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  • Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  (400)
  • Nature Research  (112)
  • Springer Nature
  • 2020-2023  (548)
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  • 1
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    Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - CCSN 02-128 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - CCSN 02-128 - male - 2.93 m - Pelvic location - Cape Cod Stranding Network
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
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    Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - MCZ 16475 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - MCZ 16475 - female - length unknown - Pelvic location - Harvard University
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  • 3
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    Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - UMA 4825 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - UMA 4825 - male 2.75 m - Pelvic location - UMASS Amherst
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  • 4
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    Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - MCZ 7899 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - MCZ 7899 - male - length unknown - Pelvic location - Harvard University
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  • 5
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 November 1960 - 30 April 1961 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Digital computing techniques have been used in special computing applications in underwater acoustics at WHOI for many years, but recently we have commenced intensive application of digital data handling and computing facilities to a variety of computing, data storage, and data handling problems. Progress in these applications is described under Acoustic Instrumentation below. Some bathymetric studies carried out recently under another contract have shown that even very narrow-beam, single-beam echo sounders simply cannot provide reliable depth sounding information where the topography is complex. In this work we have been experimenting with the inverted echo sounder, discussed below, originally developed to measure depth of the sound velocimeter. The inverted echo sounder is lowered to a position within a few feet of the bottom. The total acoustic travel time from surface to bottom may be read as the sum of the travel times from the instrument to the bottom and surface . True depth is then computed in the usual way with appropriate s cnmd velocity data. In its present form the inverted echo sounder is suitable for mapping ~mall areas~ a few square miles, provided there is a suitable means of positioning the instrument. We have experimented with radio-acoustic navigation, and intend to experiment with vertical triangulation from the suspending ship as well. Steady demands for new, modified, and improved instrumentation have been responded to in echo sounding, seismic profiling, and spectrum analysis, as detailed below.
    Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research Under Contracts Nonr-1367(00)NR261-102 and Nonr-2129(00)NR261-104
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics ; Oceanographic instruments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 6
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    Some current measurements in the Sargasso Sea (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Also published as: Deep-Sea Research 12 (1965): 805-814
    Description: Long-term current measurements at depths of 50 and 100m obtained with Richardson current meters at two deep-water moorings south of Bermuda are reported. The records are dominated by anticyclonic rotations which appear and degenerate, possibly in response to the passage of storms. Spectral analysis of the records indicates that this motion has a period of 24 hours at a depth of 50 m, and 25·3 hours at a depth of 100m. No explanation is given to account for this difference in period over a 50-m separation. Both records indicate the existence of semidiurnal tidal motion. The long-term motions at both depths indicate a systematic change in the net direction of flow over a three-month period.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-2196(00) NR 083-004.
    Keywords: Ocean currents--Measurement ; Ocean-atmosphere interaction ; Sargasso Sea
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  • 7
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    WHOI Hawaii Ocean Timeseries Station (WHOTS) : WHOTS-14 2017 mooring turnaround cruise report (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Hawaii Ocean Time-series Station (WHOTS), located approximately 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii, is intended to provide long-term, high-quality air-sea fluxes as a part of the NOAA Climate Observation Program. The WHOTS mooring also serves as a coordinated part of the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) program, contributing to the goals of observing heat, fresh water and chemical fluxes at a site representative of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring instrumented for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 22.75°N, 158°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations are used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. This report documents recovery of the thirteenth WHOTS mooring (WHOTS-13) and deployment of the fourteenth mooring (WHOTS-14). Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element and were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each ASIMET system measures, records, and transmits via Argos and Iridium satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 155 m of the moorings were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, conductivity and velocity in a cooperative effort with Dr. Roger Lukas of the University of Hawaii. A pCO2 system and ancillary sensors were installed on the buoys in cooperation with Adrienne J. Sutton at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. The WHOTS mooring turnaround was conducted on the NOAA ship Hi’ialakai (R/V HA). Operations were a joint effort undertaken by the Upper Ocean Processes group (UOP) of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), the University of Hawaii’s (UH) Hawaii Ocean Time-series group (HOT), and the able-bodied crew of R/V HA. The cruise took place between 25 July and August 3 2017. Operations began with deployment of the WHOTS-14 mooring on 27 July. This was followed by a period of intercomparison, where meteorological measurements and CTDs were collected at both the W13 and W14 stations. Recovery of the WHOTS-13 mooring took place on 31 July. This report details the in-port operations, pre-cruise buoy preparations, cruise operations and data collected.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA14OAR4320158 and the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (CINAR).
    Keywords: Hydrography--North Pacific Ocean--Observations ; Oceanographic instruments--North Pacific Ocean--Observations
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  • 8
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    Inter-annual decrease in pulse rate and peak frequency of Southeast Pacific blue whale song types (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Malige, F., Patris, J., Buchan, S. J., Stafford, K. M., Shabangu, F., Findlay, K., Hucke-Gaete, R., Neira, S., Clark, C. W., & Glotin, H. Inter-annual decrease in pulse rate and peak frequency of Southeast Pacific blue whale song types. Scientific Reports, 10(1), (2020): 8121, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64613-0.
    Description: A decrease in the frequency of two southeast Pacific blue whale song types was examined over decades, using acoustic data from several different sources in the eastern Pacific Ocean ranging between the Equator and Chilean Patagonia. The pulse rate of the song units as well as their peak frequency were measured using two different methods (summed auto-correlation and Fourier transform). The sources of error associated with each measurement were assessed. There was a linear decline in both parameters for the more common song type (southeast Pacific song type n.2) between 1997 to 2017. An abbreviated analysis, also showed a frequency decline in the scarcer southeast Pacific song type n.1 between 1970 to 2014, revealing that both song types are declining at similar rates. We discussed the use of measuring both pulse rate and peak frequency to examine the frequency decline. Finally, a comparison of the rates of frequency decline with other song types reported in the literature and a discussion on the reasons of the frequency shift are presented.
    Description: The authors thank the help of Explorasub diving center (Chile), Agrupación turística Chañaral de Aceituno (Chile), ONG Eutropia (Chile), Valparaiso university (Chile), the international institutions and research programs CTBTO, IWC, BRILAM STIC AmSud 17-STIC-01. S.J.B. thanks support from the Center for Oceanographic Research COPAS Sur-Austral, CONICYT PIA PFB31, Biology Department of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the Office of Naval Research Global (awards N62909-16-2214 and N00014-17-2606), and a grant to the Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Ãridas (CEAZA) “Programa Regional CONICYT R16A10003”. We thank SABIOD MI CNRS, EADM MaDICS CNRS and ANR-18-CE40-0014 SMILES supporting this research. We are grateful to colleagues at DCLDE 2018 and SOLAMAC 2018 conferences for useful comments on the preliminary version of this work. In this work we used only the free and open-source softwares Latex, Audacity and OCTAVE.
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  • 9
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    Alvin instrumentation (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Also published as: 1967 NEREM record : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 9 (1967): 196-197
    Description: THIS PAPER DESCRIBES the equipments used to establish the relative position of ALVIN from her mother ship, the R/V LULU. Operating procedures used at sea are also discussed. A recent review within the Deep Submergence Research Vehicle Program at WHOI established a set of conclusions and guidelines, for internal use, governing the ALVIN locating equipments and procedures.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr- 3484(00).
    Keywords: Underwater navigation
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  • 10
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    POWER-US Workshop Final Report on Offshore Wind Energy and Passive Acoustic Monitoring: Establishing Standards for Operational Real-time Systems (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Workshop held November 21, 2019, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
    Description: Real-time autonomous Passive Acoustic Monitoring systems (real-time PAMS) have the ability to detect marine mammal species, including the North Atlantic Right Whale, and provide notification of their presence. This workshop, held at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) on November 21st, 2019, sought to develop an initial framework for creating equipment and performance standards that could be used to benchmark all real-time PAMS as well as data standards that ensure system interoperability. Forty attendees were present, spanning industry, regulatory, scientific, and conservation stakeholder groups. Through presentations and breakout sessions, the group identified and discussed the potential abilities of real-time PAMS to improve situational awareness during wind energy development activities, the types of implementations that are possible in the coming years, and the roadblocks preventing near-term, widespread use of this technology as a risk mitigation solution. Participants agreed that real-time autonomous PAMS hold tremendous promise for reducing the potential risk associated with development activities while at the same time allowing more flexibility to developers. Successful implementation of real-time PAMS for offshore wind energy use was seen as possible now based on existing technology. Workshop attendees identified a number next steps that would further the effectiveness of real-time PAMS within the offshore wind energy industry. However, the lack of a regulatory process for defining the sensing requirements for a particular implementation, as well as the dynamic operational framework within which real-time PAMS would be used were seen as the biggest challenges to effective near-term use.
    Description: Workshop Sponsors: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and POWER-US
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  • 11
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    Preliminary report CHAIN #11 : 22 February - 22 March 1960 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The second half of CHAIN Cruise #11, 22 February until 22 March, 1960, is detailed as to type of measurements made with their specific locations. The cruise areas were in the St. Croix region, the Puerto' Rico Trench and the tracks from the Bahamas to Bermuda to Woods Hole. Camera lowerings, lowerings of the thermal probe and accompanying cores, dredging, sound velocimeter lowerings, and acoustic studies of the scattering layer were the special events undertaken while precision bathymetry and towing of the Continuous Temperature Recording Chain were on a watch standing basis.
    Description: Undersea Warfare Branch, Office of Naval Research Under Contract Nonr- 1367(00) (NR- 261-10 2)
    Keywords: Underwater photography ; Submarine topography ; Marine sediments
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  • 12
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    On the estimation of the directional spectrum of ocean waves from time series observations of surface elevations (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: A mathematical model, consistent with certain physical features of ocean waves may be constructed by superposition of long crested sinusoidal gravity waves. Such a model, as proposed by Pierson (1955) and Longuet-Higgins (1957), depends upon the random superposition of the component waves, so that the interpretation of ocean wave measurements must be regarded as a statistical problem. Barber (1958) has suggested that measurement of sea surface elevation as a function of time at several points along a line array may be used to deduce the distribution of energy with regard to frequency and direction of the component gravity waves. In fact, by preserving the time relationship among the signals from several detectors in a line array , the array need not be physically rotated to examine component gravity waves coming from various directions. After developing the physical basis and mathematical notation for a stochastic model of ocean waves the limitations and potential errors in the measurement and calculation of directional spectra from finite and discrete data are discussed. Finally, some directional spectra calculated from measurements of wind generated waves in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts are presented without attempting interpretation.
    Description: This research was supported in part by the Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Program, S-R009 01 01, administered by the David Taylor Model Basin and the Office of Naval Research Under Contract Nonr-3351(00) NR 083- 501 and Nonr 2734(00) NR 083-143.
    Keywords: Ocean waves--Mathematical models
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  • 13
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 May 1966 - 31 October 1966 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This i s a status report for the period 1 May 1966 to 31 October 1966 for Contract Nonr - 4029 with the Office of Naval Research. Subjects of this contract are in Oceanic Acoustics, Physical Oceanography, Sea Floor Properties and Advisory Activities. Preliminary results of a cruise by CHAIN to the Mediterranean and the Red Sea during the summer of 1966 are given. Sound-velocity and temperature structure south of Bermuda as observed from ATLANTIS II (June, July 1966) are described. Continuing analysis of acoustical and geophysical data is discussed. Papers, reports, and technical memoranda written during this period are listed.
    Description: The Undersea Warfare Branch., Office of Naval Research., under Contract.Nonr-4029(00) NR 260-101.
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics
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  • 14
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    Representing the function and sensitivity of coastal interfaces in earth system models (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ward, N. D., Megonigal, J. P., Bond-Lamberty, B., Bailey, V. L., Butman, D., Canuel, E. A., Diefenderfer, H., Ganju, N. K., Goni, M. A., Graham, E. B., Hopkinson, C. S., Khangaonkar, T., Langley, J. A., McDowell, N. G., Myers-Pigg, A. N., Neumann, R. B., Osburn, C. L., Price, R. M., Rowland, J., Sengupta, A., Simard, M., Thornton, P. E., Tzortziou, M., Vargas, R., Weisenhorn, P. B., & Windham-Myers, L. Representing the function and sensitivity of coastal interfaces in earth system models. Nature Communications, 11(1), (2020): 2458, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16236-2.
    Description: Between the land and ocean, diverse coastal ecosystems transform, store, and transport material. Across these interfaces, the dynamic exchange of energy and matter is driven by hydrological and hydrodynamic processes such as river and groundwater discharge, tides, waves, and storms. These dynamics regulate ecosystem functions and Earth’s climate, yet global models lack representation of coastal processes and related feedbacks, impeding their predictions of coastal and global responses to change. Here, we assess existing coastal monitoring networks and regional models, existing challenges in these efforts, and recommend a path towards development of global models that more robustly reflect the coastal interface.
    Description: Funding for this work was provided by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Laboratory Directed Research & Development (LDRD) as part of the Predicting Ecosystem Resilience through Multiscale Integrative Science (PREMIS) Initiative. PNNL is operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830. Additional support to J.P.M. was provided by the NSF-LTREB program (DEB-0950080, DEB-1457100, DEB-1557009), DOE-TES Program (DE-SC0008339), and the Smithsonian Institution. This manuscript was motivated by discussions held by co-authors during a three-day workshop at PNNL in Richland, WA: The System for Terrestrial Aquatic Research (STAR) Workshop: Terrestrial-Aquatic Research in Coastal Systems. The authors thank PNNL artist Nathan Johnson for preparing the figures in this manuscript and Terry Clark, Dr. Charlette Geffen, and Dr. Nancy Hess for their aid in organizing the STAR workshop. The authors thank all workshop participants not listed as authors for their valuable insight: Lihini Aluwihare (contributed to biogeochemistry discussions and development of concept for Fig. 3), Gautam Bisht (contributed to modeling discussion), Emmett Duffy (contributed to observational network discussions), Yilin Fang (contributed to modeling discussion), Jeremy Jones (contributed to biogeochemistry discussions), Roser Matamala (contributed to biogeochemistry discussions), James Morris (contributed to biogeochemistry discussions), Robert Twilley (contributed to biogeochemistry discussions), and Jesse Vance (contributed to observational network discussions). A full report on the workshop discussions can be found at https://www.pnnl.gov/publications/star-workshop-terrestrial-aquatic-research-coastal-systems.
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  • 15
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    Amplified seasonal cycle in hydroclimate over the Amazon river basin and its plume region (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Liang, Y., Lo, M., Lan, C., Seo, H., Ummenhofer, C. C., Yeager, S., Wu, R., & Steffen, J. D. Amplified seasonal cycle in hydroclimate over the Amazon river basin and its plume region. Nature Communications, 11(1), (2020): 4390, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18187-0.
    Description: The Amazon river basin receives ~2000 mm of precipitation annually and contributes ~17% of global river freshwater input to the oceans; its hydroclimatic variations can exert profound impacts on the marine ecosystem in the Amazon plume region (APR) and have potential far-reaching influences on hydroclimate over the tropical Atlantic. Here, we show that an amplified seasonal cycle of Amazonia precipitation, represented by the annual difference between maximum and minimum values, during the period 1979–2018, leads to enhanced seasonalities in both Amazon river discharge and APR ocean salinity. An atmospheric moisture budget analysis shows that these enhanced seasonal cycles are associated with similar amplifications in the atmospheric vertical and horizontal moisture advections. Hierarchical sensitivity experiments using global climate models quantify the relationships of these enhanced seasonalities. The results suggest that an intensified hydroclimatological cycle may develop in the Amazonia atmosphere-land-ocean coupled system, favouring more extreme terrestrial and marine conditions.
    Description: M.-H.L., C.-W.L., and R.-J.W. are supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan under grant 106-2111-M-002-010-MY4. H.S. and J.D.S. are grateful for support from NOAA NA19OAR4310376 and NA17OAR4310255. C.C.U. acknowledges support from the U.S. National Science Foundation under grant OCE-1663704. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is a major facility sponsored by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) under Cooperative Agreement No. 1852977. We thank Dr. Young-Oh Kwon at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Dr. Who Kim at NCAR for discussions about the ocean model experiment design. We thank Dr. Mehnaz Rashid at National Taiwan University and Wen-Yin Wu at the University of Texas at Austin in helping generate the high-resolution Amazon river mask. We also thank Dr. Gael Forget at Massachusetts Institue of Technology for comments on using ECCO and other ocean-state estimate products.
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  • 16
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 May - 31 October 1963 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is a report of the research program under contracts Nonr-4029 (1 May - 31 October 1963), and Nonr-3243 (1 May - 31 October 1963} . Both contracts are with the Office of Naval Research, Code 466. Contract Nonr-4029 is a continuation of Contract Nonr-1367. Under Contract Nonr-4029, ATLANTIS· II and CHAIN, in May and August, were employed in searching for the sunken submarine THRESHER by various means. Under the same contract, activities were devoted also to the development of systems or components of systems for search and for navigational control required in such operations. One system of submerged navigation was employed for locating suspended instruments by acoustic ranging from the ship. A second navigation system was also tested which depends on acoustic ranging either from the ship or from the suspended instrument to a hydrophone buoyed near the bottom. This hydrophone is connected to a radio link in a surface buoy. This system will be useful not only for navigation but also for bottom reflection studies. A program has been started to print and mount all photos taken by WHOI on the THRESHER search; it will be coordinated with other similar efforts in the continuing investigation of the disaster. Under Contracts Nonr-4029 and Nonr-3243 considerable progress has been made in other research, which is described in this report .
    Description: Submitted to Under sea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research Under· Contracts Nonr- 4029(00)NR261-10 2 and Nonr- 3243(00) NR261-136
    Keywords: Submarine geology ; Underwater acoustics ; Oceanographic instruments
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  • 17
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    Final Report on Gravity Program (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The report presented is the final one under Air Force Cambridge Research Center Contract 19(604)·2157 with the Woods Role Oceanographic Institution. The report covers a program of pendulum and gravimeter measurements conducted over the period 1950·1959. The original objective of the program was to establish a series of reliable gravity control measurements through the use of pendulums over a sufficient range of gravity to permit the calibration of geodetic gravimeters with an accuracy of one part in 5000 over a range of 5000 mgals and thus assure a potential accuracy of 1 mgal or better with such gravimeters on any global series of measurements. With time this objective was modified to include the establishment of pendulum gravity measurements outside of North America as there appeared to be no unanimity of international opinion regarding a gravity standard. A second objective of the program was to expand the gravity coverage and standardize existing gravity surveys within the United States so that reliable gravity anomaly maps could be prepared. A third objective was to strengthen and expand the world network of airport gravity bases established earlier under the auspices of the Office of Naval Research so that data in all parts of the world could be integrated onto the same datum and gravity standard. The report is subdivided on the basis of these objectives into three principal parts plus an introductory chapter giving the history o~ the program, and a final chapter presenting recommendations as to further work deemed desirable. Dr. J. C. Rose, who has been in charge of the pendulum program since its inception, prepared the second portion of the report, which deals with the pendulum measurements, and the writer prepared the remainder.
    Description: Work carried out under Contract AF19 (604)2157 with the Geophysics Research Directorate Air Force Cambridge Research Center Air Research and Development Command.
    Keywords: Gravity--Measurement
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  • 18
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    Sonar research conducted during the period 1 January - 31 March 1961 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is a report of activities supported under Contract NObsr-72521 for the period 1 January through 31 March 1961. It also contains mention of other reports, papers, and undertakings of the submarine geophysics group (listed under "Personnel") which are believed to be of interest to the Bureau of Ships. During this period no cruises have been supported directly under this contract. Eight members of the group under the leadership of Dr. Voorhis have participated in a cruise of CHAIN to the Romanche Trench. Their principal objective was to determine the sill depth which controls the exchange of deep, cold water ,between the western and eastern sides of the Atlantic Ocean. This sill was previously identified from hydrographic evidence to lie somewhat east of the Romanche Trench. A second objective was to continue the observations of temperature structure near the sea's surface with the thermistor chain. Another group, under Mr. Baxter's leadership, continued a sound transmission study in the Bermuda area in support of Project ARTEMIS. A third group, under Dr. Hays's direction, commenced a finely detailed bathymetric survey of an area of special interest to Project ARTEMIS. In all three of these studies we are making use of one or more experimental techniques in the use of sonobuoys, underwater acoustic navigation for submerged instruments, and sound coherence studies which are planned for use eventually in sound transmission and bottom reflection research under this contract.
    Description: Bureau of Ships Under Contract NObsr-72521
    Keywords: Sonar ; Underwater acoustics ; Submarine geology
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  • 19
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    Resource partitioning of phytoplankton metabolites that support bacterial heterotrophy (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ferrer-González, F. X., Widner, B., Holderman, N. R., Glushka, J., Edison, A. S., Kujawinski, E. B., & Moran, M. A. Resource partitioning of phytoplankton metabolites that support bacterial heterotrophy. ISME Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00811-y.
    Description: The communities of bacteria that assemble around marine microphytoplankton are predictably dominated by Rhodobacterales, Flavobacteriales, and families within the Gammaproteobacteria. Yet whether this consistent ecological pattern reflects the result of resource-based niche partitioning or resource competition requires better knowledge of the metabolites linking microbial autotrophs and heterotrophs in the surface ocean. We characterized molecules targeted for uptake by three heterotrophic bacteria individually co-cultured with a marine diatom using two strategies that vetted the exometabolite pool for biological relevance by means of bacterial activity assays: expression of diagnostic genes and net drawdown of exometabolites, the latter detected with mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance using novel sample preparation approaches. Of the more than 36 organic molecules with evidence of bacterial uptake, 53% contained nitrogen (including nucleosides and amino acids), 11% were organic sulfur compounds (including dihydroxypropanesulfonate and dimethysulfoniopropionate), and 28% were components of polysaccharides (including chrysolaminarin, chitin, and alginate). Overlap in phytoplankton-derived metabolite use by bacteria in the absence of competition was low, and only guanosine, proline, and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine were predicted to be used by all three. Exometabolite uptake pattern points to a key role for ecological resource partitioning in the assembly marine bacterial communities transforming recent photosynthate.
    Description: This work was supported by grants from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (5503) and the National Science Foundation (IOS-1656311) to MAM, ASE, and EBK, and by the Simons Foundation grant 542391 to MAM within the Principles of Microbial Ecosystems (PriME) Collaborative.
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    Ocean acidification disrupts the orientation of postlarval Caribbean spiny lobsters (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gravinese, P. M., Page, H. N., Butler, C. B., Spadaro, A. J., Hewett, C., Considine, M., Lankes, D., & Fisher, S. Ocean acidification disrupts the orientation of postlarval Caribbean spiny lobsters. Scientific Reports, 10(1), (2020): 18092, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75021-9.
    Description: Anthropogenic inputs into coastal ecosystems are causing more frequent environmental fluctuations and reducing seawater pH. One such ecosystem is Florida Bay, an important nursery for the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. Although adult crustaceans are often resilient to reduced seawater pH, earlier ontogenetic stages can be physiologically limited in their tolerance to ocean acidification on shorter time scales. We used a Y-maze chamber to test whether reduced-pH seawater altered the orientation of spiny lobster pueruli toward chemical cues produced by Laurencia spp. macroalgae, a known settlement cue for the species. We tested the hypothesis that pueruli conditioned in reduced-pH seawater would be less responsive to Laurencia spp. chemical cues than pueruli in ambient-pH seawater by comparing the proportion of individuals that moved to the cue side of the chamber with the proportion that moved to the side with no cue. We also recorded the amount of time (sec) before a response was observed. Pueruli conditioned in reduced-pH seawater were less responsive and failed to select the Laurencia cue. Our results suggest that episodic acidification of coastal waters might limit the ability of pueruli to locate settlement habitats, increasing postsettlement mortality.
    Description: We thank the Steinwachs Family Foundation, which provided funding that supported Gravinese’s postdoctoral fellowship at Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium. We also acknowledge the partial support provided by the St. Petersburg College Titan Achievement minigrant program. Page was supported by a Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium Postdoctoral Research Fellowship. Postlarval spiny lobsters were collected with a state-issued Special Activity License (SAL-17-1868G-SR). We also thank those who helped with animal collection throughout this work including in-kind support provided by E. Muller and the Mote CAOS facility, as well as E. Bartels and C. Walter of the Coral Reef Monitoring and Assessment Program at Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, as well as other field personnel including: L. Toth, S. Perry, T. Parker, A. Fine, L. Humphrey, and many undergraduate interns. We also thank L. Toth, E. Ross, B. Sharp, C. Crowley, J. Butler, and B. Crowder for editorial comments.
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    Sources and upstream pathways of the densest overflow water in the Nordic Seas (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Huang, J., Pickart, R. S., Huang, R. X., Lin, P., Brakstad, A., & Xu, F. Sources and upstream pathways of the densest overflow water in the Nordic Seas. Nature Communications, 11(1), (2020): 5389, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19050-y.
    Description: Overflow water from the Nordic Seas comprises the deepest limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, yet questions remain as to where it is ventilated and how it reaches the Greenland-Scotland Ridge. Here we use historical hydrographic data from 2005-2015, together with satellite altimeter data, to elucidate the source regions of the Denmark Strait and Faroe Bank Channel overflows and the pathways feeding these respective sills. A recently-developed metric is used to calculate how similar two water parcels are, based on potential density and potential spicity. This reveals that the interior of the Greenland Sea gyre is the primary wintertime source of the densest portion of both overflows. After subducting, the water progresses southward along several ridge systems towards the Greenland-Scotland Ridge. Kinematic evidence supports the inferred pathways. Extending the calculation back to the 1980s reveals that the ventilation occurred previously along the periphery of the Greenland Sea gyre.
    Description: Funding for the study was provided by the US National Science Foundation under grants OCE-1558742 (J.H., R.P.) and OCE-1259618 (P.L.); the Bergen Research Foundation under grant BFS2016REK01 (A.B.); and the National Natural Science Foundation of China No. 41576018 (F.X.) and 41606020 (F.X.).
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    The role of suction thrust in the metachronal paddles of swimming invertebrates (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Colin, S. P., Costello, J. H., Sutherland, K. R., Gemmell, B. J., Dabiri, J. O., & Du Clos, K. T. The role of suction thrust in the metachronal paddles of swimming invertebrates. Scientific Reports, 10(1), (2020): 17790, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74745-y.
    Description: An abundance of swimming animals have converged upon a common swimming strategy using multiple propulsors coordinated as metachronal waves. The shared kinematics suggest that even morphologically and systematically diverse animals use similar fluid dynamic relationships to generate swimming thrust. We quantified the kinematics and hydrodynamics of a diverse group of small swimming animals who use multiple propulsors, e.g. limbs or ctenes, which move with antiplectic metachronal waves to generate thrust. Here we show that even at these relatively small scales the bending movements of limbs and ctenes conform to the patterns observed for much larger swimming animals. We show that, like other swimming animals, the propulsors of these metachronal swimmers rely on generating negative pressure along their surfaces to generate forward thrust (i.e., suction thrust). Relying on negative pressure, as opposed to high pushing pressure, facilitates metachronal waves and enables these swimmers to exploit readily produced hydrodynamic structures. Understanding the role of negative pressure fields in metachronal swimmers may provide clues about the hydrodynamic traits shared by swimming and flying animals.
    Description: This work was funded by National Science Foundation (NSF OCE 1829913 to SPC), the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (to BJG) and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (8835 to KRS). The work was also supported by the Roger Williams Foundation to Promote Scholarship and Teaching.
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    Initial cruise report : Chain 115, leg 6 (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Leg 6 of CHAIN Cruise 115 began in Rio de Janeiro on 22 April 1974, and terminated in Recife on 18 May 1974. A multi-disciplinary scientific program was carried out within the Vema Channel and on the northern flanks of the Rio Grande Rise (see Figure 1). Personnel and scientific programs representing several institutions (W.H.O.I., Scripps, Lamont-Doherty) were included in the project; Brazilian observers representing PETROBRAS and the National Research Council also participated in the program.
    Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant GA-41186. Financial support for shipboard operations and most of the scientific programs during Leg 6 of CHAIN Cruise 115 was provided under National Science Foundation grant GA-41185. Seismic profiling and bathymetry were supported under O.N.R. Contract N00014-66-C-0241. Bottom current measurements received support under N.S.F. Grant No. GA-41285 to W. Patzert and to J.L. Reid (Scripps). Support for the Lamont-Doherty nephelometer program was provided under O.N.R. Contract N00014-67-A-0108-0004 and N.S.F. Grant GA-27281. Supplementary equipment items required for the transponder navigation system were provided by the Woods Hole Ocean Industry Program.
    Keywords: Ocean bottom ; Ocean currents ; Rio Grande
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    CRISPR/Cas9 mediated mutation of the mtnr1a melatonin receptor gene causes rod photoreceptor degeneration in developing Xenopus tropicalis (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Wiechmann, A. F., Martin, T. A., & Horb, M. E. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated mutation of the mtnr1a melatonin receptor gene causes rod photoreceptor degeneration in developing Xenopus tropicalis. Scientific Reports, 10(1), (2020): 13757, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70735-2.
    Description: Nighttime surges in melatonin levels activate melatonin receptors, which synchronize cellular activities with the natural light/dark cycle. Melatonin receptors are expressed in several cell types in the retina, including the photon-sensitive rods and cones. Previous studies suggest that long-term photoreceptor survival and retinal health is in part reliant on melatonin orchestration of circadian homeostatic activities. This scenario would accordingly envisage that disruption of melatonin receptor signaling is detrimental to photoreceptor health. Using in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing, we discovered that a small deletion mutation of the Mel1a melatonin receptor (mtnr1a) gene causes a loss of rod photoreceptors in retinas of developing Xenopus tropicalis heterozygous, but not homozygous mutant tadpoles. Cones were relatively spared from degeneration, and the rod loss phenotype was not obvious after metamorphosis. Localization of Mel1a receptor protein appeared to be about the same in wild type and mutant retinas, suggesting that the mutant protein is expressed at some level in mutant retinal cells. The severe impact on early rod photoreceptor viability may signify a previously underestimated critical role in circadian influences on long-term retinal health and preservation of sight. These data offer evidence that disturbance of homeostatic, circadian signaling, conveyed through a mutated melatonin receptor, is incompatible with rod photoreceptor survival.
    Description: The National Xenopus Resource (NXR) Genome Editing Workshop conducted at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) contributed to the early development of this project (A.F.W. & M.E.H). We thank Dr. Marcin Wlizla, Sean McNamara, Rosie Falco, and Dr. Will Ratzen of the NXR and MBL for their advice and assistance with the F0 founders. We thank Cynthia Bulmer of the NIH Diabetes CoBRE (P20GM104934) Core Histology Facility at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC) for preparing the histology specimens. We thank Dr. David Sherry of OUHSC for critically reading the initial version of the manuscript and his helpful advice during this study.
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    Compounding impact of severe weather events fuels marine heatwave in the coastal ocean (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Dzwonkowski, B., Coogan, J., Fournier, S., Lockridge, G., Park, K., & Lee, T. Compounding impact of severe weather events fuels marine heatwave in the coastal ocean. Nature Communications, 11(1), (2020): 4623, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18339-2.
    Description: Exposure to extreme events is a major concern in coastal regions where growing human populations and stressed natural ecosystems are at significant risk to such phenomena. However, the complex sequence of processes that transform an event from notable to extreme can be challenging to identify and hence, limit forecast abilities. Here, we show an extreme heat content event (i.e., a marine heatwave) in coastal waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico resulted from compounding effects of a tropical storm followed by an atmospheric heatwave. This newly identified process of generating extreme ocean temperatures occurred prior to landfall of Hurricane Michael during October of 2018 and, as critical contributor to storm intensity, likely contributed to the subsequent extreme hurricane. This pattern of compounding processes will also exacerbate other environmental problems in temperature-sensitive ecosystems (e.g., coral bleaching, hypoxia) and is expected to have expanding impacts under global warming predictions.
    Description: This work would not have been possible without the help of the Tech Support Group at the Dauphin Island Sea Lab. A portion of this work was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA. This research was made possible by the NOAA RESTORE Science Program (NA17NOS4510101 and NA19NOS4510194) and NOAA NGI NMFS Regional Collaboration Network (18-NGI3-61).
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    Exploring Employee Perceptions towards Smart Working during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Comparative Analysis of Two Italian Public Research Organizations (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: Of all the socio-economic changes caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, the disruption to workforce organizations will probably leave the largest indelible mark. The way work will be organized in the future will be closely linked to the experience of work-ing under the same institution’s response to the pandemic. This paper aims to fill the gap in knowledge about smart working (SW) in public organizations, with a focus on the experience of the employees of two Italian research organizations, CNR and INGV. Analysing primary data, it explored and assessed how SW had been experi-enced following the implementation of governmental measures aimed at limiting the spread of COVID-19
    Description: Published
    Description: 815–833
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Combining audio and visual displays to highlight temporal and spatial seismic patterns (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: Data visualization, and to a lesser extent data sonification, are classic tools to the scientific community. However, these two approaches are very rarely combined, although they are highly complementary: our visual system is good at recognizing spatial patterns, whereas our auditory system is better tuned for temporal patterns. In this article, data representation methods are proposed that combine visualization, sonification, and spatial audio techniques, in order to optimize the user’s perception of spatial and temporal patterns in a single display, to increase the feeling of immersion, and to take advantage of multimodal integration mechanisms. Three seismic data sets are used to illustrate the methods, covering different physical phenomena, time scales, spatial distributions, and spatio-temporal dynamics. The methods are adapted to the specificities of each data set, and to the amount of information that the designer wants to display. This leads to further developments, namely the use of audification with two time scales, the switch from pure audification to time-modulated noise, and the switch from pure audification to sonic icons. First user feedback from live demonstrations indicates that the methods presented in this article seem to enhance the perception of spatio-temporal patterns, which is a key parameter to the understanding of seismically active systems, and a step towards apprehending the processes that drive this activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 125–142
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
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    Deep water inflow slowed offshore expansion of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet at the Eocene-Oligocene transition (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications Earth & Environment, Springer Nature, 3(1)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: The stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is threatened by the incursion of warm Circumpolar Deepwater which flows southwards via cross-shelf troughs towards the coast there melting ice shelves. However, the onset of this oceanic forcing on the development and evolution of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet remains poorly understood. Here, we use single- and multichannel seismic reflection profiles to investigate the architecture of a sediment body on the shelf of the Amundsen Sea Embayment. We estimate the formation age of this sediment body to be around the Eocene-Oligocene Transition and find that it possesses the geometry and depositional pattern of a plastered sediment drift. We suggest this indicates a southward inflow of deep water which probably supplied heat and, thus, prevented West Antarctic Ice Sheet advance beyond the coast at this time. We conclude that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has likely experienced a strong oceanic influence on its dynamics since its initial formation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Short-term clustering modeling of seismicity in Eastern Aegean Sea (Greece): a retrospective forecast test of the 2017 Mw = 6.4 Lesvos, 2017 Mw = 6.6 Kos and 2020 Mw = 7.0 Samos earthquake sequences (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-03
    Description: Short-term earthquake clustering properties in the Eastern Aegean Sea (Greece) area investigated through the application of an epidemic type stochastic model (Epidemic Type Earthquake Sequence; ETES). The computations are performed in an earthquake catalog covering the period 2008 to 2020 and including 2332 events with a completeness threshold of Mc = 3.1 and separated into two subcatalogs. The first subcatalog is employed for the learning period, which is between 2008/01/01 and 2016/12/31 (N = 1197 earthquakes), and used for the model’s parameters estimation. The second subcatalog from 2017/01/01 to 2020/11/10 (1135 earthquakes), in which the sequences of 2017 Mw = 6.4 Lesvos, 2017 Mw = 6.6 Kos and 2020 Mw = 7.0 Samos main shocks are included, and used for a retrospective forecast testing based on the constructed model. The estimated model parameters imply a swarm like behavior, indicating the ability of earthquakes of small to moderate magnitude above Mc to produce their own offsprings, along with the stronger earthquakes. The retrospective evaluation of the model is examined in the three aftershock sequences, where lack of foreshocks resulted in low predictability of the mainshocks, with estimated daily probabilities around 10– 5. Immediately after the mainshocks occurrence the model adjusts with notable resemblance between the expected and observed aftershock rates, particularly for earthquakes with M ≥ 3.5.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1085–1099
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Simulation of non-stationary stochastic ground motions based on recent Italian earthquakes (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: This work presents an up-to-date model for the simulation of non-stationary ground motions, including several novelties compared to the original study of Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seism Soc Am 86:337–352, 1996). The selection of the input motion in the framework of earthquake engineering has become progressively more important with the growing use of nonlinear dynamic analyses. Regardless of the increasing availability of large strong motion databases, ground motion records are not always available for a given earthquake scenario and site condition, requiring the adoption of simulated time series. Among the different techniques for the generation of ground motion records, we focused on the methods based on stochastic simulations, considering the time- frequency decomposition of the seismic ground motion. We updated the non-stationary stochastic model initially developed in Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seism Soc Am 86:337–352, 1996) and later modified by Pousse et al. (Bull Seism Soc Am 96:2103–2117, 2006) and Laurendeau et al. (Nonstationary stochastic simulation of strong ground-motion time histories: application to the Japanese database. 15 WCEE Lisbon, 2012). The model is based on the S-transform that implicitly considers both the amplitude and frequency modulation. The four model parameters required for the simulation are: Arias intensity, significant duration, central frequency, and frequency bandwidth. They were obtained from an empirical ground motion model calibrated using the accelerometric records included in the updated Italian strong-motion database ITACA. The simulated accelerograms show a good match with the ground motion model prediction of several amplitude and frequency measures, such as Arias intensity, peak acceleration, peak velocity, Fourier spectra, and response spectra.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3287–3315
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Insights on the Italian Seismic Network from location uncertainties (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-01
    Description: Probabilistic earthquake locations provide confidence intervals for the hypocentre solutions such as errors encountered in the position, the origin time, and in magnitude. If the relationship of the parameters relative to the local arrangement of the seismic network is considered, such as the node distance, the number of stations, the seismic gap, and the quality of phase readings), the uncertainties can then provide insights on the location capability of the network. In this paper, we collect the earthquake data recorded from the Italian Seismic Network for a time span of 5 years. The data pertain to three different catalogues according to the progressive refinement phases of the location procedure: automatic location, revised location, and published location. By means of spatial analysis,we assess the distribution of the location-related and network-related estimators across the study area. These estimators are subsequently combined to assess the existence of spatial correlations at a local scale. The results indicate that the Italian network is generally able to provide robust locations at the national scale and for smaller earthquakes, and the elongated shape of Italy (and of its network) does not cause systematic bias in the locations. However, we highlight the existence of subregions in which the performance of the network is weaker. At present, a unique 2D, 3-layer velocity model is used for the earthquake location procedure, and this could represent the main limitation for the improvement of the locations. Therefore, the assessment of locally optimized velocity models is the priority for the homogenization and the improvement of the Italian Seismic Network performance.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1061–1076
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: JCR Journal
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    New trenching results along the İznik segment of the central strand of the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey): an integration with preexisting data (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: This paper provides a new contribution to the construction of the complex and fragmentary mosaic of the Late Holocene earthquakes history of the İznik segment of the central strand of the North Anatolian Fault (CNAF) in Turkey. The CNAF clearly displays lower dextral slip rates with respect to the northern strand however, surface rupturing and large damaging earthquakes (M 〉 7) occurred in the past, leaving clear signatures in the built and natural environments. The association of these historical events to specific earthquake sources (e.g., Gemlik, İznik, or Geyve fault segments) is still a matter of debate. We excavated two trenches across the İznik fault trace near Mustafali, a village about 10 km WSW of İznik where the morphological fault scarp was visible although modified by agricultural activities. Radiocarbon and TL dating on samples collected from the trenches show that the displaced deposits are very recent and span the past 2 millennia at most. Evidence for four surface faulting events was found in the Mustafali trenches. The integration of these results with historical data and previous paleoseismological data yields an updated Late Holocene history of surface-rupturing earthquakes along the İznik Fault in 1855, 740 (715), 362, and 121 CE. Evidence for the large M7 + historical earthquake dated 1419 CE generally attributed to this fault, was not found at any trench site along the İznik fault nor in the subaqueous record. This unfit between paleoseismological, stratigraphic, and historical data highlights one more time the urge for extensive paleoseismological trenching and offshore campaigns because of the high potential to solve the uncertainties on the seismogenic history (age, earthquake location, extent of the rupture and size) of this portion of NAFZ and especially on the attribution of historical earthquakes to the causative fault.
    Description: Published
    Description: 115–128
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: N/A or not JCR
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    Checking the site categorization criteria and amplification factors of the 2021 draft of Eurocode 8 Part 1–1 (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: In this paper the site categorization criteria and the corresponding site amplification factors proposed in the 2021 draft of Part 1 of Eurocode 8 (2021-draft, CEN/TC250/SC8 Working Draft N1017) are first introduced and compared with the current version of Eurocode 8, as well as with site amplification factors from recent empirical ground motion prediction equations. Afterwards, these values are checked by two approaches. First, a wide dataset of strong motion records is built, where recording stations are classified according to 2021-draft, and the spectral amplifications are empirically estimated computing the site-to-site residuals from regional and global ground motion models for reference rock conditions. Second, a comprehensive parametric numerical study of one-dimensional (1D) site amplification is carried out, based on randomly generated shear-wave velocity profiles, classified according to the new criteria. A reasonably good agreement is found by both approaches. The most relevant discrepancies occur for the shallow soft soil conditions (soil category E) that, owing to the complex interaction of shear wave velocity, soil deposit thickness and frequency range of the excitation, show the largest scatter both in terms of records and of 1D numerical simulations. Furthermore, 1D numerical simulations for soft soil conditions tend to provide lower site amplification factors than 2021-draft, as well as lower than the corresponding site-to-site residuals from records, because of higher impact of non-linear (NL) site effects in the simulations. A site-specific study on NL effects at three KiK-net stations with a significantly large amount of high-intensity recorded ground motions gives support to the 2021-draft NL reduction factors, although the very limited number of recording stations allowing such analysis prevents deriving more general implications. In the presence of such controversial arguments, it is reasonable that a standard should adopt a prudent solution, with a limited reduction of the site amplification factors to account for NL soil response, while leaving the possibility to carry out site-specific estimations of such factors when sufficient information is available to model the ground strain dependency of local soil properties.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4199–4234
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Exceedance of design actions in epicentral areas: insights from the ShakeMap envelopes for the 2016–2017 central Italy sequence (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: ShakeMap is the tool to evaluate the ground motion effect of earthquakes in vast areas. It is useful to delimit the zones where the shaking is expected to have been most significant, for civil defense rapid response. From the earthquake engineering point of view, it can be used to infer the seismic actions on the built environment to calibrate vulnerability models or to define the reconstruction policies based on observed damage vs shaking. In the case of long-lasting seismic sequences, it can be useful to develop ShakeMap envelopes, that is, maps of the largest ground intensity among those from the ShakeMap of (selected) events of a seismic sequence, to delimit areas where the effects of the whole sequence have been of structural engineering relevance. This study introduces ShakeMap envelopes and discusses them for the central Italy 2016–2017 seismic sequence. The specific goals of the study are: (i) to compare the envelopes and the ShakeMap of the main events of the sequence to make the case for sequence-based maps; (ii) to quantify the exceedance of design seismic actions based on the envelopes; (iii) to make envelopes available for further studies and the reconstruction planning; (iv) to gather insights on the (repeated) exceedance of design seismic actions at some sites. Results, which include considerations of uncertainty in ShakeMap, show that the sequence caused exceedance of design hazard in thousands of square kilometers. The most relevant effects of the sequence are, as expected, due to the mainshock, yet seismic actions larger than those enforced by the code for structural design are found also around the epicenters of the smaller magnitude events. At some locations, the succession of ground-shaking that has excited structures, provides insights on structural damage accumulation that has likely taken place; something that is not accounted for explicitly in modern seismic design. The envelopes developed are available as supplemental material.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5391–5414
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Automatic inspection and analysis of digital waveform images by means of convolutional neural networks (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-13
    Description: Analyzing seismic data to get information about earthquakes has always been a major task for seismologists and, more in general, for geophysicists. Recently, thanks to the technological development of observation systems, more and more data are available to perform such tasks. However, this data “grow up” makes “human possibility” of data processing more complex in terms of required efforts and time demanding. That is why new technological approaches such as artificial intelligence are becoming very popular and more and more exploited. In this paper, we explore the possibility of interpreting seismic waveform segments by means of pre-trained deep learning. More specifically, we apply convolutional networks to seismological waveforms recorded at local or regional distances without any pre-elaboration or filtering. We show that such an approach can be very successful in determining if an earthquake is “included” in the seismic wave image and in estimating the distance between the earthquake epicenter and the recording station.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1347–1359
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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    Midlatitude climatology of the ionospheric equivalent slab thickness over two solar cycles (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-25
    Description: Themain climatological features of the ionospheric equivalent slab thickness (τ ) for the Northern hemispheremidlatitudes are analyzed. F2-layer peak electron density values recorded at three midlatitude ionospheric stations (Chilton 51.5° N, 0.6° W, U.K.; Roquetes 40.8° N, 0.5° E, Spain;Wallops Island 37.9° N, 75.5°W, USA) and vertical total electron content values from colocated ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System receivers are used to calculate a dataset of τ values for the last two solar cycles, considering only magnetically quiet periods. Results are presented both as grids of binned medians and as boxplots as a function of local time and month of the year, for different solar activity levels. Corresponding trends are first compared to those output by the midlatitude empirical model developed by Fox et al. (Radio Sci 26:429–438, 1991) and then discussed in the light of what is known so far. From this investigation, the strong need to implement an improved empirical model of τ has emerged. Both Space Weather and Space Geodesy applications might benefit from such model. Therefore, both the dataset and the methodology described in the paper represent a first fundamental step aimed at implementing an empirical climatological model of the ionospheric equivalent slab thickness. The study highlighted also that at midlatitudes τ shows the following main patterns: daytime values considerably smaller than nighttime ones (except in summer); well-defined maxima at solar terminator hours; a greater dispersion during nighttime and solar terminator hours; no clear and evident solar activity dependence.
    Description: Published
    Description: 124
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Fracturing and healing of basaltic magmas during explosive volcanic eruptions (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-26
    Description: The eruption of basaltic magmas dominates explosive volcanism on Earth and other planets within the Solar System. The mechanism through which continuous magma fragments into volcanic particles is central in governing eruption dynamics and the ensuing hazards. However, the mechanism of fragmentation of basaltic magmas is still disputed, with both viscous and brittle mechanisms having been proposed. Here we carry out textural analysis of the products of ten eruptions from seven volcanoes by scanning electron microscopy. We find broken crystals surrounded by intact glass that testify to the brittle fragmentation of basaltic magmas during explosive activity worldwide. We then replicated the natural textures of broken crystals in laboratory experiments where variably crystallized basaltic melt was fragmented by rapid deformation. The experiments reveal that crystals are broken by the propagation of a network of fractures through magma, and that afterwards the fractures heal by viscous flow of the melt. Fracturing and healing affect gas mobility, stress distribution, and bubble and crystal size distributions in magma. Our results challenge the idea that the grain size distribution of basaltic eruption products reflects the density of fractures that initially fragmented the magma and ultimately indicate that brittle fracturing and viscous healing of magma may underlie basaltic explosive eruptions globally.
    Description: Published
    Description: 248–254
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Catching the Main Ethiopian Rift evolving towards plate divergence (2022)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: Magmatism accompanies rifting along divergent plate boundaries, although its role before continental breakup remains poorly understood. For example, the magma-assisted Northern Main Ethiopian Rift (NMER) lacks current volcanism and clear tectono-magmatic relationships with its contiguous rift portions. Here we define its magmatic behaviour, identifying the most recent eruptive fissures (EF) whose aphyric basalts have a higher Ti content than those of older monogenetic scoria cones (MSC), which are porphyritic and plagioclase-dominated. Despite these differences, calculations highlight a similar parental melt for EF and MSC products, suggesting only a different evolutionary history after melt generation. While MSC magmas underwent a further step of storage at intermediate crustal levels, EF magmas rose directly from the base of the crust without contamination, even below older polygenetic volcanoes, suggesting rapid propagation of transcrustal dikes across solidified magma chambers. Whether this recent condition in the NMER is stable or transient, it indicates a transition from central polygenetic to linear fissure volcanism, indicative of increased tensile conditions and volcanism directly fed from the base of the crust, suggesting transition towards mature rifting.
    Description: Published
    Description: 21821
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology
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    Neapolitan volcanoes (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-24
    Description: This book serves as a guide to discovering the most interesting volcano sites in Italy. Accompanied by some extraordinary contemporary images of active Neapolitan volcanoes, it explains the main volcanic processes that have been shaping the landscape of the Campania region and influencing human settlements in this area since Greek and Roman times and that have prompted leading international scientists to visit and study this natural volcanology laboratory. While volcanology is the central topic, the book also addresses other aspects related to the area’s volcanism and is divided into three sections: 1) Neapolitan volcanic activity and processes (with a general introduction to volcanology and its development around Naples together with descriptions of the landscape and the main sites worth visiting); 2) Volcanoes and their interactions with local human settlements since the Bronze Age, recent population growth and the transformation of the territory; 3) The risks posed by Neapolitan Volcanoes, their recent activity and the problem of forecasting any future eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book
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    Northern Hemisphere drought risk in a warming climate (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, Springer Nature, 4(1), ISSN: 2397-3722
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-15
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 41
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    Environmental stability and phenotypic plasticity benefit the cold-water coral Desmophyllum dianthus in an acidified fjord (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Communications Biology, Springer Nature, 5(683)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-13
    Description: The stratified Chilean Comau Fjord sustains a dense population of the cold-water coral (CWC) Desmophyllum dianthus in aragonite supersaturated shallow and aragonite under- saturated deep water. This provides a rare opportunity to evaluate CWC fitness trade-offs in response to physico-chemical drivers and their variability. Here, we combined year-long reciprocal transplantation experiments along natural oceanographic gradients with an in situ assessment of CWC fitness. Following transplantation, corals acclimated fast to the novel environment with no discernible difference between native and novel (i.e. cross-transplanted) corals, demonstrating high phenotypic plasticity. Surprisingly, corals exposed to lowest ara- gonite saturation (Ωarag 〈 1) and temperature (T 〈 12.0 °C), but stable environmental condi- tions, at the deep station grew fastest and expressed the fittest phenotype. We found an inverse relationship between CWC fitness and environmental variability and propose to consider the high frequency fluctuations of abiotic and biotic factors to better predict the future of CWCs in a changing ocean.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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    Mid-Pliocene El Niño/Southern Oscillation suppressed by Pacific intertropical convergence zone shift (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Geoscience, Springer Nature, ISSN: 1752-0908
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-16
    Description: The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the dominant driver of year-to-year climate variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, impacts climate pattern across the globe. However, the response of the ENSO system to past and potential future temperature increases is not fully understood. Here we investigate ENSO variability in the warmer climate of the mid-Pliocene (~3.0–3.3 Ma), when surface temperatures were ~2–3 °C above modern values, in a large ensemble of climate models—the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project. We show that the ensemble consistently suggests a weakening of ENSO variability, with a mean reduction of 25% (±16%). We further show that shifts in the equatorial Pacific mean state cannot fully explain these changes. Instead, ENSO was suppressed by a series of off-equatorial processes triggered by a northward displacement of the Pacific intertropical convergence zone: weakened convective feedback and intensified Southern Hemisphere circulation, which inhibit various processes that initiate ENSO. The connection between the climatological intertropical convergence zone position and ENSO we find in the past is expected to operate in our warming world with important ramifications for ENSO variability.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 43
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    Inferring life history characteristics of the oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus from vertebral bomb radiocarbon (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: High-precision vertebral bomb radiocarbon measurements likely track philopatric movements in oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus.
    Description: This work was made possible by a Graduate Student Fellowship from the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (NOSAMS) lab at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: Carbon-14 ; Age validation ; Migration ; Diet ; Vertebrae ; Family Carcharhinidae
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 44
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    Seismic reflection study of the geologic structure underlying southern Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: A subbottom reflection survey of southern Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island was made by means of a continuous seismic reflection technique (the Continuous Seismic Profiler)developed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Knott and Hersey, 1956). The observational program was conducted in May, 1958 under contract with the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, and in May, 1960 under contract with the Bureau of Ships, U . S. Navy, to obtain foundation data for locating hurricane barriers (Corps of Engineers, 1957) and to develop techniques for studying the geologic structure of shallow water areas. At the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution this work is part of a continuing, broader program directed toward describing the structures and tracing the geologic history of continental margins. The Continuous Seismic Profiler employs a wide-band sound source the pulses from which are reflected from the bottom and from sediment and rock layers beneath the bottom. The sound pulse is synchronized with the sweep of a Precision Graphic Recorder (PGR), which records sound energy received at an underwater detector. (In 1958 the sound source was an early form of the Sparker, while in 1960 the Edgerton Thumper was the source. (These instruments are described below.) When the sound source and the detector are towed from a boat, the reflected sound energy is recorded to present a continuously correlated picture of subbottom structure. Measurements in Narragansett Bay were made south of the Jamestown Bridge in the West Passage and between Conanicut Island and Newport Neck in the East Passage (Fig . 1A and lB). Two additional traverses were made across the bay in areas to the north where core data are available (Fig. 2).
    Description: The Bureau of Ships under Contract NObsr 72521 and the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers under Contract DA-19-016 CIVENG-58-65
    Keywords: Seismic reflection method ; Narragansett Bay (R.I.)
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 45
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    Sonar research conducted during the period 1 October - 31 December 1961 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Research at sea during this three month period, supported by Contract NObsr-72521, was carried out mostly during the latter portion of the CHAIN Cruise 21 to the eastern Mediterranean. Near-surface sound transmission runs were made with the aid of two foreign ships in the eastern Mediterranean and Tyrrhenian Sea. Sound velocity measurements were made there also. Reverberation and back-scatter measurements using half pound explosives as sound sources were recorded on magnetic tape for future analysis. Further, at several places during the cruise acoustic reflectivity of the sea-floor was measured by means of a semi-automatic system employing the Precision Graphic Recorder and the Edo UQN Echo Sounder. Research other than that on CHAIN Cruise 21, included ambient noise studies of recorded signals from finback whales, and analysis of data from previous observations at sea.
    Description: The Bureau of Ships Under Contract NObsr - 72521
    Keywords: Sonar ; Underwater acoustics ; Submarine geology
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 46
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    Narrative of CHAIN cruise #36 : Woods Hole to the Outer Ridge north of Puerto Rico and the Barracuda Fault east of the Lesser Antilles, and back, 4 June - 10 July, 1963 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This narrative report of CHAIN Cruise 36 includes the chief scientist's journal, a summary track chart, and a log of stations occupied. The cruise was made in two parts : the first, to the Outer Ridge north of Puerto Rico for seismic reflection and refraction work with ATLANTIS II, and the second from the Outer Ridge to the area of the Barracuda Fault east of the Lesser Antilles for bathymetric and gravity surveys and a detailed geophysical study of the area between 16° and 17 °N and 57 ° and 59 °W. The scientific program included echo sounding, continuous seismic reflection profiling, seismic refraction profiles , gravity measurements, dredging, bottom photography, and heat flow measurements.
    Description: This cruise was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant GP - 1123.
    Keywords: Oceanography--Research ; Marine geophysics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 47
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    The mechanical and chemical properties of the HY 100 pressure hulls of the submarine, ALVIN (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This report presents mechanical and chemical test data from the three pressure hulls fabricated for the Deep Research Submarine, ALVIN. The data is discussed briefly, the low Charpy V-Notch values after stress relief noted, and recommendations made for further testing required for design and evaluation. The three hulls are compared with reference to failure criteria.
    Description: Director of Undersea Programs Office of Naval Research prepared under Contract Nonr-3484 (00)
    Keywords: Hulls (Naval architecture)
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  • 48
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 May - 31 October 1964 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Geophysical investigations were carried out aboard R /V CHAIN in the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the North Atlantic Ocean. Observations underway were continuous seismic profiling, gravity, magnetic, and echo sounding measurements. At stations rocks were dredged, cores were taken (about 10 meters long, photographic montages of the sea floor were made, and the sound velocity of the water was measured as a function of depth. Progress is being made in filtering and correlation techniques for seismic profiling, while seismic receiving arrays were improved to make them quieter. The analysis of internal wave data is continuing, but further observations at sea will be required in order to fully understand the mechanism of propagation. Seven papers were published during this period and thirteen were submitted for publication. These papers are concerned with seismic profiling, seismic refraction profiles, sediment ponding, sound transmission, thermal fronts, and biological papers dealing with sound production by marine mammals and deep-sea fish natural history gained from bottom photographs. A new thermistor string intended to replace and improve upon the original thermistor chain was the principal new instrumental development.
    Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research under Contracts Nonr-4029(00)NR260-101 and Nonr-3243(00)NR260-108
    Keywords: Submarine geology ; Underwater acoustics ; Oceanographic instruments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 49
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    A computer program for grain-size data (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The computer program presented here seeks to improve estimation of statistical parameters for grain-size data by use of interpolated values. Interpolation is made by fitting a series of overlapping parabolas to the data, and follows the method of Snyder (1961). The values are used in moment formulas to compute standard statistical measures. Skewness and kurtosis are reduced by the interpolation data, and extreme positive values of kurtosis tend to be greatly reduced. The program also picks major modes, the median, and sediment type .
    Description: The United States Geological Survey under Contract USGS-14-08-0001-8358
    Keywords: Marine sediments--Computer programs
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  • 50
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    The normally-incident reflectivity of the sea floor at 12 kc and its correlation with physical and geological properties of naturally-occurring sediments (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The objective of this investigation was to measure bottom loss in normal incident reflection of pulses of twelve kcps sound and to study its geological significance. To this end a semi-automatic instrument system was developed which is capable of making continuous measurements of the peak pressure and the time integral of the square of the pressure of the sea floor echo, from a vessel underway. Observations were taken in both deep and shallow water areas in the Western North Atlantic. The early cruises were conducted in deep water to investigate the range and variability of bottom loss values. Geological control consisted mainly of a precise bathymetric record. The later cruises were conducted in shall ow water, in areas where the geology has been well studied previously by investigators using techniques of classical geology. In these latter cruises the acoustic measurements were correlated with a schedule of sediment dredging and underwater photography. Thirty-one thousand acoustic measurements were made. Median bottom loss values and standard deviations were computed and the results summarized in eleven hundred sets, each set corresponding to a location at sea. Seventy-seven sediment stations were occupied. A complete particle size analysis and a water content analysis were performed on these sediments to determine their size and mass characteristics . The size characteristics included the median grain size, the sorting coefficient, and the percentages of gravel, sand, silt, and clay. A sediment class name was determined from the gravel, sand, silt, and clay percentages according to the Shepard system of classification. The mass characteristics included porosity, bulk density, sound velocity, acoustic impedance, Rayleigh reflection coefficient, and theoretical bottom loss. The combined results show a good correlation between measurements of bottom loss and both mass and size characteristics of the sediment. The measured bottom loss increases as the porosity increases. The measured bottom loss also increases as the silt-clay percentage increases since the porosity of sediments generally increases as this fraction increases. It seems that the Rayleigh reflection coefficient can be used to predict acoustic bottom loss at normal incidence. Conversely, normally-incident bottom loss can be used under the assumption of a Rayleigh reflection process to determine the nature of the bottom sediment. The acoustical and geological results have been made available in tabulations, scatter diagrams, and as geographical plots. Except for the initial measurements, all operations, including the final displays, were accomplished through automatic digital processing machines.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-4029 ~ Nonr-13 67~ Nonr-1841 (74) ~ NR 083 -15 7~ and the Bureau of Ships under Contracts NObsr-72521 and NObsr-89464.
    Keywords: Marine sediments ; Ocean bottom ; Underwater acoustics--Instruments
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    Resonance scattering of sound by a small gaseous object of arbitrary form (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The acoustic scattering amplitude for a dilute gaseous object of arbitrary form in a liquid medium is determined self-consistently for the case of linear dimension small as compared to the wavelength. A scatterer of bulk modulus β, and density p, in a medium of bulk modulus II and density p may exhibit monopole resonance scattering at a frequency w,= (4πβoC / pV)l, in which V is the volume and C is the capacitance in electrostatic units of a conducting replica of the scatterer. The criterion for occurrence of the resonance phenomenon is 3Fβo/β 〈〈«1, in which the shape factor F = 4πC3 / 3V〉 1 is minimum for a sphere. Dipole scattering is given in terms of the polarizability dyadic of a nonconducting replica of dielectric constant p/po, and is negligibly small in a neighborhood of the resonance frequency.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-1367(00), NR 261-102.
    Keywords: Sound ; Integral equations
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Summary of investigations conducted in 1962 : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, Massachusetts (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Summary of investigations conduction in 1962 in the following departments: Department of Applied Oceanography Department of Biology Department of Chemistry and Geology Department of Geophysics Department of Physical Oceanography Department of Theoretical Oceanography and Meteorology
    Description: Funding sponsored by: Contract Nonr-891(OO)NR 385-207 Contract Nonr-2196(OO)NR 083-004 ContractNonr-2129(OO)NR 261-104 Contract Nonr-3351(OO)NR 083-501 Contract Nonr-2672(OO)NR 385-905 Contract Nonr-3484(00)NR 261-140 Contract Nonr-2866(OO)NR 287-004 Contract Nonr-1367(OO)NR 261-102 Contract Nonr-3243(OO)NR 261-136 Contract Nonr-4029(OO)NR 260-101 Contract Nonr-4035(OO)NR 082-124 Contract Nonr-1721(OO) NR 082-021 NIH Grant GM 05748-05 NSF Grant 16355 NSF Grant 23427 NSF Grant 10693 NSF Grant 12178 NSF Grant 22389 NSF G020702 NSF Gl9251 AEC Contract AT(30-1)-1918 AEC AT(30-l)-3010, AT (30-1)-3145, AT(30-l)-2174 USGS 8358 Contract NObsr 72521 Contract SC 90784
    Keywords: Oceanography--Research
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Stable aerobic and anaerobic coexistence in anoxic marine zones (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Zakem, E. J., Mahadevan, A., Lauderdale, J. M., & Follows, M. J. Stable aerobic and anaerobic coexistence in anoxic marine zones. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 288–301, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0523-8.
    Description: Mechanistic description of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism is necessary for diagnostic and predictive modeling of fixed nitrogen loss in anoxic marine zones (AMZs). In a metabolic model where diverse oxygen- and nitrogen-cycling microbial metabolisms are described by underlying redox chemical reactions, we predict a transition from strictly aerobic to predominantly anaerobic regimes as the outcome of ecological interactions along an oxygen gradient, obviating the need for prescribed critical oxygen concentrations. Competing aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms can coexist in anoxic conditions whether these metabolisms represent obligate or facultative populations. In the coexistence regime, relative rates of aerobic and anaerobic activity are determined by the ratio of oxygen to electron donor supply. The model simulates key characteristics of AMZs, such as the accumulation of nitrite and the sustainability of anammox at higher oxygen concentrations than denitrification, and articulates how microbial biomass concentrations relate to associated water column transformation rates as a function of redox stoichiometry and energetics. Incorporating the metabolic model into an idealized two-dimensional ocean circulation results in a simulated AMZ, in which a secondary chlorophyll maximum emerges from oxygen-limited grazing, and where vertical mixing and dispersal in the oxycline also contribute to metabolic co-occurrence. The modeling approach is mechanistic yet computationally economical and suitable for global change applications.
    Description: We are grateful for the thorough and thoughtful comments of two anonymous reviewers. We also thank Andrew Babbin for helpful comments. EJZ was supported by the Simons Foundation (Postdoctoral Fellowship in Marine Microbial Ecology). AM was supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR #N000-14-15-1-2555). JML was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF #OCE-1259388). MJF was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF #3778) and the Simons Foundation: the Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology (SCOPE #329108) and the Simons Collaboration on Computational Biogeochemical Modeling of Marine Ecosystems (CBIOMES #549931).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Comparative proteomics of related symbiotic mussel species reveals high variability of host-symbiont interactions (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ponnudurai, R., Heiden, S. E., Sayavedra, L., Hinzke, T., Kleiner, M., Hentschker, C., Felbeck, H., Sievert, S. M., Schlüter, R., Becher, D., Schweder, T., & Markert, S. Comparative proteomics of related symbiotic mussel species reveals high variability of host-symbiont interactions. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 649–656, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0517-6.
    Description: Deep-sea Bathymodiolus mussels and their chemoautotrophic symbionts are well-studied representatives of mutualistic host–microbe associations. However, how host–symbiont interactions vary on the molecular level between related host and symbiont species remains unclear. Therefore, we compared the host and symbiont metaproteomes of Pacific B. thermophilus, hosting a thiotrophic symbiont, and Atlantic B. azoricus, containing two symbionts, a thiotroph and a methanotroph. We identified common strategies of metabolic support between hosts and symbionts, such as the oxidation of sulfide by the host, which provides a thiosulfate reservoir for the thiotrophic symbionts, and a cycling mechanism that could supply the host with symbiont-derived amino acids. However, expression levels of these processes differed substantially between both symbioses. Backed up by genomic comparisons, our results furthermore revealed an exceptionally large repertoire of attachment-related proteins in the B. thermophilus symbiont. These findings imply that host–microbe interactions can be quite variable, even between closely related systems.
    Description: Thanks to captain, crew, and pilots of the research vessels Atlantis (ROV Jason cruise AT26–10 in 2014) and Meteor (cruise M82–3 in 2010). We thank Jana Matulla, Sebastian Grund, and Annette Meuche for excellent technical assistance during sample preparation, MS measurements in the Orbitrap Classic, and TEM imaging preparation, respectively. We appreciate Nikolaus Leisch’s help with TEM image interpretation, Inna Sokolova’s advice on bivalve physiology, and Marie Zühlke’s support during manuscript revision. RP was supported by the EU-funded Marie Curie Initial Training Network ‘Symbiomics’ (project no. 264774) and by a fellowship of the Institute of Marine Biotechnology e.V. TH was supported by the German Research Foundation DFG (grant MA 6346/2–1 to SM). The Atlantis cruise was funded by a grant of the US National Science Foundation’s Dimensions of Biodiversity program to SMS (OCE-1136727).
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    Coordinated transformation of the gut microbiome and lipidome of bowhead whales provides novel insights into digestion (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Miller, C. A., Holm, H. C., Horstmann, L., George, J. C., Fredricks, H. F., Van Mooy, B. A. S., & Apprill, A. Coordinated transformation of the gut microbiome and lipidome of bowhead whales provides novel insights into digestion. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 688-701, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0549-y.
    Description: Whale digestion plays an integral role in many ocean ecosystems. By digesting enormous quantities of lipid-rich prey, whales support their energy intensive lifestyle, but also excrete nutrients important to ocean biogeochemical cycles. Nevertheless, whale digestion is poorly understood. Gastrointestinal microorganisms play a significant role in vertebrate digestion, but few studies have examined them in whales. To investigate digestion of lipids, and the potential contribution of microbes to lipid digestion in whales, we characterized lipid composition (lipidomes) and bacterial communities (microbiotas) in 126 digesta samples collected throughout the gastrointestinal tracts of 38 bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) harvested by Alaskan Eskimos. Lipidomes and microbiotas were strongly correlated throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Lipidomes and microbiotas were most variable in the small intestine and most similar in the large intestine, where microbiota richness was greatest. Our results suggest digestion of wax esters, the primary lipids in B. mysticetus prey representing more than 80% of total dietary lipids, occurred in the mid- to distal small intestine and was correlated with specific microorganisms. Because wax esters are difficult to digest by other marine vertebrates and constitute a large reservoir of carbon in the ocean, our results further elucidate the essential roles that whales and their gastrointestinal microbiotas play in the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients in high-latitude seas.
    Description: Devonshire Foundation (to CAM), Marine Mammal Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI; to CAM), WHOI Ocean Life Institute (to AA and CAM), Dalio Foundation’s Dalio Ocean Initiative (now ‘OceanX’) (to AA), National Science Foundation (OCE-1756254 and OPP-1543328 to BASVM). Samples were collected under Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service permit numbers 17350-00, 17350-01, and 17350-02 to North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management.
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    Oscillations in the near-field feeding current of a calanoid copepod are useful for particle sensing (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Giuffre, C., Hinow, P., Jiang, H., & Strickler, J. R. Oscillations in the near-field feeding current of a calanoid copepod are useful for particle sensing. Scientific Reports, 9(1), (2019): 17742, doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54264-1.
    Description: Calanoid copepods are small crustaceans that constitute a major element of aquatic ecosystems. Key to their success is their feeding apparatus consisting of sensor-studded mouth appendages that are in constant motion. These appendages generate a feeding current to enhance the encounter probability with food items. Additionally, sensing enables the organism to determine the position and quality of food particles, and to alter the near-field flow to capture and manipulate the particles for ingestion or rejection. Here we observe a freely swimming copepod Leptodiaptomus sicilis in multiple perspectives together with suspended particles that allow us to analyse the flow field created by the animal. We observe a highly periodic motion of the mouth appendages that is mirrored in oscillations of nearby tracer particles. We propose that the phase shift between the fluid and the particle velocities is sufficient for mechanical detection of the particles entrained in the feeding current. Moreover, we propose that an immersed algal cell may benefit from the excitation by increased uptake of dissolved inorganic compounds.
    Description: We acknowledge funding from the Simons Foundation (grant #278436 to PH) during two visits of HJ to Milwaukee. HJ was also supported by NSF grant OCE-1559062. We thank Dr. Russell Cuhel (School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee) for collecting the animals from Lake Michigan and four unknown readers for valuable comments.
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    Helium, inorganic and organic carbon isotopes of fluids and gases across the Costa Rica convergent margin (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Barry, P. H., Nakagawa, M., Giovannelli, D., de Moor, J. M., Schrenk, M., Seltzer, A. M., Manini, E., Fattorini, D., di Carlo, M., Regoli, F., Fullerton, K., & Lloyd, K. G. Helium, inorganic and organic carbon isotopes of fluids and gases across the Costa Rica convergent margin. Scientific Data, 6(1), (2019): 284, doi: 10.1038/s41597-019-0302-4.
    Description: In 2017, fluid and gas samples were collected across the Costa Rican Arc. He and Ne isotopes, C isotopes as well as total organic and inorganic carbon concentrations were measured. The samples (n = 24) from 2017 are accompanied by (n = 17) samples collected in 2008, 2010 and 2012. He-isotopes ranged from arc-like (6.8 RA) to crustal (0.5 RA). Measured dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) δ13CVPDB values varied from 3.55 to −21.57‰, with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) following the trends of DIC. Gas phase CO2 only occurs within ~20 km of the arc; δ13CVPDB values varied from −0.84 to −5.23‰. Onsite, pH, conductivity, temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured; pH ranged from 0.9–10.0, conductivity from 200–91,900 μS/cm, temperatures from 23–89 °C and DO from 2–84%. Data were used to develop a model which suggests that ~91 ± 4.0% of carbon released from the slab/mantle beneath the Costa Rican forearc is sequestered within the crust by calcite deposition with an additional 3.3 ± 1.3% incorporated into autotrophic biomass.
    Description: This work was principally supported by a grant (G-2016-7206) from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the Deep Carbon Observatory to P.H.B. In addition, P.H.B. was supported by NSF grant 1144559 during a portion of this project. D.G. was supported by an NSF grant (MCB 15–17567) and an ELSI Origins Network (EON) research Fellowship, which is supported by a grant from the John Templeton Foundation. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the John Templeton Foundation. DG was also partially supported a Deep Life Modeling and Visualization Fellowship, which is supported by the Deep Carbon Observatory. This work was further supported in party by JSPS KAKENHI grants (JP17K14412, JP17H06105, JP17H02989) awarded to M.N., NSF OCE-1431598 and NASA Exobiology NNX16AL59G awarded to K.G.L. J.M.d.M. gratefully acknowledges funding from Universidad Nacional Costa Rica, the World Bank, and the Costa Rican Ley Transitorio 8933 used to acquire a laser carbon isotope system in collaboration with R. Sánchez-Murillo and G. Esquivel-Hernandez. M.N. produced the most data. We thank Patricia Barcala Dominguez for assistance with figure illustration. We thank Bruce Deck, Marten Wahlen and Keith Blackmon for analytical assistance at SIO. Finally, we acknowledge D. Hummer, T. Lopez, C.A. Pratt, Y. Alpízar Segura, A. Battaglia, P. Beaudry, G. Bini, M. Cascante, G. d’Errico, K. Fullerton, E. Gazel, G. González, S. A. Halldórsson, K. Iacovino, T. Ilanko, J.T. Kulongoski, M. Martínez, H. Miller, S. Ono, S. Patwardhan, C.J. Ramírez, F. Smedile, S. Turner, C. Vetriani, M. Yücel, C.J. Ballentine, T.P. Fischer, and D.R. Hilton, who were instrumental in proposal writing, sample collection, sample analysis and data analysis.
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    Mn oxide formation by phototrophs: spatial and temporal patterns, with evidence of an enzymatic superoxide-mediated pathway (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Chaput, D. L., Fowler, A. J., Seo, O., Duhn, K., Hansel, C. M., & Santelli, C. M. Mn oxide formation by phototrophs: spatial and temporal patterns, with evidence of an enzymatic superoxide-mediated pathway. Scientific Reports, 9(1), (2019): 18244, doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54403-8.
    Description: Manganese (Mn) oxide minerals influence the availability of organic carbon, nutrients and metals in the environment. Oxidation of Mn(II) to Mn(III/IV) oxides is largely promoted by the direct and indirect activity of microorganisms. Studies of biogenic Mn(II) oxidation have focused on bacteria and fungi, with phototrophic organisms (phototrophs) being generally overlooked. Here, we isolated phototrophs from Mn removal beds in Pennsylvania, USA, including fourteen Chlorophyta (green algae), three Bacillariophyta (diatoms) and one cyanobacterium, all of which consistently formed Mn(III/IV) oxides. Isolates produced cell-specific oxides (coating some cells but not others), diffuse biofilm oxides, and internal diatom-specific Mn-rich nodules. Phototrophic Mn(II) oxidation had been previously attributed to abiotic oxidation mediated by photosynthesis-driven pH increases, but we found a decoupling of Mn oxide formation and pH alteration in several cases. Furthermore, cell-free filtrates of some isolates produced Mn oxides at specific time points, but this activity was not induced by Mn(II). Manganese oxide formation in cell-free filtrates occurred via reaction with the oxygen radical superoxide produced by soluble extracellular proteins. Given the known widespread ability of phototrophs to produce superoxide, the contribution of phototrophs to Mn(II) oxidation in the environment may be greater and more nuanced than previously thought.
    Description: This work was funded by a Smithsonian Scholarly Studies grant to CMS, by a Smithsonian Postdoctoral Fellowship to DLC, by the National Science Foundation, grant number CBET-1336496, to CMH and CMS, and by MnDRIVE Environment at the University of Minnesota to CMS. We thank Margaret Dunn and Cliff Denholm, Stream Restoration Inc., for assistance and access to field sites, Carolyn Zeiner (WHOI/Harvard) for useful discussions and advice regarding ROS experiments, as well as Jeff Post, Tim Rose and Tim Gooding (Smithsonian NMNH) for assistance with the SEM/EDS work. Portions of the laboratory work were conducted in and with the support of the L.A.B. facilities at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.
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    Nanoparticle-biological interactions in a marine benthic foraminifer (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ciacci, C., Grimmelpont, M. V., Corsi, I., Bergami, E., Curzi, D., Burini, D., Bouchet, V. M. P., Ambrogini, P., Gobbi, P., Ujiié, Y., Ishitani, Y., Coccioni, R., Bernhard, J. M., & Frontalini, F. Nanoparticle-biological interactions in a marine benthic foraminifer. Scientific Reports, (91), (2019): 19441, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56037-2.
    Description: The adverse effects of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) in marine environments have recently attracted great attention although their effects on marine benthic organisms such as foraminifera are still largely overlooked. Here we document the effects of three negatively charged ENM, different in size and composition, titanium dioxide (TiO2), polystyrene (PS) and silicon dioxide (SiO2), on a microbial eukaryote (the benthic foraminifera Ammonia parkinsoniana) using multiple approaches. This research clearly shows the presence, within the foraminiferal cytoplasm, of metallic (Ti) and organic (PS) ENM that promote physiological stress. Specifically, marked increases in the accumulation of neutral lipids and enhanced reactive oxygen species production occurred in ENM-treated specimens regardless of ENM type. This study indicates that ENM represent ecotoxicological risks for this microbial eukaryote and presents a new model for the neglected marine benthos by which to assess natural exposure scenarios.
    Description: The authors are very grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful and valuable comments that have greatly improved our contribution. NP characterization by DLS was conducted at the facilities of the Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy of the University of Siena (Italy). The authors acknowledge Prof. Andrea M. Atrei for the support in DLS analysis. Margot V. Grimmelpont’s stay at Urbino University was supported by an ERASMUS + fellowship.
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    Hudson '70 : gravity observations 62.9S̊ - 57.5N̊ along 150W̊ (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: To provide geoidal topography over the world oceans, a radar altimeter carried by earth satellite is planned. Ground truth calibration will be provided by a grid comprised of the equatorial belt and meridional traverses along the 30°W and 150°W meridians. Ground truth topography is derived from gravity values measured along these traverses. This report presents the free air gravity values and the computed free air anomalies obtained from 62.9°S to 57.5°N along the 150°W meridian.
    Description: Supported by the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C0241; NR 083-004.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    Limited and localized magmatism in the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marzen, R. E., Shillington, D. J., Lizarralde, D., Knapp, J. H., Heffner, D. M., Davis, J. K., & Harder, S. H. Limited and localized magmatism in the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. Nature Communications, 11(1), (2020): 3397, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17193-6.
    Description: The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) is the most aerially extensive magmatic event in Earth’s history, but many questions remain about its origin, volume, and distribution. Despite many observations of CAMP magmatism near Earth’s surface, few constraints exist on CAMP intrusions at depth. Here we present detailed constraints on crustal and upper mantle structure from wide-angle seismic data across the Triassic South Georgia Rift that formed shortly before CAMP. Lower crustal magmatism is concentrated where synrift sedimentary fill is thickest and the crust is thinnest, suggesting that lithospheric thinning influenced the locus and volume of magmatism. The limited distribution of lower crustal intrusions implies modest total CAMP volumes of 85,000 to 169,000 km3 beneath the South Georgia Rift, consistent with moderately elevated mantle potential temperatures (〈1500 °C). These results suggest that CAMP magmatism in the South Georgia Rift is caused by syn-rift decompression melting of a warm, enriched mantle.
    Description: This project was funded by an NSF GRFP fellowship DGE 16-44869 and a grant from the National Science Foundation’s Division of Earth Sciences (NSF-EAR) EarthScope program through the collaborative awards EAR-1144534/−1144829/−1144391. Data collection was made possible with help from IRIS PASSCAL, the University of Texas El Paso Seismic Source Facility, the teams of students who deployed and recovered geophones, and the support of landowners and county and state officials. We thank Alistair Harding for the VMTomo code, Nathan Miller for the PyVM toolbox, and William Wilcock for maintaining the Upicker package to pick arrivals.
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    Microbial diversity drives carbon use efficiency in a model soil (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Domeignoz-Horta, L. A., Pold, G., Liu, X. A., Frey, S. D., Melillo, J. M., & DeAngelis, K. M. Microbial diversity drives carbon use efficiency in a model soil. Nature Communications, 11(1), (2020): 3684, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17502-z.
    Description: Empirical evidence for the response of soil carbon cycling to the combined effects of warming, drought and diversity loss is scarce. Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) plays a central role in regulating the flow of carbon through soil, yet how biotic and abiotic factors interact to drive it remains unclear. Here, we combine distinct community inocula (a biotic factor) with different temperature and moisture conditions (abiotic factors) to manipulate microbial diversity and community structure within a model soil. While community composition and diversity are the strongest predictors of CUE, abiotic factors modulated the relationship between diversity and CUE, with CUE being positively correlated with bacterial diversity only under high moisture. Altogether these results indicate that the diversity × ecosystem-function relationship can be impaired under non-favorable conditions in soils, and that to understand changes in soil C cycling we need to account for the multiple facets of global changes.
    Description: Funding for this project was provided by the Department of Energy grant DE-SC0016590 to K.M.D. and S.D.F., and an American Association of University Women Dissertation fellowship to G.P. We would also like to thank Stuart Grandy and Kevin Geyer for the fruitful discussions and Mary Waters, Courtney Bly and Ana Horta for their help with samples processing.
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    Distribution of Water Masses on the Northeast U.S. Shelf: presentation slides and links to electronic notebook and code (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Presented at 2020 Woods Hole Partnership Education Program (PEP) Symposium, Woods Hole, MA, August 7, 2020
    Description: The water above the Northeast U.S Shelf is home to many different species, and environmental conditions can change the abundance and location of these species. Within our oceans are water masses, pockets of water with their own unique qualities i.e temperature, salinity, etc. The objective of this project was to develop a workflow to identify locations of water masses based on the R/V Endeavor research cruise data. The purpose of this research was to interpret shelf data in order to make analyses efficient for scientists of all professions. The software RStudio was used to create temperature and salinity plots based on the path of the cruise to identify the changes in these parameters. A plot was also created to map the different water masses based on the salinity readings. Users can use the scripts to identify water masses for data from a variety of different time periods, observe the changes and locations of the water masses, and help to understand the changes in biodiversity along the shelf. Link to electronic notebook html: https://ayanna421.github.io/water-masses/. Link to R markdown code: https://github.com/Ayanna421/water-masses. This is a final research presentation for a Northeast U.S. Shelf Long-Term Ecological Research (NES-LTER) project Research Experience for Undergraduate (REU) in the 2020 Woods Hole Partnership Education Program (PEP).
    Description: This work was supported by NSF OCE # 1655686.
    Keywords: underway data ; temperature-salinity plot ; water masses ; shelfbreak front ; Northeast U.S. Shelf ; workflow ; code:R ; electronic notebook
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    Deep high-temperature hydrothermal circulation in a detachment faulting system on the ultra-slow spreading ridge (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Tao, C., Seyfried, W. E., Jr., Lowell, R. P., Liu, Y., Liang, J., Guo, Z., Ding, K., Zhang, H., Liu, J., Qiu, L., Egorov, I., Liao, S., Zhao, M., Zhou, J., Deng, X., Li, H., Wang, H., Cai, W., Zhang, G., Zhou, H., Lin, J., & Li, W. Deep high-temperature hydrothermal circulation in a detachment faulting system on the ultra-slow spreading ridge. Nature Communications, 11(1), (2020): 1300, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15062-w.
    Description: Coupled magmatic and tectonic activity plays an important role in high-temperature hydrothermal circulation at mid-ocean ridges. The circulation patterns for such systems have been elucidated by microearthquakes and geochemical data over a broad spectrum of spreading rates, but such data have not been generally available for ultra-slow spreading ridges. Here we report new geophysical and fluid geochemical data for high-temperature active hydrothermal venting at Dragon Horn area (49.7°E) on the Southwest Indian Ridge. Twin detachment faults penetrating to the depth of 13 ± 2 km below the seafloor were identified based on the microearthquakes. The geochemical composition of the hydrothermal fluids suggests a long reaction path involving both mafic and ultramafic lithologies. Combined with numerical simulations, our results demonstrate that these hydrothermal fluids could circulate ~ 6 km deeper than the Moho boundary and to much greater depths than those at Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse and Logachev-1 hydrothermal fields on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
    Description: This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China under contract no. 2018YFC0309901, 2017YFC0306603, 2017YFC0306803, and 2017YFC0306203, COMRA Major Project under contract No. DY135-S1-01-01 and No. DY135-S1-01-06.
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    Dual clumped isotope thermometry resolves kinetic biases in carbonate formation temperatures (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bajnai, D., Guo, W., Spötl, C., Coplen, T. B., Methner, K., Löffler, N., Krsnik, E., Gischler, E., Hansen, M., Henkel, D., Price, G. D., Raddatz, J., Scholz, D., & Fiebig, J. Dual clumped isotope thermometry resolves kinetic biases in carbonate formation temperatures. Nature Communications, 11(1), (2020): 4005, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17501-0.
    Description: Surface temperature is a fundamental parameter of Earth’s climate. Its evolution through time is commonly reconstructed using the oxygen isotope and the clumped isotope compositions of carbonate archives. However, reaction kinetics involved in the precipitation of carbonates can introduce inaccuracies in the derived temperatures. Here, we show that dual clumped isotope analyses, i.e., simultaneous ∆47 and ∆48 measurements on the single carbonate phase, can identify the origin and quantify the extent of these kinetic biases. Our results verify theoretical predictions and evidence that the isotopic disequilibrium commonly observed in speleothems and scleractinian coral skeletons is inherited from the dissolved inorganic carbon pool of their parent solutions. Further, we show that dual clumped isotope thermometry can achieve reliable palaeotemperature reconstructions, devoid of kinetic bias. Analysis of a belemnite rostrum implies that it precipitated near isotopic equilibrium and confirms the warmer-than-present temperatures during the Early Cretaceous at southern high latitudes.
    Description: This work became possible through DFG grant “INST 161/871-1” and the Investment in Science Fund at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The authors would like to thank Sven Hofmann and Manuel Schumann for their assistance in the joint Goethe University – Senckenberg BiK-F Stable Isotope Facility at the Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt. K.M. acknowledges funding through “DFG ME 4955/1-1”, E.K. through “DFG MU 2845/6-1”, D.S. through “DFG SCHO 1274/8-1” and “DFG SCHO 1274/11-1”, and M.H. through “DFG HA 8694/1-1”. C.S. acknowledges funding from the University of Innsbruck. A review of the manuscript by David Evans on behalf of the USGS is acknowledged.
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    Historically unprecedented Northern Gulf of Mexico hurricane activity from 650 to 1250 CE (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Rodysill, J. R., Donnelly, J. P., Sullivan, R., Lane, P. D., Toomey, M., Woodruff, J. D., Hawkes, A. D., MacDonald, D., d'Entremont, N., McKeon, K., Wallace, E., & van Hengstum, P. J. Historically unprecedented Northern Gulf of Mexico hurricane activity from 650 to 1250 CE. Scientific Reports, 10(1), (2020): 19092. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75874-0.
    Description: Hurricane Michael (2018) was the first Category 5 storm on record to make landfall on the Florida panhandle since at least 1851 CE (Common Era), and it resulted in the loss of 59 lives and $25 billion in damages across the southeastern U.S. This event placed a spotlight on recent intense (exceeding Category 4 or 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale) hurricane landfalls, prompting questions about the natural range in variability of hurricane activity that the instrumental record is too short to address. Of particular interest is determining whether the frequency of recent intense hurricane landfalls in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) is within or outside the natural range of intense hurricane activity prior to 1851 CE. In this study, we identify intense hurricane landfalls in northwest Florida during the past 2000 years based on coarse anomaly event detection from two coastal lacustrine sediment archives. We identified a historically unprecedented period of heightened storm activity common to four Florida panhandle localities from 650 to 1250 CE and a shift to a relatively quiescent storm climate in the GOM spanning the past six centuries. Our study provides long-term context for events like Hurricane Michael and suggests that the observational period 1851 CE to present may underrepresent the natural range in landfalling hurricane activity.
    Description: Funding for this project was provided by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) grant and NSF awards 0903020, 1902463, and 1854980 awarded to Jeffrey Donnelly, and the USGS Land Change Science Program.
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    Octopus arms exhibit exceptional flexibility (2020)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Kennedy, E. B. L., Buresch, K. C., Boinapally, P., & Hanlon, R. T. Octopus arms exhibit exceptional flexibility. Scientific Reports, 10(1), (2020): 20872. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77873-7.
    Description: The octopus arm is often referred to as one of the most flexible limbs in nature, yet this assumption requires detailed inspection given that this has not been measured comprehensively for all portions of each arm. We investigated the diversity of arm deformations in Octopus bimaculoides with a frame-by-frame observational analysis of laboratory video footage in which animals were challenged with different tasks. Diverse movements in these hydrostatic arms are produced by some combination of four basic deformations: bending (orally, aborally; inward, outward), torsion (clockwise, counter-clockwise), elongation, and shortening. More than 16,500 arm deformations were observed in 120 min of video. Results showed that all eight arms were capable of all four types of deformation along their lengths and in all directions. Arms function primarily to bring the sucker-lined oral surface in contact with target surfaces. Bending was the most common deformation observed, although the proximal third of the arms performed relatively less bending and more shortening and elongation as compared with other arm regions. These findings demonstrate the exceptional flexibility of the octopus arm and provide a basis for investigating motor control of the entire arm, which may aid the future development of soft robotics.
    Description: We gratefully acknowledge funding from Grant N00014-19-1-2445 from the Office of Naval Research, Tom McKenna and Marc Steinberg, Program Managers. We also thank the staff of the Marine Resources Center at MBL for assistance with water quality measurements, seawater system maintenance, and collection of food items for octopuses.
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    Potential virus-mediated nitrogen cycling in oxygen-depleted oceanic waters (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gazitua, M. C., Vik, D. R., Roux, S., Gregory, A. C., Bolduc, B., Widner, B., Mulholland, M. R., Hallam, S. J., Ulloa, O., & Sullivan, M. B. Potential virus-mediated nitrogen cycling in oxygen-depleted oceanic waters. Isme Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00825-6.
    Description: Viruses play an important role in the ecology and biogeochemistry of marine ecosystems. Beyond mortality and gene transfer, viruses can reprogram microbial metabolism during infection by expressing auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) involved in photosynthesis, central carbon metabolism, and nutrient cycling. While previous studies have focused on AMG diversity in the sunlit and dark ocean, less is known about the role of viruses in shaping metabolic networks along redox gradients associated with marine oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). Here, we analyzed relatively quantitative viral metagenomic datasets that profiled the oxygen gradient across Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP) OMZ waters, assessing whether OMZ viruses might impact nitrogen (N) cycling via AMGs. Identified viral genomes encoded six N-cycle AMGs associated with denitrification, nitrification, assimilatory nitrate reduction, and nitrite transport. The majority of these AMGs (80%) were identified in T4-like Myoviridae phages, predicted to infect Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria, or in unclassified archaeal viruses predicted to infect Thaumarchaeota. Four AMGs were exclusive to anoxic waters and had distributions that paralleled homologous microbial genes. Together, these findings suggest viruses modulate N-cycling processes within the ETSP OMZ and may contribute to nitrogen loss throughout the global oceans thus providing a baseline for their inclusion in the ecosystem and geochemical models.
    Description: We thank Sullivan Lab members and Heather Maughan for comments on the paper, Bess Ward for her contribution in the N-cycle context of our story, Kurt Hanselmann for his assistance in the calculations of the Gibbs-free energies, and the scientific party and crew of the R/V Atlantis (grant OCE-1356056 to MRM) for the sampling opportunity and support at sea. This work was funded in part by awards from the Agouron Institute to OU and MBS, a Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Investigator Award (#3790) and NSF Biological Oceanography Awards (#1536989 and #1829831) to MBS, and the Millennium Science Initiative (grant ICN12_019-IMO) to OU. The work conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
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    Maximizing CRISPR/Cas9 phenotype penetrance applying predictive modeling of editing outcomes in Xenopus and zebrafish embryos (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Naert, T., Tulkens, D., Edwards, N. A., Carron, M., Shaidani, N. I., Wlizla, M., Boel, A., Demuynck, S., Horb, M. E., Coucke, P., Willaert, A., Zorn, A. M., & Vleminckx, K. Maximizing CRISPR/Cas9 phenotype penetrance applying predictive modeling of editing outcomes in Xenopus and zebrafish embryos. Scientific Reports, 10(1), (2020): 14662, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71412-0.
    Description: CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has revolutionized functional genomics in vertebrates. However, CRISPR/Cas9 edited F0 animals too often demonstrate variable phenotypic penetrance due to the mosaic nature of editing outcomes after double strand break (DSB) repair. Even with high efficiency levels of genome editing, phenotypes may be obscured by proportional presence of in-frame mutations that still produce functional protein. Recently, studies in cell culture systems have shown that the nature of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutations can be dependent on local sequence context and can be predicted by computational methods. Here, we demonstrate that similar approaches can be used to forecast CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing outcomes in Xenopus tropicalis, Xenopus laevis, and zebrafish. We show that a publicly available neural network previously trained in mouse embryonic stem cell cultures (InDelphi-mESC) is able to accurately predict CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing outcomes in early vertebrate embryos. Our observations can have direct implications for experiment design, allowing the selection of guide RNAs with predicted repair outcome signatures enriched towards frameshift mutations, allowing maximization of CRISPR/Cas9 phenotype penetrance in the F0 generation.
    Description: Research in the Vleminckx laboratory is supported by the Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen) (Grants G0A1515N and G029413N), by the Belgian Science Policy (Interuniversity Attraction Poles—IAP7/07) and by the Concerted Research Actions from Ghent University (BOF15/GOA/011). Further support was obtained by the Hercules Foundation, Flanders (Grant AUGE/11/14) and the Desmoid Tumor Research Foundation and the Desmoid Tumour Foundation Canada. T.N. is funded by “Kom op tegen Kanker” (Stand up to Cancer), the Flemish cancer society and previously held PhD fellowship with VLAIO-HERMES during the course of this work. D.T. and M. C. hold a PhD fellowship from the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen). The Zorn Lab is supported by Funding from NIH National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) P01 HD093363. A.W. and A.B. are supported by the Ghent University (Universiteit Gent) Methusalem grant BOFMET2015000401 to Anne De Paepe. The National Xenopus Resource and Horb lab is supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health (P40 OD010997 and R01 HD084409).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Discovery and quantification of anaerobic nitrogen metabolisms among oxygenated tropical Cuban stony corals (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Babbin, A. R., Tamasi, T., Dumit, D., Weber, L., Rodríguez, M. V. I., Schwartz, S. L., Armenteros, M., Wankel, S. D., & Apprill, A. Discovery and quantification of anaerobic nitrogen metabolisms among oxygenated tropical Cuban stony corals. ISME Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00845-2.
    Description: Coral reef health depends on an intricate relationship among the coral animal, photosynthetic algae, and a complex microbial community. The holobiont can impact the nutrient balance of their hosts amid an otherwise oligotrophic environment, including by cycling physiologically important nitrogen compounds. Here we use 15N-tracer experiments to produce the first simultaneous measurements of ammonium oxidation, nitrate reduction, and nitrous oxide (N2O) production among five iconic species of reef-building corals (Acropora palmata, Diploria labyrinthiformis, Orbicella faveolata, Porites astreoides, and Porites porites) in the highly protected Jardines de la Reina reefs of Cuba. Nitrate reduction is present in most species, but ammonium oxidation is low potentially due to photoinhibition and assimilatory competition. Coral-associated rates of N2O production indicate a widespread potential for denitrification, especially among D. labyrinthiformis, at rates of ~1 nmol cm−2 d−1. In contrast, A. palmata displays minimal active nitrogen metabolism. Enhanced rates of nitrate reduction and N2O production are observed coincident with dark net respiration periods. Genomes of bacterial cultures isolated from multiple coral species confirm that microorganisms with the ability to respire nitrate anaerobically to either dinitrogen gas or ammonium exist within the holobiont. This confirmation of anaerobic nitrogen metabolisms by coral-associated microorganisms sheds new light on coral and reef productivity.
    Description: Research was conducted in the Gardens of the Queen, Cuba in accordance with the requirements of the Republic of Cuba, conducted under permit NV2370 and NV2568 issued by the Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. We gratefully acknowledge funding for this research by MIT Sea Grant award #2018-DOH-49-LEV, Simons Foundation award #622065, and MIT ESI seed funding to ARB, the MIT Montrym, Ferry, and mTerra Seed Grant Funds, and the generous contributions by Dr Bruce L. Heflinger.
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    Chaotic genetic structure and past demographic expansion of the invasive gastropod Tritia neritea in its native range, the Mediterranean Sea (2021)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Boissin, E., Neglia, V., Baksay, S., Micu, D., Bat, L., Topaloglu, B., Todorova, V., Panayotova, M., Kruschel, C., Milchakova, N., Voutsinas, E., Beqiraj, S., Nasto, I., Aglieri, G., Taviani, M., Zane, L., & Planes, S. Chaotic genetic structure and past demographic expansion of the invasive gastropod Tritia neritea in its native range, the Mediterranean Sea. Scientific Reports, 10(1), (2020): 21624. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77742-3.
    Description: To better predict population evolution of invasive species in introduced areas it is critical to identify and understand the mechanisms driving genetic diversity and structure in their native range. Here, we combined analyses of the mitochondrial COI gene and 11 microsatellite markers to investigate both past demographic history and contemporaneous genetic structure in the native area of the gastropod Tritia neritea, using Bayesian skyline plots (BSP), multivariate analyses and Bayesian clustering. The BSP framework revealed population expansions, dated after the last glacial maximum. The haplotype network revealed a strong geographic clustering. Multivariate analyses and Bayesian clustering highlighted the strong genetic structure at all scales, between the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea, but also within basins. Within basins, a random pattern of genetic patchiness was observed, suggesting a superimposition of processes involving natural biological effects (no larval phase and thus limited larval dispersal) and putative anthropogenic transport of specimens. Contrary to the introduced area, no isolation-by-distance patterns were recovered in the Mediterranean or the Black Seas, highlighting different mechanisms at play on both native and introduced areas, triggering unknown consequences for species’ evolutionary trajectories. These results of Tritia neritea populations on its native range highlight a mixture of ancient and recent processes, with the effects of paleoclimates and life history traits likely tangled with the effects of human-mediated dispersal.
    Description: This project was funded by the European FP7 CoCoNet project (Ocean.2011-4, grant agreement #287844) and we are grateful to the whole CoCoNET consortium. We are grateful to the following people for their critical help with logistics and field work ‘Antheus srl (Lecce, Italy)’; S Bevilacqua, G Guarnieri, S Fraschetti and T Terlizzi (University of Salento, Italy); L Angeletti and M Sigovini (ISMAR, Italy); D Shamrey (IBSS, Sevastopol); A Anastasopoulou, MA Pancucci-Papadopoulou and S Reizopoulou (HCMR, Greece) and E Hajdëri (Catholic University ‘Our Lady of Good Counsel’, Tirana). Thank you to J Almany for English corrections. This is ISMAR-CNR scientific contribution n1987. E Boissin was supported by a European Marie Curie postdoctoral fellowship MC-CIG-618480.
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    The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS): NTAS-18 Mooring Turnaround Cruise Report Cruise On Board RV Ronald H. Brown January 6 –26, 2020 Bridgetown, Barbados – Bridgetown, Barbados (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) was established to address the need for accurate air-sea flux estimates and upper ocean measurements in a region with strong sea surface temperature anomalies and the likelihood of significant local air–sea interaction on interannual to decadal timescales. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 15°N, 51°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations are used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. The NTAS Ocean Reference Station (ORS NTAS) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program (formerly Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division). This report documents recovery of the NTAS-17 mooring and deployment of the NTAS-18 mooring at the same site. Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element. These buoys were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each system measures, records, and transmits via satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 160 m of the mooring line were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, salinity and velocity. The mooring turnaround was done by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), onboard R/V Ron Brown, Cruise RB-20-01. The cruise took place between January 6 and 26 2020. The NTAS-18 mooring was deployed on January 10, and the NTAS-17 mooring was recovered on January 15. Inter-comparison between ship and buoys were performed on this cruise. This report describes these operations, as well as other work done on the cruise and some of the pre-cruise buoy preparations. Other operations during RB-20-01 consisted in the acoustic communications with the Meridional Overturning Variability Experiment (MOVE) subsurface mooring array MOVE 1-13 and acoustic downloads of data from Pressure Inverted Echo Sounders (PIES) was also conducted at MOVE 1. MOVE is designed to monitor the integrated deep meridional flow in the tropical North Atlantic. Two ARGO floats were also deployed on behalf of the WHOI ARGO group. During the cruise, atmospheric measurements of aerosols, as well as radar, Lidar, radiosondes were made as part of the ATOMIC campaign. 3
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA14OAR4320158
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    Long range sound transmission : interim report no. 1, March 1, 1944 - January 20, 1945 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Experiments are described to demonstrate a new method of sonic signalling at extremely long ranges in the oceans, utilizing the natural sound channel. Signals were made by causing a four pound charge of TNT to explode at about 4000 feet depth. These signals have the following qualities: (a) Extremely long range transmission (probably 10,000 miles). (b) Signal is positively identifiable. (c) Abrupt termination of the signal allows the arrival time to be read with an accuracy better than l/20th second. This permits location of source to better than a mile, if the signal is received at three suitably located stations. (d) The signal duration is related in such a way to the distance that the distance may be estimated to 30 miles in 1000 from reception at a single station. The limitations are: (a) It is required that the great circle path which the sound follows between source and receiver lie entirely in deep water (probably at least 1000 fathoms). (b) Sound travels in water at a speed of roughly 1 mile per second so that the interval between the origin of the signal and its reception becomes sufficiently great to be a handicap for some uses, particularly with aircraft. The signals were received to distances up to 900 miles. Two receiving arrangements have been used, a hydrophone hung 4000 feet over the side of a ship which was hove to, and a shore connected. hydrophone which lay on bottom 4000 feet deep. Extrapolation of the results indicate a range of at least 10,000 miles from this size charge. Recommendation is made to utilize a network of monitoring stations to locate planes, ships, and life rafts in distress on the open oceans. Three or more stations receiving a signal could locate the source better than one mile.
    Description: Con tract NObs - 2083, Formerly OEM: sr - 31
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics ; Sonar
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 74
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    The rheological behavior of CO2 ice: application to glacial flow on Mars (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Vast amounts of solid CO2 reside in topographic basins of the south polar layered deposits (SPLD) on Mars and exhibit morphological features indicative of glacial flow. Previous experimental studies showed that coarse-grained CO2 ice is 1–2 orders of magnitude weaker than water ice under Martian polar conditions. Here we present data from a series of deformation experiments on high-purity, fine-grained CO2 ice over a broader range of temperatures than previously explored (158–213 K). The experiments confirm previous observations of highly non-linear power-law creep at larger stresses, but also show a transition to a previously-unseen linear-viscous creep regime at lower stresses. We examine the viscosity of CO2 within the SPLD and predict that the CO2-rich layers may be stronger than previously thought. We also predict that CO2 ice flows much more readily than H2O ice on steep flanks of SPLD topographic basins, allowing the CO2 to pond as observed.
    Description: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) NNH16ZDA001N-SSW
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  • 75
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    R/V Knorr Voyage 134-15 Naples to Cagliari 11 August to 18 August 1988 Science Navigation Log, Part 1 (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: R/V Knorr Voyage 134-15, Naples to Cagliari August 11, 1988 - August 18, 1988, science navigation log, part 1
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    R/V Knorr Voyage 134-15 Naples to Cagliari 11 August to 18 August 1988 Science Navigation Log, Part 1R/V Knorr Voyage 134-15 Naples to Cagliari 11 August to 18 August 1988 Science Navigation Log, Part 2 (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: R/V Knorr Voyage 134-15 Naples to Cagliari 11 August to 18 August 1988 Science Navigation Log, Part 2
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 77
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    AMPHORA Site Important Positions - Memorandum (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The following lists actual and relative positions for 2 critical pieces in the AMPHORA Site - the WRECK and the BROKEN AMPHORA. First some comments. All LAT/LON positional data are referenced to GPS. The actual positions froM the STARELLA 88 data are reliable. The actual position (only located the broken AMPHORA on that trip) from the KNORR 88 data is not reliable for reasons which are detailed in a separate note to Tom Crook. In which case, the relative positions are important. From the relative positions of the 2 wreck locations, one can safely say that there is only one wreck in that area. The broken AMPHORA is the only tie between the two coordinate systems. This is assuming that there is only one, unique broken amphora. Uchupi believes this is the case. However, the possibility that there is more than one has not been completely ruled out. Considering the proximity of the wreck to the broken amphora based on the STARELLA 88 data, it seems implausible that you would have Missed the wreck completely once you found the broken amphora. This is what preserves the possibility of more than one, at least for the Moment. More careful and detailed examination of the KNORR 88 data tracks should indicate if you indeed went through an area located relative to the broken amphora where the wreck should have been. I haven't had time to examine the data myself yet.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Time-series transcriptomics from cold, oxic subseafloor crustal fluids reveals a motile, mixotrophic microbial community (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Seyler, L. M., Trembath-Reichert, E., Tully, B. J., & Huber, J. A. Time-series transcriptomics from cold, oxic subseafloor crustal fluids reveals a motile, mixotrophic microbial community. Isme Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00843-4.
    Description: The oceanic crustal aquifer is one of the largest habitable volumes on Earth, and it harbors a reservoir of microbial life that influences global-scale biogeochemical cycles. Here, we use time series metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data from a low-temperature, ridge flank environment representative of the majority of global hydrothermal fluid circulation in the ocean to reconstruct microbial metabolic potential, transcript abundance, and community dynamics. We also present metagenome-assembled genomes from recently collected fluids that are furthest removed from drilling disturbances. Our results suggest that the microbial community in the North Pond aquifer plays an important role in the oxidation of organic carbon within the crust. This community is motile and metabolically flexible, with the ability to use both autotrophic and organotrophic pathways, as well as function under low oxygen conditions by using alternative electron acceptors such as nitrate and thiosulfate. Anaerobic processes are most abundant in subseafloor horizons deepest in the aquifer, furthest from connectivity with the deep ocean, and there was little overlap in the active microbial populations between sampling horizons. This work highlights the heterogeneity of microbial life in the subseafloor aquifer and provides new insights into biogeochemical cycling in ocean crust.
    Description: The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation sponsored most of the observatory components at North Pond through grant GBMF1609. This work was supported by NSF OCE-1062006, OCE-1745589 and OCE-1635208 to J.A.H. E.T.R. was supported by a NASA Postdoctoral Fellowship with the NASA Astrobiology Institute and a L’Oréal USA For Women in Science Fellowship. The Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI OCE-0939564) also supported the participation of J.A.H. and B.T. This is C-DEBI contribution number 548.
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    Role of C4 carbon fixation in Ulva prolifera, the macroalga responsible for the world's largest green tides (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Liu, D., Ma, Q., Valiela, I., Anderson, D. M., Keesing, J. K., Gao, K., Zhen, Y., Sun, X., & Wang, Y. Role of C4 carbon fixation in Ulva prolifera, the macroalga responsible for the world's largest green tides. Communications Biology, 3(1), (2020): 494, doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01225-4.
    Description: Most marine algae preferentially assimilate CO2 via the Calvin-Benson Cycle (C3) and catalyze HCO3− dehydration via carbonic anhydrase (CA) as a CO2-compensatory mechanism, but certain species utilize the Hatch-Slack Cycle (C4) to enhance photosynthesis. The occurrence and importance of the C4 pathway remains uncertain, however. Here, we demonstrate that carbon fixation in Ulva prolifera, a species responsible for massive green tides, involves a combination of C3 and C4 pathways, and a CA-supported HCO3− mechanism. Analysis of CA and key C3 and C4 enzymes, and subsequent analysis of δ13C photosynthetic products showed that the species assimilates CO2 predominately via the C3 pathway, uses HCO3− via the CA mechanism at low CO2 levels, and takes advantage of high irradiance using the C4 pathway. This active and multi-faceted carbon acquisition strategy is advantageous for the formation of massive blooms, as thick floating mats are subject to intense surface irradiance and CO2 limitation.
    Description: This work was supported by the State Key Project of Research and Development Plan, Ministry of Science and Technology of the Peopleʼs Republic of China (2016YFC1402106). Support for D.M.A. provided by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution—Ocean University of China Cooperative Research Initiative. We thank Dr. Juntian Xu, Jing Ma, Ying Li, and Chenglong Ji for assisting culture experiments and sample analysis.
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    The hierarchical assembly of septins revealed by high-speed AFM (2020)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Jiao, F., Cannon, K. S., Lin, Y. C., Gladfelter, A. S., & Scheuring, S. The hierarchical assembly of septins revealed by high-speed AFM. Nature Communications, 11(1), (2020): 5062, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18778-x.
    Description: Septins are GTP-binding proteins involved in diverse cellular processes including division and membrane remodeling. Septins form linear, palindromic heteromeric complexes that can assemble in filaments and higher-order structures. Structural studies revealed various septin architectures, but questions concerning assembly-dynamics and -pathways persist. Here we used high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) and kinetic modeling which allowed us to determine that septin filament assembly was a diffusion-driven process, while formation of higher-order structures was complex and involved self-templating. Slightly acidic pH and increased monovalent ion concentrations favor filament-assembly, -alignment and -pairing. Filament-alignment and -pairing further favored diffusion-driven assembly. Pairing is mediated by the septin N-termini face, and may occur symmetrically or staggered, likely important for the formation of higher-order structures of different shapes. Multilayered structures are templated by the morphology of the underlying layers. The septin C-termini face, namely the C-terminal extension of Cdc12, may be involved in membrane binding.
    Description: We thank J. Thorner for the generous gift of the CTE mutant plasmids. K.S.C. was supported in part by a grant from NIGMS under award T32 GM119999 and A.S.G., F.J. and S.S. were supported by NIH RO1 GM130934.
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    Revising evidence of hurricane strikes on Abaco Island (the Bahamas) over the last 700 years (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Winkler, T. S., van Hengstum, P. J., Donnelly, J. P., Wallace, E. J., Sullivan, R. M., MacDonald, D., & Albury, N. A. Revising evidence of hurricane strikes on Abaco Island (the Bahamas) over the last 700 years. Scientific Reports, 10(1), (2020): 16556, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73132-x.
    Description: The northern Bahamas have experienced more frequent intense-hurricane impacts than almost anywhere else in the Atlantic since 1850 CE. In 2019, category 5 (Saffir-Simpson scale) Hurricane Dorian demonstrated the destructive potential of these natural hazards. Problematically, determining whether high hurricane activity levels remained constant through time is difficult given the short observational record (〈 170 years). We present a 700-year long, near-annually resolved stratigraphic record of hurricane passage near Thatchpoint Blue Hole (TPBH) on Abaco Island, The Bahamas. Using longer sediment cores (888 cm) and more reliable age-control, this study revises and temporally expands a previous study from TPBH that underestimated the sedimentation rate. TPBH records at least 13 ≥ category 2 hurricanes per century between 1500 to 1670 CE, which exceeds the 9 ≥ category 2 hurricanes per century within 50 km of TPBH since 1850 CE. The eastern United States also experienced frequent hurricanes from 1500 to 1670 CE, but frequency was depressed elsewhere in the Atlantic Ocean. This suggests that spatial heterogeneity in Atlantic hurricane activity since 1850 CE could have persisted throughout the last millennium. This heterogeneity is impacted by climatic and stochastic forcing, but additional high-resolution paleo-hurricane reconstructions are required to assess the mechanisms that impact regional variability.
    Description: Field support was provided by Jody Albury and the staff of Friends of the Environment in Marsh Harbour, The Bahamas, and technical support was provided was provided by M. Horgan and S. Molodtsov. Funding for this project was provided by NSF Awards OCE-1356509, OCE-1356708, OCE-1854917, OCE-1903616, and ICER-1854980. The open access publishing fees for this article have been covered by the Texas A&M University Open Access to Knowledge Fund (OAKFund), supported by the University Libraries.
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    Vector averaging current meter speed calibration and recording technique (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Equations 1-4 summarize the rotor calibration used at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for the VACM. A discussion of the instrumental and test details used to derive these equations follows. A list of other VACM documents and related bibliography is included.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C0241; NR 083-004; N00014- 74-C0262; NR 083-004; and IDOE/NSF Grant GX-29054.
    Keywords: Flow meters ; Acoustic velocity meters -- Calibration ; Water current meters -- Calibration ; Rotors Ocean currents -- Measurement
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    Bathymetry, control positions and aspect of proposed SOFAR stations in the Pacific Ocean (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The purpose of this memorandum is to present the available information on the nature of the bottom off the coasts of California and Hawaii adjacent to the proposed SOFAR stations in the Pacific Ocean, the best probable location for the hydrophones, the probable areas of reception, the positions of fixed land control points, and other information that will facilitate the establishment of an efficient monitoring system. The writer is indebted to the Director and personnel of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey for copies of boat sheets containing soundings, data on the deflection of the vertical, and triangulation station data in the areas involved.
    Description: Contract Nobs 2083
    Keywords: Hydrophone ; Ocean bottom ; Pacific Ocean
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Groundwater discharge impacts marine isotope budgets of Li, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba (2021)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Mayfield, K. K., Eisenhauer, A., Santiago Ramos, D. P., Higgins, J. A., Horner, T. J., Auro, M., Magna, T., Moosdorf, N., Charette, M. A., Gonneea, M. E., Brady, C. E., Komar, N., Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B., & Paytan, A. Groundwater discharge impacts marine isotope budgets of Li, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. Nature Communications, 12(1), (2021): 148-020-20248-3, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20248-3.
    Description: Groundwater-derived solute fluxes to the ocean have long been assumed static and subordinate to riverine fluxes, if not neglected entirely, in marine isotope budgets. Here we present concentration and isotope data for Li, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba in coastal groundwaters to constrain the importance of groundwater discharge in mediating the magnitude and isotopic composition of terrestrially derived solute fluxes to the ocean. Data were extrapolated globally using three independent volumetric estimates of groundwater discharge to coastal waters, from which we estimate that groundwater-derived solute fluxes represent, at a minimum, 5% of riverine fluxes for Li, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. The isotopic compositions of the groundwater-derived Mg, Ca, and Sr fluxes are distinct from global riverine averages, while Li and Ba fluxes are isotopically indistinguishable from rivers. These differences reflect a strong dependence on coastal lithology that should be considered a priority for parameterization in Earth-system models.
    Description: We thank A. Beck, H. Dulai, I. Santos, C. Benitez-Nelson, W. Moore, A. Martin, and H. Windom for sample access. We also thank A. Kolevica, A. Heuser, H. Pryer, J. Middleton, R. Franks, F. Lon, N. Slater, and O. Šebek for their laboratory and analytical assistance. This material is based upon research supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program and an internship provided through the U.S. Geological Survey Graduate Research Internship Program (GRIP). This research was also supported by grants from: the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), Northern California chapter of the Achievement Rewards for College Scientists Foundation, International Association of GeoChemistry, Geological Society of America, Northern California Geological Society, Myers Trust, Friends of Long Marine Lab, and UC MEXUS (to K.K.M.). We acknowledge funding from EU-ITN Horizon project 643084 (to A.E. and T.M.) and NSF grant Award Number 1259440 (to A.P.). We also acknowledge funding from NSF grant award number OCE-1736949 (to T.J.H.). Any use of trade, firm or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
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    Lipid metabolism in Calanus finmarchicus is sensitive to variations in predation risk and food availability (2021)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Skottene, E., Tarrant, A. M., Altin, D., Olsen, R. E., Choquet, M., & Kvile, K. O. Lipid metabolism in Calanus finmarchicus is sensitive to variations in predation risk and food availability. Scientific Reports, 10(1),(2020): 22322, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79165-6.
    Description: Late developmental stages of the marine copepods in the genus Calanus can spend extended periods in a dormant stage (diapause) that is preceded by the accumulation of large lipid stores. We assessed how lipid metabolism during development from the C4 stage to adult is altered in response to predation risk and varying food availability, to ultimately understand more of the metabolic processes during development in Calanus copepods. We used RNA sequencing to assess if perceived predation risk in combination with varied food availability affects expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism and diapause preparation in C. finmarchicus. The lipid metabolism response to predation risk differed depending on food availability, time and life stage. Predation risk caused upregulation of lipid catabolism with high food, and downregulation with low food. Under low food conditions, predation risk disrupted lipid accumulation. The copepods showed no clear signs of diapause preparation, supporting earlier observations of the importance of multiple environmental cues in inducing diapause in C. finmarchicus. This study demonstrates that lipid metabolism is a sensitive endpoint for the interacting environmental effects of predation pressure and food availability. As diapause may be controlled by lipid accumulation, our findings may contribute towards understanding processes that can ultimately influence diapause timing.
    Description: ES was funded by the Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Support for AMT was provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF) OPP-1746087. KØK was funded by VISTA—a basic research program in collaboration between The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, and Equinor. The RNA seq work was provided by the Genomics Core Facility (GCF). GCF is funded by the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences at NTNU and Central Norway Regional Health Authority. The authors thank Lotte Thommesen for help conducting the experiment, Mari-Ann Østensen for performing RNA extraction with ES and preparing cDNA libraries for Illumina RNAseq, and the EMBRC-ERIC Laboratory for Low Level Trophic Interactions at NTNU SeaLab for access to the Calanus finmarchicus culture.
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    The Angola Gyre is a hotspot of dinitrogen fixation in the South Atlantic Ocean (2022)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-14
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marshall, T., Granger, J., Casciotti, K. L., Dahnke, K., Emeis, K.-C., Marconi, D., McIlvin, M. R., Noble, A. E., Saito, M. A., Sigman, D. M., & Fawcett, S. E. The Angola Gyre is a hotspot of dinitrogen fixation in the South Atlantic Ocean. Communications Earth & Environment, 3(1), (2022): 151, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00474-x.
    Description: Biological dinitrogen fixation is the major source of new nitrogen to marine systems and thus essential to the ocean’s biological pump. Constraining the distribution and global rate of dinitrogen fixation has proven challenging owing largely to uncertainty surrounding the controls thereon. Existing South Atlantic dinitrogen fixation rate estimates vary five-fold, with models attributing most dinitrogen fixation to the western basin. From hydrographic properties and nitrate isotope ratios, we show that the Angola Gyre in the eastern tropical South Atlantic supports the fixation of 1.4–5.4 Tg N.a−1, 28-108% of the existing (highly uncertain) estimates for the basin. Our observations contradict model diagnoses, revealing a substantial input of newly-fixed nitrogen to the tropical eastern basin and no dinitrogen fixation west of 7.5˚W. We propose that dinitrogen fixation in the South Atlantic occurs in hotspots controlled by the overlapping biogeography of excess phosphorus relative to nitrogen and bioavailable iron from margin sediments. Similar conditions may promote dinitrogen fixation in analogous ocean regions. Our analysis suggests that local iron availability causes the phosphorus-driven coupling of oceanic dinitrogen fixation to nitrogen loss to vary on a regional basis.
    Description: This work was supported by the South African National Research Foundation (114673 and 130826 to T.M., 115335, 116142 and 129320 to S.E.F.); the US National Science Foundation (CAREER award, OCE-1554474 to J.G., OCE-1736652 to D.M.S. and K.L.C., OCE-05-26277 to K.L.C.); the German Federal Agency for Education and Research (DAAD-SPACES 57371082 to T.M.); the Royal Society (FLAIR fellowship to S.E.F.); and the University of Cape Town (T.M., J.G., S.E.F.). The authors also recognize the support of the South African Department of Science and Innovation’s Biogeochemistry Research Infrastructure Platform (BIOGRIP).
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    A deep Tasman outflow of Pacific waters during the last glacial period (2022)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-12
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Struve, T., Wilson, D., Hines, S., Adkins, J., & van de Flierdt, T. A deep Tasman outflow of Pacific waters during the last glacial period. Nature Communications, 13(1), (2022): 3763, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31116-7.
    Description: The interoceanic exchange of water masses is modulated by flow through key oceanic choke points in the Drake Passage, the Indonesian Seas, south of Africa, and south of Tasmania. Here, we use the neodymium isotope signature (εNd) of cold-water coral skeletons from intermediate depths (1460‒1689 m) to trace circulation changes south of Tasmania during the last glacial period. The key feature of our dataset is a long-term trend towards radiogenic εNd values of ~−4.6 during the Last Glacial Maximum and Heinrich Stadial 1, which are clearly distinct from contemporaneous Southern Ocean εNd of ~−7. When combined with previously published radiocarbon data from the same corals, our results indicate that a unique radiogenic and young water mass was present during this time. This scenario can be explained by a more vigorous Pacific overturning circulation that supported a deeper outflow of Pacific waters, including North Pacific Intermediate Water, through the Tasman Sea.
    Description: The authors acknowledge financial support from the Grantham Institute of Climate Change and the Environment (T.v.d.F. and T.S.), the Ministry for Science and Culture of the State of Lower Saxony (T.S.), Marie Curie Reintegration grant IRG 230828 (T.v.d.F.), Leverhulme Trust grant RPG-398 (T.v.d.F.), Natural Environment Research Council grants NE/F016751/1 (T.v.d.F.), NE/N001141/1 (T.v.d.F. and D.J.W.), and NE/T011440/1 (D.J.W.), and National Science Foundation grant OCE-1503129 (J.F.A. and S.K.V.H.). Open Access funding is enabled by the DFG open access publication fund and the Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg.
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    2017 program of studies: ice-ocean interactions (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-20
    Description: The 2017 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Summer Study Program theme was Ice-Ocean Interactions. Three principal lecturers, Andrew Fowler (Oxford), Adrian Jenkins (British Antarctic Survey) and Fiamma Straneo (WHOI/Scripps Institution of Oceanography) were our expert guides for the first two weeks. Their captivating lectures covered topics ranging from the theoretical underpinnings of ice-sheet dynamics, to models and observations of ice-ocean interactions and high-latitude ocean circulation, to the role of the cryosphere in climate change. These icy topics did not end after the first two weeks. Several of the Fellows' projects related to ice-ocean dynamics and thermodynamics, and many visitors gave talks on these themes.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-1829864.
    Keywords: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics ; Ice-ocean interactions ; Thermodynamics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Wind resource site commissioning form (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: The WHOI ASIT Tower station located approximately 2 miles southeast of Martha’s Vineyard. The met tower platform sits approximately 11m above the water line, depending on tide level. Site is accessed using a vessel provided by WHOI (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution). Tower is maintained by WHOI and WHOI personnel are needed to access tower.
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    Isotopic evidence for the formation of the moon in a canonical giant impact (2021)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nielsen, S. G., Bekaert, D. V., & Auro, M. Isotopic evidence for the formation of the moon in a canonical giant impact. Nature Communications, 12(1), (2021): 1817, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22155-7.
    Description: Isotopic measurements of lunar and terrestrial rocks have revealed that, unlike any other body in the solar system, the Moon is indistinguishable from the Earth for nearly every isotopic system. This observation, however, contradicts predictions by the standard model for the origin of the Moon, the canonical giant impact. Here we show that the vanadium isotopic composition of the Moon is offset from that of the bulk silicate Earth by 0.18 ± 0.04 parts per thousand towards the chondritic value. This offset most likely results from isotope fractionation on proto-Earth during the main stage of terrestrial core formation (pre-giant impact), followed by a canonical giant impact where ~80% of the Moon originates from the impactor of chondritic composition. Our data refute the possibility of post-giant impact equilibration between the Earth and Moon, and implies that the impactor and proto-Earth mainly accreted from a common isotopic reservoir in the inner solar system.
    Description: This study was funded by NASA Emerging Worlds grant NNX16AD36G to S.G.N. We thank NASA-JSC, Tony Irving, and Thorsten Kleine for access to meteorite and Apollo mission samples. US Antarctic meteorite samples are recovered by the Antarctic Search for Meteorites (ANSMET) program, which has been funded by NSF and NASA, and characterized and curated by the Astromaterials Curation Office at NASA Johnson Space Center and the Department of Mineral Sciences of the Smithsonian Institution. J. Blusztajn is thanked for help with mass spectrometry support at WHOI.
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    Possible limitations of dolphin echolocation: a simulation study based on a cross-modal matching experiment (2021)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Wei, C., Hoffmann-Kuhnt, M., Au, W. W. L., Ho, A. Z. H., Matrai, E., Feng, W., Ketten, D. R., & Zhang, Y. Possible limitations of dolphin echolocation: a simulation study based on a cross-modal matching experiment. Scientific Reports, 11(1), (2021): 6689, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85063-2.
    Description: Dolphins use their biosonar to discriminate objects with different features through the returning echoes. Cross-modal matching experiments were conducted with a resident bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus). Four types of objects composed of different materials (water-filled PVC pipes, air-filled PVC pipes, foam ball arrays, and PVC pipes wrapped in closed-cell foam) were used in the experiments, respectively. The size and position of the objects remained the same in each case. The data collected in the experiment showed that the dolphin’s matching accuracy was significantly different across the cases. To gain insight into the underlying mechanism in the experiments, we used finite element methods to construct two-dimensional target detection models of an echolocating dolphin in the vertical plane, based on computed tomography scan data. The acoustic processes of the click’s interaction with the objects and the surrounding media in the four cases were simulated and compared. The simulation results provide some possible explanations for why the dolphin performed differently when discriminating the objects that only differed in material composition in the previous matching experiments.
    Description: One of the authors, Wei. C is supported by a Forrest Research Foundation Fellowship. Support for D. Ketten for this effort was provided by the Joint Industry Programme and by the Helmholtz Foundation. This work was also supported by the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology (HIMB) contribution No. 1630 and School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST) contribution No. 9452.
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    Postnatal structural development of mammalian basilar membrane provides anatomical basis for the maturation of tonotopic maps and frequency tuning (2021)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Tani, T., Koike-Tani, M., Tran, M. T., Shribak, M., & Levic, S. Postnatal structural development of mammalian basilar membrane provides anatomical basis for the maturation of tonotopic maps and frequency tuning. Scientific Reports, 11(1), (2021): 7581, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87150-w.
    Description: The basilar membrane (BM) of the mammalian cochlea constitutes a spiraling acellular ribbon that is intimately attached to the organ of Corti. Its graded stiffness, increasing from apex to the base of the cochlea provides the mechanical basis for sound frequency analysis. Despite its central role in auditory signal transduction, virtually nothing is known about the BM’s structural development. Using polarized light microscopy, the present study characterized the architectural transformations of freshly dissected BM at time points during postnatal development and maturation. The results indicate that the BM structural elements increase progressively in size, becoming radially aligned and more tightly packed with maturation and reach the adult structural signature by postnatal day 20 (P20). The findings provide insight into structural details and developmental changes of the mammalian BM, suggesting that BM is a dynamic structure that changes throughout the life of an animal.
    Description: This work was supported by Medical Research Council grant MR/ N004299/1 (to SL), University of Sussex Research Innovation Funds (to SL), Brighton and Sussex Medical School research funds (to SL), National Institute of General Medical Sciences, NIH grant R01 GM101701 (to MS), NIH R01 GM100160 (to TT) and KAKENHI JP18K19962 (to TT).
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    Standards and practices for reporting plankton and other particle observations from images (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: This technical manual guides the user through the process of creating a data table for the submission of taxonomic and morphological information for plankton and other particles from images to a repository. Guidance is provided to produce documentation that should accompany the submission of plankton and other particle data to a repository, describes data collection and processing techniques, and outlines the creation of a data file. Field names include scientificName that represents the lowest level taxonomic classification (e.g., genus if not certain of species, family if not certain of genus) and scientificNameID, the unique identifier from a reference database such as the World Register of Marine Species or AlgaeBase. The data table described here includes the field names associatedMedia, scientificName/ scientificNameID for both automated and manual identification, biovolume, area_cross_section, length_representation and width_representation. Additional steps that instruct the user on how to format their data for a submission to the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS) are also included. Examples of documentation and data files are provided for the user to follow. The documentation requirements and data table format are approved by both NASA’s SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS) and the National Science Foundation’s Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO).
    Description: This report was an outcome of a working group supported by the Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) project office, which is funded by the US National Science Foundation (OCE1558412) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX17AB17G). AN, SB, and CP conceived and drafted the document. IC, IST, JF and HS contributed to the main body of the document as well as the example files. All members of the working group contributed to the content of the document, including the conceptualization of the data table and metadata format. We would also like thank the external reviewers Cecile Rousseaux (NASA GSFC), Susanne Menden-Deuer (URI) Frank Muller-Karger (USF), and Abigail Benson (USGS) for their valuable feedback.
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    A warm jet in a cold ocean (2021)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in MacKinnon, J. A., Simmons, H. L., Hargrove, J., Thomson, J., Peacock, T., Alford, M. H., Barton, B., Boury, S., Brenner, S. D., Couto, N., Danielson, S. L., Fine, E. C., Graber, H. C., Guthrie, J., Hopkins, J. E., Jayne, S. R., Jeon, C., Klenz, T., Lee, C. M., Lenn, Y-D., Lucas, A. J., Lund, B., Mahaffey, C., Norman, L., Rainville, L., Smith, M. M., Thomas, L. N., Torres-Valdés, S., & Wood, K. R. A warm jet in a cold ocean. Nature Communications, 12(1), (2021): 2418, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22505-5.
    Description: Unprecedented quantities of heat are entering the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean through Bering Strait, particularly during summer months. Though some heat is lost to the atmosphere during autumn cooling, a significant fraction of the incoming warm, salty water subducts (dives beneath) below a cooler fresher layer of near-surface water, subsequently extending hundreds of kilometers into the Beaufort Gyre. Upward turbulent mixing of these sub-surface pockets of heat is likely accelerating sea ice melt in the region. This Pacific-origin water brings both heat and unique biogeochemical properties, contributing to a changing Arctic ecosystem. However, our ability to understand or forecast the role of this incoming water mass has been hampered by lack of understanding of the physical processes controlling subduction and evolution of this this warm water. Crucially, the processes seen here occur at small horizontal scales not resolved by regional forecast models or climate simulations; new parameterizations must be developed that accurately represent the physics. Here we present novel high resolution observations showing the detailed process of subduction and initial evolution of warm Pacific-origin water in the southern Beaufort Gyre.
    Description: Support for this work was provided by the US Office of Naval Research Stratified Ocean Dynamics of the Arctic program (grant numbers N000141512903, N000141612378, N000141612377, N000141612379, N0001416123450, N000141612360, N000141612349, N000141812007, N000141812475, and N000141912514). Additional support for biogeochemistry sampling was provided by UK (NERC) and Germany (BMBF) through the Changing Arctic Ocean Program’s ARISE (NE/P006035/1, NE/P006000/2), PEANUTS (NE/R01275X/1, NE/R012547/2, and BMBF 03F0804) projects and the UK-France PhD program DGA/Dstl. Float deployments and hydrographic data compilations were supported in part by North Pacific Research Board grants A91-99a and A91-00a. The deployment of autonomous ocean profilers was supported by ONR, NOAA Research, and the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) under NOAA Cooperative Agreement NA15OAR4320063.
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    Choosing open access licensing when publishing (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: When filling out the publication agreement forms for a manuscript to be published what license should I choose? Studies continue to show favorable impact of Open Access on the scholarly literature through increased dissemination and re-use.
    Keywords: Open access ; Open access policy
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Molecular mechanisms on interactions between oxygen co-ordinated metal polyhedra and biochemical compounds (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Information is presented on the structural and functional properties of phosphates in "biochemical systems. Phosphates follow four structural formation principles: (1) linkage of phosphate units via oxygen co-ordinated metal ion polyhedra, (2) establishment of chains, (3) cross linkages of chains resulting in corrugated layers, and (4) cross linkages of layers resulting in distinct three-dimensional molecular networks. One Iinkage type does not require nor exclude another Iinkage type. On the basis of this concept on the associations of phosphate tetrahedra and metal ion oxygen polyhedra, a revised molecular model for DNA is proposed. Metal ion oxygen polyhedra excercise control on the shape of the DNA, and thus may introduce the stretching of the polymer chains This can be considered the ultimate reason why a single stranded DNA will associate itself readily with another single stranded DNA resulting in a double helix. In contrast, the coupling of a single stranded DNA by itself in making a sharp bend (loop) will not take place due to the stabilization of the structure by means of the metal ion oxygen polyhedra backbone. This model also explains thefunctional properties of the nucleic acids, for instance, the oxide chains and layers will favor proton jumps, and in the presence of a differential potential, they will form proton conduction bands. The molecular organization, as introduced by the association of metal ion coordination polyhedra with the PO4 groups, plays also a significant role in membrane dynamics. Analogous to the ion co-ordination interactions of polyphosphoric acids, the fixation of metal ions at the P-O surface and of membranes will result in a distinct molecular geometry as a whole. In this way, the membranes will act as dynamic molecular sieves, whereby the mesh size and the functional characteristics of these molecular sieves is determined by the flexible interplay of metals and the individual phospholipid compounds contained in the membranes. TP (111-P) is characterized for its ability to form a co-ordination polyhedron with polyvalent cations. In this way it resembles polyphosphates and differs from 1-P and 11-P. Triphosphate exhibits two significant properties: (1) terminal chain degradation, i.e. the release of terminal PO4 groups and formation of PO3 radicals which is controlled by external electrical forces,and (2) affinity to all cations by means of metal ion oxygen polyhedra and the establishment of an exchange affinity series for all metal ions. Concerning the biosynthesis of polysaccharides, proteins, and the nucleic acids, three conditions have to be fulfilled;. (1) acitvation of the react ion partner, (2) maximum efficiency and minimum error, and (3) well-defined control of the reactions in terms of kinetics and transportation mechanism. All three requirements are most effectively executed by triphosphates. The controlled formation of the reactive P03 radicaI not only activates the reaction partner, but also eliminates by means of the phosphate formation, the OH and O groups from the reaction system and this with extraordinary efficiency and elegance. In biochemical reactions, this role is commonly exercised by ATP.
    Description: Submitted to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contract NSR-22-014-001. and to the American Chemical Society under Contract PRF 1943-A2.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 97
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    Corals regulate the distribution and abundance of Symbiodiniaceae and biomolecules in response to changing water depth and sea surface temperature (2021)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Sivaguru, M., Todorov, L. G., Fouke, C. E., Munro, C. M. O., Fouke, K. W., Fouke, K. E., Baughman, M. E., & Fouke, B. W. Corals regulate the distribution and abundance of Symbiodiniaceae and biomolecules in response to changing water depth and sea surface temperature. Scientific Reports, 11(1), (2021): 2230, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81520-0.
    Description: The Scleractinian corals Orbicella annularis and O. faveolata have survived by acclimatizing to environmental changes in water depth and sea surface temperature (SST). However, the complex physiological mechanisms by which this is achieved remain only partially understood, limiting the accurate prediction of coral response to future climate change. This study quantitatively tracks spatial and temporal changes in Symbiodiniaceae and biomolecule (chromatophores, calmodulin, carbonic anhydrase and mucus) abundance that are essential to the processes of acclimatization and biomineralization. Decalcified tissues from intact healthy Orbicella biopsies, collected across water depths and seasonal SST changes on Curaçao, were analyzed with novel autofluorescence and immunofluorescence histology techniques that included the use of custom antibodies. O. annularis at 5 m water depth exhibited decreased Symbiodiniaceae and increased chromatophore abundances, while O. faveolata at 12 m water depth exhibited inverse relationships. Analysis of seasonal acclimatization of the O. faveolata holobiont in this study, combined with previous reports, suggests that biomolecules are differentially modulated during transition from cooler to warmer SST. Warmer SST was also accompanied by decreased mucus production and decreased Symbiodiniaceae abundance, which is compensated by increased photosynthetic activity enhanced calcification. These interacting processes have facilitated the remarkable resiliency of the corals through geological time.
    Description: Financial support for this work was provided by the Office of Naval Research (N00014-00-1-0609), the Illinois Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology Undergraduate Summer Research Fellowship, the Illinois Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology Mark Tracy Fellowship for Translational Research, and the Illinois Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Jenner Family Summer Research Fellowship and the Edward and Barbara Weil Research Fund provided to the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
    Keywords: Autofluorescence ; Two-photon microscopy ; X-ray Micro CT ; Water Depth ; Bathymetry ; Sea surface temperature ; Symbiodiniaceae symbiont ; chromatophores ; calmodulin ; carbonic anhydrase ; mucus ; Scleractinian corals ; Orbicella annularis ; Orbicella faveolata
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  • 98
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    Rapid ecosystem-scale consequences of acute deoxygenation on a Caribbean coral reef (2021)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Johnson, M. D., Scott, J. J., Leray, M., Lucey, N., Bravo, L. M. R., Wied, W. L., & Altieri, A. H. Rapid ecosystem-scale consequences of acute deoxygenation on a Caribbean coral reef. Nature Communications, 12(1), (2021): 4522, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24777-3.
    Description: Loss of oxygen in the global ocean is accelerating due to climate change and eutrophication, but how acute deoxygenation events affect tropical marine ecosystems remains poorly understood. Here we integrate analyses of coral reef benthic communities with microbial community sequencing to show how a deoxygenation event rapidly altered benthic community composition and microbial assemblages in a shallow tropical reef ecosystem. Conditions associated with the event precipitated coral bleaching and mass mortality, causing a 50% loss of live coral and a shift in the benthic community that persisted a year later. Conversely, the unique taxonomic and functional profile of hypoxia-associated microbes rapidly reverted to a normoxic assemblage one month after the event. The decoupling of ecological trajectories among these major functional groups following an acute event emphasizes the need to incorporate deoxygenation as an emerging stressor into coral reef research and management plans to combat escalating threats to reef persistence.
    Description: M.D.J. was funded by postdoctoral fellow awards from the Smithsonian Institution’s Marine Global Earth Observatory (MarineGEO) and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI); M.L. and N.L. were funded by postdoctoral support from the STRI Office of Fellowships. J.J.S. was funded by a grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation awarded to STRI and UC Davis (doi:10.37807/GBMF5603). L.M.R.B., W.L.W., and A.H.A. were supported by MarineGEO, a private funder, and STRI funds to A.H.A. Many of the computations were conducted on the Smithsonian High-Performance Cluster (SI/HPC), Smithsonian Institution (doi:10.25572/SIHPC). We thank Rachel Collin for facilities support at the Bocas del Toro Research Station, Plinio Gondola and the research station staff for logistical support, Roman Barco for insight into the functional analyses, Sherly Castro for informative feedback, and Mike Fox for assistance with community analyses. Research permits were provided by the Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente de Panamá. This paper is the result of research funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science Competitive Research Program under award NA18NOS4780170 to A.H.A. and M.D.J. through the University of Florida. This is contribution 257 from the Coastal Hypoxia Research Program and 86 from the Smithsonian’s MarineGEO and Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 99
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    Formation and elimination of segmentation and transform faults on the Reykjanes Ridge (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: The objectives of R/V Neil Armstrong cruise AR35-04 (Fig. 1) were to survey the flanks of the Reykjanes Ridge and determine the timing, geometry and associated geophysical characteristics of the large-scale tectonic reorganizations that occurred there in the Paleogene and continue to the present (Fig. 2). The North Atlantic plate boundary between what is today the Bight Fracture Zone and Iceland, a distance of nearly 1000 km, was originally a linear orthogonally-spreading ridge that became abruptly fragmented in a stair-step fashion following a change in plate motion [Smallwood and White, 2002]. Its subsequent evolution involved the systematic and progressive removal of offsets from north to south to re-establish its original linear configuration [Hey et al., 2016; Martinez and Hey, 2017], even though this required the ridge to then spread obliquely, since the new spreading direction remained stable. These tectonic reorganizations took place within the region of influence of the Iceland “hotspot” which creates a strong gradient in mantle melting along the ridge, increasing crustal thicknesses by ~3-4 km and decreasing ridge axis depths by ~ 3000 m between the Bight Fracture Zone and Iceland [Louden et al., 2004]. A mantle gradient in melting properties (compositional and/or thermal) is presumably what results in the regional residual basement depth anomaly that extends throughout this region of the North Atlantic from the Greenland-Iceland-Faroe Ridge to south of the Bight Fracture Zone. This gradient in mantle properties with distance from the Iceland hotspot apparently had strong modulating effects on the tectonic reorganizations: the initial segment lengths and offsets appear in regional magnetic anomaly and satellite-derived gravity maps to be smaller toward Iceland and the segments evolved to re-establish the linear ridge configuration more quickly to the north [Hey et al., 2016]. As both kinematic and “hotspot” effects influence their development, the Reykjanes ridge flanks are key areas for investigating lithospheric and mantle controls on ridge segmentation, formation and elimination of transform faults and the mechanisms controlling their evolution.
    Description: This work was funded by NSF grant OCE-1756760. The Marine Advanced Technology and Education program supported the participation of the MATE interns. An InterRidge Cruise Bursary supported the participation of Dr. Dominik Palgan.
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  • 100
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    An intermittent detachment faulting system with a large sulfide deposit revealed by multi-scale magnetic surveys (2021)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Wu, T., Tivey, M. A., Tao, C., Zhang, J., Zhou, F., & Liu, Y. An intermittent detachment faulting system with a large sulfide deposit revealed by multi-scale magnetic surveys. Nature Communications, 12(1), (2021): 5642, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25880-1.
    Description: Magmatic and tectonic processes can contribute to discontinuous crustal accretion and play an important role in hydrothermal circulation at ultraslow-spreading ridges, however, it is difficult to accurately describe the processes without an age framework to constrain crustal evolution. Here we report on a multi-scale magnetic survey that provides constraints on the fine-scale evolution of a detachment faulting system that hosts hydrothermal activity at 49.7°E on the Southwest Indian Ridge. Reconstruction of the multi-stage detachment faulting history shows a previous episode of detachment faulting took place 0.76~1.48 My BP, while the present fault has been active for the past ~0.33 My and is just in the prime of life. This fault sustains hydrothermal circulation that has the potential for developing a large sulfide deposit. High resolution multiscale magnetics allows us to constrain the relative balance between periods of detachment faulting and magmatism to better describe accretionary processes on an ultraslow spreading ridge.
    Description: This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China under contract no. 2018YFC0309901, National Natural Science Foundation of China (41906065), National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC0306803) and COMRA Major Project under contract no. DY135-S1-01-06 and no. DY135-S1-01-01.
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