vessel with a volume ratio of gel beads to medium of 1:2, the maximum production rate of α-amylase was obtained at a dilution rate of 1.0 h−1, which was double the maximum specific growth rate of the strain. These results showed that bacterial α-amylase production, which is a nongrowth-associated type of synthesis was achieved with the use of immobilized cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00507996
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrolysis of bile acid conjugates by Clostridium bifermentans (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 41-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Two strains of Clostridium bifermentans have been investigated for their ability to hydrolyse bile acid conjugates under conditions suited to further transformation of the free acids liberated. In batch fermentation at 0.5 g/l substrate concentration, growing cells effected the near-quantitative hydrolysis of glycodeoxycholate, taurodeoxycholate and taurocholate within 48 h; glycocholate was 88% hydrolysed. At substrate concentration greater than 1.0 g/l however, taurine conjugates were less well hydrolysed. Further transformation of the liberated cholic acid to deoxycholic acid and/or 7-ketodeoxycholic acid was achieved, but quantitative conversion was not observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508002
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the bacterial degradation of lignin (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 47-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Several bacteria which can degrade numerous phenols with structural relationships to lignin were tested for their ability to degrade lignin. The biodegradation with all the tested bacteria was poor. The method of lignin extraction, presence of glucose as cosubstrate and changes in the nitrogen source of the medium did not affect the extent of lignin degradation. The poor degradation does not seem to be influenced by medium composition and culture condition but is more probably due to the inability of the tested bacteria to degrade lignin to any considerable extent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508003
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of woodsmoke on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 51-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Woodsmoke delayed aflatoxius B1 and G1 release and significantly exerted inhibitory effects on the toxins production by a toxigenic Asperigillus flavus. The fungistatic efficiency of the woodsmoke increased with reduced moisture content in fish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508004
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Limitations in substrate utilization efficiency by Zymomonas mobilis (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 69-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Optimal growth conditions for Zymomonas mobilis have been established using continuous cultivation methods. Optimal substrate utilization efficiency occurs with 2.5 g l−1 yeast extract, 2.0 g l−1 ammonium sulfate and 6.0 g l−1 magnesium sulfate in the media. Catabolic activity is at its maximum with glucose uptake rates of 16–18 g l−1 h−1 and ethanol production rates of 8–9 g l−1 h−1, Qg values of 22–26 and Qp values between 11 and 13, which results in 40 g l−1 h−1 ethanol yields using a 100 g l−1 substrate feed. Any increase in these parameters goes on cost of substrate utilization efficiency. Calcium pantothenate can not substitute yeast extract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498005
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Columnar denitrification of water by immobilized Pseudomonas denitrificans cells (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 86-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Whole cells of Pseudomonas denitrificans, immobilized in alginate gel, were used for columnar denitrification of ground water. Ethanol was selected as a suitable carbon source and the C/N-ratio necessary for satisfactory nitrate reduction was established (1.6 mg ethanol-C/mg nitrate-N). The course of the reaction and the diffusional limitations were investigated during columnar denitrification. The mechanical integrity of the gel matrix, as judged from leakage of cells was studied. The release of cells into the effluent was effectively inhibited (〈102 cells/ml) by the use of different filter devices. The operational characteristics were determined by studying a column operating for nearly four months. Theoretically, the alginate gel column should, from high nitrate drinking water (22 mg NO 3 − -N/1), produce 3 1 of denitrified water/kg gel/h (wet wt.) during a period of two months. The regeneration of nitrate reduction activity by means of activation in nutrient media proved a useful tool for restoring initial activity, the gel column having shown no loss in activity at the end of the operation period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498008
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on a mixed culture of Candida parapsilosis and different bacilli on alkane (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Eight strains of Bacillus were able to grow on alkane in a mixed culture with Candida parapsilosis. The growth of Bacillus was dependent on that of the yeast. Every variation of culture parameters influenced directly the growth of the yeast and then that of Bacillus. Myristic acid, produced by Candida parapsilosis, was presumably the principal carbon source for the growth of Bacillus in a mixed culture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498011
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of dissolved oxygen tension on 11β- and 19-hydroxylation of Reichstein's Substance S by Pellicularia filamentosa (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 131-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The 11β- and 19-hydroxylation enzyme(s) of Pellicularia filamentosa IFO 6298 have been shown to be inducible by Reichstein's Substance S. By using the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, in fermenter culture the effects of dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) on enzyme induction and enzyme expression have been separately investigated. For both hydroxylations, an optimum DOT for induction has been shown at 15% of saturation, while the optimum for expression is at 30% of saturation. The results have been verified in the absence of cycloheximide. Thus, maximum rates of hydroxylation are achieved when induction is performed at low DOT, followed by elevation to ensure maximum expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00497887
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glycerol production by immobilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 136-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were immobilized in K-Carrageenan. Addition of sodium sulfite to the fermentation medium up to four percent led to glycerol yields of 25 to 27 g/l at temperatures below 31°C. These results demonstrate that it is possible to direct the metabolism of immobilized cells from ethanol fermentation to glycerol fermentation by sulfite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00497888
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors influencing protein structure during acid precipitation: A study of soya proteins (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 144-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The influence of mixing conditions and acid type upon soya protein structure during isoelectric precipitation have been investigated. The extent of protein modification after precipitation was dependent on the acid anion following the inverse of the Hofmeister series which classifies anions in decreasing order of effectiveness as precipitants. With the anion, SO 4 2− , which caused least protein modification, mixing could be varied over the range of mixing Reynolds number 2,800 to 28,000 with only a small effect on protein structure. On the other hand, hydrochloric acid caused substantial damage at the lower end of this mixing range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00497890
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective hybridisation of pure culture wine yeasts (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 159-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Pure culture wine yeasts vary in their efficiency of conversion of grape sugar to ethanol. Selective hybridisation over three generations gave significant in fermentation efficiency, i.e. from 84% to 93%. Sulphur dioxide tolerance was found to be under the control of dominant polymeric genes. Other wine-making characteristics were monitored during the hybridisation programme and selected hybrid strains had wine-making qualities comparable with those of the parent strains, but with increased sugar conversion efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00497893
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The microbiological aspects of grape marc humification (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 182-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The microbiological aspects of a novel process of grape marc composting have been investigated. It has been possible to determine the succession of populations during the process which are required to obtain the required final product. The initial population comprises exclusively yeasts which, by autolysis and subsequent binding of the residual alcohol by esterifying reactions, enable rapid appearance of a mixed population of bacteria. The temperature increase continued by this bacterial flora favours growth of a thermophilic fungal flora, which is mainly responsible for the microbial decomposition process. The most important organism is Thermomyces lanuginosus Tsiklinski. Final humification is effected by a mixed population of Streptomycetes. It was possible to optimize the process by installing heat exchangers, thereby creating optimum conditions for the most important organism, T. lanuginosus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00497897
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat resistance of Salmonella senftenberg 775W at various sucrose concentrations in distilled water (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 193-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The heat resistance of Salmonella senftenberg 775 W, NCTC 9959, has been determined in distilled water pH 6.5 at sucrose concentrations up to 2.20 mol l−1 at temperatures between 63 and 70°C. Surviving cells were counted on minimal and enriched agar media to investigate the influence of the various nutrients on the recovery of heat injured cells. At various sucrose concentrations and temperatures multiphasic exponential parts of inactivation curves were found. Systematic differences between the recovery media depended on sucrose concentration, temperature and phase of exponential inactivation. At 60°C and sucrose concentrations between 0.52 and 1.82 mol l−1 the relationship between inactivation rate and sucrose concentration could be described by the equation ln k5=ln k0-αT [sucrose]. The activation energy of thermal inactivation reactions, substantially decreased when sucrose (1.82 mol l−1) was added to the heating menstruum. The activation energies in different recovery agars were of the same order, which suggests that the critical sites in heat inactivation are not key enzymes of the synthetic pathways of amino-acids and nucleotides. The differences between activation energies, calculated for cells of the various exponential phases of inactivation in both non-sucrose and 1.82 mol sucrose per 1 heating media, were also small, further suggesting that these critical sites are the same in cells from the various phases. Compared to published data on the heat resistance of S. senftenberg 775 W, we found a decreased resistance in a non-sucrose medium but an equal or increased resistance, depending on the phase of exponential inactivation, at a sucrose concentration of 1.82 mol l−1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00497899
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on continuous ethanol fermentation of sugar cane molasses (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 220-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Continuous fermentation of concentrated molasses to ethanol with simultaneous product removal has been studied in a series of week-long continuous experiments. Influence of oxygen tension on ethanol yield and yeast growth has been studied for two different yeast strains, one Saccharomyces cerevisiae and one Schizosaccharomyces pombe. As expected, ethanol yield showed a steady decline for increasing oxygen tension. Yeast growth which increases with oxygen tension up to about 1,000 ppb, is sufficient for continuous fermentation already at 50 ppb O2. In contrast to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe shows a somewhat decreased growth at oxygen tensions above 103 ppb. A product yield of 90% could be sustained on a continuous basis, and no inhibition was observed as a result of the accumulation of non-fermentables up to at least 20% dry solids equivalent to an osmotic pressure of about 2,500 m Osm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498467
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Production of adenine arabinoside by gel-entrapped cells of Enterobacter aerogenes in water-organic cosolvent system (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 225-231 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Gel-entrapped whole cells of Enterobacter aerogenes, which has a transglycosylation activity, were used to produce adenine arabinoside from uracil arabinoside and adenine, in an appropriate water-organic cosolvent system. Cells of E. aerogenes entrapped with a hydrophilic photo-crosslinkable resin prepolymer, ENT-4000, or a urethane prepolymer, PU-6, had a high and stable transglycosylation activity. To improve the poor solubility in water of the substrate (adenine) and product (adenine arabinoside), dimethyl sulfoxide was selected as the cosolvent based on the criteria of operational stability of the immobilized biocatalyst and solubility of both substrate and product. Addition of 40% dimethyl sulfoxide to the reaction mixture permitted use of a high substrate concentration range which gave high productivity under homogeneous reaction conditions. The immobilized cells of E. aerogenes exhibited a markedly improved operational stability, retaining their initial level of activity during repeated use for at least 35 days at 60°C in 40% dimethyl sulfoxide. When the reaction was carried out with 150 mM uracil arabinoside and 50 mM adenine as the substrates, the yield of adenine arabinoside was maintained at 100% based on the molar ratio of adenine, throughout the reaction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498468
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Directed biosynthesis of Cyclosporins (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 237-240 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The Cyclosporins A, B, C, D and G are cyclic undecapeptides produced by the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum Gams which vary in the amino acid they contain at position 2. The amount of production of any of these compounds can be increased by externally supplying the amino acid which it contains at position 2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498470
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    Comparison of ethanol feed-type on yeast growth at various po2 levels (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 9-13 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The growth characteristics of the yeastCandida utilis in the individual stages of a multistage tower fermentor obtained with single- and multistream ethanol feeding were compared. In addition, various types of pure oxygen supply were tested for each type of ethanol feed. The results, obtained from steady-state continuous cultures, provided evidence that the two types of ethanol and oxygen supply significantly affect the cell growth rate, ethanol dissimilation rate, acetate excretion in the medium, biomass yield and productivity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01875393
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    Microbial conversion of sterols (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 25-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract By preselection of microorganisms which preferentially attack the side chain of cholesterol we have been able to isolate a mutant of Corynebacterium spec. Chol 73 which forms 20-carboxy-pregna-1,4-dien-3-one (BNC) from cholesterol in nearly quantitative yields. The structure of this compound has been established by means of13C NMR-,1H NMR and CD spectroscopy.
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    Effect of ozone and sodium hydroxide treatments on the degradability of cotton straw monosaccharides by rumen microorganisms (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 47-51 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cotton straw (CS) was treated with ozone and sodium hydroxide and the effect of the treatments on the in vitro digestibility of monosaccharides in the whole material and in cell walls was studied. The digestibility of the major components — glucose and xylose in the untreated whole material was low, 26.3 and 14.3%, respectively, whereas that of the minor components was high, in the range of 60–70%. Ozonation resulted in an increase in digestibility of most of the sugars, with a particular effect on glucose and xylose, the digestibility of which was raised to 72 and 67%, respectively. Sodium hydroxide exerted a modest effect, increasing the in vitro digestibility values for glucose to 35.7% and for xylose to 32.3%. The digestibility of glucose, xylose and uronic acids in the cell wall of the untreated material was 19.7, 8.73 and 21.9%, respectively, whereas the values for the minor components ranged between 50 and 60%. The ozone treatment increased the in vitro degradability of the residual glucose, xylose and uronic acids to 63.7, 26.3 and 53.5%, respectively. There was a lag time of between 12 and 24 h before the rumen bacteria started to hydrolyse the cell wall glucose, xylose and uronic acids. The lag time for those cell wall sugars in the ozonated CS was the longest (24 h) but their rate of in vitro digestion during the last 24 h was higher in the ozonated than in the untreated or sodium hydroxide-treated cotton straw. The practical implications of the above-mentioned findings are discussed.
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    Degradative pathway of p-aminoazobenzene by Bacillus subtilis (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 141-143 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary p-Aminoazobenzene was degraded by Bacillus subtilis to aniline and p-phenylenediamine by reductive fission of an azo bond. The aniline was then acetylated to acetanilide while the p-phenylenediamine underwent 2 successive acetylations to yield p-aminoacetanilide and p-phenylenediacetanilide. In addition, another pathway was found in Bacillus subtilis in which p-aminoazobenzene was metabolised to p-acetamidoazobenzene.
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    Production of l-alanine from ammonium fumarate using two immobilized microorganisms (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 147-152 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary For the efficient production of l-alanine from ammonium fumarate using the aspartase activity of immobilized Escherichia coli cells and l-aspartate β-decarboxylase activity of immobilized Pseudomonas dacunhae cells, alanine racemase and fumarase activities should be eliminated. We investigated various procedures to eliminate these side reactions, and found that both activities of intact E. coli cells could be eliminated by treating the culture broth at pH 5.0 and 45° C for 1 h, and those of intact P. dacunhae cells could be eliminated by treating the culture broth at pH 4.75 and 30° C for 1 h. Further, it was confirmed that l-alanine was efficiently produced using these two immobilized pH-treated microorganisms.
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    Oxygen-dependent switch-over from respiratory to fermentative metabolism in the strictly aerobic Alcaligenes eutrophus (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 117-122 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The metabolism of Alcaligenes eutrophus is both qualitatively and quantitatively affected by the availability of oxygen as is documented by the in vivo excretion of several distinct metabolites. Intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle are produced because the dehydrogenases catalyzing the subsequent steps of metabolism become inhibited in a sequential order by increasing NADH levels which are caused by lack of oxygen. Simultaneously, other enzymes which cannot be detected when the cell's oxygen demand is satisfied, i.e., formate dehydrogenase, fumarate reductase, butanediol, lactate, and ethanol dehydrogenases are induced in a sequential order enabling the cells to produce the corresponding metabolites. The molecular mechanism by which dehydrogenases involved in the fermentative metabolism are derepressed under lack of oxygen is discussed.
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    Inducibility of benzoate oxidizing cell activities in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain Bs 5 by chlorobenzoates as influenced by the position of chlorine atoms and the inducer concentration (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 138-140 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Among four chlorobenzoates tested, only 3-chlorobenzoate and 4-chlorobenzoate were capable of inducing benzoate oxidizing cell activities in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain Bs 5, whereas 2-chlorobenzoate and 2,6-dichlorobenzoate were not. With the monochlorobenzoates, this inducing capability decreased with increasing proximity of the chlorine atom to the carboxyl group, i.e. in the order: 4-chlorobenzoate 〉 3-chlorobenzoate 〉 2-chlorobenzoate. It is therefore supposed that the induction of benzoate oxidizing cell activities is inhibited primarily be sterical influences of the chlorine substituents of the various chlorobenzoates. With decreasing concentration of 3-chlorobenzoate and 4-chlorobenzoate, the induction of benzoate oxidizing cell activities decreased. Below a critical concentration of 1 μM, these activities were no longer detectable in the cells of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, with the consequence that below this concentration limit, the degradation of 3-chlorobenzoate and 4-chlorobenzoate was no longer possible.
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    Degradation pathways from n-tridecane to α, ω-tridecanedioic acid in a mutant of Candida tropicalis (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 144-146 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The metabolic formation of α,ω-tridecanedioic acid via n-tridecanoic acid and via α,ω-tridecanediol from n-tridecane in the mutant S 76 of Candida tropicalis was studied. It was found that resting cells of S 76 produced α,ω-tridecanediol from n-tridecane. With n-tridecanol as substrate, the α,ω-diol could also be detected. The mutant S 76 was able to produce α,ω-tridecanedioic acid using either n-tridecanol or n-tridecanoic acid as the sole carbon source. Quantitative changes in the concentration of ω-hydroxy tridecanoic acid and other intermediates were recorded during the formation of α,ω-dioic acid. The results confirm the existence of two metabolic pathways mentioned above in the course of α,ω-dioic acid formation from odd n-alkane in the mutant S 76 of C. tropicalis.
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    “Palo podrido” — Decomposed wood used as feed (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 167-171 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary This paper presents an analysis of palo podrido (decomposed wood of white colour which is used as animal feed), collected during an expedition to South Chile (islands Chiloe and Talcan). The key fungi, which contributed to the formation of palo podrido were Ganoderma applanatum, and Armillariella sp. The highest rumen digestibility of palo podrido was 77% and the average digestibility was between 30 and 60%. The digestibility of undecomposed wood was maximally 3%. The lowest lignin content was 1%. The highest lignin content of wood, decomposed by a brown rot fungus was 74% and the in vitro digestibility of this sample was 0. Information about palo podrido could possibly open new ways for the conversion of lignocellulosics into feed.
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    Selective induction of β-glucosidase in Trichoderma reesei by xylan (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 185-187 
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    Notes: Summary In Trichoderma reesei, QM 9414, β-glucosidase can be selectively induced by xylan. At a concentration of 0.5% xylan in the growth medium, the yield of β-glucosidase is 3 times more than in cellulose medium suggesting that the synthesis of this enzyme in this organism is under an independent regulatory control.
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    The nucleic acid content of some edible mushrooms (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 237-240 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An improved method for the determination of nucleic acid content in edible mushrooms is described. Details of tissue homogenization and extraction are also included. In regard to the limit suggested by the Protein Advisory Group of the United Nations System, the amount of nucleic acids found in Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus cystidiosus, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Volvariella volvacea indicates that it is safe to consume mushrooms as daily vegetable. No significant changes have been found in the nucleic acid content of V. volvacea at different degrees of maturity. V. volvacea loses around 20% of its nucleic acids upon boiling for 10 min. Possible reasons for the discrepancy between the present finding and that given in an earlier report have been discussed.
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    Continuous flow method for extraction and bioluminescence assay of ATP in baker's yeast (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 258-264 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The intracellular ATP of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was measured using the bioluminescent firefly luciferase assay. Benzalkonium chloride and trichloro-acetic acid served in the experiments as extracting agents and optimal conditions for the extraction and assay of the intracellular ATP are reported. Using the results obtained from manually performed experiments two continuous flow systems were designed for the measurement of ATP in yeast cells during cell growth. Good correlation between the amount of cellular ATP and cell growth was found during the exponential growth phase.
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    Recovery of uranium by immobilized microorganisms (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 88-91 
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    Notes: Summary Some attempts were made to recover uranium from sea and fresh water using immobilized Streptomyces viridochromogenes and Chlorella regularis cells. The cells immobilized in polyacrylamide gel have the most favorable features for uranium recovery; high adsorption ability, good mechanical properties, and applicability in a column system. The adsorption of uranium by the immobilized cells is not affected by the pH values between 4 and 9. These results show that uranium adsorption becomes independent of pH after immobilization. The amounts of uranium adsorbed by the immobilized cells increased linearly with temperature, suggesting that the adsorption of uranium by the immobilized cells is an endothermic reaction. The immobilized cells can recover uranium almost quantitatively from both fresh and sea water containing uranium, and almost all uranium adsorbed is desorbed with a solution of Na2CO3. Thus the immobilized cells of Streptomyces and Chlorella can be used repeatedly in adsorption-desorption process.
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    Effects of immobilization on intrinsic kinetics and selectivity of trypsin (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 81-87 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary There is few information available on effects of covalent coupling on the intrinsic kinetics of an enzyme excluding the interference of adsorption and transport phenomena. We present clear evidence for significant shifts in association constants for substrates and inhibitors due to covalent binding onto a rigid support. KM and KI values were changed by factors up to 6 and relative affinities were also different as compared to the native enzyme. Interference by other phenomena like adsorption or diffusion has been excluded. Protection of the enzyme by very strong inhibitors during binding can avoid such alterations. The effect of pH on KI/KM was not observed showing that there is no apparent effect of the solution pH on the relative affinities between pH-values 7 and 9. Similar findings were obtained for the maximal reaction rates.
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    Isolation, characterization and growth kinetics of bacteria metabolizing pentachlorophenol (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 179-184 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A soil bacterium capable of utilizing pentachlorophenol (PCP) as a sole source of carbon and energy was examined for its morphological, biochemical, cultural, and physiological characteristics. The organism was a member of the coryneform group of bacteria, probably in the genus Arthrobacter. The isolate exhibited a doubling time of 4–5 h while growing on either glucose or PCP as the sole carbon source. The growth rate on PCP was essentially constant between 10–135 mg/l. At higher concentrations of PCP the growth rate was inhibited. The organism was found to be an excellent scavenger of PCP; a Monod saturation constant of 1.12 mg/l was obtained from chemostat measurements.
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    Conversion of cellulose into fungal cell mass (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 219-222 
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    Notes: Summary Chaetomium cellulolyticum (ATCC 32319) was cultivated on glucose, Avicel and/or Sigmacell in a 20-1 stirred tank batch reactor. The substrate (cellulose) concentration, the cell mass concentration (through protein and/or nitrogen content), reducing sugar concentration, the enzyme activity, the alkali consumption rate, the dissolved O2 and CO2 concentrations in the outlet gas were measured. The specific growth rate, the substrate yield coefficient, cell productivity, the oxygen consumption rate, the CO2 production rate and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient were determined. At the beginning of the growth phase the oxygen utilization rate exhibits a sharp maximum. This maximum could be used to start process control. Because of the long lag phase periodic batch operation is recommended.
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    Extraction of aluminum from fly-ash by commercial and microbiologically-produced citric acid (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 228-230 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Aluminum extraction from two aluminum-rich fly-ashes by commercial and microbiologically-produced citric acids was tested. Up to 12% Al2O3 of the total was extracted by a 21 hrs1 shaking treatment at 60° C. Extraction efficiency is considerably affected by extracting acid concentration and extraction temperature. The extraction efficiency of microbiologically-produced citric acids was only slightly lower than that of commercial citric acid of equal molarity.
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    Isolation and characterization of a methanol utilizing yeast with high cell yield (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 19-23 
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    Notes: Summary A yeast (Pichia pastoris strain CMB 10) growing on methanol as sole carbon and energy source was isolated. The high growth rate (0.235·h−1 at pH 5) and high cell yield (0.41 g cell per g methanol at pH 3.5) of this strain are of interest for production of single cell protein (SCP). Other advantages of the strain are: low maintenance coefficient (m=9.5 mg·g−1·h−1), high affinity for methanol (Ks=100 mg·l−1), possibility of non aseptic culture at low pH (pH 3.5), equilibrated amino acid profile and flocculating properties.
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    Kinetic aspects of glucose oxidation by Gluconobacter oxydans cells immobilized in calcium alginate (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 13-18 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Gluconobacter oxydans subspecies suboxydans (ATCC 621 H), when growing at high glucose concentrations, oxidizes this substrate incompletely and gluconic acid accumulates in the medium in almost stoichiometric amounts. Such cells were harvested and entrapped in various alginate gels. The preparation with the highest retention of glucose oxidizing activity was used in further studies with the aim of developing an efficient process for continuous gluconic acid production. The retention of activity increases (up to 95%) as the alginate concentration in the gel decreases or the cell/alginate weight ratio is enhanced. In the latter case, however, transport of oxygen to and inside the biocatalyst beads rapidly becomes rate-limiting and thus lowers the efficiency of the biocatalyst. Similarly, the efficiency decreases as the size of the biocatalyst beads increases. In no case rate-limitation by transport of glucose was found. Thus, biocatalyst activity per unit volume of support, diameter of the biocatalyst beads, and aeration efficiency are important parameters for reactor design.
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    The effect of high ethanol and CO2 concentrations on the ultrastructure of Zymomonas mobilis (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 44-48 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Zymomonas mobilis cells were examined by electronmicroscopy at various stages of fed-batch cultivation. Using the agar-diffusion method, significant changes in the morphology were observed under low glucose and increasing ethanol and CO2 concentrations. High concentrations of these products cause the appearance of extensive slime and granular layers around the cells. The reasons for and the possible implications of the observed changes in ultrastructure on industrial ethanol production are discussed in view of the presently experienced limitations in product formation.
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    The rapid purification of lactate dehydrogenase from alcaligenes eutrophus in a two-step procedure (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 163-167 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A NAD-linked L(+)-lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) was isolated from Alcaligenes eutrophus N9A. During purification advantage was taken of the high affinity of MatrexTM Gel Green A for this enzyme in crude extracts. One ml of this medium adsorbed 2660 U lactate dehydrogenase if 129 ml crude extract containing 2,480 mg protein were applied onto the column, as determined by frontal analysis. The enzyme was purified 275-fold by chromatography on this medium. Subsequent chromatography on Cibacron Blue F3G-A Sepharose 6B-CL resulted in a 3-fold purification and in a homogeneous preparation of lactate dehydrogenase. Starting with a crude extract containing 12 g total protein, the overall purification factor was 712.5, corresponding to a recovery of 36.1% activity and a specific activity of 776.6 U/mg protein. The affinity of MatrexTM Gel Green A medium to lactate dehydrogenase from other sources like A. hydrogenophilus, A. eutrophus A7, A. faecalis, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus lechmannii, and rabbit muscle was investigated. Advantages of this method for large scale purification of lactate dehydrogenase from Alcaligenes eutrophus are discussed and compared to large scale purification methods applied for other enzymes.
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    Determination of ATP from compost using the firefly bioluminescence technique (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 187-190 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A convenient method for extraction and bioluminescence determination of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from sewage sludge compost was developed and the method was applied to monitore biomass changes during a laboratory scale composting process. Several extraction methods for ATP were tested. Quartz sand grinding in porcelain mortar with 20% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid appeared to be the best one. In the laboratory scale experiment the ATP concentration correlated with the temperature and pH. After a lag-period of about 20 h the ATP concentration increased from about 15 μg/g (dry weight) to 30 μg/g until mesophilic temperatures were exceeded. In the beginning of the thermophilic stage the ATP concentration decreased steeply to about 10 μg/g and was slowly restored to about 20 μg/g during the thermophilic phase. When the temperature approached the ambient level the ATP concentration decreased coincidently with temperature to about 10 μg/g.
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    The effect of glucose on 11β- and 19-hydroxylation of reichstein's substance S by Pellicularia filamentosa (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 211-215 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Experiments in batch-fermenters have demonstrated that the 11β- and 19-hydroxylation of Reichstein's Substance S by Pellicularia filamentosa ceases in the absence of glucose. The effects of glucose consumption rate and growth rate on hydroxylation have been investigated using chemostat cultures. With glucose-limited cultures, increased hydroxylation rates were observed with increased glucose consumption rates. With nitrogen-limited cultures, however, some form of glucose-repression exists. The maximum rate of hydroxylation occurred at a glucose consumption rate at which the culture was just nitrogen-limited. The growth rate had no major importance.
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    9α-Hydroxylation of 4-androstene-3,17-dione by gel-entrapped Corynebacterium sp. cells (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 203-210 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
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    Notes: Summary Whole cells of Corynebacterium sp. having steroid 9α-hydroxylation system were immobilized by entrapment with photo-crosslinkable resin prepolymers, urethane prepolymers or several kinds of polysaccharides. Of various entrapment methods tested, cells entrapped in photo-crosslinked gels showed the highest activity to hydroxylate 4-androstene-3,17-dione at 9α-position. The properties of the photo-crosslinkable resin prepolymers, such as the hydrophobicity and the chain length of the prepolymers, affected markedly the activity of the entrapped cells. Addition of dimethyl sulfoxide to a buffer system at 15 vol. % was effective to solubilize the product, 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione, and gave the highest yield. In an aqueous system, the activity of hydrophilic gel-entrapped cells was higher than that of hydrophobic gel-entrapped cells. In 15% of dimethyl sulfoxide, the hydrophobic gel-entrapped cells showed almost the same activity as the hydrophilic gel-entrapped cells probably due to extraction of the product from gels to the external solvent before its metabolic degradation. Entrapment significantly enhanced the conversion ratio at high substrate concentrations and the operational stability of the 9α-hydroxylation system in the cells. In the presence of nutrients in the reaction mixture, entrapped growing cells maintained fully the original activity at least during 10 times of repeated batch reactions for 5 days.
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    Limitations of HPLC for the detection of β-exotoxin in culture filtrates of Bacillus thuringiensis (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 231-234 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect and quantify β-exotoxin, a phosphorylated adenine nucleotide derivative produced as an excreted metabolite by several strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. The assay was rapid and quantitative for purified β-exotoxin standards. However, peak height failed to correlate β-exotoxin concentration in crude culture filtrates with biological activity toward house fly larvae. Unrelated compounds (from non-β-exotoxin producers) co-eluted with β-exotoxin, thereby making the technique an unreliable method for toxin detection and quantification.
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    The use of Aspergillus niger for bioconversion of apple distillery waste (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 243-247 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The bioconversion of waste material remaining after apple brandy distillation was investigated. Different cellulolytic fungi were tested for their ability to convert the waste organic substances into microbial biomass. An Aspergillus niger strain was chosen as the most convenient microorganism. By growing this mold on the apple slop the following results were obtained: filtration time was shortened by 30 times, reduction of the chemical oxygen demand in the liquid phase in the range of 50–80% depending on the substrate dilution and a dry filter cake enriched with fungal biomass to about 12 g/l containing up to 22% raw proteins and certain amounts of cellulolytic enzymes in the filtrate. The influence of the initial pH, the salt addition and the dilution of the substrate were studied as well.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00510423
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  • 50
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    Mixed culture of Saccharomycopsis fibuliger and Zymomonas mobilis on starch-use of oxygen as a regulator (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 269-274 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The conversion of starch to ethanol in a mixed culture of an amylolytic yeast, Saccharomycopsis fibuliger and an anaerobic bacterium, Zymomonas mobilis, was studied. Interactions between the component cultures were commensalism and competition for glucose. Control of oxygen supply to the culture was used as an external regulator of growth and competition. No accumulation of reducing sugars was observed in the mixed culture when compared to a monoculture of Saccharomycopsis fibuliger grown on starch. The glucose formed was instantly used by Zymomonas mobilis for ethanol production and the glucose inhibition of hydrolysis of non-glucose reducting sugars was released. The final concentration of ethanol, 9.7 g·l−1, produced from 30 g·l−1 of starch, shows out that all the glucose available from starch hydrolysis was converted to ethanol. Glucose production from starch was the rate-limiting reaction in the system, causing a lower ethanol production rate in the mixed culture than in the monoculture of Zymomonas mobilis, grown on glucose.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508019
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  • 51
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    Fermentation of xylose with the yeast Pachysolen tannophilus (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 287-291 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Pachysolen tannophilus IfGB 0101, is able to grow aerobically on xylose, glucose and fructose. Galactose too is assimilated after long adaption times. In the complete absence of oxygen, xylose is fermented, forming mainly xylitol, lower amounts of ethanol and CO2. According to the mass balance, it may be concluded that the pentose phosphate enzymes together with the oxidative phosphogluconate way are in action simultaneously. At semi-aerobic conditions (0.45 l air per liter, per hour) ethanol production is somewhat increased but no aeration conditions could as yet be found at which ethanol was the main fermentation product. The significance of xylitol formation seems to be mainly that of an electron sink of the phosphogluconate pathway.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508022
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    Characterization of cellulases by HPLC separation (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 314-318 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The proteins in the supernatant of Trichoderma reesei were separated by HPLC and exo-, endo-β 1,4-glucanase, and β-glucosidase activities for the various fractions obtained were measured. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), chymotrypsin, β-glucosidase, endoglucanase and other cellulase preparates were used as reference substrates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508028
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  • 53
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    The effect of carboxymethyl-cellulose addition on extracellular enzyme formation in Trichoderma pseudokoningii (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 339-343 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The addition of carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC) to a medium containing crystalline cellulose (avicel) as a carbon source resulted in increased production of β-glucosidase (up to 6-fold) and exo-β-1,3-glucanase (12-fold) by Trichoderma pseudokoningii. Less pronounced stimulation of production was observed for laminarinase (2-fold) and mannanase (2-fold), whereas other enzymes (filter-paper activity, amylase, amyloglucosidase, acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase) were only insignificantly influenced. In the case of β-glucosidase, the effect depended on the presence of high (2%, w/v) concentrations of cellulose and 0.2% (w/v) peptone. The stimulating effect of CMC was not observed when lactose was used as a carbon source. CMC could not relieve β-glucosidase from repression by glucose.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499500
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  • 54
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    Isolation and partial characterization of large plasmids in hydrogen-evolving bacterium Clostridium butyricum (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 349-354 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The hydrogen-evolving bacterium Clostridium butyricum IFO 3847 was found to carry three plasmids: pSSK1, pSSK2, and pSSK3. The molecular weights of pSSK1, 2 and 3, determined by agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy, were about 51, 32, and 9.4 megadaltons respectively. The two larger plasmids were analysed by digestion with several restriction enzymes such as AvaII, BamHl, EcoRl, Pst1, and Sall. With each enzyme, 10–20 fragments were produced from pSSK1 and five to six fragments from pSSK2. Since in each digestion some fragments were common to both plasmids, the two plasmids pSSK1 and pSSK2 must be related to each other to a high degree. The other small plasmid pSSK3 was digested by restriction endonucleases, EcoR1, Pst1, and Sall at single sites, so that this plasmid might be a candidate as a vector for gene cloning in Clostridium species.
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  • 55
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    Parameters affecting protein production from brewery waste water in a multi-channel laboratory-scale activated sludge system (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 52-59 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary With the aim of studying the possible utilization of brewery waste water activated sludge for animal feeding, the influence of the solids retention time (SRT) and nitrogen supplementation were investigated, especially with respect to biomass production and biomass composition. It was found that the SRT strongly influenced both parameters. At an SRT of from 4 to 6 days excellent biomass production was obtained. This biomass had the highest protein content and the daily protein production was four times higher than at a SRT of 20 days. Supplementation with urea doubled the protein production, lowered the carbohydrate and poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid content, but increased the nucleic acid content. The COD removal was better and phosphorus removal increased. In order to study these variables, a multi-channel laboratory system was designed. Because of its simplicity in operation and its versatility this system is described in detail.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508129
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  • 56
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    Large scale production of d-lactate dehydrogenase for the stereospecific reduction of pyruvate and phenylpyruvate (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 75-85 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary To initiate studies of the stereospecific reduction of pyruvate and phenylpyruvate to the corresponding d-2-hydroxyacids a limited screening was carried out for microorganisms possessing a high NADH-dependet d-lactate dehydrogenase activity. Lactobacillus confusus was found to produce the desired dehydrogenase, which showed also relatively high activity towards phenylpyruvate, so this strain was selected for large scale production of the enzyme. A procedure for large scale purification of the enzyme starting with 24 kg wet cells is described including liquid-liquid extraction, ultrafiltration and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, yielding a catalyst with specific activities of 216 U×mg−1 for pyruvate reduction and 15 U×mg−1 for phenyl-pyruvate reduction. A further tenfold purification can be achieved by affinity chromatography on Blue-Sepharose C-6B. Parameters which are important for industrial application of the enzyme were determined: substrate specifity, pH and temperature optimum, temperature stability, stability at different pH-values, and the storage stability of the enzyme in crude extracts.
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  • 57
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    Incorporation of [14C]acetate into aflatoxin by resting cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus in the presence of antifungal agents (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 103-108 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Resting cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus were treated with sorbic acid (200 ppm), Nα-palmitoyl-l-lysyl-l-lysine ethyl ester dihydrochloride (PLL) (300 ppm), nisin (30 ppm), nystatin (30 U/ml), dichlorvos (9 ppm), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (30 ppm) and isoprothiolane (30 ppm). Incorporation of [14C]acetate into aflatoxins B1 and G1 by the mold in the presence of these antifungal agents was measured after 12 h of agitated incubation at 28°C. Nystatin and BHA effectively inhibited incorporation of the label into aflatoxin B1 (73.1 and 56.9%) and G1 (68.9 and 91.6%), respectively, whereas PLL and nisin, at the levels used, were less effective. Sorbic acid caused greater inhibition of de novo synthesis of aflatoxin B1 than of G1 while isoprothiolane exhibited the opposite effect. Because the compounds tested had dissimilar physical, chemical and antimicrobial properties, it is likely that they inhibited synthesis of aflatoxin by different mechanisms. Generally, inhibition of aflatoxin synthesis by the test chemicals under resting conditions was more pronounced than what was reported earlier when the same chemicals (at the same levels) were tested with growing cultures of the mold.
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    Induction and stabilization of l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in Rhodotorula glutinis (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 158-162 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary l-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity in Rhodotorula glutinis IFO 0559 cells was induced by the addition of 0.5% l-phenylalanine. Activities as high as 15.0×10−3 U/mg of cells were obtained. The activity reached a maximum after about 6 h of induction, and then diminished gradually. The enzyme was also induced by d-phenylalanine, l-isoleucine, d-isoleucine, l-leucine, d-leucine, l-valine, l-methionine, l-tryptophan, and l-tyrosine. When 0.1% l-isoleucine was added, high PAL activity was sustained for a relatively long time, but the maximum activity was not increased. Particularly when l-isoleucine and l-valine or l-isoleucine and d-leucine were used as inducers, enzyme activities as high as 22.7 or 24.6×10−3 U/mg of cells respectively were obtained. Since the induction of PAL activity by various amino acids was inhibited completely by 50 μM cycloheximide, the induction process was considered to involve de novo synthesis of the enzyme protein.
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    The application of enzyme activity measurements to a study of factors affecting protein, starch and cellulose fermentation in domestic refuse (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 181-185 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Analysis indicated cellulose to be the principal component of unfermented domestic refuse and the cellulose: lignin ratio to be a constant value of 3.5∶1. Extracellular enzyme determinations were found to be suitable for assessing microbial activity in fermenting refuse but not for quantifying rates of polymer hydrolysis. Initial stages of fermentation were associated with the breakdown of protein and starch. Cellulase activity was low, possibly due to the destructive effect of proteases, and lipases were not detected. Protease and amylase activities were significantly affected by refuse moisture content, and changes in enzyme activities did not correlate with most probable number determinations (mpn) of the different physiological groups.
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    Continuous ethanol production by cell-holding culture of yeasts (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 201-206 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A new apparatus for continuous ethanol production with internal separation of yeast cells is described. The removal of cell-free medium is accomplished by cake filtration through a thin layer of diatomaceous earth. By using a feeding pump connected with a level meter, fresh medium is supplied at the same rate at which the culture solution filtered off. Continuous operation with stepwise increases in glucose concentration in the feed medium resulted in steady states of cell density in accordance with the glucose concentration in the medium. A high density of yeast cells, more than 109/ml of culture broth, was maintained in the reactor with a loss of cells of the order of 104–105 during continuous filtration. Maximum ethanol productivity obtained in this cell-holding culture of commercial baker's yeast was 26 g/l/h when 10% glucose was supplied with a retention time of 1.7 h. The ethanol productivity in continuous operation was increased in proportion to the glucose concentration in the feed medium when growing Saccharomyces cerevisiae IFO 2363 cells were used. At any given glucose concentration, the conversion rate of glucose to ethanol achieved was 96% of the maximum theoretically obtainable.
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    Phanerochaete chrysosporium: Growth pattern and lignin degradation (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 153-157 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The growth behavior of Phanerochaete chrysosporium was characterized in a bioreactor using chemostat and batch cultivation to optimize an inoculum for lignin degradation during stationary cultivation. The pattern of growth and onset of lignin degradation by cells taken from agitated conditions were compared to the behavior of cells grown under stationary conditions. Under nitrogen-limited growth conditions, the fungus displayed a continuous growth-rest-growth cycle, as visually observed and evidenced by changes in total cell carbohydrate and biomass content, indicating recycling of cell nitrogen. Cells taken from the bioreactor degraded lignin only after a mycelial mat was formed under non-agitated conditions. Formation of the mat occurred during completion of primary growth with cells taken at a dilution rate of 0.09 or 0.10 h−1 and with cells from a 1-day-old batch cultivation, resulting in an onset of lignin degradation after 2–3 days. Cells taken at dilution rates 〈0.09 h−1 formed the mycelial mat as a result of their secondary growth phase. The onset of this mat formation was related to the average age of the cells. Two- to four-day-old cells from the batch cultivation needed 7–9 days before they started to degrade lignin. The glucose consumption rate in the bioreactor during secondary metabolism was 0.09 g · l−1 · day−1, compared to 1.0 g · l−1 · day−1 under non-agitated conditions. This difference is discussed in reference to lignin degradation.
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    Bacterial diversity in thermophilic aerobic sewage sludge (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 174-180 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Over a 2-year period thermophilic microorganisms were isolated from an aerobic thermophilic, continuously operated sewage sludge treatment process (Altenrhein SG, CH). A representative set of isolates was characterized for microbiological and biochemical properties and compared with thermophilic reference strains. At least 95% of the isolates were characterized as extremely thermophilic Bacilli with a maximal growth temperature 〉70° C. The other 5% were not finally designated as Bacilli only because sporulation could never be demonstrated. The thermophilic microflora did not produce antimicrobial substances in detectable amounts. All isolates grew rapidly (μmax ranging from 0.7 to 2.2 h−1) on sucrose medium in shake flasks with generally low yields (Y ranging from 0.2 to 0.3 g·g−1). More than 90% of the isolates could degrade casein and starch and grew on gummi arabicum as sole carbon source. Amylases and proteases were formed in cheap, complex compounds containing media but not in significant amounts in growth media containing simple carbon sources.
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    Development of a small scale mashing and fermentation system for studies on malt whisky production (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 207-213 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A technique has been developed to produce up to 101 of fresh wort in laboratory conditions for use in small scale whisky fermentations. Neither boiled or sterilised wort can be used for this process. Using this wort experiments have been carried out to investigate the physiology of the malt whisky fermentation. The fermentation was found to have an initial acceleration phase, a linear phase and a decline phase. The level of higher alcohols, fatty acids and esters was measured at different stages of the fermentation using a carbon disulphide extract of the cell free wash to prepare the samples for GLC analysis. The formation of the higher alcohols follows the same pattern as ethanol, as did the acetate esters of higher alcohols. However medium chain fatty acids and their ethyl esters were produced throughout the fermentation.
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    Fermentative production of ethylene by Penicillium digitatum from citrus fruit peel (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 293-297 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Fermentative conditions for the production of ethylene by the fungus Penicillium digitatum during its growth on citrus fruit peel — the waste product of the citrus juice industry — were studied and optimized for maximum production. Different isolates of the fungus differed markedly in their ability to produce ethylene in liquid culture or when incubated on fruit and fruit peel. Production rates in a low phosphate-chemically defined medium ranged from 0 to 5 μl/g of fungal fresh weight/h. Rates of ethylene production by inoculated citrus peel homogenates ranged from 4 to 20 nl/g fresh weight of the peel/h. These rates could be increased not only by selecting a high ethylene producing fungal isolate but also by cutting the peel tissue prior to inoculation for higher surface area, by inoculating the tissue with blended mycelium and by incubating it in the dark. Each of these factors increased the rate of ethylene production to approximately 60 nl/g/h. The optimal temperature of incubation was 25°C. Addition of fruit juice to the inoculated peel homogenate increased by 100 times the rate of ethylene production. Also, the addition of various waste materials, obtained from processing of citrus juice, yeast, starch and alcohol, each increased ethylene production by a factor of 4.5–5. Our data indicated that production of ethylene by P. digitatum grown on citrus peel tissue could be substantially increased.
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    Biodegradation of non-ionic dispersants in sea-water (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 315-319 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In this paper, we describe the aerobic biodegradation of some non-ionic dispersants of the Span, Tween, and Corexit series in sea-water, where they are now more frequently found as a result of their application to the removal of oil spills. First, the extent to which dispersants are biodegraded, as an indication of their suitability for use on a large scale, is discussed. Biodegradation may be carried out by means of monocultures or mixed cultures of marine bacteria of the genera Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, and Flavobacterium. Analytical techniques based on absorbance measurements were used to follow the process. On the other hand, by determining the kinetics of the biodegradation process a more complete analysis is obtained. The kinetic coefficients controlling the process are deduced and it is shown that for some dispersants the experimental results are in close agreement with the proposed scheme. Where observed values are explained on the basis of ethylene oxides content of the dispersants, estimations of the amount of dispersant present in the sea at a given time can be made, if the amount of the dispersant first used is known.
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    Level of enzymes involved in acetate, butyrate, acetone and butanol formation by Clostridium acetobutylicum (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 327-332 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Clostridium acetobutylicum cells were collected from chemostats which were run at pH 4.3 or 6.0 and which produced either acetone-butanol or acetate-butyrate; they were used to determine the level of enzymes involved either in solvent or in acid formation. The highest activity of phosphotransacetylase, phosphotransbutyrylase, acetate kinase, and butyrate kinase was found in cells which carried out an acetate-butyrate fermentation; these enzymes were present in solvent-producing cells at a level of about 10–50% as compared to acid-producing cells. Hydrogenase activity was detectable in approximately the same amounts in both cell types; however, in solvent-producing cells it was only measurable following a lag-period. Butyraldehyde and butanol dehydrogenases were found in small amounts exclusively in solvent-producing cells. It was demonstrated that the formation of acetone was initiated by the action of a coenzyme A-transferase which transferred coenzyme A from acetoacetyl-CoA to either acetate or butyrate. This coenzyme A-transferase as well as acetoacetate decarboxylase were hardly detectable in acid-producing cells, but reached high levels in solvent producing cells. Similar changes of the activity of the enzymes mentioned were observed when a batch culture was shifted from acid to solvent formation.
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    Pretreatment of wheat straw by white-rot fungi for enzymic saccharification of cellulose (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 350-357 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Of 19 white-rot fungi tested, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sp. 535, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus 115 and Ischnoderma benzoinum 108 increased the susceptibility of straw to enzymic saccharification, thus indicating that these organisms degraded or modified the lignin component. After pretreatment cultivation with Pycnoporus cinnabarinus 115, as much as 54.6% of the residue was converted to reducing sugars in the enzymic saccharification process. Phanerochaete sordida 37, Phlebia radiata 79 and two unidentified fungi also gave better results than Polyporus versicolor, a non-selective reference fungus. After 5 weeks pretreatment with Pleurotus ostreatus, 35% of the original straw was convertable to reducing sugars, 74% of which was glucose; compared with this, only 12% of the untreated control straw was convertable to reducing sugars, 42% of which was glucose. After an alkali pretreatment (2% NaOH, 0.4 g NaOH/g straw, 10 min at 115°C) enzymic saccharification converted 41% of the straw to reducing sugars, of which only 50% was glucose. In the best cases the efficiency of biological pretreatment was comparable with that of alkali treatment, but resulted in a higher proportion of glucose in the hydrolysates. Pretreatment by the fungi Phanerochaete sordida 37 and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus 115 in an oxygen atmosphere reduced the treatment time by approximately 1 week. However, the economic feasibility of a non-optimized biological pretreatment process is still poor due to the long cultivation times required.
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    Responses of dairy cows to dietary aflatoxin: Concentration of blood serum constituents and hormones associated with liver-kidney dysfunction and maintenance of lactation (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 381-386 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In the first part of this study, two fistulated Holstein cows in mid-lactation were given 13 mg of impure aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) (aflatoxin B1 plus other aflatoxins and metabolites produced by Aspergillus parasiticus in culture) for 7 days. Animals were bled daily and their blood was analyzed for serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid. Concentrations of these constituents remained relatively unchanged during treatment. In the second part of the study, seven fistulated Holstein cows in mid-lactation were given daily doses of 13 mg of AFB1 for 7 days. Six animals received pure AFB1; one animal received impure AFB1. Amounts of four hormones [cortisol, insulin, thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3)], hormone binding capacity for T3 (T3U), and glucose in serum were monitored. The amount of T3 and percent of T3U increased (12%) and decreased (4%), respectively, during treatment. No discernible changes in amounts of T4, cortisol, insulin, and glucose were observed in the animals receiving pure AFB1. However, glucose levels in serum of the animal receiving impure AFB1 decreased by 9% during treatment. This decrease in serum glucose level was accompanied by a reduction in the amount of milk produced. Overt signs indicative of ill-health were not apparent, and thus could not be related to changes in blood constituents measured.
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    Optimized extracellular production of alkaline phosphatase by lky mutants of Escherichia coli K12 (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1984), S. 5-12 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Periplasmic-leaky (lky) Hfr mutant strains of Escherichia coli K12, grown in low-phosphate Tris medium, excreted alkaline phosphatase (AP) into the extracellular fluid. The lky207 mutation, which proved to induce the highest AP excretion rate, was transferred to an F- host, carrying a phoS, T mutation allowing constitutive AP biosynthesis. Use of high-phosphate LB-rich medium for growing this F- lky strain improved cell biomass, extracellular AP activity and excretion specificity in favour of the enzyme. Physiological studies helped us to develop a new culture medium (LB 8.3) giving higher enzyme and excretion yields. LB 8.3 medium also increased cell viability of lky mutants stored at 4° C. Using optimized culture conditions, the highest extracellular enzyme activity produced by lky mutant 706 was reached in the late stationary growth phase and was equal to 1,400 U/ml of culture medium (i.e., 6 times the intracellular AP content of wild-type strain, Ga15, developed in derepressed conditions); AP released into the extracellular fluid corresponded to 34% of total excreted proteins and was equivalent to a purified enzyme preparation.
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    The induction of cytochrome P-450 in the alkane-utilizing yeast Lodderomyces elongisporus: Alterations in the microsomal membrane fraction (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1984), S. 29-35 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The adaptation of Lodderomyces elongisporus cells to n-alkane utilization was found to be connected with several alterations in the enzyme pattern of the whole cell and the microsomal fraction in particular. A strong induction was found for the microsomal localized cytochrome P-450 alkane hydroxylase system and other enzymes which are directly involved in the terminal degradation pathway of n-alkanes (long-chain alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases, catalase). The decrease of the pO2 in the medium enhances the concentration of the constituents of the alkane hydroxylase system as well as that of several other haemoproteins (catalase, cytochrome oxidase), while the long-chain alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes are probably unaffected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252813
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    An efficient method for the isolation of mycelial protoplasts from Coprinus macrorhizus and other basidiomycetes (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1984), S. 58-60 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A mixture of commercially available chitinase and cellulase released mycelial protoplasts of Coprinus macrorhizus in yields exceeding 108/ml plasts from C. macrorhizus FisC regenerated hyphae and developed into normal fruiting bodies at frequencies of 20%–50%. The same method also released good yields of protoplasts from several other edible mushroom species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252817
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    The macromolecular composition and essential amino acid profiles of strains of Zymomonas mobilis (1984)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1984), S. 75-78 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary From continuous culture studies it has been shown that the protein concentrations of strains of Z. mobilis (62–68%) were appreciably higher than for the yeast S.uvarum (45–50%). The DNA and RNA contents were similar for the two species. Comparison of the essential amino acids indicated that Z.mobilis did not exhibit the deficiency in methionine which was apparent in the yeast. Such a study of the macromolecular composition of cells of Z.mobilis is important in assessing its by-product nutritional value for animal feed supplementation.
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    Trichococcus flocculiformis gen. nov. sp. nov. A new gram-positive filamentous bacterium isolated from bulking sludge (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1984), S. 114-119 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A new gram-positive filamentous bacterium with coccoid cells has been isolated from bulking sludge from five sewage treatment plants in West-Germany. The characteristics of five strains are described. Their fatty acids and cell wall composition are similar to the Streptococcaceae and they mainly degrade monomeric and dimeric carbon sources. They are classified as a new genus and species of the family Streptococcaceae: Trichococcus flocculiformis gen. nov. sp. nov.
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    Effect of monensin and 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid on fatty acid metabolism and methane production from cattle manure (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1984), S. 125-130 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of monensin and 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid (BESA) on methane production from cattle manure and on volatile fatty acids metabolism was tested. At 10 days retention time 0.81 biogas per liter cattle manure and day were produced. Methanogenesis was inhibited 20% by 3 mM BESA per liter and 45% by 2–5 mg monensin per liter. When the digestion was inhibited with either of the both drugs, the acetate pool increased drastically. Like in untreated fermentations the propionate pool increased in BESA-inhibited fermentations for several hours after substrate addition. After 24 h however it did not decrease to the low level reached in non-inhibited fermentations. When monensin was the inhibitor, the propionate pool did not change for 15 h, but then decreased with the same rate as in the control experiment. Adaptation processes or detoxification may be responsible for the delayed degradation. The degradation of low concentrations of buty-rate to acetate and the turn over rates of the butyrate pool are almost identical in cattle manure containing BESA, monensin, or no inhibitor. The turn over of 14C-acetate from butyrate degradation is delayed in BESA and monensin inhibited fermentations. From the data presented it can be concluded, that BESA mainly inhibits the methanogens, while monensin seems to inhibit both, methanogenic and nonmethanogenic organisms. However, a fast adaptation to or detoxification of the antibiotic seems to occur.
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    Feeding strategy for the production of the new antibiotic myxovirescin A from Myxococcus virescens (Myxobacterales) (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1984), S. 157-160 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Myxovirescin A is a new antibiotic from Myxococcus virescens. Conditions of growth on peptone media result in the antibiotic being secreted during the transition to the stationary phase. When growth is exponential, no detectable production occurs. In an attempt to improve production of the antibiotic, peptone was fed to the peptone-limited culture at differing feed rates. Product formation was found to be dependent on the peptone supply, and the product concentration could be improved from 0.04 to 2 mg/l myxovirescin A.
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    Continuous measurement of ethanol production by aerobic yeast suspensions with an enzyme electrode (1984)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1984), S. 181-185 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An alcohol electrode was constructed which consisted of an oxygen probe onto which alcohol oxidase was immobilized. This enzyme electrode was used, in combination with a reference oxygen electrode, to study the short-term kinetics of alcoholic fermentation by aerobic yeast suspensions after pulsing with glucose. The results demonstrate that this device is an excellent tool in obtaining quantitative data on the short-term expression of the Crabtree effect in yeasts. Samples from aerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae not producing ethanol, immediately (within 2 min) exhibited aerobic alcoholic fermentation after being pulsed with excess glucose. With chemostat-grown Candida utilis, however, ethanol production was not detectable even at high sugar concentrations. The Crabtree effect in S. cerevisiae was studied in more detail with commercial baker's yeast. Ethanol formation occurred only at initial glucose concentrations exceeding 150 mg·l-1, and the rate of alcoholic fermentation increased with increasing glucose concentrations up to 1,000 mg·l-1 glucose. Similar experiments with batch cultures of certain ‘non-fermentative’ yeasts revealed that these organisms are capable of alcoholic fermentation. Thus, even under fully aerobic conditions, Hansenula nonfermentans and Candida buffonii produced ethanol after being pulsed with glucose. In C. buffonii ethanol formation was already apparent at very low glucose concentrations (10 mg·l-1) and alcoholic fermentation even proceeded at a higher rate than in S. cerevisiae. With Rhodotorula rubra, however, the rate of ethanol formation was below the detection limit, i.e., less than 0.1 mmol·g cells-1·h-1.
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    Butanol from whey ultrafiltrate: batch experiments with Clostridium beyerinckii LMD 27.6 (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1984), S. 203-206 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary For batch fermentations by Clostridium beyerinckii LMD 27.7 (formerly known as Clostridium butylicum) whey ultrafiltrate, glucose, lactose, and galactose were used as substrates. The aims of the experiments were to find the conditions for butanol production from whey ultrafiltrate and to compare the results with those of other substrates. The conditions necessary for butanol production were established. The mean solvent productivity found on whey ultrafiltrate fermentation was two to three times lower than that found on glucose; the overall solvent yields were comparable. Butanol production from galactose and mixtures of glucose and galactose was also possible.
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    An improved synthetic medium for continuous cultivation of Zymomonas mobilis (1984)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1984), S. 237-240 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A synthetic medium for continuous cultivation of Zymomonas mobilis was developed using the chemostat pulse technique in appropriate experimental designs. Yeast extract could be replaced by a mixture of six mineral salts, Ca-pantothenate, l-as-partate, and l-serine. Kinetic data from continuous cultivations of strains ATCC 10988 and ZM4 are presented and compared with published data.
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    Microbial acetate conversion to methane: kinetics, yields and pathways in a two-step digestion process (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1984), S. 224-228 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Organic waste is converted in a two-stage process to methane and carbon dioxide by mixed cultures of microorganisms. Acetate, a product of acidogenic and acetogenic bacteria and the main substrate for methanogenic bacteria, is an important intermediate of the anaerobic degradation process, which results in the generation of methane. It was shown by labelling experiments using (U-14C) acetate that as much as 65%–96% of the total methane produced came from the acetate. The first order utilization rate for acetate in the methanogenic stages of a two-stage digestion process was between 0.17 h-1 and 0.5 h-1. The kinetics as well as the mass flow and yields of acetate and the methyl group of acetate were determined by pulse-labelling experiments with (U-14C) acetate and (2-14C) acetate without a significant rise of the total concentrations. Up to 58% of the acetate carbon was transformed to methane, and about 30% to carbon dioxide; only 4%–15% was incorporated into the biomass. There are at least two parallel degradation mechanisms in the metabolic transformation of acetate to methane: acetate is cleaved either to form methane and carbon dioxide or to form hydrogen and carbon dioxide, which can be transformed by an additional reaction to methane. Labelling experiments with (2-14C) acetate show that both mechanisms took place at similar order.
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    NADH-linked aldose reductase: the key to anaerobic alcoholic fermentation of xylose by yeasts (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1984), S. 256-260 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The kinetics and enzymology of d-xylose utilization were studied in aerobic and anaerobic batch cultures of the facultatively fermentative yeasts Candida utilis, Pachysolen tannophilus, and Pichia stipitis. These yeasts did not produce ethanol under aerobic conditions. When shifted to anaerobiosis cultures of C. utilis did not show fermentation of xylose; in Pa. tannophilus a very low rate of ethanol formation was apparent, whereas with Pi. stipitis rapid fermentation of xylose occurred. The different behaviour of these yeasts ist most probably explained by differences in the nature of the initial steps of xylose metabolism: in C. utilis xylose is metabolized via an NADPH-dependent xylose reductase and an NAD+-linked xylitol dehydrogenase. As a consequence, conversion of xylose to ethanol by C. utilis leads to an overproduction of NADH which blocks metabolic activity in the absence of oxygen. In Pa. tannophilus and Pi. stipitis, however, apart from an NADPH-linked xylose reductase also an NADH-linked xylose reductase was present. Apparently xylose metabolism via the NADH-dependent reductase circumvents the imbalance of the NAD+/NADH redox system, thus allowing fermentation of xylose to ethanol under anaerobic conditions. The finding that the rate of xylose fermentation in Pa. tannophilus and Pi. stipitis corresponds with the activity of the NADH-linked xylose reductase activity is in line with this hypothesis. Furthermore, a comparative study with various xylose-assimilating yeasts showed that significant alcoholic fermentation of xylose only occurred in those organisms which possessed NADH-linked aldose reductase.
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    Degradation of long chain alkanes by bacilli (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 95-97 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Degradation of tetradecane by two thermophilic Bacillus strains was investigated. It was found that these strains do not grow on this hydrocarbon as sole carbon source but degrade tetradecane in cooxidation cultures partly via monoterminal pathway.
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    Production of steroid-ring-B-seco acid from β-sitosterol and influence of surfactants on sterol uptake in Nocardia sp. M 29–40 (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 99-106 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of several parameters (temperature; pH; main carbon source; time and amount of β-sitosterol addition; Tween 20, 40, 60, 80; Span 20; pluronic F 68, L 64) on the conversion of β-sitosterol to 3-(5α-hydroxy-7aβ-methyl-1-oxo-3aα-H-hexahydroindan-4α-yl) propionic acid (I) by Nocardia sp. M. 29–40 was investigated. A maximal theoretical yield of 65 mol% I (with respect to substrate added) could be achieved during cultivation at pH 8.0 in presence of 6 g/l Tween 40 or Tween 60. Tween 40 and Tween 60 stimulate β-sitosterol cooxidation not by improving the substrate suspension but by providing a fatty acid component as precursor for biosynthesis of surface active cell wall lipids.
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    Significance of the estimation light-absorption rate in the analysis of growth of (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 113-123 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Rhodopseudomonas spheroides S was cultured anaerobically and batchwise in light. The light-absorption rate of the cells was assessed by solving numerically an integro-differential equation (Boltzmann's equation) using end Monte Carlo method. For light-limited growth, the specific growth rate of the cells was correlated linearly with the specific light-absorption rate. The Lambert-Beer law could not be used to assess correctly the light absorption by the bacterial cells in the culture medium, because the scattering of light by the cells could not be neglected. The correlation between the light-absorption rate and the cell concentration in the medium is discussed in relation to the scale-up of bio-photoreactors.
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    Electrochemical determination of cell populations (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 125-132 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Determination of cell populations was carried out using the potentiostatic systems. The system was constructed from two platinum electrodes and a saturated calomel electrode. The anode of a reference system was covered with cellulose dialysis membrane. The response time of the system was 3–5 min, and current differences between the two components were proportional to cell populations in a culture of Bacillus subtilis. Current differences were reproducible with an average relative error of 4%. Cell populations of B. subtilis in a fermentor could be continuously determined by using this new electrochemical method. Moreover, these systems can be sterilized by heat before use.
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    Microbial production of chenodeoxycholic acid precursor, 12-ketochenodeoxycholic acid, from dehydrocholic acid (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 107-112 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Two kinds of bacteria (DC33 and DC1115) were isolated from soil as biotransformers of dehydrocholic acid to 12-ketochenodeoxycholic acid, and identified to be Brevibacterium fuscum and Lactobacillus xylosus, respectively. Dehydrocholic acid was converted via 7,12-diketolithocholic acid to 12-ketochenodeoxycholic acid by both strains, and the product and the intermediate were isolated and chemically identified. By using a jar fermentor, 12-ketochenodeoxycholic acid was produced with a more than 50% yield after 52 h by Brevibacterium fuscum with aerobic growth and anaerobic conversion, and after 24 h by Lactobacillus xylosus under anaerobic conditions, respectively.
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    Microcalorimetry: A tool for the study of the biodegradability of straw by mixed bacterial cultures (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 133-143 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The biodegradability of straw by a mixed bacterial culture obtained from a pile of weeds was studied by microcalorimetry. All the cultures were grown at 30°C under anaerobic conditions in microcalorimetric vessels. The fermentation thermograms, obtained using well defined conditions, were very reproducible. The quantities of heat produced during straw degradation were found to be proportional to the quantity of straw introduced at the beginning of the fermentation. The recovered carbon was also found to be proportional to the initial quantity of straw. From both microcalorimetric and chemical analysis it was concluded that the limiting factor of the straw degradation was the cellulolytic activity of the mixed culture. This is supported by the fact that commercially available cellulase added to the growth medium increases the amount of straw degradation by about four times. The heat associated with fermentation of each cellulose monomer (C6H10O5) was found to be 120 kJ, a value which is close to the heat associated with hexose fermentation by pure cultures. In conclusion, we propose that microcalorimetry can be used as a powerful tool for the analysis of the biodegradability of complex heterogeneous substrate by pure or mixed cultures.
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    Microbial transformation of sterols (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 167-169 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Arthrobacter simplex, Serratia marcescens, Fusarium and Mycobacterium were tested for their ability to transform phytosterol to Androsta 1, 4 diene 3, 17 dione (ADD). Arthrobacter simplex ATCC 6946 was found to be more efficient than the other species tested.
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    Bacterial bioluminescence as an early indication of marine fish spoilage (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 155-165 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The relationships between different microbiological and biochemical parameters and the development of bacterial luminescence associated with the spoilage of marine fish from the Mediterranean-Sea was studied during storage at different temperatures. The bioluminescence level of the bacterial suspensions that were taken from the fish skin increased during the storage; at 20°–25°C the growth and luminescence of the luminuous bacteria correlated well with the total bacterial count while at 5°C the bacterial proliferation was not accompanied by a parallel increase in luminescence. The shift in storage temperature from 25°C to 5°C stabilized the level of the luminescence of bacterial suspension taken from the winter fish which were comprised mainly by Photobacterium phosphoreum, and caused a drop in the luminescence of bacterial suspension taken from the fish caught in the summer which were comprised mainly by Beneckea barveyi. The increase in the bioluminescence level appeared earlier than the increase in trimethylamine level and occured approximately at the same time as the increase in the hypoxanthine concentration. The potential value of the use of bacterial bioluminescence as an early indication for marine fish spoilage is discussed.
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    Translocation of cadmium and mercury in straw columns colonized by the fungus Pleurotus cornucopiae Paul ex Fr. (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 145-154 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Using straw columns colonized by the lignocellulytic fungus Pleurotus cornucopiae, translocation of 109Cd and 203Hg in the substrate-mycelium complex and via the substrate-mycelium complex into the fruiting bodies was studied. The translocation patterns generated were metal specific and were influenced by the temperature and the physiological conditions of the mycelium (‘growing’ mycelium, ‘established’ mycelium, reproductive stage). Under all conditions, generally more mercury than cadmium was translocated. In ‘growing’ mycelia, for instance, an average of about seven times more mercury than cadmium was translocated. Translocation was greatly enhanced, when fruiting bodies were present. Up to 7% and 20% (average: 3.5% and 12%) of the applied cadmium and mercury, respectively, were found in the fruiting bodies. In ‘old’ columns bearing fruiting bodies (colonized for more than 50 days by the fungus) considerably more heavy metal (up to 45% of the applied radioactivity) was released from the point of application than in younger columns. With one exception, no substantial differences in the translocation patterns of the label in relation to the direction of mycelial growth could be detected.
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    Bubble coalescence behaviour in biological media (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 171-186 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A twin bubble column was used to measure the kLa values for oxygen in model and cultivation media using the steady state method described previously (Adler et al. 1980). Desmophen and soy oil were used as antifoam agents together with model and/or cultivation media for Chaetomium cellulotyticum, Trichoderma reesei, Hansenula polymorpha, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. The bubble coalescence behavior is mainly influenced by antifoam agents and somewhat by protein and alcohol additives. In the range investigated (0.01 to 0.1%.), the kLa values are not influenced by the Desmophen concentration and only slighthly by the soy oil concentration (0.5 to 1.5%.). The coalescence behaviour was characterized by the ratio mcorr=(kLa)corr/(kLa)ref. A nutrient salt solution with Desmophen was used as a reference. The kLa measured in the investigated media were corrected by considering the differences in kLa's in the investigated and reference media. These mcorr values can directly be used for bubble columns close to the optimum aeration rate.
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    The intrinsic microbial stability of water-in-oil emulsions (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 187-196 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In many cases, water-in-oil emulsions appear to be microbiologically more stable against the growth of non-lipolytic microorganisms than the isolated water phase itself. The two main reasons for this intrinsic stability are that only a small fraction of the droplets of the emulsion is occupied by microorganisms originating from the water phase and that the size of these droplets limits the outgrowth of microorganisms. It is possible to give a quantitative description of the intrinsic stability of a water-in-oil emulsion, using the yield coefficient of different microorganisms grown in different media and the size-distribution of the water droplets in the emulsion. Relationships are given between the amount and nature of growth compounds in a water droplet of an emulsion and the growth and fate of microorganisms as a function of storage time.
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  • 92
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    An inoculum technique for the production of fungal pellets (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 211-221 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A simple standard inoculation procedure has been developed to obtain growth of fungi in the form of pellets. This technique made use of filamentous mycelium from a preculture as an inoculum, yielding many small pellets with a fairly homogeneous size distribution. At an early stage of growth the presence of a polymer (Carbopol-934) proved to be very important for the way spores germinate and lowered the agglomeration tendency. At a later stage of growth the influence of shearing forces becomes more predominant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508608
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  • 93
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    The behaviour of yeast flocs in hindered settling and fluidized bed regimes (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 20 (1984), S. 10-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Sedimentation and fluidization of yeast flocs were found to be non-synonymous processes. The analysis of Richardson and Zaki (1954) was found not to hold when applied to yeast flocs in both regimes. Partial support and channelling were implicated in the deviations from idela behaviour. Other factors responsible for the behaviour of yeast flocs in these regimes are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254639
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  • 94
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    Use of alfalfa residual juice as a substrate for propagation of the red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 20 (1984), S. 33-39 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Alfalfa residual juice (ARJ) supported good growth of the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma but formation of astaxanthin was inhibited. Supplementary nutrients did not reverse the inhibition, indicating that the the juice probably contained some inhibitor of astaxanthin biosynthesis. Six strains of P. rhodozyma were tested and found to be susceptible to the inhibitory effects of the juice. Concentrations of ARJ above 1.25% (v/v) were inhibitory to pigmentation of the yeast. Above approximately 3.7%, total inhibition of astaxanthin formation was observed but some chromogenic components of the juice were adsorbed on Phaffia cells and appeared as artefacts in astaxanthin analyses. Phaffia biomass produced in ARJ showed greater susceptibility to autolysis than that produced in a peptone-glucose-salts medium. Supplementation of ARJ with glucose enhanced yield of cell mass and minimised the autolytic phenomenon, and is potentially useful for producing Phaffia biomass for use as a source of single cell protein. Unsupplemented brewer's malt wort and molasses, separately and in a suitable combination, were compared with ARJ and were found suitable for growth and pigmentation of P. rhodozyma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254643
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  • 95
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    Uptake and activation of acetate and butyrate in Clostridium acetobutylicum (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 20 (1984), S. 66-71 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The pathway for uptake of acids during the solvent formation phase of an acetone-butanol fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was studied. 13C NMR investigations on actively metabolizing cells showed that butyrate can be taken up from the medium and quantitatively converted to butanol without accumulation of intermediates. The activities of acetate phosphotransacetylase, acetate kinase and phosphate butyryltransferase rapidly decreased to very low levels when the organism began to form solvents. This indicates that the uptake of acids does not occur via a reversal of these acid forming enzymes. No short-chain acyl-CoA synthetase activity or butyryl phosphate reducing activity could be detected. Based on our results and a critical analysis of literature data on acetone-butanol fermentations, it is suggested that an acetoacetyl-CoA: acetate (butyrate) CoA-transferase is solely responsible for uptake and activation of acetate and butyrate in C. acetobutylicum. The transferase exhibits a broad carboxylic acid specificity. The key enzyme in the uptake is acetoacetate decarboxylase, which is induced late in the fermentation and pulls the transferase reaction towards formation of acetoacetate. The major implication is that it is not feasible to obtain a batch-wise butanol fermentation without acetone formation and retention of a good yield of butanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254648
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  • 96
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    Modelling of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellobiose and cellulose by a complex enzyme mixture of Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 20 (1984), S. 176-182 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellobiose and cellulose by the cell-free culture filtrate of Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 was investigated. The concentrations of cellobiose and glucose were measured as a function of time for different initial concentrations of cellobiose. It was not possible to describe these concentration variations by a model which considers only the cellobiase hydrolysis with competitive and noncompetitive substrate and product inhibition; it is necessary that the endo-β-1.4-glucanase with competitive product inhibition is also taken into account. The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose (Avicel) was described with a mathematical model by using the results of the decomposition of cellobiose by the same enzyme mixture. the identified model parameters are presented. A sensitivity analysis of the parameter was carried out also.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253727
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  • 97
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    The laminarinase system of Streptomyces sp., ATCC 11238 (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 20 (1984), S. 207-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Extracellular proteins from Streptomyces sp. ATCC 11238 grown on fungal mycelia and chitin as C- and N-sources were concentrated by ultrafiltration and acetone precipitation. The crude preparation containing chitin and laminarin degrading enzymes was fractionated by repeated gel filtrations. Three different types of β-1,3-glucanases were found. Besides oligomeric breakdown products laminaritriose is the main product of laminarin hydrolysis by one endo-β-1,3-glucanase. A second laminarin degrading (exo-splitting) enzyme yields predominantly laminaribiose. Another exo-β-1,3-glucanase liberates glucose but no, oligosaccharides from the nonreducing end of laminarin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253732
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  • 98
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    Effect of phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides on the fermentative production of l-lysine (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 20 (1984), S. 129-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of the herbicides MCPA, MCPB, mecoprop, dichlorprop, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, and 2,4,5-T on l-lysine fermentation was investigated using a lysine-producing mutant of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Stimulation of l-lysine production by 6% to 36% was observed in shaken flask experiments when the test herbicides were added at a concentration of 5 · 10-4 M to growing cultures after 24 h of cultivation. The most effective stimulators were MCPA, mecoprop and dichlorprop. Detailed studies of the effect of MCPA (5 · 10-6 M to 5 · 10-3 M) showed that the degree of stimulation depended on medium composition and aeration. In the synthetic medium, maximum production of 50 g · l-1 lys · HCl occurred at 5 · 10-4 M MCPA and an oxygen transfer rate (OTR) of 1.97 g O2 · l-1 · h-1, while 61.7 g · l-1 of lys · HCL was formed at 5 · 10-3 M MCPA and an OTR of 3.75 g O2 · l-1 · h-1. In the amino-nitrogen rich medium, maximum production of 42 g · l-1 lys · HCl was observed at 5 · 10-6 M MCPA and an oxygen transfer rate of 1.5 g O2 · l-1 · h-1. Results from batch l-lysine fermentation in a fermenter showed similar stimulatory effects, with an optimal concentration of MCPA for l-lysine production of 5 · 10-5 M. Without herbicide addition, the test strain produced 16.25 g · l-1 of product and with addition of 5 · 10-5 M MCPA, the same strain produced 52.1 g · l-1 lys · HCl after 72 h of fermentation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252590
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  • 99
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    Immobilization of yeast cells in hydroxyethylmethacrylate gels (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 20 (1984), S. 233-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Whole cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were entrapped in polymers of 2-hydroxyethylmetha-crylate and sucrose hydrolysis catalysed by its invertase was investigated. Analysis of the experimental results confirmed that diffusional resistance to mass transfer of reactant and product was not induced by immobilization. For the yeast cells in the hydrogel, invertase activity obeyed a Michaelis-Menten kinetic and the value of Km (40 mM) was the same as that for yeast cells in bulk phase. The recovery of biocatalyst activity ranged between 17% and 23%, depending on immobilization temperature; the optimum pH range was found to be slightly wider. Storage stability at refrigerator temperature was quite satisfactory; invertase half-life was 267 days. Operational stability of immobilized cells at 45°C (half-life 110 days) was almost twice that of free cells. Finally, cell distribution in the polymer, observed with a scanning electron microscope, was found to be uniform.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250631
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  • 100
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    Constitutive expression of the human fibroblast interferon gene is elicited in cultured mouse L cells by the long terminal repeat of Moloney sarcoma virus (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 20 (1984), S. 189-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary We have used a chimerical plasmid containing the long terminal repeat of Moloney sarcoma virus to direct the expression of the human fibroblast interferon gene in mouse L cells. Constitutive secretion in cell culture supernatants was achieved at a level higher than 2.103 U/ml/72 h. The antiviral activity was indistinguishable from that of authentic human fibroblast interfereon by both immunological and physical criteria. Northern blotting analysis showed unambiguously that the expression was under the control of the putative transcriptional regulatory sequences previously described in the long terminal repeat of Moloney murine sarcoma virus (Dhar et al. 1980).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253729
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