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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (5,969)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (2,000)
  • Seismology
  • 2020-2024  (15)
  • 1975-1979  (4,355)
  • 1950-1954  (2,980)
  • 1945-1949  (904)
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  • 1
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    Homogenization of magnitudes of the ISC Bulletin (2024)
    Oxford Academic
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: We implemented an automatic procedure to download the hypocentral data of the online Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre (ISC) in order to produce in near real-time a homogeneous catalogue of the Global and EuroMediterranean instrumental seismicity to be used for forecasting experiments and other statistical analyses. For the interval covered by the reviewed ISC Bulletin, we adopt the ISC locations and convert the surface wave magnitude (Ms) and short-period body-wave magnitude (mb) as computed by the ISC to moment magnitude (Mw), using empirical relations. We merge the so obtained proxies with real Mw provided by global and EuroMediterranean moment tensor catalogues. For the most recent time interval (about 2 yr) for which the reviewed ISC Bulletin is not available, we do the same but using the preferred (prime) location provided by the ISC Bulletin and converting to Mw the Ms and mb provided by some authoritative agencies. For computing magnitude conversion equations, we use curvilinear relations defined in a previous work and the chi-square regression method that accounts for the uncertainties of both x and y variables.
    Description: H2020 EU project RISE contract n. 821115
    Description: Published
    Description: 1771-1785
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Statistical methods ; Statistical seismology ; Earthquake source observations ; Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Hamburg in der Novemberrevolution von 1918/19 (2024)
    transcript Verlag | transcript Verlag
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-13
    Description: Die Novemberrevolution von 1918/19 erschütterte die Tiefenschichten der politischen und gesellschaftlichen Ordnung der Metropole Hamburg. Diese vielschichtige Transformation wird anhand ausgewählter Akteur*innen, Institutionen und Ereignisse mit Beiträgen aus der neueren Revolutions-, Konflikt- und Kriegsforschung sowie aus der Kulturwissenschaft, der Geschichts- und Sozialwissenschaft nachgezeichnet. Die Beiträger*innen des Bandes durchleuchten die Dynamiken des revolutionären Wandels im umfassenden Dispositiv der urbanen Machtverhältnisse in ihren diskursiven Formationen: im Geschlechterverhältnis, in den Klassenverhältnissen, in der Wirtschaft, im Bildungswesen, im Film, in den Utopien und Vorstellungen der Menschen der Zeit. Die Beschreibung der dynamischen Umbrüche schließt die Nachbarstadt Altona und die Region ein und verbindet somit Lokales mit Nationalem und Globalem.
    Keywords: Revolution 1918/19 ; Hamburg ; Politik ; Gesellschaft ; Norddeutschland ; Wahlen 1919 ; Film ; Weimarer Republik ; Globalgeschichte ; Deutsche Geschichte ; Bismarck ; Metropole ; Seismologie ; Kulturgeschichte ; Geschlecht ; Stadt ; Sozialgeschichte ; Europäische Geschichte ; Geschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts ; Geschichtswissenschaft ; Politics ; Society ; North Germany ; Elections 1919 ; Weimar Republic ; Global History ; German History ; Seismology ; Cultural History ; Gender ; City ; Social History ; European History ; History of the 20th Century ; History ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHD European history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHT History: specific events and topics::NHTB Social and cultural history
    Language: German
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  • 3
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    Role of crustal fluids and thermo-mechanical structure for lower crustal seismicity: The Gargano Promontory (southern Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-20
    Description: Several regions around the globe are characterized by a seismically active lower crust, at depths where litho­logical and thermal conditions suggest stress release by ductile flow. The Gargano Promontory (GP, southern Italy) is an example where a recently installed seismic network has recorded an intense seismic activity at depths between 20 and 30 km, i.e. in the lower crust. The GP is located in proximity of the Gargano-Dubrovnik line­ament, a seismogenic zone separating the central and southern Adriatic basins. These two basins constitute sites of sediments accumulation since Tertiary times. Another important basin in the region is represented by the Apennine foredeep, that includes the Candelaro area. We analyze the possible mechanisms controlling the dis­tribution of seismicity in the GP to identify the factors that make the lower crust seismically active. To this aim, we construct a thermo-rheological model of a layered continental crust, calibrated on the basis of geometrical, lithological and thermal constraints. The model takes into account various crustal lithologies, the presence of fluids in the crystalline basement, lateral variations of geotherm and stress field. The numerical simulations show that the presence of fluids is a key factor controlling the cluster of seismicity in the lower crust. Moreover, the presence of water in the upper crystalline basement and sedimentary cover provides a plausible explanation for upper crustal seismicity in a zone of very high heat flow SW of the GP. The distribution of the seismicity is probably affected by the composition of the crystalline basement, with mafic bodies injected into the crust during the Paleocene magmatic phase that affected the Mediterranean region. In addition, fluid accumulation and overpressure may occur along detachment levels in the lower crust, leading to clustering of the earthquakes. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that the presence of hydrous diapiric upwelling(s) in the upper mantle can feed a deep fluid circulation system, inducing lower crustal seismicity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103929
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Lower crust ; Rheology ; Seismology ; Geotherm ; Numerical modeling ; Gargano Promontory (southern Italy)
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    SISMIKO: INGV operational task force for rapid deployment of seismic network during earthquake emergencies (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-23
    Description: The National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia), is an italian public research institute established in 1999. Since its inception, the mission of INGV included seismic surveillance and earthquake monitoring in Italy. INGV is part of the Civil Defence system (Margheriti et al., 2021). INGV has offices in different parts of Italy and operates the Italian National Seismic Network (Rete Sismica Nazionale—RSN; INGV Seismological Data Centre, 2006) and other networks at national scale (Michelini et al., 2017). INGV also operates a temporary seismic network infrastructure, a pool of instruments used to densify seismic networks for scientific experiments or in response to damaging earthquakes and to increase monitoring capabilities during seismic sequences. SISMIKO is the operational task force of INGV whose core purpose is to rapidly deploy temporary seismic stations in response to moderate—large magnitude earthquakes or in areas where a seismic sequence is causing concerns and/or scientific interest (Moretti et al., 2016). By reducing the spatial distance between the seismic stations, temporary deployments can improve the RSN detection capability and the accuracy of the earthquake locations. SISMIKO was established in 2015 by Lucia Margheriti and Milena Moretti, so they became responsible for INGV emergency deployments of the temporary networks. SISMIKO involves INGV technicians and researchers from all over Italy, from Milano to Catania (see acknowledgments), grouped together by common interest technical and scientific issues. SISMIKO coordinates all INGV groups working on seismic emergencies (Figure 1). The data acquired by the SISMIKO temporary networks, are made available to the scientific community, without any restrictions, via italian node of the European Integrated Data Archive portal (EIDA1; Danecek et al., 2021). Datasets are archived in near real-time in the “Standard for the Exchange of Earthquake Data (SEED)” format and have an associated Digital Object Identifier (DOI). The data are used for monitoring, surveillance and for scientific research. Since its establishment, SISMIKO has installed seven temporary seismic networks, including the one used to monitor the 2016–2018 seismic sequence in central Italy (Moretti et al., 2016). The most recent activations of SISMIKO were in May and November 2022: Chianti-Fiorentino (Piccinini et al., 2022; 2023) and North Marche coast (D’Alema et al., 2022b), respectively. The following section briefly describes the history of the INGV emergency mobile network.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1146579
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: SISMIKO ; Seismic emergency ; Temporary seismic network ; Real time transmission ; Seismology ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Seismicity catalogue for the Eastern Alps (Swath-D) (2023)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-01
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We present a new, consistently processed seismicity catalogue for the Eastern and Southern Alps, based on the temporary dense Swath-D monitoring network. The final catalogue includes 6,053 earthquakes for the time period 2017-2019 and has a magnitude of completeness of −1.0ML. The smallest detected and located events have a magnitude of −1.7ML. Aimed at the low to moderate seismicity in the study region, we generated a multi-level, mostly automatic workflow which combines a priori information from local catalogues and waveform-based event detection, subsequent efficient GPU-based event search by template matching, P & S arrival time pick refinement and location in a regional 3-D velocity model. The resulting seismicity distribution generally confirms the previously identified main seismically active domains, but provides increased resolution of the fault activity at depth. In particular, the high number of small events additionally detected by the template search contributes to a more dense catalogue, providing an important basis for future geological and tectonic studies in this complex part of the Alpine orogen.
    Description: TableOfContents
    Description: Seismicity catalogue Python codes & metadata Seismicity cross-sections
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic Waveform Analysis ; Eastern Alps ; Earthquake ; Geophysics ; Template matching ; 4DMB ; 4D Mountain Building ; EARTH SCIENCE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE/INTENSITY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCES ; geophysics ; seismology ; surface processes ; tectonics
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 6
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    Forearc on-shore receiver functions, station subsurface models, and fitted slab model for Cascadia (North America) (2023)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-18
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication contains (i) a slab model of the Cascadia subduction zone, derived from receiver functions, parameterized as depth to the three interfaces: t (top), c (central) and m (Moho), in NetCDF format; (ii) the station measurements of all parameters in the model in tabular and Raysum model file format; (iii) the raw receiver functions in SAC format; and (iv) auxiliary scripts for loading and plotting the data. A total of 45,601 individual receiver functions recorded at 298 seismic stations distributed across the Cascadia forearc contributed to the slab model. For each station, 100 s recordings symmetric about the P -wave arrival (i.e. 50 s noise and 50 s signal) of earthquakes with magnitudes between 5.5 and 8, in the distance range between 30 and 100 degree, were downloaded from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) data center, the Northern California Earthquake Data Center (NCEDC), and the Natural Resources Canada Data Center (NRCAN). After quality control, radial and transverse receiver functions were computed through frequency-domain simultaneous deconvolution, with an optimal damping factor found through generalized cross validation. The continental forearc and subducting slab were parameterized as three layers over a mantle half-space, with the subduction stratigraphy bounding interfaces labeled as t (top), c (central) and m (Moho). Synthetic receiver functions were calculated through ray-theoretical modeling of plane-wave scattering at the model interfaces. The thickness, S -wave velocity (VS) and P - to S -wave velocity ratio (VP/VS) of each layer, as well as the common strike and dip of the bottom two layers and the top of the half space (in total 11 parameters) were optimized simultaneously through a simulated annealing global parameter search scheme. The misfit was defined as the anti-correlation (1 minus the cross-correlation coefficient) between the observed and predicted receiver functions, bandpass filtered between 2 and 20 s period duration. In total, 171, 143 and 137 quality A nodes were determined to constrain the t, c and m interfaces, respectively. At the trench, 105 nodes at 3 km below the local bathymetry were inserted to constrain the t and c interfaces, and at 6.5 km deeper to constrain the m interface, representing typical sediment and igneous crustal thicknesses. A spline surface was fitted to these nodes to yield margin-wide depth models. The spline coefficients were found using singular value decomposition, with the nominal depth uncertainties supplied as weights. The solution was damped by retaining the 116, 117, and 116 largest singular values for the t, c and m interfaces, respectively, based on analysis of L-curves and the Akaike information criterion. The data set is the supplemental material to Bloch, W., Bostock, M. G., Audet, P. (2023) A Cascadia Slab Model from Receiver Functions. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems.
    Keywords: Seismology ; Cascadia ; North America ; Reveiver Functions ; Subduction ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; lithosphere ; The Present
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  • 7
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    Understanding Micropolar Theory in the Earth Sciences II: The Seismic Moment Tensor (2021)
    Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: Seismic events produced by block rotations about vertical axis occur in many geodynamic contexts. In this study, we show that these rotations can be accounted for using the proper theory, namely micropolar theory, and a new asymmetric moment tensor can be derived. We then apply this new theory to the Kaikōura earthquake (2016/11/14), Mw 7.8, one of the most complex earthquakes ever recorded with modern instrumental techniques. Using advanced numerical techniques, we compute synthetic seismograms including a full asymmetric moment tensor and we show that it induces measurable differences in the waveforms proving that seismic data can record the effects of the block rotations observed in the field. Therefore, the theory developed in this work provides a full framework for future dynamic source inversions of asymmetric moment tensors.
    Description: Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (1056)
    Keywords: ddc:551.22 ; Seismology ; asymmetric moment tensor ; micropolar theory ; Kaikōura earthquake
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Imaging seismic wave-fields with AlpArray and neighboring European networks (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: The AlpArray experiment and the deployment of Swath-D together with the dense permanent network in Italy allow for detailed imaging of the spatio-temporal imaging complexity of seismic wave-fields within the greater Alpine region. The distance of any point within the area to the nearest station is less than 30 km, resulting in an average inter-station distance of about 45 km. With a much denser deployment in a smaller region of the Alps (320 km in length and 140 km wide), the Swath-D network possesses an average inter-station distance of about 15 km. We show that seismogram sections with a spatial sampling of less than 5 km can be obtained using recordings of these regional arrays for just a single event. Multiply reflected body waves can be observed for up to 2 h after source time. In addition, we provide and describe animations of long-period seismic wave-fields using recordings of about 1300–1600 broadband stations for six representative earthquakes. These illustrate the considerable spatio-temporal variability of the wave-field’s properties at a high lateral resolution. Within denser station distributions like those provided by Swath-D, even shorter period body and surface wave features can be recovered. The decrease of the horizontal wavelength from P to S to surface waves, deviations from spherically symmetric wavefronts, and the capability to detect multi-orbit arrivals are demonstrated qualitatively by the presented wave-field animations, which are a valuable tool for educational, quality control, and research purposes. We note that the information content of the acquired datasets can only be adequately explored by application of appropriate quantitative methods accounting for the considerable complexity of the seismic wave-fields as revealed by the now available station configuration.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (3094)
    Keywords: ddc:551.22 ; Seismology ; Wave-fields ; Animations ; Alps ; AlpArray ; Swath-D
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Seismological profile across Longmenshan Fault - LONGMEN-P (2018-2020) (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-23
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The main aim of this project is to investigate the crustal and mantle structure beneath the Longmenshan fault zone in China, based on a very dense passive seismology profile. The Longmenshan fault zone hosted the Wenchuan earthquake of May 2008 with a magnitude (Mw) of 7.9 and the Lushan earthquake of June 2013 with a magnitude (Mw) of 6.6. It is planned to mainly use the receiver-function method, to investigate the crustal and mantle structure beneath the Longmenshan fault zone. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data center, under network code 4O, and are embargoed until February 2024.
    Keywords: Broadband seismic waveforms ; Seismology ; temporary local seismic experiment ; Earthquake ; Receiver functions ; Crustal and mantle structure ; China ; Monitoring system ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Magnetic/Motion Sensors 〉 Seismometers ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS 〉 SEISMOLOGICAL STATIONS
    Type: Dataset , Seismic Network
    Format: ~1T
    Format: .mseed
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  • 10
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    Dataset of the 3P seismic network at the Theistareykir geothermal area, Iceland, 2017-2021 (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Continuous passive seismic monitoring is carried out between September 2017 and December 2021 around the Theistareykir geothermal area located at the intersection between the active Northern Rift Zone and the active Tjörnes Fracture Zone in NE Iceland. This experiment, in addition to an extensive gravimetric monitoring survey, was conducted in the framework of the MicroGraviMoTiS project for a better understanding of the structures and behavior of the local geothermal system under exploitation and for further development of local and regional geothermal resources. 14 broadband stations (Trillium C-120s) recording at 200 Hz comprise the temporary network, that is installed to complement stations of the national seismological network of IMO and stations of Landsvirkjun, the National Power Company of Iceland. The stations were placed in and around the producing zone to primarily retrieve local natural and/or induced seismicity associated to the injection and production operations. The retrieved seismic data is also used for obtaining a representative 1D velocity model of the region, for computing a seismic ambient noise tomography, and for monitoring the system using coda wave interferometry techniques. Funding for this project is provided by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (MicroGraviMoTiS , BMBF, grant: 03G0858A), the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences and Landsvirkjun. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data center, under network code 3P, and are embargoed until December 2025.
    Keywords: Broadband seismic waveforms ; Seismology ; temporary local seismic experiment ; Monitoring system ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Magnetic/Motion Sensors 〉 Seismometers ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS 〉 SEISMOLOGICAL STATIONS ; Passive seismic ; Seismometers ; Velocity ; MiniSEED ; GIPP ; MESI ; Volcano
    Type: Dataset , Seismic Network
    Format: 783GB
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  • 11
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    Frontiers in Chemistry: Rising Stars (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team are delighted to present the inaugural “Frontiers in Chemistry: Rising Stars” article collection, showcasing the high-quality work of internationally recognized researchers in the early stages of their independent careers. All Rising Star researchers featured within this collection were individually nominated by the Journal’s Chief Editors in recognition of their potential to influence the future directions in their respective fields. The work presented here highlights the diversity of research performed across the entire breadth of the chemical sciences, and presents advances in theory, experiment and methodology with applications to compelling problems. This Editorial features the corresponding author(s) of each paper published within this important collection, ordered by section alphabetically, highlighting them as the great researchers of the future. The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team would like to thank each researcher who contributed their work to this collection. We would also like to personally thank our Chief Editors for their exemplary leadership of this article collection; their strong support and passion for this important, community-driven collection has ensured its success and global impact.
    Keywords: Green and Sustainable Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry ; Theoretical and Computational Chemistry ; Polymer Chemistry ; Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry ; Nanoscience ; Catalysis and Photocatalysis ; Supramolecular Chemistry ; Electrochemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry ; Chemical Biology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Environmental Democracy at the Global Level: Rights and Duties for a New Citizenship (2021)
    De Gruyter
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Giulia Parola’s Environmental Democracy at the Global Level: Rights and Duties for a New Citizenship can be seen as a manifesto that is both traditional and revolutionary at the same time. It calls for the construction of a new civilisation centred on the environment, while drawing on the traditional notions of democratic government. It adopts an approach that is focused on the power of individuals rather than governments, as ways to protect and improve the environment. It proposes that environmental rights and ecological duties are self-evident and inalienable, and should be treated as the cornerstones of a new democracy. Parola’s book is a thought provoking and intriguing work that will be of interest to scholars of environmental studies as well as to legal practitioners and non-specialists. Giulia Parola has studied Environmental Law at the University of Torino, at the University of René Descartes in Paris, (where she obtained PhD in Public Law) and at the University of Iceland ( LLM in Natural Resources Law and International Environmental Law). In 2011, she was appointed by the University of Laval (Canada, Quebec) as a researcher and a lecturer in Environmental Law.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; K ; International Law ; Materials Science ; Industrial Chemistry ; Law ; Comparative Law ; Foreign Law ; Environment ; Natural Sciences ; German Civil Code ; Pollution Control ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Disposable Bioprocessing Systems (2021)
    Taylor & Francis | CRC Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: Because of many misconceptions, the biological drug manufacturing industry does not fully utilize disposable components, despite their wide availability. These misconceptions include concerns for the quality of materials, running costs, scalability, the level of automation possible, and the training of staff needed to include these components in existing bioprocessing systems. Not fully realizing the long-term benefits, many manufacturers are unwilling to discard investments made in fixed equipment and traditional stainless steel systems. Regulatory and environmental concerns, however, will eventually compel manufacturers to adopt disposable systems. Making a strong case for disposables, Disposable Bioprocessing Systems demonstrates the true potential of these systems. Written by a researcher and professor with hands-on experience in designing, establishing, and validating biological manufacturing facilities worldwide, and creating model facilities using maximum disposable technology, this book is the first comprehensive introduction to understanding disposable systems. It gives an overview of the current state of the disposable bioprocessing industry, resolves all controversial issues, and guides readers in choosing disposable components that meet their needs. An important chapter on safety addresses facts and myths about the use of plastics and elastomers—including the issue of leaching—and how to ensure regulatory compliance. Helping readers understand their choices, the book describes the equipment and systems available to prepare the starting materials for the manufacturing of biological drugs—from disposable containers to filters. The author also discusses costs, regulations, and concerns about waste disposal, and shares his predictions for the future of the disposable bioprocessing industry. A practical manual for those interested in the transition to disposable systems, this book will also interest students of bioprocessing. It offers a timely view of disposable bioprocessing technology as a "game changer" that will facilitate developing new drugs and conducting research in the emerging field of stem cells and gene therapy.
    Keywords: Biotechnology ; Pharmaceutical Science ; Industrial Chemistry ; PHARMACEUTICAL ; BIOSCIENCE ; CHEMLIB ; SCI-TECH ; BIOMEDICALSCIENCE ; CHEMICALENGINEERING ; STM ; bags ; bioreactors ; cleaning ; disposal ; downstream ; single ; stainless ; steel ; use ; validation ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKG Pharmacology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MQ Nursing and ancillary services::MQW Biomedical engineering
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Unit Operations of Particulate Solids (2021)
    Taylor & Francis | CRC Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Suitable for practicing engineers and engineers in training, this book covers the most important operations involving particulate solids. Through clear explanations of theoretical principles and practical laboratory exercises, the text provides an understanding of the behavior of powders and pulverized systems. It also helps readers develop skills for operating, optimizing, and innovating particle processing technologies and machinery in order to carry out industrial operations. The author explores common bulk solids processing operations, including milling, agglomeration, fluidization, mixing, and solid-fluid separation.
    Keywords: Industrial Chemistry ; Food Chemistry ; FOOD ; CHEMLIB ; SCI-TECH ; CHEMICALENGINEERING ; CHEMISTRY ; STM ; bed ; distribution ; fluidized ; industry ; mass ; material ; particle-size ; processing ; technology ; transfer ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering::TDCT Food and beverage technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Chapter 13 Modelling Seismic Wave Propagation for Geophysical Imaging (2021)
    InTechOpen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The Earth is an heterogeneous complex media from the mineral composition scale (10−6m) to the global scale ( 106m). The reconstruction of its structure is a quite challenging problem because sampling methodologies are mainly indirect as potential methods (Günther et al., 2006; Rücker et al., 2006), diffusive methods (Cognon, 1971; Druskin & Knizhnerman, 1988; Goldman & Stover, 1983; Hohmann, 1988; Kuo & Cho, 1980; Oristaglio & Hohmann, 1984) or propagation methods (Alterman & Karal, 1968; Bolt & Smith, 1976; Dablain, 1986; Kelly et al., 1976; Levander, 1988; Marfurt, 1984; Virieux, 1986). Seismic waves belong to the last category. We shall concentrate in this chapter on the forward problem which will be at the heart of any inverse problem for imaging the Earth. The forward problem is dedicated to the estimation of seismic wavefields when one knows the medium properties while the inverse problem is devoted to the estimation of medium properties from recorded seismic wavefields.
    Keywords: seismic wave ; geophysical imaging ; seismic wave ; geophysical imaging ; Boundary value problem ; Finite element method ; Free surface ; Frequency domain ; Seismology ; Time domain ; Velocity ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    Are foreshocks distinctive? Evidence from the 1966 Parkfield and the 1975 Oroville, California sequences (1979)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Washington D.C., Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 1027-1038, pp. L09611
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Fore-shocks ; Earthquake ; Discrimination ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Spectrum ; Corner frequency ; Seismology ; Body waves ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 17
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    Subduction of the Nazca plate beneath Peru: Evidence from spatial distribution of earthquakes (1979)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Warszawa, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 537-555, pp. 2121
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Subduction zone ; Seismicity ; Seismology ; South ; America ; GJRaS
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  • 18
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    Attenuation of P and S waves diffracted around the core (1979)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., London, Elsevier, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 353-379, pp. 2083, (ISBN 1-86239-117-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: earth mantle ; Seismology ; P-waves ; Shear waves ; Q-structure ; Quality factor ; GJRaS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 19
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    P and S waves diffracted around the core and the velocity structure at the base of the mantle (1979)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., London, Elsevier, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 381-395, pp. 2083, (ISBN 1-86239-117-3)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: earth mantle ; Seismology ; P-waves ; Shear waves ; Q-structure ; Quality factor ; GJRaS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 20
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    New Zealand and Antarctic seismology (1979)
    In:  Earthquake Information Bulletin, Münster, Amer. Sc., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 170-174, pp. 1228, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Review article ; Project report/description
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 21
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    A moment magnitude scale (1979)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 84, no. 7055, pp. 2348-2350, pp. B05S07, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Magnitude ; Source parameters ; seismic Moment ; Statistical investigations ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 22
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    A semi-empirical approach to prediction of long-period ground motions from great earthquakes (1979)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 1645-1670, pp. 2265, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Strong motions ; BSSA
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  • 23
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    A review of the 1356 Basel earthquake: Basic data (1979)
    In:  Tectonophys., Bonn, 3-4, vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 325-333, pp. L10306, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earthquake
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  • 24
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    The deep structure of the continents (1979)
    In:  Sci. Am., Reykjavík, Icelandic Meteorological Office, Ministry for the Environment University of Iceland, vol. 240 , no. 1, pp. 92-107, pp. TC1011, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Lithosphere ; earth mantle ; SciAm
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 25
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    A modified form of the Gutenberg-Richter magnitude-frequency relation (1979)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Kunming, China, 4, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 1209-1214, pp. L13613, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Magnitude ; Seismology ; Seismicity ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 26
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    Magnitude corrections for attenuation in the upper mantle (1979)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Zagreb, 3-4, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 609-638, pp. B06305, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Attenuation ; Inelastic ; Magnitude ; GJRaS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 27
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    Shear velocity structure in the eastern United States from the inversion of surface-wave group and phase velocities (1979)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 1133-1148, pp. L09610, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Shear waves ; Surface waves ; Phase velocity ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 28
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    Seismic source theory (1979)
    In:  Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., San Francisco, Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. 17, no. B10, pp. 328-336, pp. B10404, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Source ; Seismology ; Review article
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  • 29
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    Structure under Mount Rainier, Washington, inferred from teleseismic body waves (1979)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Basel, Elsevier Science Publishers, vol. 84, no. B9, pp. 4749-4762, pp. L15S20, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Teleseismic events ; Seismology ; Volcanology ; Velocity depth profile ; USA ; Geol. aspects ; Body waves ; JGR
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  • 30
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    Comment on "Dispersion function computations for unlimited frequency values" by Anas Abo Zena (1979)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Hannover, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 315-323, pp. L24314, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Dispersion ; Frequency ; Seismology ; GJRaS
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  • 31
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    Observations of sPn from Swabian Alb earthquakes at the GRF-Array (1979)
    In:  J. Geophys., Würzburg, Physica-Verlag, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 337-340, pp. L24313, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: P-waves ; Seismic arrays ; Seismology ; ConvolutionR
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  • 32
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    On the relation between seismic moment and stress drop in the presence of stress and strength heterogeneity (1979)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., San Francisco, Pergamon, vol. 84, no. B5, pp. 2243-2250, pp. B05315, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: seismic Moment ; Stress drop ; Stress ; Strength ; Seismology ; Modelling ; Source parameters ; Inhomogeneity ; JGR
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  • 33
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    Magnitude corrections for attenuation in the upper mantle (1979)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Zagreb, 3-4, vol. 57, no. 5372, pp. 609-638, pp. B06305, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Attenuation ; Magnitude ; Nuclear explosion ; GJRaS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 34
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    Studies of seismicity and selected focal mechanisms in Switzerland (1979)
    In:  Schweiz. mineral. petrogr. Mitt., Bonn, 3-4, vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 127-132, pp. L10306, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Seismology ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; Muller
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  • 35
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    Observations relevant to seismic driving stress, stress drop, and efficiency (1979)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., New York, August, vol. 84, no. 3-4, pp. 2251-2261, pp. 1610, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Stress ; Stress drop ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; Source parameters ; JGR
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  • 36
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    An integral equation for dynamic elastic response of an isolated 3-D crack (1979)
    In:  Wave Motion, Tulsa, 3-4, vol. 1, no. 13, pp. 187-192, pp. B10303, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Dislocation ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Seismology
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  • 37
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    Aleutian subduction zone seismicity, volcano-trench separation, and their relation to great thrust-type earthquakes (1979)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., London, Army Corps of Engineers, Woodward-Clyde Consultants, vol. 84, no. 5, pp. 4583-4591, pp. 1013, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Subduction zone ; Seismology ; Seismicity ; Volcanology ; JGR
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  • 38
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    On the relation between Modified Mercalli intensity and body-wave magnitude (1979)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 893-909, pp. L11307, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Intensity ; Magnitude ; BSSA ; body wave Magnitude
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  • 39
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    On the observability of isotropic seismic sources: the July 31, 1970 Colombian earthquake (1979)
    In:  Phys. Earth Plan. Interiors, Kyoto, AGU, vol. 18, no. B1, pp. 176-196, pp. L24302, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earthquake ; PEPI
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  • 40
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    An in situ velocity study: the Stone Canyon well (1979)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Berlin, Pergamon, vol. 84, no. B2, pp. 672-678, pp. B04306, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Velocity ; Seismology ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake precursor: Vp/Vs anomalies ; JGR ; Body waves
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  • 41
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    Seismic signal detection and parameter estimation (1979)
    In:  Geophys. Prosp., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 1-15, pp. 1068, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Detectors ; Seismology ; Statistical investigations ; CoherencyE
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  • 42
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    Elastic Waves in the Earth (1979)
    Elsevier
    In:  Amsterdam, 490 pp., Elsevier, vol. 11, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 127, (3-540-43395-3)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Textbook of geophysics
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  • 43
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    Dispersion function computations for unlimited frequency values (1979)
    In:  Geophys. J., vol. 58, no. B11, pp. 91-105
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Layers ; Dispersion ; Frequency ; Synthetic seismograms
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  • 44
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    Determination of geometric and dynamic focal parameters for some strong intermediate earthquakes in the Vrancea region (1979)
    In:  Rev. Roum. Géol., Géophys. et Géogr. - Géophysique, Münster, 3, vol. 23, no. 3-4, pp. 39-49, pp. L12311, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Source parameters ; Seismology ; EUROPROBE (Geol. and Geophys. in eastern Europe)
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  • 45
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    Travel time inversion: A geometrical approach (1979)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Berlin, Inst. Electrical & Electronics Engineers, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 3615-3622, pp. B04307, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Travel time ; Inversion ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Seismology ; JGR
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  • 46
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    Instantaneous power spectra (1979)
    Naval Ocean Systems Center
    In:  report, San Diego, Naval Ocean Systems Center, vol. 1, no. paper SPWLA 90-C, pp. M1-M4, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Power spectrum ; Spectrum
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  • 47
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    Spektralanalyse seismischer Wellen zur Beschreibung des Scherbruches bei den Erdbeben in Friaul (1979)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Univ. Stuttgart
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Granada, 10-12 June 1999, Inst. f. Geophys., Univ. Stuttgart, vol. 339-350, no. 32, pp. 103-108, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Spectral analysis ; Spectrum ; Earthquake ; Seismology ; Fracture
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  • 48
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    Numerical modeling of transient wave fields in seismology and seismic prospecting (1979)
    In:  Preprint, Novosibirsk, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, no. AFGL-TR-87-0230, pp. 103-155
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Modelling ; Seismology ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Wave propagation
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  • 49
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    Dynamic Green's functions for layered media and application to boundary-value problem (1979)
    Univ. Calif.
    In:  Ph.D. Thesis, San Diego, Univ. Calif., vol. 11, no. PEER Utilities Pgm. Rep. 2000/17, 24 pp., pp. 207
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Modelling ; Layers ; Synthetic seismograms ; Seismology
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  • 50
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    Geologische Erdbebenphänomene im Gefolge von Nuklear- und Molecularexplosionen (1979)
    Forschungsinstitut für militärische Bautechnik
    In:  report, Zürich, Forschungsinstitut für militärische Bautechnik, vol. 10, no. FMB 79.10, pp. 2985-3018
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Nuclear explosion ; Seismology ; Buechi ; Buchi
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  • 51
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    Eine anormale Geschwindigkeitsstruktur im oberen Erdmantel unter den Ostalpen, abgeleitet aus teleseismischen Laufzeit Residuen der Stationen Schlegeis und Gräfenberg (1979)
    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
    In:  Diplomarbeit, München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, vol. 10, no. 28, pp. 309-314
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Teleseismic events ; Velocity analysis ; earth mantle ; Seismology ; Bruestle ; Brustle
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  • 52
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    Fault plane solutions using relative amplitudes of P and surface reflections: further studies (1979)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Basle, Wiley, vol. 60, no. 5441, pp. 459-487, pp. 1264, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Source ; Seismology ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; GJRaS
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  • 53
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    Die Anwendung von Vorhersagefiltern zur Ereigniserkennung bei digitalen Breitbandseismogrammen (1979)
    Bundesanstalt f. Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe
    In:  Hannover, Bundesanstalt f. Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, vol. 25, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 95-104, (ISBN: 0-08-043930-6)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Detectors ; Filter- ; Broad-band
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  • 54
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    Erdbeben (1979)
    Hallwag
    In:  Stuttgart, Hallwag, vol. 30, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 95-104, (ISBN 0-865-42078-5)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Seismology ; Textbook of geophysics
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  • 55
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    CEDAR: An approach to the computer automation of short period local seismic networks (1979)
    Caltech
    In:  Ph.D. Thesis, Pasadena, CA., Caltech, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. PL-TR-91-2212(I), pp. 79-84, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Detectors ; sta ; Seismology ; Seismic networks ; High frequency ...
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  • 56
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    A first order scattering solution for modeling elastic wave codas. Part 1. The acoustic case (1979)
    In:  Preprint, Beijing, Halliburton Logging Services, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. PL-TR-91-2212(II), pp. 938-939, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Scattering ; Coda (waves, ~ of seismograms) ; Wave propagation ; Acoustics
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  • 57
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    Die Bestimmung der seismischen Wellenenergie im Zeitbereich unter Verwendung der digitalen Registrierungen des Seismologischen Zentralobservatoriums Gräfenberg (1979)
    Inst. f. Meteorol. und Geophys., Goethe Univ. Frankfurt
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Roma, Inst. f. Meteorol. und Geophys., Goethe Univ. Frankfurt, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 78 (?), pp. 193-210, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic arrays ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Energy (of earthquakes)
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  • 58
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    Deep structure of the Earth's crust and upper mantle in the USSR according to geophysical and seismological data (1979)
    Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
    In:  rept., Livermore, Calif., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, vol. 10, no. UCID-18099, pp. 1358-1361, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Review article ; Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; CRUST ; earth mantle ; Seismology ; EUROPROBE (Geol. and Geophys. in eastern Europe)
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  • 59
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    Crustal structure of the western United States (1979)
    U. S. Geol. Surv.
    In:  Prof. Paper, Menlo Park, California, U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. 1034, no. 77-3, pp. 1-74, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; Velocity depth profile ; USGS ; USA ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Seismology
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  • 60
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    Surface wave focal mechanisms for eastern North American earthquakes with tectonic implications (1979)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Zagreb, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 3543-3552, pp. L02307, (ISSN 0343-5164)
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    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; Surface waves ; Tectonics ; Source ; JGR
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  • 61
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    SH-wave generation by dislocation sources - A numerical study (1979)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Zagreb, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 1-15, pp. L02307, (ISSN 0343-5164)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Dislocation ; SH waves ; Source ; BSSA
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  • 62
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    Determination of the seismic design parameters: a stochastic approach (1979)
    Stanford University, California
    In:  Ph.D. Thesis, La Jolla, CA, Stanford University, California, vol. 1034, no. 77-767, pp. 293-297, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic networks ; Seismic arrays ; Statistical investigations
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    HYPOELLIPSE - A computer program for determining local earthquake hypocentral parameters, magnitude, and first motion pattern (1979)
    U. S. Geol. Surv.
    In:  Open-File Report, Houston, U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 79-431, pp. 1-57, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Source parameters ; Seismology ; Magnitude ; Hypocentral depth ; Location ; software ; USGS
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    Manual of seismological observatory practice (1979)
    NOAA, U. S. Department of Commerce
    In:  report, Houston, NOAA, U. S. Department of Commerce, vol. 10, no. SE-20, pp. 206-209, (ISBN 0 08 042822 3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Handbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Instruments ; BIBTEX?
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    Eine Verbesserung von Alsops Methode zur Bestimmung der Reflexions- und Transmissionskoeffizienten von Oberflächenwellen (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 1045-1049 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Surface waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Alsop's method (1966) for the non-normal passage of surface waves through a vertical discontinuity is improved by using a new functional to be made stationary on the plane of discontinuity. The modified functional has the dimension of an energy flux and is characterized by the discontinuous surface wave displacements and stresses on the vertical discontinuity. Model calculations which were carried out for SV-waves and Love waves show that the new version of Alsop's method yields in all respects more consistent results than the old one.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Methode von Alsop (1966) für den Durchgang von schräg einfallenden Oberflächenwellen durch eine vertikale Diskontinuität wird durch Verwendung eines neuen Funktionals, das auf der Diskontinuitätsfläche stationär sein soll, verbessert Das modifizierte Funktional hat die Dimension eines Energieflusses und wird durch diejenige Spannungs- und Verschiebungsdiskontinuität charakterisiert, die durch das Oberflächenwellenfeld auf der Diskontinuitätsfläche erzeugt wird. Modellrechnungen für SV-Wellen und Lovewellen zeigen, daß die neue Version von Alsoos Verfahren in jeder Hinsicht konsistentere Ergebnisse als die bisherige liefert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876084
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    Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane aus Tricyclo[3.1.0.02,6]hexanen (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 2012-2021 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes from Tricyclo[3.1.0.02,6]hexanesThe novel tricyclo[3.1.0.02,6]hexane derivatives 3 and 4, being fused with a fife- and a sixmembered ring respectively, are prepared from benzvalene in several steps. They and their lower homologues 1 and 2, having a three- and fourmembered ring respectively, add thiophenol under conditions of a radical reaction to form smoothly one cyclobutylphenyl thioether (16-19) in each case. Therefrom the parent hydrocarbons (5-8) which contain the bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane skeleton, are obtained by means of reduction with lithium in ethylamine.
    Notes: Ausgehend von Benzvalen werden in mehreren Stufen die neuen Tricyclo[3.1.0.02,6]hexan-Derivate 3 und 4 mit anelliertem Fünf- bzw. Sechsring dargestellt. Sie und ihre niedrigeren Homologen 1 und 2 mit Drei- bzw. Vierring nehmen unter Bedingungen einer Radikalreaktion Thiophenol auf, wobei glatt jeweils ein Cyclobutylphenylthioether (16-19) gebildet wird. Mit Lithium in Ethylamin sind aus 16-19 die tricyclischen Stammkohlenwasserstoffe mit dem Bicyclo[2.1.1 ]hexan-Gerüst (5-8) erhältlich.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120611
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    Der Einfluß anellierter Ringe auf die 13C-NMR-chemischen Verschiebungen von Tricyclo[3.1.0.02,6]hexan- und Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexan-Derivaten (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 2022-2027 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Influence of Fused Rings on the 13C Shieldings of Tricyclo[3.1.0.02,6]hexane and Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane DerivativesThe 13C shieldings of the tricyclo[3.1.0.02,6]hexane derivatives 2-5 and of the bicyclo[2.1.1]-hexane derivatives 7-10 and 12-15 show a strong dependence on the size of the fused rings. Especially the γ-anti-effects, which cause downfield shifts, and the γ-syn-effects of these rings, which result in upfield shifts, are subject to unexpected variations.
    Notes: Die 13C-chemischen Verschiebungen der Tricyclo[3.1.0.02,6]hexan-Derivate 2-5 und der Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexan-Derivate 7-10 und 12-15 zeigen eine starke Abhängigkeit von der Größe der anellierten Ringe. Insbesondere die nach tieferem Feld gerichteten γ-anti-Effekte und die nach höherem Feld gerichteten γ-syn-Effekte dieser Ringe unterliegen unerwarteten Variationen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120612
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    Reaktionen an Indolderivaten, XXXIX. Stereoselektive Totalsynthese von Eburnamonin, Eburnamin und Eburnamenin (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1902-1912 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Indole Derivatives, XXXIX. A Stereoselective Synthesis of Eburnamonine, Eburnamine, and EburnamenineStudies on the five-membered lactams 1 and 2 disclose a stereoselective access to eburnamonin-19-one (22). This substance is easily transformed into eburnamonine (25), eburnamine (30), and eburnamenine.
    Notes: Das Studium der 5-Ring-Lactame 1 und 2 eröffnet einen stereoselektiven Zugang zum Eburnamonin-19-on (22). Diese Substanz läßt sich auf einfache Weise in die drei Alkaloide Eburnamonin (25), Eburnamin (30) und Ehurnamenin überführen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120541
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    En-Reaktionen mit Cyanthioformaniliden (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1916-1918 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ene Reactions with CyanothioformanilidesCyanothioformanilides 3 react with methylenecyclohexane (1) and β-pinene (2) in boiling toluene to yield the adducts 4 and 5, resp., according to the mechanistic scheme of an ene reaction.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120543
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    Masthead (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120601
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    Synthesis of new chiral hydrocarbons (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1919-1922 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthese von neuen chiralen KohlenwasserstoffenUnsymmetrisches Anheften einer aliphatischen (CH2)n-Brücke an ein an sich achirales aromatisches System führt zu starren chiralen Kohlenwasserstoffen des Typs 2; die Enantiomeren 2 a konnten mit Hilfe von TAPA angereichert werden. Die Racemisierungskinetik wurde polarimetrisch bestimmt: ΔG≠20 = 93.6 kJ · mol-1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120544
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    Pheromone, XXIV. Notiz zur Synthese der Sexuallockstoffe (Z)-7-Dodecenylacetat und (Z)-7-Tetradecenylacetat (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1923-1925 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pheromones, XXIV. Synthesis of the Sex Attractants (Z)-7-Dodecenyl Acetate and (Z)-7-Tetradecenyl Acetate(Z)-7-Dodecenyl acetate, the female sex pheromone of the Noctuid moth Trichoplusia ni, and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate, the sex attractant of Amathes c-nigrum (Lepidoptera), are prepared by stereoselective Wittig olefination using the „silazide“ -technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120545
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    Dynamische NMR- Untersuchungen an (Di-tert-butylamino)arsanen und -stibanen (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1927-1933 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Dynamic NMR Studies of (Di-tert-butylamino)arsanes and -stibanesThe reaction of LiN[C(CH3)3]2 with AsX3 (X = F → Br). (CH3)3CAsCl2 and SbCl3 yields the di-tert-butylamino)arsanes 1a-c, 2 and dichloro(di-tert-butylamino)stibane (1d). LiN(CR3)-(SiR3), R=CH3and 1a-c form 3. The El — N torsional barriers of these compounds (measured by temperature dependent 1H-NMR spectroscopy) are compared with those of the (diisopropylamino)arsanes 4. and other related compounds. The influence of the N and El ligands with respect to the El — N torsional barrier is discussed. Thermolysis of 3c affords the di-tert-butylaminyl radical.
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von LiN[C(CH3)3]2 mit AsX3 (X = F → Br), (CH3)3CAsCl2 und SbCl3 erhält man die (Di-tert-butylamino)arsane 1a-c und 2 sowie Dichlor(di-tert-butylamino)stiban reagieren mit LiN(CR3)(SiR3), R=CH3 zu 3 weiter. Die durch temperaturabhängige 1 H-NMR-Messungen ermittelten El- N-Rotationsbarrieren dieser Verbindungen werden hinsichtlich des Ligandeneinflusses am N- El - Atom mit den (Diisopropylamino)arsanen 4. und verwandten Molekülen verglichen. 3c. ergibt bei der Thermolyse das Di-tert-butylaminyl-Radikal.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120602
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    Isocyanidkomplexe, I. Isocyanphosphane und -arsane als Komplexliganden (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1934-1940 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Isocyanide Complexes, I. Isocyanophosphanes and -arsanes as Ligands of ComplexesThe reaction of K[CpMn(CO)2CN] (Cp = η-C5H5) with PR2Cl (R=C2H5, OC2H5, C6H5) and As(C6H5)2Cl yields the complexes CpMn(CO)2CNPR2 (3a - c) and CpMn(CO)2CNAsPh2 (3d) with C-coordinated isocyanophosphanes and -arsanes. In the reaction of CpMn(CO)2CNPPh2 with CpMn(CO)2 THF or of K[CpMn(CO)2CN] with CpMn(CO)2PPh2Cl a complex with an isocyanophosphane bridge, {CpMn(CO)2}2(CNPPh2) (4), is obtained. The IR, NMR, and mass spectra of the compounds 3a-d and 4 are discussed.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von K[CpMn(CO)2CN] (Cp = η-C5H5) mit PR2Cl (R=C2H5, OC2H5, C6H5) und As(C6H5)2Cl entstehen die Komplexe CpMn(CO)2CNPR2 (3 a - c) und CpMn(CO)2CNAsPh2 (3d) mit C-gebundenen Isocyanphosphanen und -arsanen. Durch Reaktion von CpMn(CO)2CNPPh2 (3c) mit CpMn(CO)2 THF bzw. von K[CpMn(CO)2]CN mit CpMn(CO)2PPh2Cl erhält man den Komplex {CpMn(CO)2}2(CNPPh2) (4) mit einer Isocyanphosphan-Brücke. Die IR-, NMR- und Massenspektren der Verbindungen 3a-d und 4 werden diskutiert.
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    Barrieren der behinderten Rotation um die N-glycosidische Bindung, IV. 1-(β-D-Ribofuranosyl)isocyanursäuren (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1941-1947 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Barriers to Hindered Rotation Around the N-Glycosidic Bond, IV. 1-(βD-Ribofuranosyl) isocyanuric AcidsThe β-ribofuranosyl nucleosides 5a-c and 6b, c are synthesized. The temperature dependency of the 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra can only be interpreted as hindered rotation around the N-glycosidic bond2). The Gibbs activation energies (43-46 kJmol-1) are independent of acetylation of the OH groups of the furanose ring or restriction of its flexibility through formation of a 2′,3′-isopropylidene derivative, and are considerably lower than the corresponding data (about 69 kJmol-1) of the glucopyranosyl nucleosides 7b, c. The activation entropies are small. The results are interpreted.
    Notes: Es werden Synthesen der β-Ribofuranosylnucleoside 5a-c und 6b, c beschrieben. Die Temperaturabhängigkeiten der 1H-und 13C-NMR-Spektren lassen sich nur als Folge behinderter Rotation um die N-glycosidische Bindung deuten2) Die Gibbsschen Aktivierungsenergien (43-46 kJmol-1) sind unabhängig von einer Acetylierung der OH-Gruppen des Furanoseringes oder einer Einschränkung von dessen Flexibilität durch Bildung eines 2′,3′-Isopropylidenderivates und liegen erheblich tiefer als die entsprechenden Werte (um 69 kJmol-1) der Glucopyranosylnucleoside 7b, c. Die Aktivierungsentropien sind gering. Die Befunde werden gedeutet.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120604
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    Synthesen von α-Bromisothiocyanaten (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1948-1955 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses of α-BromoisothiocyanatesSecondary isothiocyanates (1j-q) and primary isothiocyanates R—CH2 - NCS with an activating group R (1f, g) react with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) to form α-bromoisothiocyanates 2 in high yields. The not activated primary isothiocyanate 1c slowly forms the stable α,α-dibromoisothiocyanate 10. In the presence of β-hydrogens some of the α-bromoisothiocyanates 2 eliminate HBr spontaneously, and secondary products may be formed. The α-bromination of isothiocyanates is a radical reaction following a Goldfinger mechanism.
    Notes: Sekundäre Isothiocyanate (1j-q) und primäre Isothiocyanate R-CH2 - NCS mit einer aktivierenden Gruppe R (1f, g) lassen sich mit N-Bromsuccinimid (NBS) in hohen Ausbeuten zu den α-Bromisothiocyanaten 2 bromieren. Das nicht aktivierte Isothiocyanat 1c reagiert langsam zum stabilen α,α-Dibromisothiocyanat 10. Bei Anwesenheit von β-Wasserstoffatomen spalten die α-Bromisothiocyanate 2 zum Teil spontan HBr ab, und es entstehen Folgeprodukte. Die α-Bromierung der Isothiocyanate erfolgt radikalisch nach einem Goldfinger-Mechanismus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120605
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    Reaktionen von α-Bromisothiocyanaten (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1956-1972 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of α-Bromoisothiocyanatesα-Bromoisothiocyanates 11.2) with a hydrogen in β-position eliminate HBr to form vinyl isothiocyanates (products 2, 3, 5). Water hydrolyzes 1 to carbonyl compounds (7a). Hard nucleophiles attack 1 at the α-C-atom with substitution of bromine (products 8-12), but soft nucleophiles add to the C-atom of the isothiocyanato group (products 14, 19). Compounds 1 react with bifunctional nucleophiles to heterocycles (e. g. products 16, 21). The chemical properties of the classes of compounds, part of which are new, e. g. the geminal diisothiocyanates 12, are examined. The alkylidene thiourea 14f shows hindered rotation around the amide-CS—N bond (ΔG≠394 = 82.8 kJmol-1) and around the C=N double bond (ΔG≠244 = 52.9 kJmol-1).
    Notes: α-Bromisothiocyanate 1 mit einem β-Wasserstoff spalten HBr zu Vinylisothiocyanaten ab (Produkte 2, 3, 5). Wasser hydrolysiert 1 zu Carbonylverbindungen (7a). Harte Nucleophile greifen 1 am α-C-Atom unter Substitution des Broms an (Produkte 8-12), weiche Nucleophile lagern sich dagegen an das C-Atom der Isothiocyanatgruppe an (Produkte 14, 19). Verbindungen 1 reagieren mit bifunktionellen Nucleophilen zu Heterocyclen (z. B. Produkte 16, 21). Die chemischen Eigenschaften der z. T. neuen Verbindungsklassen, z. B. der geminalen Diisothiocyanate 12, werden untersucht. Der Alkylidenthioharnstoff 14f zeigt behinderte Rotation um die Amid Cs—N-Bindung (ΔG≠394 = 82.8 kJmol-1) und um die C=N-Doppelbindung (ΔG≠244 = 52.9 kJmol-1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120606
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    Die Kristallstruktur von (η3-Allyl)dicarbonyl(triphenyl-phosphan)cobalt und sein dynamisches Verhalten in Lösung (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1973-1980 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Crystal Structure and the Fluxional Behaviour in Solution of (η3-Allyl)dicarbonyl(triphenyl-phosphane)cobalt[Co(η3-C3H5)(CO)2PPh3] (1) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with two molecules per unit cell. The crystal structure was solved and refined with X-ray diffraction data (R = 0.031, 2046 observed reflections). The cobalt atom has a distorted square pyramidal coordination with the formally bidentate η3-allyl ligand, the phosphane, and one carbonyl in the basal positions. According to the NMR spectra at temperatures down to 135 K, in solution there exists a fluxional equilibrium with the η3-allyl ligand oscillating between two enantiomeric positions.
    Notes: [Co(η3-C3H5)(CO)2PPh3] (1) kristallisiert triklin in der Raumgruppe P1 mit zwei Molekülen pro Elementarzelle. Die Kristallstruktur wurde mit Röntgenbeugungsdaten ermittelt und verfeinert (R = 0.031, 2046 beobachtete Reflexe). Das Cobaltatom ist verzerrt quadratisch-pyramidal koordiniert, mit dem formal zweizähnigen η3-Allylliganden, dem Phosphan und einem Carbonylliganden in der Pyramidenbasis. Nach den NMR-Spektren bei Temperaturen hinab bis 135 K liegt in Lösung ein dynamisches Gleichgewicht vor, bei dem die η3-Allylgruppe zwischen zwei enantiomeren Positionen fluktuiert.
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    Hydrazidine, III. Synthese von 1,2,4,5-Tetrazino [3,2-a]isoindolen (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1981-1990 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrazidines, III. Synthesis of 1,2,4,5-Tetrazino[3,2-a]isoindolesReaction of acetohydrazide hydrazone hydrochloride (1) with phthalaldehydic acid (5) yields 3-methyl-1,10b-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazino[3,2-a]isoindol-6(4H)-one (8), which affords 1,2,4,5-tetrazino[3,2-a]isoindol-6(4H)-one (9a) by mild oxidation. 9a is also obtained by the reaction of 1 with the phthalic acid derivatives 6a, 7a, and 7b. Starting with 9a, the 1,2,4,5-tetrazino[3,2-a]isoindoles 12-15 are synthesized. Interaction of 1 and 3-nitrophthalic anhydride (6b) yields two isomeric nitro-1,2,4,5-tetrazino[3,2-a]isoindol-6(4H)-ones (9b,c). Oxidation of 9a or b with KMnO4 in methanol affords the 1,2,4,5-tetrazino 17a, b. Mild Oxidation of 9a with KMnO4 in water/trichloromethane yields a dimer (20), which dissociates in nitromethane into the radical 19.
    Notes: Durch Reaktion von Acetohydrazid-hydrazon-hydrochlorid (1) mit Phthaladehydsäure (5) wird 3-Methyl-1, 10b-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazino[3,2-a]isoindol-6(4H)-on (8) erhalten das durch milde Oxidation in 3-Methyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazino[3,2-a]isoindol-6(4H)-on (9a) übergeführt wird. 9a entsteht auch aus 1 und den Phthalsäurederivaten 6a, 7a und 7b. Ausgehend von 9a werden die 1,2,4,5-Tetrazino[3,2-a]isoindole 12-15 synthetisiert. Aus 1 und 3-Nitrophthalsäureanhydrid (6b) werden zwei isomere Nitro-1,2,4,5-tetrazino[3,2-a]isoindol-6(4H)-one (9b, c) erhalten. Oxidation von 9a oder b mit KMnO 4 in Methanol ergibt die 1,2,4,5-Tetrazine 17a, b. Vorsichtige Oxidation von 9a mit KmnO4 in Wasser/Chloroform ergibt ein Dimeres (20), das in Nitromethan in das Radikal 19 dissoziiert.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Stereochemie der Metall-Metall-Bindung. Strukturvergleich der Komplexe Cr2(CO)8(AsMe2)2, CrFe(CO)7(AsMe2)2 und Fe2(CO)6(AsMe2)2 (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1991-1998 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereochemistry of the Metal-Metal Bond. Structural Comparison of the Complexes Cr2(CO)8(AsMe2)2, CrFe(CO)7(AsMe2)2, and Fe2(CO)6(AsMe2)2The molecular structures of the new complexes CFer2(CO)8(AsMe2)2 (1) and CrFe(CO)7(AsMe2)2 (2) were determined crystallographically, that of Fe2(CO)6(AsMe2)2 (3) was redetermined. In all three compounds the metal-metal bond lengths are determined by the goemetrical requirements of the ligands. The fact that the M2As2 framework is planar in 1 and strongly folded in 2 and 3 can also be explained by the steric demands of the ligands. Aspects of the fluxionality of these complexes are discussed.
    Notes: Die Molekülstrukturen der neuen Komplexe Cr2(CO)8(AsMe2)2 (1) und CrFe(CO)7(AsMe2)2 (2) wurden kristallographisch ermittelt, die von Fe2(CO)6(AsMe2)2 (3) wurde neu bestimmt. In allen drei Verbindungen sind die Metall-Metall-Bindungslängen durch die geometrischen Ansprüche der Liganden festgelegt. Auch die Tatsache, daß das M2As2-Gerüst in 1 eben und in 2 und 3 jeweils stark gefaltet ist, läßt sich auf den Raumbedarf der Liganden zurückführen. Aspekte der Fluktuation dieser Komplexe werden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120609
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    Untersuchungen an Stoffwechselprodukten von Mikroorganismen, XX. Die Konstitutionen der Pigmente vom Flexirubin-Typ aus Cytophaga johnsonae Cyjl (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1999-2011 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on Metabolites of Microorganisms, XX. The Structures of the Flexirubin-type Pigments from Cytophaga johnsonae CyjlCytophaga johnsonae Cy jl produces more than 25 different flexirubin-type pigments (2 a-h, 3 a-h, 4 a-h, 5) besides lower concentrations of carotenoids. These pigments could be separated using HPLC. Their structures have been elucidated. 5 is the first known member in this class of bacterial pigments containing two chlorine atoms.
    Notes: Das Gleitende Bakterium Cytophaga johnsonae Cy jl produziert neben wenig Carotinoiden mehr als 25 verschiedene Pigmente vom Flexirubin-Typ (2a-h, 3a-h, 4a-h, 5), deren Trennung u.a. durch Hochdruckflüssigchromatographie gelang. Über die Konstitutionen dieser Pigmente wird berichtet. Mit 5 wurde erstmals in dieser Verbindungsklasse ein dichlorhaltiges Pigment aufgefunden.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120610
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    Proton Magnetic Resonance Investigation of Inversion at Tervalent Nitrogen, 6. Preparative Separations of Enantiomeric Diaziridines by Liquid Chromatography on Triacetylcellulose. Racemizations Monitored by Polarimetry and by 1H NMR (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 2028-2038 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Protonenresonanz-Untersuchugen zur Inversion am dreibindigen Stickstoffatom, 6. Präparative Trennungen enantiomerer Diaziridine durch Flüssigkeits-Chromatographie an Triacetylcellulose. Verfolgung der Racemisierungen mittels Polarimetrie und 1H-NMREnantiomere Diaziridine ließen sich durch Chromatographie an Triacetylcellulose anreichern. (-)-2, (+)-4 und (-)-4 wurden fast rein erhalten, wobei die enantiomeren Reinheiten (Tab. 1) mittels 1H-NMR in Gegenwart optisch aktiver Zusätze bestimmt wurden. Dasselbe Verfahren wurde im Hinblick auf die Verfolgung von Racemisierungen (Tab.2) erprobt, welche mit höherer Genauigkeit außerdem mittels Polarimetrie studiert wurden. Die Schwellen der Stickstoff-Inversion, welche die trans-Diaziridine 2 und 4 in cis-Zwischenstufen überführt, werden mit bekannten ΔG≠-Werten verglichen.
    Notes: Enantiomeric diaziridines have been partially separated by chromatography on triacetlycellulose. (-)-2, (+)-4, and (-)-4 were obtained almost pure, enantiomeric purities (Table 1) being measured by 1H NMR in the presence of optically active additives. The same procedure was tested for monitoring racemizations (Table 2) which were also studied, with higher accuracy, by polarimetry. The barriers to nitrogen inversion, converting the trans-diaziridines 2and4into cis-intermediates, are compared with known ΔG≠ values.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120613
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    Darstellung, Schwingungsspektrum und Kristallstruktur des dimeren (Isopropylidenamino) dimethylindiums (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 2039-2044 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation, Vibrational Spectrum, and Crystal Structure of Dimeric (Isopropylideneamino) dimethylindiumThe title compound [Me2C=N—InMe2]2 was prepared from N-chloro-2-propanimine and trimethylindium. Its IR and Raman spectra were assigned; together with the 1H-NMR spectrum and the mass spectrum a centrosymmetric molecular structure with a four-membered (InN)2 ring was deduced. This was confirmed by an X-ray structure determination, according to which there exist two dimeric molecules per unit cell in the space group P21/c. The structure was refined with 958 reflexions up to a residual index of R = 0.024.
    Notes: Die Titelverbindung [Me2C=N-InMe2]2 wurde aus N-Chlor-2-propanimin und Trimethylindium synthetisiert. Das IR-und Raman-Spektrum wurde zugeordnet; zusammen mit dem 1H-NMR- und dem Massenspektrum ergibt sich eine zentrosymmetrische Molekülstruktur mit einem (InN)2-Vierring. Dies wird durch die Röntgenstrukturbestimmung bestätigt, nach der eine Struktur mit zwei dimeren Molekülen pro Elementarzelle in der Raumgruppe P21/c vorliegt. Die Struktur wurde bis zu einem Übereinstimmungsindex von R = 0.024 für 958 Reflexe verfeinert.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120614
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    Trimethylsilylcyanid als Umpolungsreagens, I. Nucleophile Acylierung von Alkylierungsmitteln mit aromatischen und heteroaromatischen Aldehyden (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 2045-2061 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Trimethylsilyl Cyanide  -  A Reagent for Umpolung, I. Nucleophilic Acylation of Alkylating Reagents with Aromatic and Heteroaromatic AldehydesThe readily accessible adducts 7 from (hetero)aromatic aldehydes and trimethylsilyl cyanide are deprotonated by lithium diisopropylamide. The so formed anions 8 react with alkyl halides, dialkyl sulfates and alkyl tosylates producing 19 with inversion and without interfering elimination. From 19 the protective group is removed under mild conditions and ketones 20 are produced mostly in 80-90% yield. The scope of the reaction sequence with respect to (hetero)aromatic aldehydes and alkylating agents is demonstrated. Lithium ions are shown to cooperate in the smooth substitution of tert-butyl iodide by 8. Within the given limits the described reaction sequence complements advantageously the known methods of nucleophilic acylation.
    Notes: Die aus (hetero)aromatischen Aldehyden und Trimethylsilylcyanid glatt zugänglichen Addukte 7 werden von Lithium-diisopropylamid zu den Anionen 8 deprotoniert, die ohne störende Eliminierung mit Alkylhalogeniden, Dialkylsulfaten und Alkyltosylaten unter Inversion zu 19 reagieren. Entfernung der Schutzgruppe aus 19 unter sehr milden Bedingungen liefert die Ketone 20 meist in Ausbeuten von 80-90%. Die Anwendungsbreite hinsichtlich der (hetero)aromatischen Aldehyde und der Alkylierungsmittel wird demonstriert. Für die glatte Substitution von tert-Butyliodid durch 8 wird Mitwirkung der Lithium-Ionen nachgewiesen. Im gesteckten Rahmen ergänzt diese nucleophile Acylierung die bekannten Methoden vorteilhaft.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120615
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    Trimethylsilylcyanid als Umpolungsreagens, II. Nucleophile Acylierung von Aldehyden und Ketonen unter anionischer 1,4-O,O-Silylgruppenwanderung (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 2062-2067 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Trimethylsilyl Cyanide  -  A Reagent for Umpolung, II. Nucleophilic Acylation of Aldehydes and Ketones with Anionic 1,4-O,O-Silyl ShiftThe anion 9, derived from O-(trimethylsilyl) benzaldehyde-cyanohydrin (8), adds quantitatively to aldehydes and ketones. The primary adduct 11, which can be trapped as 12 after short reaction times, rearranges with 1,4-0,0-silyl shift. By subsequent cyanide elimination acyloin silyl ethers 14 are formed. Hydrolysis of 14 yields 80-90% of acyloins 15.
    Notes: Das Anion 9 des O-(Trimethylsilyl)benzaldehyd-cyanhydrins (8) addiert sich quantitativ an Aldehyde und Ketone. Das Primäraddukt 11, nach kurzer Reaktionszeit als 12 faßbar, lagert sich unter 1,4-0,0-Silylgruppenwanderung und Cyanidabspaltung zu den Acyloin - trimethylsilylethern 14 um, aus denen durch Hydrolyse die Acyloine 15 mit 80-90% Ausbeute entstehen.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120616
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    Zweifache Deprotonierung von 2-Aryl-1-nitroethanen Umpolung der Nitroolefin-Reaktivität (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 234-248 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Double Deprotonation of 2-Aryl-1-nitroethanes.  -  Umpolung of the Nitroolefin Reactivityβ-Arylnitroethanes 4 are doubly deprotonated to the dilithio derivatives 6 when treated with two equivalents of n-butyllithium in HMPTA-containing THF at -80 to -90°C. The reagents (6) may be considered as the products (see 3 and 16b) of reduction of ω-nitrostyrenes 2, They react with haloalkanes (→ 7), aldehydes and ketones (→ 8), α,β-unsaturated ketones (→ Michael adducts 13 and 14), and ω-nitrostyrenes (→ 15) in the benzylic position. With acyl chloride and chloro-trimethylsilane attack occurs probably on an oxygen of 6 (see intermediates 17-19). A representation of the novel reagents, best compatible with the chemical results, is that of super-enamines 16b; their charge affinity is compared with that of nitroethanes (the precursors) and that of nitroethylenes (the oxidized forms, see 2 → 3), and it is shown in table 1 that they are nitroolefins with reactivity umpolung or homonitronates. The comparison made in table 2 demonstrates that the dilithio derivatives 6 are synthetically equivalent with enamines and enolates of normal reactivity (“double umpolung”).
    Notes: β-Arylnitroethane 4 können bei -80 bis -90°C in HMPTA-haltigem THF mit zwei Equivalenten n-Butyllithium zu den Dilithiumderivaten 6 doppelt deprotoniert werden, die man als Reduktionsprodukte (s. 3 und 16b) von ω-Nitrostyrolen 2 auffassen kann. Sie reagieren mit Alkylhalogeniden (→ 7), Aldehyden und Ketonen (→ 8), α,β-ungesättigten Ketonen (→ Michael-Addukte 13 und 14) und ω-Nitrostyrolen (→ 15) am benzylischen C-Atom. Säurechlorid und Trimethylchlorsilan greifen wahrscheinlich am Sauerstoff an (s. Zwischenprodukte 17-19). Als mit den chemischen Befunden am besten vereinbare Schreibweise für die neuartigen Reagentien schlagen wir die von Super-enaminen 16b vor; in Tab. 1 ist ihre Ladungsaffinität mit der von Nitroethanen (den Vorläufern) und von Nitroethylenen (den oxidierten Formen, s. 2 → 3) verglichen und gezeigt, daß sie umgepolte Nitroolefine oder Homonitronate sind. Die Gegenüberstellung in Tab. 2 demonstriert. Daß die Dilithiumverbindungen 6 als Synthesebausteine für Amine und Carbonylverbindungen normale Reaktivität haben („Doppelumpolung“).
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120121
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    Unerwartete Ringschlußreaktionen 2,2-disubstituierter N-Alkoxy-3-hydroxypropionamide mit Arylisocyanaten (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 600-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Unexpected Cyclisations of 2,2-Disubstituted N-Alkoxy-3-hydroxypropionamides with Aryl IsocyanatesTreatment of 2,2-disubstituted N-alkoxy-3-hydroxypropionamides (8) with aryl isocyanates (9) in a mole ratio of 1:2 in boiling benzene and in the presence of triethylamine yields 3-alkoxytetrahydro-2H-1,3-oxazine-2,4-diones (10) and 3-aryltetrahydro-2H-1,3-oxazine-2,4-diones (11). Formation of 10 and 11 depends largely on the nature of the substituents at C-2 of 8. In consequence of the cyclisation reactions ureas of type 13 and 14 and the 3-alkoxybiuret 15 are produced.
    Notes: 2,2-Disubstituierte N-Alkoxy-3-hydroxypropionamide (8) reagieren mit Arylisocyanat (9) im Molverhältnis 1:2 bei 80°C in Gegenwart von Triethylamin zu 3-Alkoxytetrahydro-2H-1,3-oxazin-2,4-dionen (10) und 3-Aryltetrahydro-2H-1,3-oxazin-2,4-dionen (11). Die Cyclisierungsrichtung zu 10 oder 11 wird maßgeblich von der Natur der Substituenten an C-2 von 8 bestimmt. Als Folge der Cyclisierungen lassen sich die Harnstoffe 13 und 14 sowie das 3-Alkoxybiuret 15 isolieren.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120222
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    Nucleosidtransformationen, V. Umwandlung von Guanosin in 2′-Desoxy-, 3′-Desoxy-, 2′,3′-Anhydro- sowie xylo-Guanosin (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 625-639 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Nucleoside Transformations, V. Transformation of Guanosine into 2′-Deoxy, 3′-Deoxy-, 2′,3′-Anhydro- and xylo-Guanosine3′-und 2′-deoxyguanosine (12 and 13, respectively) are obtained from guanosine (1) upon reaction with trimethyl orthoacetate, pivaloyl chloride/pyridine, tributyltin hydride and sodium methylate through the intermediates 2, 3a/4a. 2-N,5′-O-Dipivaloyl-2′,3′-anhydroguanosine (14) is formed on treatment of the 3′-iodoguanosine derivative 10 with potassium phthalimide. The 2′.3′-anhydroderivatives 14-16 form N-3 → C-3′-cyclonucleosides in aqueous solution. Stirring of 14 with a boron trifluoride etherate solution yields xylo-guanosine derivative 22.
    Notes: 3′-und 2′-Desoxyguanosin (12 bzw. 13) werden, ausgehend von Guanosin (1), durch Umsetzung mit Orthoessigsäure-trimethylester, Pivaloylchlorid/Pyridin, Tributylzinnhydrid und Natriummethylat über die Zwischenstufen 2, 3a/4a dargestellt. 2-N,5′-O-Dipivaloyl-2′,3′-anhydroguanosin (14) entsteht bei Behandlung des 3′-Iodguanosin-Derivats 10 mit Phthalimidkalium. In wäßriger Lösung zeigen die 2′,3′-Anhydroguanosin-Derivate 14-16 N-3 → C-3′-Cyclonucleosid-Bildung. Das xylo-Guanosin-Derivat 22 entsteht aus 14 beim Rühren mit einer Bortrifluoridetherat-Lösung.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120224
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    Zum Mechanismus der Hydrierung bei Friedel-Crafts-Reaktionen α,β-ungesättigter Säuren mit Benzol (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 689-699 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Mechanism of Hydrogenation During Friedel-Crafts Reactions of α,β-Unsaturated Acids with BenzeneThe intermediate in the reaction of 3,3-diphenylpropenoic acid (1) with benzene/AlCl3 is the resonancestabilized carbenium ion 8. It reacts to give a mixture containing the products of hydrogenation 2 and of addition of benzene 3. Several artefacts of the working up (4 - 7) are found.  -  In the reactions of deuterated compounds hydrogen scrambling both in the phenyl groups and  -  to a smaller extent  -  in the α-position occurs.  -  Hydrogen (hydrid ions) derived from benzene, not from the side chain of a second molecule 1, is transferred to the β-position of 1.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von 3,3-Diphenylpropensäure (1) mit Benzol/A1Cl3 führt über das mesomeriestabilisierte Carbenium-Ion 8 zu einem Substanzgemisch, in dem neben dem Hydrierungs- und dem Benzoladditionsprodukt (2 bzw. 3) Artefakte der Aufarbeitung,(4 - 7) enthalten sind.  -  Bei Einsatz deuterierter Ausgangsverbindungen tritt Äquilibrieren der Aryl- und (in geringem Umfang) der α-ständigen Wasserstoffe ein.  -  Bei der Hydrierung von 1 wird Wasserstoff des Benzols  -  nicht aber Wasserstoff aus der Seitenkette eines zweiten Moleküls 1  -  als Hydrid-Ion in die β-Stellung von 1 eingebaut.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120230
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    Zur Autoxidation von cyclischen Iminen, I (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 734-742 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Autoxidation of Cyclic Imines, IIn a noncatalyzed reaction cyclic imines, e. g. 1a-d, bearing one or two α-tert. carbon atoms are oxidized by molecular oxygen. Usually, the products are relatively unstable α-iminohydroperoxides, which are subject to further rearrangement or reduction. These compounds are partially further oxidized. The isolation of the products as well as their structure elucidation by spectroscopic methods are established.
    Notes: Cyclische Imine mit einem oder zwei tert. α-C-Atomen, z.B. 1a-d, werden durch nichtsensibilisierten Sauerstoff oxidiert. Primär entstehen dabei meist instabile α-Iminohydroperoxide, die Folgereaktionen wie Umlagerung und Reduktion eingehen. Diese Verbindungen werden teilweise erneut oxidiert. Die Produkte der Autoxidation werden isoliert und ihre Konstitutionen ermittelt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120235
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    Schonende Veresterung von N-terminal geschützten Aminosäuren mittels der Vier-Komponenten-Kondensation (4 CC) (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 776-777 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mild Esterification of N-protected Amino Acids via Four-Component Condensation (4 CC)We describe the esterification of N-protected amino acid derivatives, e. g. glycine derivatives and Boc-Leu-OH, with methanol or ethanol, respectively, by the action of an enamine and an isocyanide.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120239
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    Notizen. Dimerisierung von Diphenyl(trifluoracetyl)phosphanoxid (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 773-775 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dimerization of Diphenyl(trifluoroacetyl)phosphane OxideAt -25°C the phosphane oxide CF3C[(O)P(O)Ph2]2OC(O)CF3 (1) dimerizes to the trifluoroacetate CF3C[(O) PPh2]2OC(O)CF3 (2a), which is sensitive to hydrolysis and, at 40°C is transformed irreversibly into the phosphinate CF3C[(O)PPh2][OP(O)Ph2]C(O)CF3(3a). In contrast to 2a, the thermally more stable homologous octanate C7F15C[(O)PPh2]2OC(O)C7F15 (2b) is obtained from Ph2PCI and C7F15CO2H.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120238
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    Masthead (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120301
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    In memoriam Walter Hieber 1895-1976 (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. XXI 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120241
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  • 95
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    Heterocyclische Siebenring-Verbindungen, XXII. Synthese und thermische Umlagerung von substituierten 4-Phenyl-1-benzothiepin-1-oxiden (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 781-792 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Heterocyclic Seven-membered Ring Compounds, XXII. Synthesis and Thermolysis of Substituted 4-Phenyl-l -benzothiepin 1-Oxides4-Phenyl-l-benzothiepin l-oxides 3a and b have been prepared as well via the benzothiepinone 1-oxide 2 as by direct oxidation of the parent 1-benzothiepins 6a and b. The synthesis of 3c and d was only accomplished by the second way. Further oxidation of 3a-d yielded the thermally stable dioxides 4a-d. Thermolysis of 3a-d produced the corresponding naphthalenes 5a-d by elimination of SO. The rates of the reaction 3→5 have been estimated for one temperature each.
    Notes: Die 4-Phenyl-l-benzothiepin-l-oxide 3a und b wurden sowohl über das Benzothiepinon-1-oxid 2 als auch durch direkte Oxidation der entsprechenden 4-Phenyl- 1-benzothiepine 6a und b dargestellt. Die Synthese von 3c und d erfolgte nur auf dem zweiten Weg. Weiteroxidation von 3a-d führte zu den thermisch stabilen Dioxiden 4a-d. Die Thermolyse von 3a-d lieferte unter Abspaltung von SO die entsprechenden Naphthaline 5a-d. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Reaktion 3→5 wurden für je eine Temperatur bestimmt.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120302
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  • 96
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    Bevorzugte O-Glycosidbildung bei der Ribosidierung von 5-Methyl-2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-on (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 799-806 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Favoured Formation of an O-Glycoside during Ribosidation of 5-Methyl-2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one6-Amino-5-(2,2-diethoxy-l-methylethyl)-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-ol (3a) has been prepared via condensation of racem. ethyl 2-cyano-4,4-diethoxy-3-methylbutyrate (2) and thiourea. Alkylation of 3 a at 2-SH with dimethyl sulfate is accompanied by ring closure yielding 5-methyl-2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one (4b). Silylation of 4b followed by reaction with 2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-1-bromo-D-ribofuranose in the presence of mercury(II) salts (Wittenburg conditions) gives the O-glycoside 6a and not the N-7-glycoside formerly obtained during ribosidation of 2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one12). Hydrolysis of 6a under mild conditions leads to deacetylation giving 5-methyl-2-methylthio-4-(D-ribofuranosyloxy)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (6b). The latter compound shows UV spectra similar to 4-methoxy-5-methyl-2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (4c) down to pH 2, but at lower pH values hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond occurs.
    Notes: 6-Amino-5-(2,2-diethoxy-1-methylethyl)-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-of (3 a) wurde durch Kondensation von racem. 2-Cyan-4,4-diethoxy-3-methylbuttersäure-ethylester (2) und Thioharnstoff gewonnen. Die Alkylierung von 3a mit Dimethylsulfat führt zur Methylierung an 2-SH, wobei gleichzeitig Cyclisierung zu 5-Methyl-2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-on (4b) erfolgt. Verknüpft man silyliertes 4 b mit 2,3,5-Tri-O-acetyl-l-brom-D-ribofuranose in Gegenwart von Quecksilber(II)-Salzen (Wittenburg-Bedingungen), so entsteht das O-Glycosid 6a und nicht wie bei der Reaktion von 2-Methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-on das N-7-Glycosid12). Durch milde Hydrolyse von 6a erhält man 5-Methyl-2-methylthio-4-(D-ribofuranosyloxy)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin (6b), dessen UV-Spektren bis pH 2 denen von 4-Methoxy-5-methyl-2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin (4c) gleichen, im stärker Sauren jedoch Glycosid-Hydrolyse anzeigen.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120304
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    Totalsynthese von Papaverrubin E (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 849-852 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Total Synthesis of Papaverrubine EThe phthalide isoquinoline alkaloid (-)-bicuculline (la), which has previously been prepared by total synthesis, is transformed into racemic papaverrubine E (±)-(6a), its natural (+)- and its unnatural (-)-enantiomer.
    Notes: Das totalsynthetisch zugängliche Phthalidisochinolinalkaloid (-)-Bicucullin (la) wird in das Racemat des Benzazepinalkaloids Papaverrubin E (±)-(6a) sowie in sein natürliches (+)-bzw. unnatürliches (-)-Enantiomeres übergeführt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120310
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    Basische Metalle, XI. Kationische (Cyclopentadienyl)rhodium-Komplexe mit Rh—H-, Rh—C-, Rh—Ge-, Rh—Sn- und Rh—Halogen-Bindungen (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 834-843 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Basic Metals, XI. Cationic (Cyclopentadienyl)rhodium Complexes Containing Rh—H-, Rh—C-, Rh—Ge-, Rh—Sn-, and Rh—Halogen Bonds[C8H12RhCl]2 reacts with excess trimethylphosphane to give [(PMe3)4Rh]Cl (1). A very rapid exchange of the phosphane ligands occurs in solution of 1. The reaction of 1 with T1C5H5 leads to the complex C5H5Rh(PMe3)2 (9), in which the metal atom is a strong Lewis base. 9 reacts very readily with electrophiles Y+ to give the cations [C5H5(PMe3)2RhY]+ which possess stable Rh—H, Rh-alkyl, Rh—acyl, Rh—Ge, Rh—Sn, and Rh—halogen bonds. They were isolated as PF6 salts [Y = H (2), CH3 (3), C2H5 (4), COCH3 (10), COC6H5 (11), COC6H4OMe-(p) (12), GeMe3 (7). SnMe3 (8). Br (15), cl (13), I (14). The cation Me3SiC5H4(PMe3)2RhH ]+ is formed together with [C5H5(PMe3)2RhH]+ in the reaction of 9 with CF3SO3SiMe3, in ether. Reduction with NaH in THF gives Me3SiC5H4Rh(PMe3)2.
    Notes: [C8H12RhCl]2 reagiert mit einem Überschuß von Trimethylphosphan zu [(PMe3)4Rh]Cl (1). In Lösungen von 1 findet ein sehr rascher Austausch der Phosphanliganden statt. Die Reaktion von 1 mit TIC5H5 führt zu dem Komplex C5H5Rh(PMe3)2 (9), der ein stark Lewis-basisches Metallatom besitzt. 9 reagiert mit Elektrophilen Y+ sehr bereitwillig zu den Kationen [C5H5(PMe3)2RhY]+ die stabile Rh—H-, Rh—Alkyl-, Rh—Acyl-, Rh—Ge-, Rh—Sn- und Rh—Halogen-Bindungen besitzen und als PF6-Salze isoliert werden [Y = H (2), CH3 (3), C2H5 (4), COCH3 (10), COC6H5 (11), COC6H4OMe-(p) (12), GeMe3 (7), SnMe3 (8), Br (15), Cl (13). 1(14)]. Bei der Reaktion von 9 mit CF3SO3SiMe3 in Ether entsteht neben [C5H5(PMe3),2RhH] + das Kation [Me3SiC5H4(PMe3)2RhH]+. Die Reduktion mit NaH in Tetrahydrofuran ergibt Me3SiC5H4Rh(PMe3)2.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120308
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    Photoelektronenspektren und Konformationen bi- und tricyclischer Hexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 853-861 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photoelectron Spectra and Conformations of Bi- and Tricyclic Hexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazinesThe photoelectron spectra of three tricyclic (2-4) and three bicyclic (5-7) hexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazines have been interpreted with regard to gas phase conformations. The interactions of the n-orbitals have been studied by MINDO/2 calculations for different conformations of hexahydro-1.2.4,5-tetrazine (1). The observed n-electron ionization potentials permit the identification of tetraequatorial forms of 2-4 and diequatorial-diaxial forms of 5-7 as the dominant conformers. In addition, for 2 and 5 other less stable conformers could be detected.
    Notes: Die Photoelektronenspektren von drei tricyclischen (2-4) und von drei bicyclischen (5-7) Hexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazinen wurden hinsichtlich der in der Gasphase vorliegenden Konformeren ausgewertet. Für die infrage kommenden Konformationen wurden zum Studium der Wechselwirkung der n-Orbitale MINDO/2-Rechnungen an der Stammverbindung (1) ausgeführt. Anhand der beobachteten n-Ionisationsbanden lassen sich bei 2-4 tetraäquatoriale und bei 5-7 diäquatorial-diaxiale Formen als stabilste Konformere identifizieren. Bei 2 und 5 wurden daneben weniger stabile Konformere nachgewiesen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120311
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    Struktur und innere Beweglichkeit sterisch fixierter s-cis-Butadiene (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 890-898 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Structure and Internal Flexibility of Sterically Fixed s-cis-ButadienesForce Field Calculations yield a coplanar arrangement of the π systems of the vicinal exo-methylene derivatives 1 and 2 of cyclobutane and cyclopentane and of the corresponding derivatives 4-7 of norbornane, bicyclooctane, bicyclononane and bicyclooctene. The detailed geometry of the cis-butadiene unit is essentially determined by the ring system. For the cyclohexane derivative 3 on the other hand a chair conformation is obtained. 2,5 and 6 are rather flexible molecules for which torsions of the π system up to 20° require energies less than 5 kJ/mol, whereas for the more rigid systems 1, 4 and 7 approximately 10 kJ/mol are necessary for twisting the π system by 10°.
    Notes: Kraftfeldrechnungen ergeben für die vicinalen exo-Methylenderivate 1 und 2 des Cyclobutans und des Cyclopentans sowie für die entsprechenden Derivate 4-7 des Norbornans, Bicyclooctans, Bicyclononans und des Bicyclooctens eine planare Anordnung des π-Systems. Dessen genaue Geometrie im wesentlichen durch das cyclische Gerüst bestimmt wird. Das Cyclohexanderivat 3 dagegen liegt in einer Sesselform vor. Die Moleküle 2, 5 und 6 zeichnen sich durch große Flexibilität aus, Torsionen des π-Systems bis etwa 20° erfordern Energien von weniger als 5 kJ/mol, während für die starreren Systeme 1,4 und 7 bereits bei Verdrillungen um 10° etwa 10 kJ/mol erforderlich sind.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120314
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