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  • Articles  (524)
  • Chemistry  (277)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (524)
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  • Articles  (524)
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  • 1
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    [Perspective] Molecular sieves for gas separation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Separation and purification are critical industrial processes for separating components of chemical mixtures, and these processes account for about half of industrial energy usage (1). Gas mixtures of compounds with very similar physical properties are particularly difficult to separate. On pages 137 and 141 of this issue, Cadiau et al. (2) and Cui et al. (3), respectively, show that microporous materials can be designed to have high adsorption capacity and selectivity for particular hydrocarbons, enabling energy-efficient separation. Author: Jerry Y. S. Lin
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    [Perspective] How to break down crystalline cellulose (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Biomass-degrading microorganisms use lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) enzymes to help digest cellulose, chitin, and starch. By cleaving otherwise inaccessible crystalline cellulose chains, these enzymes provide access to hydrolytic enzymes. LPMOs are of interest to biotechnology because efficient depolymerization of cellulose is a major bottleneck for the production of biologically based chemicals and fuels. On page 1098 of this issue, Kracher et al. (1) compare LPMO-reducing substrates in fungi from different taxonomic groups and lifestyles, based on both biochemical and genomic evidence. The results provide insights into reductive activation of LPMO that are important for developing more efficient industrial enzymes for lignocellulose biorefineries. Author: Angel T. Martínez
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    [Editors' Choice] Engineering open structures using DNA (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-25
    Description: Author: Marc S. Lavine
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Left- or right-handed C-H bond activation (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Comment on "Selective anaerobic oxidation of methane enables direct synthesis of methanol" (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Description: The comment and response concerning the report of oxidation of methane to methanol by water (Reports, 5 May 2017, p. 523) do not fully capture the implications of thermodynamic limitations. A nonisothermal process in which each cycle requires a large temperature swing and permits only substoichiometric methane conversion surely could not be carried out on any practical scale.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Response to Comment on "Selective anaerobic oxidation of methane enables direct synthesis of methanol" (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Description: Labinger argues that stepwise reaction of methane with water to produce methanol and hydrogen will never be commercially feasible because of its substoichiometric basis with respect to the active site and the requirement of a large temperature swing. This comment is not touching any new ground, beyond describing the thermodynamic feasibility, thermal cycling, and the role of water as discussed previously. Most important, it does not have a solid numerical basis.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Silicon smooths the way to vinyl cations (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-27
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Teaching an old carbocation new tricks: Intermolecular C-H insertion reactions of vinyl cations (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-27
    Description: Vinyl carbocations have been the subject of extensive experimental and theoretical studies over the past five decades. Despite this long history in chemistry, the utility of vinyl cations in chemical synthesis has been limited, with most reactivity studies focusing on solvolysis reactions or intramolecular processes. Here we report synthetic and mechanistic studies of vinyl cations generated through silylium–weakly coordinating anion catalysis. We find that these reactive intermediates undergo mild intermolecular carbon-carbon bond–forming reactions, including carbon-hydrogen (C–H) insertion into unactivated sp 3 C–H bonds and reductive Friedel-Crafts reactions with arenes. Moreover, we conducted computational studies of these alkane C–H functionalization reactions and discovered that they proceed through nonclassical, ambimodal transition structures. This reaction manifold provides a framework for the catalytic functionalization of hydrocarbons using simple ketone derivatives.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Separation of enantiomers by their enantiospecific interaction with achiral magnetic substrates (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Description: It is commonly assumed that recognition and discrimination of chirality, both in nature and in artificial systems, depend solely on spatial effects. However, recent studies have suggested that charge redistribution in chiral molecules manifests an enantiospecific preference in electron spin orientation. We therefore reasoned that the induced spin polarization may affect enantiorecognition through exchange interactions. Here we show experimentally that the interaction of chiral molecules with a perpendicularly magnetized substrate is enantiospecific. Thus, one enantiomer adsorbs preferentially when the magnetic dipole is pointing up, whereas the other adsorbs faster for the opposite alignment of the magnetization. The interaction is not controlled by the magnetic field per se, but rather by the electron spin orientations, and opens prospects for a distinct approach to enantiomeric separations.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Inspiration from a vitamin (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-29
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Observation of the geometric phase effect in the H + HD -〉 H2 + D reaction (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Theory has established the importance of geometric phase (GP) effects in the adiabatic dynamics of molecular systems with a conical intersection connecting the ground- and excited-state potential energy surfaces, but direct observation of their manifestation in chemical reactions remains a major challenge. Here, we report a high-resolution crossed molecular beams study of the H + HD -〉 H 2 + D reaction at a collision energy slightly above the conical intersection. Velocity map ion imaging revealed fast angular oscillations in product quantum state–resolved differential cross sections in the forward scattering direction for H 2 products at specific rovibrational levels. The experimental results agree with adiabatic quantum dynamical calculations only when the GP effect is included.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Photocatalytic upgrading of natural gas (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Radically transforming light hydrocarbons (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Stereodivergent synthesis of 1,4-dicarbonyls by traceless charge-accelerated sulfonium rearrangement (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Description: The chemistry of the carbonyl group is essential to modern organic synthesis. The preparation of substituted, enantioenriched 1,3- or 1,5-dicarbonyls is well developed, as their disconnection naturally follows from the intrinsic polarity of the carbonyl group. By contrast, a general enantioselective access to quaternary stereocenters in acyclic 1,4-dicarbonyl systems remains an unresolved problem, despite the tremendous importance of 2,3-substituted 1,4-dicarbonyl motifs in natural products and drug scaffolds. Here we present a broad enantioselective and stereodivergent strategy to access acyclic, polysubstituted 1,4-dicarbonyls via acid-catalyzed [3,3]-sulfonium rearrangement starting from vinyl sulfoxides and ynamides. The stereochemistry at sulfur governs the absolute sense of chiral induction, whereas the double bond geometry dictates the relative configuration of the final products.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Four varieties of carbonyl sandwich (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    Selective functionalization of methane, ethane, and higher alkanes by cerium photocatalysis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Description: With the recent soaring production of natural gas, the use of methane and other light hydrocarbon feedstocks as starting materials in synthetic transformations is becoming increasingly economically attractive, although it remains chemically challenging. We report the development of photocatalytic C–H amination, alkylation, and arylation of methane, ethane, and higher alkanes under visible light irradiation at ambient temperature. High catalytic efficiency (turnover numbers up to 2900 for methane and 9700 for ethane) and selectivity were achieved using abundant, inexpensive cerium salts as photocatalysts. Ligand-to-metal charge transfer excitation generated alkoxy radicals from simple alcohols that in turn acted as hydrogen atom transfer catalysts. The mixed-phase gas/liquid reaction was adapted to continuous flow, enabling the efficient use of gaseous feedstocks in scalable photocatalytic transformations.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    Hot lithium-oxygen batteries charge ahead (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-24
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
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    A preference for acids (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-24
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
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    18 electrons and counting (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-31
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    Directional control of a processive molecular hopper (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-31
    Description: Intrigued by the potential of nanoscale machines, scientists have long attempted to control molecular motion. We monitored the individual 0.7-nanometer steps of a single molecular hopper as it moved in an electric field along a track in a nanopore controlled by a chemical ratchet. The hopper demonstrated characteristics desired in a moving molecule: defined start and end points, processivity, no chemical fuel requirement, directional motion, and external control. The hopper was readily functionalized to carry cargos. For example, a DNA molecule could be ratcheted along the track in either direction, a prerequisite for nanopore sequencing.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 21
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    Unlocking P(V): Reagents for chiral phosphorothioate synthesis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-21
    Description: Phosphorothioate nucleotides have emerged as powerful pharmacological substitutes of their native phosphodiester analogs with important translational applications in antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapeutics and cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) synthesis. Stereocontrolled installation of this chiral motif has long been hampered by the systemic use of phosphorus(III) [P(III)]–based reagent systems as the sole practical means of oligonucleotide assembly. A fundamentally different approach is described herein: the invention of a P(V)-based reagent platform for programmable, traceless, diastereoselective phosphorus-sulfur incorporation. The power of this reagent system is demonstrated through the robust and stereocontrolled synthesis of various nucleotidic architectures, including ASOs and CDNs, via an efficient, inexpensive, and operationally simple protocol.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 22
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    Self-assembly of lattices with high structural complexity from a geometrically simple molecule (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-21
    Description: Here we report an anomalous porous molecular crystal built of C–H···N-bonded double-layered roof-floor components and wall components of a segregatively interdigitated architecture. This complicated porous structure consists of only one type of fully aromatic multijoint molecule carrying three identical dipyridylphenyl wedges. Despite its high symmetry, this molecule accomplishes difficult tasks by using two of its three wedges for roof-floor formation and using its other wedge for wall formation. Although a C–H···N bond is extremely labile, the porous crystal maintains its porosity until thermal breakdown of the C–H···N bonds at 202°C occurs, affording a nonporous polymorph. Though this nonporous crystal survives even at 325°C, it can retrieve the parent porosity under acetonitrile vapor. These findings show how one can translate simplicity into ultrahigh complexity.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 23
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    Two ways out of an oxetane (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 24
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    Arenes and amides from a single source (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 25
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    Interrupted carbonyl-olefin metathesis via oxygen atom transfer (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Description: Some of the simplest and most powerful carbon-carbon bond forming strategies take advantage of readily accessible ubiquitous motifs: carbonyls and olefins. Here we report a fundamentally distinct mode of reactivity between carbonyls and olefins that differs from established acid-catalyzed carbonyl-ene, Prins, and carbonyl-olefin metathesis reaction paths. A range of epsilon, zeta-unsaturated ketones undergo Brønsted acid–catalyzed intramolecular cyclization to provide tetrahydrofluorene products via the formation of two new carbon-carbon bonds. Theoretical calculations and accompanying mechanistic studies suggest that this carbocyclization reaction proceeds through the intermediacy of a transient oxetane formed by oxygen atom transfer. The complex polycyclic frameworks in this product class appear as common substructures in organic materials, bioactive natural products, and recently developed pharmaceuticals.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 26
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    Arylsulfonylacetamides as bifunctional reagents for alkene aminoarylation (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Description: Alkene aminoarylation with a single, bifunctional reagent is a concise synthetic strategy. We report a catalytic protocol for the addition of arylsulfonylacetamides across electron-rich alkenes with complete anti-Markovnikov regioselectivity and excellent diastereoselectivity to provide 2,2-diarylethylamines. In this process, single-electron alkene oxidation enables carbon-nitrogen bond formation to provide a key benzylic radical poised for a Smiles-Truce 1,5-aryl shift. This reaction is redox-neutral, exhibits broad functional group compatibility, and occurs at room temperature with loss of sulfur dioxide. As this process is driven by visible light, uses readily available starting materials, and demonstrates convergent synthesis, it is well suited for use in a variety of synthetic endeavors.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 27
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    Activating plasmonic chemistry (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 28
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    Hot carriers reducing thermal barriers (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 29
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    Quantifying hot carrier and thermal contributions in plasmonic photocatalysis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Description: Photocatalysis based on optically active, "plasmonic" metal nanoparticles has emerged as a promising approach to facilitate light-driven chemical conversions under far milder conditions than thermal catalysis. However, an understanding of the relation between thermal and electronic excitations has been lacking. We report the substantial light-induced reduction of the thermal activation barrier for ammonia decomposition on a plasmonic photocatalyst. We introduce the concept of a light-dependent activation barrier to account for the effect of light illumination on electronic and thermal excitations in a single unified picture. This framework provides insight into the specific role of hot carriers in plasmon-mediated photochemistry, which is critically important for designing energy-efficient plasmonic photocatalysts.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 30
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    An acid inaccessible to aldol products (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 31
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    Iodine smooths the way to ketyl radicals (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 32
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    Ketyl radical reactivity via atom transfer catalysis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Description: Single-electron reduction of a carbonyl to a ketyl enables access to a polarity-reversed platform of reactivity for this cornerstone functional group. However, the synthetic utility of the ketyl radical is hindered by the strong reductants necessary for its generation, which also limit its reactivity to net reductive mechanisms. We report a strategy for net redox-neutral generation and reaction of ketyl radicals. The in situ conversion of aldehydes to α-acetoxy iodides lowers their reduction potential by more than 1 volt, allowing for milder access to the corresponding ketyl radicals and an oxidative termination event. Upon subjecting these iodides to a dimanganese decacarbonyl precatalyst and visible light irradiation, an atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) mechanism affords a broad scope of vinyl iodide products with high Z -selectivity.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Confined acids catalyze asymmetric single aldolizations of acetaldehyde enolates (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Description: Reactions that form a product with the same reactive functionality as that of one of the starting compounds frequently end in oligomerization. As a salient example, selective aldol coupling of the smallest, though arguably most useful, enolizable aldehyde, acetaldehyde, with just one partner substrate has proven to be extremely challenging. Here, we report a highly enantioselective Mukaiyama aldol reaction with the simple triethylsilyl (TES) and tert -butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) enolates of acetaldehyde and various aliphatic and aromatic acceptor aldehydes. The reaction is catalyzed by recently developed, strongly acidic imidodiphosphorimidates (IDPi), which, like enzymes, display a confined active site but, like small-molecule catalysts, have a broad substrate scope. The process is scalable, fast, efficient (0.5 to 1.5 mole % catalyst loading), and greatly simplifies access to highly valuable silylated acetaldehyde aldols.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Breaking through the nitrogen ceiling (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-21
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Magnetic hysteresis up to 80 kelvin in a dysprosium metallocene single-molecule magnet (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-21
    Description: Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) containing only one metal center may represent the lower size limit for molecule-based magnetic information storage materials. Their current drawback is that all SMMs require liquid-helium cooling to show magnetic memory effects. We now report a chemical strategy to access the dysprosium metallocene cation [(Cp i Pr5 )Dy(Cp*)] + (Cp i Pr5 , penta-iso-propylcyclopentadienyl; Cp *, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl), which displays magnetic hysteresis above liquid-nitrogen temperatures. An effective energy barrier to reversal of the magnetization of U eff = 1541 wave number is also measured. The magnetic blocking temperature of T B = 80 kelvin for this cation overcomes an essential barrier toward the development of nanomagnet devices that function at practical temperatures.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    "Pure" human hematopoietic progenitors: permissive action of basic fibroblast growth factor (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-09-28
    Description: Methodology has been developed that enables virtually complete purification and abundant recovery of early hematopoietic progenitors from normal human adult peripheral blood. A fraction of the pure progenitors is multipotent (generates mixed colonies) and exhibits self-renewal capacity (gives rise to blast cell colonies). This methodology provides a fundamental tool for basic and clinical studies on hematopoiesis. Optimal in vitro cloning of virtually pure progenitors requires not only the stimulatory effect of interleukin-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and erythropoietin, but also the permissive action of basic fibroblast growth factor. These findings suggest a regulatory role for this growth factor in early hematopoiesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gabbianelli, M -- Sargiacomo, M -- Pelosi, E -- Testa, U -- Isacchi, G -- Peschle, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Sep 28;249(4976):1561-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Hematology and Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2218497" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Cell Separation ; Cells, Cultured ; Clone Cells ; Erythropoietin/pharmacology ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/*pharmacology ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/*cytology/drug effects ; Humans ; Interleukin-3/pharmacology ; Monocytes/*cytology/drug effects ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
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    A base dispute (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-08-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Waldrop, M M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 3;249(4968):472-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2382127" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Information Systems ; Jurisprudence ; Societies, Scientific ; United States
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  • 38
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    T cells responsive to myelin basic protein in patients with multiple sclerosis (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-02-09
    Description: Gene mutation in vivo in human T lymphocytes appears to occur preferentially in dividing cells. Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) are assumed to have one or more populations of diving T cells that are being stimulated by autoantigens. Mutant T cell clones from MS patients were isolated and tested for reactivity to myelin basic protein, an antigen that is thought to participate in the induction of the disease. The hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) clonal assay was used to determine mutant frequency values in MS patients with chronic progressive disease. Eleven of 258 thioguanine-resistant (hprt-) T cell clones from five of the six MS patients who were tested proliferated in response to human myelin basic protein without prior in vitro exposure to this antigen. No wild-type clones from these patients, nor any hprt- or wild-type clones from three healthy individuals responded to myelin basic protein. Thus, T cell clones that react with myelin basic protein can be isolated from the peripheral blood of MS patients.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allegretta, M -- Nicklas, J A -- Sriram, S -- Albertini, R J -- CA30688-07/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- NS00849/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Feb 9;247(4943):718-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genetics Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington 05401.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1689076" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Autoantigens/immunology ; Cell Division ; Clone Cells/immunology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase/genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Sclerosis/genetics/*immunology ; Mutation ; Myelin Basic Protein/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/drug effects/*immunology ; Thioguanine/pharmacology ; X Chromosome
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    Experts clash over cancer data (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-11-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Nov 16;250(4983):900-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2237436" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms/*mortality ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 40
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    Clathrate hydrate formation in amorphous cometary ice analogs in vacuo (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-10-25
    Description: The presence of clathrate hydrates in cometary ice has been suggested to account for anomalous gas release at large radial distances from the sun as well as the retention of volatiles in comets to elevated temperatures. However, how clathrate hydrates can form in low-pressure environments, such as in cold interstellar molecular clouds, in the outer reaches of the early solar nebula, or in cometary ices, has been poorly understood. Experiments performed with the use of a modified electron microscope demonstrate that during the warming of vapor-deposited amorphous ices in vacuo, clathrate hydrates can form by rearrangements in the solid state. Phase separations and microporous textures that are the result of these rearrangements may account for a variety of anomalous cometary phenomena.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blake, D -- Allamandola, L -- Sandford, S -- Hudgins, D -- Freund, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 25;254:548-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Planetary Biology Branch, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11538372" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Crystallography ; Earth (Planet) ; Hydrocarbons/chemistry ; Ice/*analysis ; *Meteoroids ; Microscopy, Electron ; *Solar System
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 41
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    Interaction of the IL-2 receptor with the src-family kinase p56lck: identification of novel intermolecular association (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-06-14
    Description: In the interleukin-2 (IL-2) system, intracellular signal transduction is triggered by the beta chain of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R beta); however, the responsible signaling mechanism remains unidentified. Evidence for the formation of a stable complex of IL-2R beta and the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase p56lck is presented. Specific association sites were identified in the tyrosine kinase catalytic domain of p56lck and in the cytoplasmic domain of IL-2R beta. As a result of interaction, IL-2R beta became phosphorylated in vitro by p56lck. Treatment of T lymphocytes with IL-2 promotes p56lck kinase activity. These data suggest the participation of p56lck as a critical signaling molecule downstream of IL-2R via a novel interaction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hatakeyama, M -- Kono, T -- Kobayashi, N -- Kawahara, A -- Levin, S D -- Perlmutter, R M -- Taniguchi, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jun 14;252(5012):1523-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka University, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2047859" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Antigens, CD/immunology ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Humans ; Interleukin-2/pharmacology ; Killer Cells, Natural/cytology/drug effects/immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck) ; Lymphocytes/drug effects/*immunology ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics/isolation & purification/*physiology ; *Signal Transduction ; Transfection
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 42
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    Multiple representations of pain in human cerebral cortex (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-03-15
    Description: The representation of pain in the cerebral cortex is less well understood than that of any other sensory system. However, with the use of magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography in humans, it has now been demonstrated that painful heat causes significant activation of the contralateral anterior cingulate, secondary somatosensory, and primary somatosensory cortices. This contrasts with the predominant activation of primary somatosensory cortex caused by vibrotactile stimuli in similar experiments. Furthermore, the unilateral cingulate activation indicates that this forebrain area, thought to regulate emotions, contains an unexpectedly specific representation of pain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Talbot, J D -- Marrett, S -- Evans, A C -- Meyer, E -- Bushnell, M C -- Duncan, G H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Mar 15;251(4999):1355-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de neurophysiologie comportementale, Faculte de medecine dentaire, Universite de Montreal, Quebec, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2003220" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Anxiety/physiopathology ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology ; Functional Laterality ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Pain/*physiopathology ; Tomography, Emission-Computed
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    Another sex survey bites the dust (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-09-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moffat, A S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Sep 27;253(5027):1483.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1896855" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; *Health Surveys ; Humans ; Male ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Sexual Behavior ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/prevention & control ; United States
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  • 44
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    Unraveling the genetics of fragile X syndrome (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-05-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoffman, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 24;252(5009):1070.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2031180" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Chromosome Mapping ; Female ; Fragile X Syndrome/*genetics ; Humans ; Male ; *Mutation ; X Chromosome
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  • 45
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    Human ultrasonic speech perception (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-07-05
    Description: Bone-conducted ultrasonic hearing has been found capable of supporting frequency discrimination and speech detection in normal, older hearing-impaired, and profoundly deaf human subjects. When speech signals were modulated into the ultrasonic range, listening to words resulted in the clear perception of the speech stimuli and not a sense of high-frequency vibration. These data suggest that ultrasonic bone conduction hearing has potential as an alternative communication channel in the rehabilitation of hearing disorders.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lenhardt, M L -- Skellett, R -- Wang, P -- Clarke, A M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 5;253(5015):82-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2063208" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Bone Conduction ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Sound Spectrography ; *Speech Perception ; *Ultrasonics
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  • 46
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    Identification of ras oncogene mutations in the stool of patients with curable colorectal tumors (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-03
    Description: Colorectal (CR) tumors are usually curable if detected before metastasis. Because genetic alterations are associated with the development of these tumors, mutant genes may be found in the stool of individuals with CR neoplasms. The stools of nine patients whose tumors contained mutations of K-ras were analyzed. In eight of the nine cases, the ras mutations were detectable in DNA purified from the stool. These patients included those with benign and malignant neoplasms from proximal and distal colonic epithelium. Thus, colorectal tumors can be detected by a noninvasive method based on the molecular pathogenesis of the disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sidransky, D -- Tokino, T -- Hamilton, S R -- Kinzler, K W -- Levin, B -- Frost, P -- Vogelstein, B -- CA06973/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA35494/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 3;256(5053):102-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566048" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Blotting, Southern ; Carcinoma/diagnosis/*genetics/pathology ; Colonic Neoplasms/diagnosis/*genetics/pathology ; DNA, Neoplasm/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Feces/chemistry ; Female ; *Genes, ras ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prognosis ; Rectal Neoplasms/diagnosis/*genetics/pathology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Minority health. NIH spells out plans for a $45 million initiative (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palca, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 3;256(5053):24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566053" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; Female ; *Health Promotion ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Minority Groups ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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  • 48
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    Inheritance of proliferative breast disease in breast cancer kindreds (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-12-21
    Description: Previous studies have emphasized that genetic susceptibility to breast cancer is rare and is expressed primarily as premenopausal breast cancer, bilateral breast cancer, or both. Proliferative breast disease (PBD) is a significant risk factor for the development of breast cancer and appears to be a precursor lesion. PBD and breast cancer were studied in 103 women from 20 kindreds that were selected for the presence of two first degree relatives with breast cancer and in 31 control women. Physical examination, screening mammography, and four-quadrant fine-needle breast aspirates were performed. Cytologic analysis of breast aspirates revealed PBD in 35% of clinically normal female first degree relatives of breast cancer cases and in 13% of controls. Genetic analysis suggests that genetic susceptibility causes both PBD and breast cancer in these kindreds. This study supports the hypothesis that this susceptibility is responsible for a considerable portion of breast cancer, including unilateral and postmenopausal breast cancer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Skolnick, M H -- Cannon-Albright, L A -- Goldgar, D E -- Ward, J H -- Marshall, C J -- Schumann, G B -- Hogle, H -- McWhorter, W P -- Wright, E C -- Tran, T D -- CA-28854/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA-42014/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA-48711/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 21;250(4988):1715-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Utah Regional Cancer Center, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City 84132.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270486" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Breast Diseases/*genetics/pathology ; Breast Neoplasms/*genetics/pathology ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Male ; Menopause ; Middle Aged ; Pedigree
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  • 49
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    Science indicators: healthy--for now (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-02-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Norman, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Feb 16;247(4944):803.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2305252" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Educational Measurement ; Humans ; Research Support as Topic ; *Science ; United States ; Universities
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  • 50
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    Diabetic hyperglycemia: link to impaired glucose transport in pancreatic beta cells (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-03-08
    Description: Glucose uptake into pancreatic beta cells by means of the glucose transporter GLUT-2, which has a high Michaelis constant, is essential for the normal insulin secretory response to hyperglycemia. In both autoimmune and nonautoimmune diabetes, this glucose transport is reduced as a consequence of down-regulation of the normal beta-cell transporter. In autoimmune diabetes, circulating immunoglobulins can further impair this glucose transport by inhibiting functionally intact transporters. Insights into mechanisms of the unresponsiveness of beta cells to hyperglycemia may improve the management and prevention of diabetes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Unger, R H -- 1-PO1-DK42582-01/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- 5-R37-DK02700-31/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Mar 8;251(4998):1200-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Diabetes Research, Gifford Laboratories, Dallas, TX.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2006409" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Diabetes Mellitus/*metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics/metabolism ; Glucose/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia/etiology/*metabolism ; Islets of Langerhans/*metabolism ; Middle Aged ; Models, Biological ; Monosaccharide Transport Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
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    Fatal familial insomnia and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: disease phenotype determined by a DNA polymorphism (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-10-30
    Description: Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) and a subtype of familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), two clinically and pathologically distinct diseases, are linked to the same mutation at codon 178 (Asn178) of the prion protein gene. The possibility that a second genetic component modified the phenotypic expression of the Asn178 mutation was investigated. FFI and the familial CJD subtype segregated with different genotypes determined by the Asn178 mutation and the methionine-valine polymorphism at codon 129. The Met129, Asn178 allele segregated with FFI in all 15 affected members of five kindreds whereas the Val129, Asn178 allele segregated with the familial CJD subtype in all 15 affected members of six kindreds. Thus, two distinct disease phenotypes linked to a single pathogenic mutation can be determined by a common polymorphism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldfarb, L G -- Petersen, R B -- Tabaton, M -- Brown, P -- LeBlanc, A C -- Montagna, P -- Cortelli, P -- Julien, J -- Vital, C -- Pendelbury, W W -- 1 R01 AGNS08155-02/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG-08012-02/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- NS 14509-13/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 30;258(5083):806-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1439789" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Asparagine/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20 ; Codon ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome/*genetics ; DNA/*genetics ; Genotype ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; *Mutation ; *Phenotype ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Prion Diseases/*genetics ; Prions/genetics ; Valine/genetics
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    Myoblast therapy (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Epstein, H F -- Fischman, D A -- Bader, D -- Changeux, J P -- Buckhold, K -- Ordahl, C P -- Hoffman, E -- Kedes, L H -- Konieczny, S -- Leinwand, L A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 7;257(5071):738.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1496388" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; Humans ; Male ; Muscles/*transplantation ; Muscular Dystrophies/*surgery ; Transplantation/adverse effects
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Condom use (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-08-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sonenstein, F L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 14;257(5072):861.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1502545" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control ; Adolescent ; Adult ; *Contraceptive Devices, Male ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Sex Education ; *Sexual Behavior ; United States
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    Sexual behavior. French venture where U.S. fears to tread (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aldhous, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 3;257(5066):25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1320289" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control ; Adult ; Aged ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Data Collection ; Female ; France ; HIV Infections/prevention & control ; *Homosexuality ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Sexual Behavior ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 55
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    Assignment of a locus for familial melanoma, MLM, to chromosome 9p13-p22 (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-11-13
    Description: Linkage analysis of ten Utah kindreds and one Texas kindred with multiple cases of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) provided evidence that a locus for familial melanoma susceptibility is in the chromosomal region 9p13-p22. The genetic markers analyzed reside in a candidate region on chromosome 9p21, previously implicated by the presence of homozygous deletions in melanoma tumors and by the presence of a germline deletion in an individual with eight independent melanomas. Multipoint linkage analysis was performed between the familial melanoma susceptibility locus (MLM) and two short tandem repeat markers, D9S126 and the interferon-alpha (IFNA) gene, which reside in the region of somatic loss in melanoma tumors. An analysis incorporating a partially penetrant dominant melanoma susceptibility locus places MLM near IFNA and D9S126 with a maximum location score of 12.71. Therefore, the region frequently deleted in melanoma tumors on 9p21 presumably contains a locus that plays a critical role in predisposition to familial melanoma.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cannon-Albright, L A -- Goldgar, D E -- Meyer, L J -- Lewis, C M -- Anderson, D E -- Fountain, J W -- Hegi, M E -- Wiseman, R W -- Petty, E M -- Bale, A E -- CA 42014/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 48711/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- RR 00064/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 13;258(5085):1148-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1439824" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Base Sequence ; Child ; Chromosome Aberrations ; *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 ; Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome/genetics ; Female ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Genetic Markers ; Humans ; Lod Score ; Male ; Melanoma/*genetics ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pedigree ; Skin Neoplasms/*genetics ; Texas ; Utah
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    Direct measurement of forces between linear polysaccharides xanthan and schizophyllan (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-09-14
    Description: Direct osmotic stress measurements have been made of forces between helices of xanthan, an industrially important charged polysaccharide. Exponentially decaying hydration forces, much like those already measured between lipid bilayer membranes or DNA double helices, dominate the interactions at close separation. Interactions between uncharged schizophyllans also show the same kind of hydration force seen between xanthans. In addition to the practical possibilities for modifying solution and suspension properties through recognition and control of molecular forces, there is now finally the opportunity for theorists to relate macroscopic properties of a polymer solution to the microscopic properties that underlie them.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rau, D C -- Parsegian, V A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Sep 14;249(4974):1278-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institues of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2144663" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbohydrate Sequence ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Gels ; *Glycosaminoglycans ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Osmosis ; *Polysaccharides, Bacterial ; *Sizofiran ; Solutions ; Viscosity
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    Common features of protein unfolding and dissolution of hydrophobic compounds (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-02-02
    Description: Protein unfolding and the dissolution of hydrophobic compounds (including solids, liquids, and gases) in water are characterized by a linear relation between entropy change and heat capacity change. The same slope is found for various classes of compounds, whereas the intercept depends on the particular class. The feature common to these processes is exposure of hydrophobic groups to water. These observations make possible the assignment of the heat capacity change to hydrophobic solvation and lead to the description of protein stability in terms of a hydrophobic and a nonhydrophobic contribution. A general representation of protein stability is given by the heat capacity change and the temperature.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Murphy, K P -- Privalov, P L -- Gill, S J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Feb 2;247(4942):559-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2300815" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Protein Denaturation ; *Proteins ; Thermodynamics
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    Interparticle collisions driven by ultrasound (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-03-02
    Description: Ultrasound has become an important synthetic tool in liquid-solid chemical reactions, but the origins of the observed enhancements remained unknown. The effects of high-intensity ultrasound on solid-liquid slurries were examined. Turbulent flow and shock waves produced by acoustic cavitation were found to drive metal particles together at sufficiently high velocities to induce melting upon collision. A series of transition-metal powders were used to probe the maximum temperatures and speeds reached during such interparticle collisions. Metal particles that were irradiated in hydrocarbon liquids with ultrasound underwent collisions at roughly half the speed of sound and generated localized effective temperatures between 2600 degrees C and 3400 degrees C at the point of impact for particles with an average diameter of approximately 10 microns.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Doktycz, S J -- Suslick, K S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Mar 2;247(4946):1067-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2309118" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Metals ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microspheres ; *Ultrasonics
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    Slow mortality rate accelerations during aging in some animals approximate that of humans (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-08-24
    Description: A general measure of the rate of senescence is the acceleration of mortality rate, represented here by the time required for the mortality rate to double (MRD). Rhesus monkeys have an MRD close to that of humans, about 8 years; their shorter life-span results mainly from higher mortality at all ages. In contrast, some groups with short life-spans (rodents and galliform birds) have shorter MRDs and faster senescence. On the basis of the Gompertz mortality rate model, one may estimate the MRD from the maximum life-span (tmax) and the overall population mortality rate. Such calculations show that certain birds have MRDs that are as long as that of humans. These results show that high overall mortality rates or small body sizes do not preclude slow rates of senescence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finch, C E -- Pike, M C -- Witten, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 24;249(4971):902-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, University Park 90089.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2392680" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; *Aging ; *Animal Population Groups ; Animals ; Birds ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; Mammals ; Mathematics ; Models, Statistical ; *Mortality
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    Changes in mean concentration, phase shifts, and dissipation in a forced oscillatory reaction (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-01-12
    Description: Experiments are presented that confirm earlier predictions that the mode of supply of reactants to a nonlinear (bio)chemical reaction determines or controls concentrations at steady states far from equilibrium. The oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) catalyzed by the enzyme horseradish peroxidase with continuous input of oxygen was studied; NAD+ is continuously recycled to NADH through a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase system. A comparison of steady-state concentrations is made with an oscillatory oxygen input and a constant input at the same average oxygen input for both modes. By varying the frequency and amplitude of the perturbation (O2 influx), the following may be changed: the average concentration of NADH; the Gibbs free energy difference delta G of the reactants and products at steady state; the average rate of the reaction; the phase relation between the oscillatory rate and delta G; and the dissipation. These results confirm the possibility of an "alternating current chemistry," of control and optimization of thermodynamic efficiency and dissipation by means of external variation of constraints in classes of nonlinear reactions and biological pumps, and of improvements of the yield in such reactions (heterogeneous catalysis, for example).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lazar, J G -- Ross, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jan 12;247(4939):189-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, CA 94305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2294601" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/*metabolism ; Horseradish Peroxidase/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; NAD/*metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Peroxidases/*metabolism ; Thermodynamics
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    Amyloid beta protein precursor gene and hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch) (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-06-01
    Description: Human hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis of the Dutch type (HCHWA-D), an autosomal dominant form of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), is characterized by extensive amyloid deposition in the small leptomeningeal arteries and cortical arterioles, which lead to an early death of those afflicted in their fifth or sixth decade. Immunohistochemical and biochemical studies have indicated that the amyloid subunit in HCHWA-D is antigenically related to and homologous in sequence with the amyloid beta protein isolated from brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome. The amyloid beta protein is encoded by the amyloid beta protein precursor (APP) gene located on chromosome 21. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms detected by the APP gene were used to examine whether this gene is a candidate for the genetic defect in HCHWA-D. The data indicate that the APP gene is tightly linked to HCHWA-D and therefore, in contrast to familial Alzheimer's disease, cannot be excluded as the site of mutation in HCHWA-D.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Broeckhoven, C -- Haan, J -- Bakker, E -- Hardy, J A -- Van Hul, W -- Wehnert, A -- Vegter-Van der Vlis, M -- Roos, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jun 1;248(4959):1120-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Born Bunge Foundation, Department of Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Belgium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1971458" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Amyloid/*genetics ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor ; Amyloidosis/complications/*genetics ; Cerebral Hemorrhage/etiology/*genetics ; Cerebrovascular Disorders/complications/*genetics ; Female ; Genes, Dominant ; Genetic Linkage ; Humans ; Lod Score ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Netherlands ; Pedigree ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Protein Precursors/*genetics
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    Type 1 neurofibromatosis gene: identification of a large transcript disrupted in three NF1 patients (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-07-13
    Description: Von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1) is a common autosomal dominant disorder characterized by abnormalities in multiple tissues derived from the neural crest. No reliable cellular phenotypic marker has been identified, which has hampered direct efforts to identify the gene. The chromosome location of the NF1 gene has been previously mapped genetically to 17q11.2, and data from two NF1 patients with balanced translocations in this region have further narrowed the candidate interval. The use of chromosome jumping and yeast artificial chromosome technology has now led to the identification of a large (approximately 13 kilobases) ubiquitously expressed transcript (denoted NF1LT) from this region that is definitely interrupted by one and most likely by both translocations. Previously identified candidate genes, which failed to show abnormalities in NF1 patients, are apparently located within introns of NF1LT, on the antisense strand. A new mutation patient with NF1 has been identified with a de novo 0.5-kilobase insertion in the NF1LT gene. These observations, together with the high spontaneous mutation rate of NF1 (which is consistent with a large locus), suggest that NF1LT represents the elusive NF1 gene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wallace, M R -- Marchuk, D A -- Andersen, L B -- Letcher, R -- Odeh, H M -- Saulino, A M -- Fountain, J W -- Brereton, A -- Nicholson, J -- Mitchell, A L -- NS23410/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jul 13;249(4965):181-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ann Arbor, MI.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2134734" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Blotting, Northern ; Blotting, Southern ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Neoplasm/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Hybrid Cells ; Male ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Neurofibromatosis 1/*genetics ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Neoplasm/*genetics ; Transcription, Genetic ; *Translocation, Genetic ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    An antibody binding site on cytochrome c defined by hydrogen exchange and two-dimensional NMR (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-08-17
    Description: The interaction of a protein antigen, horse cytochrome c (cyt c), with a monoclonal antibody has been studied by hydrogen-deuterium (H-D) exchange labeling and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) methods. The H-exchange rate of residues in three discontiguous regions of the cyt c polypeptide backbone was slowed by factors up to 340-fold in the antibody-antigen complex compared with free cyt c. The protected residues, 36 to 38, 59, 60, 64 to 67, 100, and 101, and their hydrogen-bond acceptors, are brought together in the three-dimensional structure to form a contiguous, largely exposed protein surface with an area of about 750 square angstroms. The interaction site determined in this way is consistent with prior epitope mapping studies and includes several residues that were not previously identified. The hydrogen exchange labeling approach can be used to map binding sites on small proteins in antibody-antigen complexes and may be applicable to protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions in general.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3432411/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3432411/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paterson, Y -- Englander, S W -- Roder, H -- GM 31847/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM 35926/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM031847/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- S07-RR-05415-28/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 17;249(4970):755-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1697101" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology/metabolism ; Antigen-Antibody Complex ; *Binding Sites, Antibody ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cytochrome c Group/*immunology ; Deuterium ; Epitopes/immunology ; Hydrogen/*metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Kinetics ; *Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Protein Conformation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Activation of extrastriate and frontal cortical areas by visual words and word-like stimuli (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-08-31
    Description: Visual presentation of words activates extrastriate regions of the occipital lobes of the brain. When analyzed by positron emission tomography (PET), certain areas in the left, medial extrastriate visual cortex were activated by visually presented pseudowords that obey English spelling rules, as well as by actual words. These areas were not activated by nonsense strings of letters or letter-like forms. Thus visual word form computations are based on learned distinctions between words and nonwords. In addition, during passive presentation of words, but not pseudowords, activation occurred in a left frontal area that is related to semantic processing. These findings support distinctions made in cognitive psychology and computational modeling between high-level visual and semantic computations on single words and describe the anatomy that may underlie these distinctions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Petersen, S E -- Fox, P T -- Snyder, A Z -- Raichle, M E -- HL 13851/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- NS 06833/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS 25233/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 31;249(4972):1041-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2396097" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology/radionuclide imaging ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Female ; Humans ; *Language ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Oxygen Radioisotopes ; Tomography, Emission-Computed ; *Vision, Ocular ; Visual Cortex/*physiology/radionuclide imaging
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    British radiation study (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-06-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Phinney, S D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jun 29;248(4963):1595.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2363041" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; Dietary Fats ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Humans ; Japan ; Leukemia, Radiation-Induced/*epidemiology ; Male ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/*epidemiology/prevention & control
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    Blood pressure control--special role of the kidneys and body fluids (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-06-28
    Description: The arterial pressure of the adult human rarely deviates from normal by more than 10 to 15 percent during each day. To achieve such constancy, the body has a network of pressure control systems. Several are based on neural receptors that respond within seconds to help correct any abnormal pressure. The activities of these systems are followed within minutes by activation of hormonal controllers. Within hours or days, a kidney pressure control system is induced that increases body fluid volume when the pressure falls (or decreases the volume when the pressure rises). This kidney-fluid system is the dominant method of establishing long-term pressure control.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guyton, A C -- HL 11678-23/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jun 28;252(5014):1813-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson 39216.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2063193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Blood Pressure/*physiology ; Body Fluids/*physiology ; Chemoreceptor Cells/physiology ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Kidney/*physiology ; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena ; Pressoreceptors/physiology
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    The sobering geography of AIDS (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-04-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palca, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Apr 19;252(5004):372-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2017676" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*epidemiology/prevention & ; control/transmission ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Africa ; Asia ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Humans ; Latin America ; Male ; Middle Aged ; North America ; World Health Organization
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    Quantitation of hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in fasting humans with 13C NMR (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-10-25
    Description: The rate of net hepatic glycogenolysis was assessed in humans by serially measuring hepatic glycogen concentration at 3- to 12-hour intervals during a 68-hour fast with 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The net rate of gluconeogenesis was calculated by subtracting the rate of net hepatic glycogenolysis from the rate of glucose production in the whole body measured with tritiated glucose. Gluconeogenesis accounted for 64 +/- 5% (mean +/- standard error of the mean) of total glucose production during the first 22 hours of fasting. In the subsequent 14-hour and 18-hour periods of the fast, gluconeogenesis accounted for 82 +/- 5% and 96 +/- 1% of total glucose production, respectively. These data show that gluconeogenesis accounts for a substantial fraction of total glucose production even during the first 22 hours of a fast in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rothman, D L -- Magnusson, I -- Katz, L D -- Shulman, R G -- Shulman, G I -- DK-34576/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK-40936/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- MO1-RR-00125-26/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK040936/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 25;254(5031):573-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1948033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Carbon Isotopes ; Fasting ; Female ; Glucagon/blood ; *Gluconeogenesis ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone/blood ; Insulin/blood ; Kinetics ; Liver/*metabolism ; Liver Glycogen/*metabolism ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods ; Male ; Nitrogen/*urine
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    Manifest destiny at the Scripps Research Institute (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-07-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baskin, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 12;253(5016):140-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1853198" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes ; Biology ; California ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Research Support as Topic
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    Hemoglobin-AGE: a circulating marker of advanced glycosylation (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-10-23
    Description: Advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) form spontaneously from glucose-derived Amadori products and accumulate on long-lived tissue proteins. AGEs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several of the complications of aging and diabetes, including atherosclerosis and renal disease. With the use of recently developed AGE-specific antibodies, an AGE-modified form of human hemoglobin has been identified. Termed hemoglobin-AGE (Hb-AGE), this modified species accounts for 0.42 percent of circulating hemoglobin in normal individuals but increases to 0.75 percent in patients with diabetes-induced hyperglycemia. In a group of diabetic patients treated with the advanced glycosylation inhibitor aminoguanidine, Hb-AGE levels decreased significantly over a 1-month period. Hemoglobin-AGE measurements may provide an index of long-term tissue modification by AGEs and prove useful in assessing the contribution of advanced glycosylation to a variety of diabetic and age-related complications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Makita, Z -- Vlassara, H -- Rayfield, E -- Cartwright, K -- Friedman, E -- Rodby, R -- Cerami, A -- Bucala, R -- DK19655-15/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 23;258(5082):651-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1411574" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aging/*blood ; Biomarkers/blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*blood/drug therapy ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*blood/drug therapy ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Glycosylation ; Guanidines/*therapeutic use ; Hemoglobins/*analysis ; Humans ; Middle Aged
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    Combating epidemic cholera (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finkelstein, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 14;257(5072):862.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1502547" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Bangladesh/epidemiology ; Child ; Cholera/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; *Cholera Vaccines ; Humans
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    Genetic linkage: interpreting lod scores (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-02-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Risch, N -- HG00348/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Feb 14;255(5046):803-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1536004" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Alzheimer Disease/genetics ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Diabetes Mellitus/genetics ; *Disease Susceptibility ; Genetic Linkage ; Humans ; *Lod Score ; Middle Aged
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    Studies of unusual simple molecules by neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-02-23
    Description: Reactive or unstable molecules are key intermediates in many important reactions, but can be difficult to prepare for experimental studies. Species with missing (:CH-OH) or extra (H3) substituents can often be formed conveniently in the gas phase by neutralizing a beam of a more stable ionic counterpart (CH = O+H, H3+). Reionization of the neutral after approximately 10(-6) seconds tests its stability, whereas its unimolecular chemistry can be probed by preparing it with different amounts of internal energy. The resulting neutral products are reionized and mass analyzed. Isomers are then characterized by ion dissociation and a third mass-analysis step. Many unusual molecules have been characterized with this technique, which can also be used to probe complex unimolecular chemistry, such as that of cyclobutadiene and ethylene oxide.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McLafferty, F W -- GM-16609/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Feb 23;247(4945):925-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2305261" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Butadienes ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Ethylene Oxide ; Free Radicals ; Hydrocarbons ; *Ions ; *Mass Spectrometry ; Methane/analogs & derivatives ; Molecular Structure ; Thermodynamics
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    AIDS--the leading cause of adult death in the West African City of Abidjan, Ivory Coast (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-08-17
    Description: In 1988 to 1989, 698 adult cadavers in Abidjan's two largest morgues were studied, representing 38 to 43% of all adult deaths in the city over the study period, and 6 to 7% of annual deaths. Forty-one percent of male and 32% of female cadavers were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Fifteen percent of adult male and 13% of adult female annual deaths are due to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In Abidjan, AIDS is the leading cause of death and years of potential life lost in adult men, followed by unintentional injuries and tuberculosis. In women, AIDS is the second leading cause of death and premature mortality, after deaths related to pregnancy and abortion. AIDS-specific and AIDS-proportional mortality rates may be higher in other African cities where AIDS has been found for a longer time than in Abidjan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉De Cock, K M -- Barrere, B -- Diaby, L -- Lafontaine, M F -- Gnaore, E -- Porter, A -- Pantobe, D -- Lafontant, G C -- Dago-Akribi, A -- Ette, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 17;249(4970):793-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2167515" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology/*mortality ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Africa ; Cause of Death ; Cote d'Ivoire ; Female ; HIV Seropositivity ; HIV-1/immunology ; HIV-2/immunology ; Humans ; Male
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Sources of human psychological differences: the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-10-12
    Description: Since 1979, a continuing study of monozygotic and dizygotic twins, separated in infancy and reared apart, has subjected more than 100 sets of reared-apart twins or triplets to a week of intensive psychological and physiological assessment. Like the prior, smaller studies of monozygotic twins reared apart, about 70% of the variance in IQ was found to be associated with genetic variation. On multiple measures of personality and temperament, occupational and leisure-time interests, and social attitudes, monozygotic twins reared apart are about as similar as are monozygotic twins reared together. These findings extend and support those from numerous other twin, family, and adoption studies. It is a plausible hypothesis that genetic differences affect psychological differences largely indirectly, by influencing the effective environment of the developing child. This evidence for the strong heritability of most psychological traits, sensibly construed, does not detract from the value or importance of parenting, education, and other propaedeutic interventions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bouchard, T J Jr -- Lykken, D T -- McGue, M -- Segal, N L -- Tellegen, A -- AG06886/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- MH37860/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Oct 12;250(4978):223-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2218526" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Anthropometry ; Child ; *Child Rearing ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; Minnesota ; Personality ; Phenotype ; Twins/*psychology ; Twins, Dizygotic/psychology ; Twins, Monozygotic/psychology
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    Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and the adult muscle sodium channel alpha-subunit gene (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-11-16
    Description: Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by episodes of muscle weakness due to depolarization of the muscle cell membrane associated with elevated serum potassium. Electrophysiological studies have implicated the adult muscle sodium channel. Here, portions of the adult muscle sodium channel alpha-subunit gene were cloned and mapped near the human growth hormone locus (GH1) on chromosome 17. In a large pedigree displaying HYPP with myotonia, these two loci showed tight linkage to the genetic defect with no recombinants detected. Thus, it is likely that the sodium channel alpha-subunit gene contains the HYPP mutation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fontaine, B -- Khurana, T S -- Hoffman, E P -- Bruns, G A -- Haines, J L -- Trofatter, J A -- Hanson, M P -- Rich, J -- McFarlane, H -- Yasek, D M -- NS-22224/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS-24279/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Nov 16;250(4983):1000-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2173143" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17 ; Genes/genetics ; Growth Hormone/genetics ; Humans ; Hyperkalemia/*genetics ; Muscles/*physiology ; Paralyses, Familial Periodic/*genetics ; Pedigree ; Rats ; Sodium Channels/*genetics
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    Inhibition of FKBP rotamase activity by immunosuppressant FK506: twisted amide surrogate (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-05-18
    Description: The immunosuppressive agents cyclosporin A and FK506 inhibit the transcription of early T cell activation genes. The binding proteins for cyclosporin A and FK506, cyclophilin and FKBP, respectively, are peptidyl-prolyl-cis-trans isomerases, or rotamases. One proposed mechanism for rotamase catalysis by cyclophilin involves a tetrahedral adduct of an amide carbonyl and an enzyme-bound nucleophile. The potent FKBP rotamase inhibitor FK506 has a highly electrophilic carbonyl that is adjacent to an acyl-pipicolinyl (homoprolyl) amide bond. Such a functional group would be expected to form a stabilized, enzyme-bound tetrahedral adduct. Spectroscopic and chemical evidence reveals that the drug interacts noncovalently with its receptor, suggesting that the alpha-keto amid of FK506 serves as a surrogate for the twisted amide of a bound peptide substrate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rosen, M K -- Standaert, R F -- Galat, A -- Nakatsuka, M -- Schreiber, S L -- GM-38627/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 May 18;248(4957):863-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1693013" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Isomerases/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Binding Sites ; Carrier Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cyclosporins/metabolism/pharmacology ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Gene Expression ; *Immunosuppressive Agents ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Peptidylprolyl Isomerase ; Recombinant Proteins ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Tacrolimus
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    Attentional modulation of neural processing of shape, color, and velocity in humans (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-06-22
    Description: Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to measure changes in regional cerebral blood flow of normal subjects, while they were discriminating different attributes (shape, color, and velocity) of the same set of visual stimuli. Psychophysical evidence indicated that the sensitivity for discriminating subtle stimulus changes was higher when subjects focused attention on one attribute than when they divided attention among several attributes. Correspondingly, attention enhanced the activity of different regions of extrastriate visual cortex that appear to be specialized for processing information related to the selected attribute.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Corbetta, M -- Miezin, F M -- Dobmeyer, S -- Shulman, G L -- Petersen, S E -- HL 13851/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- NS 06833/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS 25233/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jun 22;248(4962):1556-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2360050" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Arousal ; Attention/*physiology ; Cerebrovascular Circulation/physiology ; Color ; Discrimination (Psychology)/*physiology ; Humans ; Tomography, Emission-Computed ; Visual Cortex/*physiology
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    Does a retrovirus explain fatigue syndrome puzzle? (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-09-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palca, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Sep 14;249(4974):1240-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2399461" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; DNA, Viral/blood ; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/*microbiology ; Human T-lymphotropic virus 2/*isolation & purification ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Specific tropism of HIV-1 for microglial cells in primary human brain cultures (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-08-03
    Description: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) frequently causes neurological dysfunction and is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients with HIV encephalitis or myelopathy. The virus is found mostly in cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage within the CNS, but the possibility of infection of other glial cells has been raised. Therefore, the effects of different HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains were studied in primary cultures of adult human brain containing microglial cells, the resident CNS macrophages, and astrocytes. These cultures could be productively infected with macrophage-adapted HIV-1 isolates but not with T lymphocyte-adapted HIV-1 isolates or two HIV-2 isolates. As determined with a triple-label procedure, primary astrocytes did not express HIV gag antigens and remained normal throughout the 3-week course of infection. In contrast, virus replicated in neighboring microglial cells, often leading to their cell fusion and death. The death of microglial cells, which normally serve immune functions in the CNS, may be a key factor in the pathogenesis of AIDS encephalitis or myelopathy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Watkins, B A -- Dorn, H H -- Kelly, W B -- Armstrong, R C -- Potts, B J -- Michaels, F -- Kufta, C V -- Dubois-Dalcq, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 3;249(4968):549-53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Viral and Molecular Pathogenesis, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2200125" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain/*microbiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; HIV-1/pathogenicity/*physiology ; HIV-2/pathogenicity/physiology ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Neuroglia/*microbiology ; Species Specificity ; Virus Replication
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    Respect for vitamin C (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-12-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1712.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1763317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Ascorbic Acid/*therapeutic use ; Diet ; Humans ; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Short-term mortality predictions for critically ill hospitalized adults: science and ethics (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-10-18
    Description: Modern life-sustaining therapy often succeeds in postponing death but may be ineffective at restoring health. Decisions that influence the time and circumstances of an individual's death are now common and require an accurate and comprehensive characterization of likely outcome. Evaluation of alternative outcomes requires acknowledgement that most patients find some outcomes to be worse than death. Improved understanding of major predictors of patient outcome, combined with rapidly expanding technical abilities to collect and manipulate large amounts of detailed clinical data, have created a new intellectual and technical basis for estimating outcomes from intensive medical care. Such objective probability estimates, such as the system described here, can reduce uncertainty about difficult clinical decisions and can be used by physicians, patients, and society to reorient health care toward more scientifically and ethically defensible approaches.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knaus, W A -- Wagner, D P -- Lynn, J -- HS05787/HS/AHRQ HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 18;254(5030):389-94.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anesthesiology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1925596" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Critical Illness/*mortality ; Decision Support Techniques ; *Ethics, Medical ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; *Probability ; *Resource Allocation ; Social Values ; Time Factors
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    At the crossroads of chemistry and immunology: catalytic antibodies (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-05-03
    Description: Immunochemistry has historically focused on the nature of antigenicity and antibody-antigen recognition. However, in the last 5 years, the field of immunochemistry has taken a new direction. With the aid of mechanistic and synthetic chemistry, the vast network of molecules and cells of the immune system has been tapped to produce antibodies with a new function--catalytic antibodies. Because antibodies can be generated that selectively bind almost any molecule of interest, this new technology offers the potential to tailor-make highly selective catalysts for applications in biology, chemistry, and medicine. In addition, catalytic antibodies provide fundamental insight into important aspects of biological catalysis, including the importance of transition-state stabilization, proximity effects, general acid and base catalysts, electrophilic and nucleophilic catalysis, and strain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lerner, R A -- Benkovic, S J -- Schultz, P G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 3;252(5006):659-67.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2024118" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antibodies/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology/metabolism ; Antibody Specificity ; Antigens/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Binding Sites, Antibody ; *Catalysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Haptens ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydrolysis ; Metals ; Molecular Conformation ; Recombinant Proteins ; Thermodynamics ; Zinc
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    Prevalence of AIDS-related risk factors and condom use in the United States (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-13
    Description: A national probability survey of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related risk factors among the general heterosexual population, the National AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) Behavioral Surveys, has obtained data from 10,630 respondents. Data are presented on the prevalence of HIV-related risks in the general heterosexual population, on the distribution of the three largest risk groups across social strata, and on the prevalence and distribution of condom use among heterosexuals reporting a risk factor. Between 15 and 31 percent of heterosexuals nationally and 20 and 41 percent in cities with a high prevalence of AIDS reported an HIV risk factor. Condom use was relatively low. Only 17 percent of those with multiple sexual partners, 12.6 percent of those with risky sexual partners, and 10.8 percent of untested transfusion recipients used condoms all the time. Overall, the results suggest that current HIV prevention programs have, to a very limited extent, reached those heterosexuals with multiple sexual partners but have failed to reach many other groups of the heterosexual population at risk for HIV. New public health strategies may be needed for these specific risk groups.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Catania, J A -- Coates, T J -- Stall, R -- Turner, H -- Peterson, J -- Hearst, N -- Dolcini, M M -- Hudes, E -- Gagnon, J -- Wiley, J -- MH43892/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH46240/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 13;258(5085):1101-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1439818" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*epidemiology/prevention & control ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Blood Transfusion ; *Condoms ; Continental Population Groups ; Female ; HIV Seropositivity ; Health Surveys ; Hemophilia A/complications ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Regression Analysis ; Risk Factors ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Partners ; Substance Abuse, Intravenous ; Time Factors ; United States
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    Depo-Provera. Controversial contraceptive wins approval from FDA panel (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jun 26;256(5065):1754.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1535454" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Breast Neoplasms/chemically induced ; *Contraceptive Agents, Female ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Female ; Humans ; *Legislation, Drug ; Medroxyprogesterone/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives ; Medroxyprogesterone Acetate ; Osteoporosis/chemically induced ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; Uterine Neoplasms/prevention & control
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    Microsatellite instability in cancer of the proximal colon (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-05-07
    Description: Colorectal tumor DNA was examined for somatic instability at (CA)n repeats on human chromosomes 5q, 15q, 17p, and 18q. Differences between tumor and normal DNA were detected in 25 of the 90 (28 percent) tumors examined. This instability appeared as either a substantial change in repeat length (often heterogeneous in nature) or a minor change (typically two base pairs). Microsatellite instability was significantly correlated with the tumor's location in the proximal colon (P = 0.003), with increased patient survival (P = 0.02), and, inversely, with loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 5q, 17p, and 18q. These data suggest that some colorectal cancers may arise through a mechanism that does not necessarily involve loss of heterozygosity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thibodeau, S N -- Bren, G -- Schaid, D -- CA-15083-18E8.1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 May 7;260(5109):816-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8484122" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15 ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17 ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18 ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 ; Colonic Neoplasms/*genetics ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*genetics ; DNA, Neoplasm/*genetics ; DNA, Satellite/*genetics ; Female ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
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    [This Week in Science] Synthetic twists among lipids (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-29
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    [This Week in Science] Temporarily caught in a bind (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-18
    Description: Author: Marc S. Lavine
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    [Perspective] Quantum dynamics in the smallest water droplet (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-18
    Description: Water plays a central role in scientific disciplines ranging from geology to astronomy to biology. Yet it is an extraordinarily dif cult liquid to understand because of its complex, ever-changing patterns of hydrogen bonds. Studies of small water clusters have provided important insights into the concerted hydrogen-bond motions that can occur in water. These studies are also crucial for developing an accurate potential function for simulating the properties of liquid water and ice (1). On page 1310 of this issue, Richardson et al. (2) provide evidence for a concerted type of motion in which two hydrogen bonds in a water cluster are broken simultaneously (see the figure). The results have implications for many areas of scientific study, including the chemistry of polar solvents, the conformations of proteins, and the dissolution of ions in minerals. Author: David C. Clary
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    [Editors' Choice] Beyond blank slates in the lab notebook (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-18
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    [Perspective] Surprised by selectivity (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-04
    Description: Lower olefins, particularly ethylene (C2H4), propylene (C3H6), and butylene (C4H8), are important intermediates in the manufacture of products such as plastics, solvents, paints, and medicines. They are produced worldwide in amounts exceeding 200 million tons per year (see the photo) (1), mostly from crude oil. More recent approaches use methanol or synthesis gas (syngas; a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) as feedstocks, but capital investments are high and/or selectivities to lower olefins limited. A bifunctional catalyst reported by Jiao et al. on page 1065 of this issue (2) enables the direct conversion of synthesis gas to lower olefins with a surprisingly high selectivity. Author: Krijn P. de Jong
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Carbon nanotubes help nickel work in water (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-19
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Chiral Lewis acids integrated with single-walled carbon nanotubes for asymmetric catalysis in water (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-19
    Description: The development of highly reactive and stereoselective catalytic systems is required not only to improve existing synthetic methods but also to invent distinct chemical reactions. Herein, a homogenized combination of nickel-based Lewis acid–surfactant-combined catalysts and single-walled carbon nanotubes is shown to exhibit substantial activity in water. In addition to the enhanced reactivity, stereoselective performance and long-term stability were demonstrated in asymmetric conjugate addition reactions of aldoximes to furnish chiral nitrones in high yields with excellent selectivities. The practical and straightforward application of the designed catalysts in water provides an expedient, environmentally benign, and highly efficient pathway to access optically active compounds.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Steps to smaller rings (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-02
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Pinpointing the role of geometric phase (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Salt and iron ease the way to amines (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-26
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Catalytic palladium-oxyallyl cycloaddition (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-02
    Description: Exploration of intermediates that enable chemoselective cycloaddition reactions and expeditious construction of fused- or bridged-ring systems is a continuous challenge for organic synthesis. As an intermediate of interest, the oxyallyl cation has been harnessed to synthesize architectures containing seven-membered rings via (4+3) cycloaddition. However, its potential to access five-membered skeletons is underdeveloped, largely due to the thermally forbidden (3+2) pathway. Here, the combination of a tailored precursor and a Pd(0) catalyst generates a Pd-oxyallyl intermediate that cyclizes with conjugated dienes to produce a diverse array of tetrahydrofuran skeletons. The cycloaddition overrides conventional (4+3) selectivity by proceeding through a stepwise pathway involving a Pd-allyl transfer and ring closure sequence. Subsequent treatment of the (3+2) adducts with a palladium catalyst converts the heterocycles to the carbocyclic cyclopentanones.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Heterocycles meet and marry on phosphorus (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-16
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Altered fluid transport across airway epithelium in cystic fibrosis (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-10-15
    Description: In cystic fibrosis (CF), absence or dysfunction of a phosphorylation-regulated chloride channel [CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)] leads to the loss or reduction of chloride secretion into the airways. Active sodium absorption is also increased in CF, and both of these ion transport changes could alter fluid transport across the airways. Under baseline conditions, cultured human airway epithelia from normal individuals absorbed fluid, and this absorption was increased in epithelia from patients with CF. In normal and CF epithelial cultures fluid absorption was inhibited by amiloride. Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate stimulated fluid secretion in normal epithelial cultures but not in cultures from individuals with CF. In contrast, fluid secretion induced by nucleotide triphosphates (uridine triphosphate or adenosine triphosphate) was unaltered in cultures of epithelia from patients with CF, suggesting an approach to the treatment of CF.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jiang, C -- Finkbeiner, W E -- Widdicombe, J H -- McCray, P B Jr -- Miller, S S -- HL 42368/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Oct 15;262(5132):424-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8211164" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Absorption ; Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Amiloride/pharmacology ; Body Fluids/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclic AMP/pharmacology ; Cystic Fibrosis/*metabolism ; Epithelial Cells ; Epithelium/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasal Mucosa/cytology/*metabolism ; Sodium/metabolism ; Sodium Channels/metabolism ; Trachea/cytology/*metabolism ; Uridine Triphosphate/pharmacology
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    America's children: economic perspectives and policy options (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-01-03
    Description: American children are worse off than those in the previous generation in several important dimensions of mental, physical, and emotional well-being. During the 1960s cultural changes adversely affected children while their material condition improved substantially. By contrast, material conditions deteriorated in the 1980s, especially among children at the lower end of the income distribution. Public policies to improve the material condition of children require a transfer of resources from households that do not have children to those that do. Government programs such as tax credits and child allowances are more efficient and equitable than employer-mandated programs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fuchs, V R -- Reklis, D M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 3;255(5040):41-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stanford University, CA 94305-8715.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553531" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; *Child Advocacy ; Child Health Services/economics ; Education/*standards ; *Health Policy ; *Health Status ; Humans ; Poverty ; Socioeconomic Factors ; United States
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