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  • Oxford University Press  (34,966)
  • Frontiers Media  (31,722)
  • Nature Publishing Group  (27,764)
  • 2020-2022  (47,433)
  • 1980-1984  (34,444)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
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    Retrospective short-term forecasting experiment in Italy based on the occurrence of strong (fore) shocks (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-15
    Description: In a recent work we computed the relative frequencies with which strong shocks (4.0≤Mw〈5.0), widely felt by the population were followed in the same area by potentially destructive main shocks (Mw≥5.0) in Italy. Assuming the stationarity of the seismic release properties, such frequencies can be tentatively used to estimate the probabilities of potentially destructive shocks after the occurrence of future strong shocks. This allows us to set up an alarm-based forecasting hypothesis related to strong foreshocks occurrence. Such hypothesis is tested retrospectively on the data of a homogenized seismic catalogue of the Italian area against a purely random hypothesis that simply forecasts the target main shocks proportionally to the space-time fraction occupied by the alarms. We compute the latter fraction in two ways a) as the ratio between the average time covered by the alarms in each area and the total duration of the forecasting experiment (60 years) and b) as the same ratio but weighted by the past frequency of occurrence of earthquakes in each area. In both cases the overall retrospective performance of our forecasting algorithm is definitely better than the random case. Considering an alarm duration of three months, the algorithm retrospectively forecasts more than 70% of all shocks with Mw5.5 occurred in Italy from 1960 to 2019 with a total space-time fraction covered by the alarms of the order of 2%. Considering the same space-time coverage, the algorithm is also able to retrospectively forecasts more than 40% of the first main shocks with Mw5.5 of the seismic sequences occurred in the same time interval. Given the good reliability of our results, the forecasting algorithm is set and ready to be tested also prospectively, in parallel to other ongoing procedures operating on the Italian territory.
    Description: This paper benefitted from funding provided by the European Union within the ambit of the H2020 project RISE (No. 821115), which in particular fully financed the PhD grant of one of the authors (E.B.).
    Description: Published
    Description: 1192–1206
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake interaction ; Statistical seismology ; forecasting, ; prediction ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
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    Thermal structure of a vanishing subduction system. An example of seismically-derived crustal temperature along the Italian peninsula (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-16
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: The Authors 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.
    Description: The active tectonic processes in convergent margins confer a high degree of complexity to the crust. Determining the thermal structure is, therefore, key to better elucidate the nature of those processes. In order to reconstruct the thermal structure of the crust beneath the Italian peninsula, we combine the most recent and accurate shear-wave velocity model that is currently available with thermodynamic modelling, assuming a global average crustal composition with no lateral variations. Our model, presented in terms of Moho temperature and crustal thermal gradients, shows a very good agreement with the known thermal anomalies associated with the backarc spreading related to the Apennine subduction. Importantly, we envisage a new anomalous region of high Moho temperatures in NW Italy (T 〉 800 degrees C at 30 km), at the transition between the Alps and Apennine orogens. The lowest temperatures of our model, corresponding to geothermal gradients 〈 19 degrees C km(-1), are obtained in the still active but slow-convergent portion of the northern Apennine. Moho temperatures increase moving southwards along the Apennine chain, an observation that is coherent with the evidence of ceasing subduction and consequent rebalancing of the depressed isotherms along the slab. Our results suggest that a thermal structure in different tectonic settings can be inferred with acceptable uncertainties based on absolute seismic velocity models. In this sense, our approach can be extended to any other region.
    Description: Published
    Description: 239–247
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Aseismic transient driving the swarm-like seismic sequence in the Pollino range, Southern Italy (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: The Authors 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.
    Description: ectonic earthquake swarms challenge our understanding of earthquake processes since it is difficult to link observations to the underlying physical mechanisms and to assess the hazard they pose. Transient forcing is thought to initiate and drive the spatio-temporal release of energy during swarms. The nature of the transient forcing may vary across sequences and range from aseismic creeping or transient slip to diffusion of pore pressure pulses to fluid redistribution and migration within the seismogenic crust. Distinguishing between such forcing mechanisms may be critical to reduce epistemic uncertainties in the assessment of hazard due to seismic swarms, because it can provide information on the frequency–magnitude distribution of the earthquakes (often deviating from the assumed Gutenberg–Richter relation) and on the expected source parameters influencing the ground motion (for example the stress drop). Here we study the ongoing Pollino range (Southern Italy) seismic swarm, a long-lasting seismic sequence with more than five thousand events recorded and located since October 2010. The two largest shocks (magnitude M w = 4.2 and M w = 5.1) are among the largest earthquakes ever recorded in an area which represents a seismic gap in the Italian historical earthquake catalogue. We investigate the geometrical, mechanical and statistical characteristics of the largest earthquakes and of the entire swarm. We calculate the focal mechanisms of the M l 〉 3 events in the sequence and the transfer of Coulomb stress on nearby known faults and analyse the statistics of the earthquake catalogue. We find that only 25 per cent of the earthquakes in the sequence can be explained as aftershocks, and the remaining 75 per cent may be attributed to a transient forcing. The b-values change in time throughout the sequence, with low b-values correlated with the period of highest rate of activity and with the occurrence of the largest shock. In the light of recent studies on the palaeoseismic and historical activity in the Pollino area, we identify two scenarios consistent with the observations and our analysis: This and past seismic swarms may have been ‘passive’ features, with small fault patches failing on largely locked faults, or may have been accompanied by an ‘active’, largely aseismic, release of a large portion of the accumulated tectonic strain. Those scenarios have very different implications for the seismic hazard of the area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1553–1567
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Non-stability of the noise HVSR at sites near or on topographic heights (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-18
    Description: The horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) of seismic noise is often used to investigate site effects, and it is usually assumed to be a stable feature of the site considered. Here we show that such an assumption is not always justified, and may lead to incorrect conclusions. The HVSR analysis was performed on ambient seismic noise recordings lasting from weeks to months at many sites in Calabria, Italy. Results show a variety of site effects, from the resonance of a shallow sedimentary layer to the polarized amplification of horizontal ground motion associated with topographic effects. We describe the results of seven sites whose HVSR is characterized by dual content: one that is persistent, and another appearing only occasionally. Two sites very near the coast of the Tyrrhenian sea and five sites in the Calabrian Arc mountains show the most remarkable results. The shape of the HVSR changes significantly at these sites when the amplitude of background noise increases in a broad frequency band during periods of bad weather. The occasional contribution to the HVSR consists of one or more peaks, depending on the site, that appear only when the amplitude of ambient noise is higher than usual. The seven sites where we observe the HVSR variability are all located in complex geological environments, on mountains, ridges or foothills. A variation of the HVSR correlated with the day–night cycle is also observed at some of these sites.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2162–2171
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    The Shallow Plumbing System of Piton de la Fournaise Volcano (La Reunion Island, Indian Ocean) Revealed by the Major 2007 Caldera-Forming Eruption (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: The 2007 caldera-forming eruption of Piton de la Fournaise (PdF) erupted the largest volume of magma (210 Mm3)recorded at this volcano in at least three centuries. Major and trace element and Sr^Nd isotope data for bulk-rocks, groundmasses and olivine phenocrysts have been combined with melt inclusion data (major, trace and volatile elements) to track magma evolution over the whole eruptive sequence. We show that each eruptive phase had a distinctive geochemical and petrological signature and that caldera collapse on 5 April was preceded by a marked shift in bulk magma composition and crystal content and size. Aphyric basalt erupted at the beginning of the sequence (February 2007) had relatively high Sr isotope ratio (87Sr/86Sr ¼ 0·70420^0·704180) and low Nd isotopic ratio(143Nd/144Nd ¼ 0·51285^0·51286). Olivine-basalts extruded on2^5 April just before caldera collapse are less enriched in radiogenic Sr (87Sr/86Sr ¼ 0·70412^0·70416), but characterized by the same Nd isotopic composition. This magma is interpreted as a new deep input, which pressurized the shallow PdF plumbing system and triggered the 2007 activity. Post-collapse oceanite lavas represent the main volume of magma extruded in 2007. Their bulk-rocks and groundmasses have 87Sr/86Sr (0·70418) intermediate between those of February and 5 April, and similar to those of the March 2007 and 2001^2006 lavas.We show that the Steady State Basalts (SSB) commonly erupted at PdF are hybrid melts, which result from multistep mixing between ‘alkaline’and ‘transitional’end-members. Our results lead us to propose a new model of the PdF plumbing system to reconcile the petrological, geochemical and geophysical observations: (1) the shallow portion (above sea level) of the PdF plumbing system hosts several small sills, in which magma experiences variable degrees of degassing, cooling and crystallization; (2) oceanite lavas result from the withdrawal of shallow harrisitic mushes stored at low pressures (548 MPa; 51800^2400 m depth) below both the volcano summit and its eastern flank; (3) water degassing plays a major role in fast magma crystallization at shallow depths. Multistep ascent and periodic extrusion of the shallow magmas is promoted by injections of deeper and hotter basaltic magma, containing up to 1·3 wt % H2O and 1630 ppm S. In 2007, the new deep input was the ultimate source of the large excess in sulfur degassing detected by satellites. Lateral draining and intrusion of magma below the eastern flank of the volcano are the cause of major volcano deformation, flank sliding and summit caldera collapse.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1287-1315
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Piton de la Fournaise ; plumbing system ; magma reservoir ; caldera collapse ; melt inclusions ; volatile budget ; isotope geochemistry ; basalt
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Numerical analysis of interseismic, coseismic and postseismic phases for normal and reverse faulting earthquakes in Italy (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-23
    Description: The preparation, initiation, and occurrence dynamics of earthquakes in Italy are governed by several frequently unknown physical mechanisms and parameters. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing new techniques and approaches for earthquake monitoring and hazard assessments. Here, we develop a first-order numerical model simulating quasi-static crustal interseismic loading, coseismic brittle episodic dislocations, and postseismic relaxation for extensional and compressional earthquakes in Italy based on a common framework of lithostatic and tectonic forces. Our model includes an upper crust, where the fault is locked, and a deep crust, where the fault experiences steady shear.
    Description: Published
    Description: 627–645
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 7
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    An automatically generated high-resolution earthquake catalogue for the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence, including P and S phase arrival times (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-24
    Description: The 2016–17 central Italy earthquake sequence began with the first mainshock near the town of Amatrice on August 24 (MW 6.0), and was followed by two subsequent large events near Visso on October 26 (MW 5.9) and Norcia on October 30 (MW 6.5), plus a cluster of 4 events with MW 〉 5.0 within few hours on January 18, 2017. The affected area had been monitored before the sequence started by the permanent Italian National Seismic Network (RSNC), and was enhanced during the sequence by temporary stations deployed by the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology and the British Geological Survey. By the middle of September, there was a dense network of 155 stations, with a mean separation in the epicentral area of 6–10 km, comparable to the most likely earthquake depth range in the region. This network configuration was kept stable for an entire year, producing 2.5 TB of continuous waveform recordings. Here we describe how this data was used to develop a large and comprehensive earthquake catalogue using the Complete Automatic Seismic Processor (CASP) procedure. This procedure detected more than 450,000 events in the year following the first mainshock, and determined their phase arrival times through an advanced picker engine (RSNI-Picker2), producing a set of about 7 million P- and 10 million S-wave arrival times. These were then used to locate the events using a non-linear location (NLL) algorithm, a 1D velocity model calibrated for the area, and station corrections and then to compute their local magnitudes (ML). The procedure was validated by comparison of the derived data for phase picks and earthquake parameters with a handpicked reference catalogue (hereinafter referred to as ‘RefCat’). The automated procedure takes less than 12 hours on an Intel Core-i7 workstation to analyse the primary waveform data and to detect and locate 3000 events on the most seismically active day of the sequence. This proves the concept that the CASP algorithm can provide effectively real-time data for input into daily operational earthquake forecasts, The results show that there have been significant improvements compared to RefCat obtained in the same period using manual phase picks. The number of detected and located events is higher (from 84,401 to 450,000), the magnitude of completeness is lower (from ML 1.4 to 0.6), and also the number of phase picks is greater with an average number of 72 picked arrival for a ML = 1.4 compared with 30 phases for RefCat using manual phase picking. These propagate into formal uncertainties of ± 0.9km in epicentral location and ± 1.5km in depth for the enhanced catalogue for the vast majority of the events. Together, these provide a significant improvement in the resolution of fine structures such as local planar structures and clusters, in particular the identification of shallow events occurring in parts of the crust previously thought to be inactive. The lower completeness magnitude provides a rich data set for development and testing of analysis techniques of seismic sequences evolution, including real-time, operational monitoring of b-value, time-dependent hazard evaluation and aftershock forecasting.
    Description: Published
    Description: 555–571
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
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  • 8
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    Erratum: On seismic ambient noise cross-correlation and surface-wave attenuation (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: erratum paper
    Description: Published
    Description: 1090-1092
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Theoretical seismology ; Seismic attenuation ; Seismic noise ; Surface waves ; Free oscillations ; Seismic interferometry ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.01. Earth Interior
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Crustal structure of the Azores Archipelago from Rayleigh wave ellipticity data (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication inGeophysical Journal International ©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
    Description: Determining the crustal structure of ocean island volcanoes is important to understand the formation and tectonic evolution of the oceanic lithosphere and tectonic swells in marine settings, and to assess seismic hazard in the islands. The Azores Archipelago is located near a triple junction system and is possibly under the influence of a mantle plume, being at the locus of a wide range of geodynamic processes. However, its crustal structure is still poorly constrained and debated due to the limited seismic coverage of the region and the peculiar linear geometry of the islands. To address these limitations, in this study we invert teleseismic Rayleigh wave ellipticity measurements for 1-D shear wave speed (VS) crustal models of the Azores Archipelago. Moreover, we test the reliability of these new models by using them in independent moment tensor inversions of local seismic data and demonstrate that our models improve the waveform fit compared to previous models. We find that data from the westernmost seismic stations used in this study require a shallower Moho depth (∼10 km) than data from stations in the eastern part of the archipelago (∼13–16 km). This apparent increase in the Moho depth with increasing distance from the mid-Atlantic ridge (MAR) is expected. However, the rate at which Moho deepens away from the MAR is greater than that predicted from a half-space cooling model, suggesting that local tectonic perturbations have modified crustal structure. The 1-D VS models obtained beneath the westernmost seismic stations also show higher wave speeds than for the easternmost stations, which correlates well with the ages of the islands except Santa Maria Island. We interpret the relatively low VS profile found beneath Santa Maria Island as resulting from underplating, which agrees with previous geological studies of the island. Compared to a recent receiver function study of the region, the shallow structure (top ∼2 km) in our models shows lower shear wave speed, which may have important implications for future hazard studies of the region. More generally, the new seismic crustal models we present in this study will be useful to better understand the tectonics, seismicity, moment tensors and strong ground motions in the region.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1232–1247
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 10
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    Changing modes and rates of mafic magma supply at Pantelleria (Sicily Channel, Southern Italy): new perspectives on the volcano factory drawn upon olivine records (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: The island of Pantelleria, located in the Sicily Channel Rift Zone (Italy), has been the site of violent peralkaline silicic magmatism alternating with minor effusive to low-intensity Strombolian erup- tions of basaltic composition. The basaltic rock suites exposed on the island were sampled to in- vestigate the plumbing system dynamics through the study of chemical stratigraphy and temporal records of olivine crystals. Our petrographic and geochemical observations, together with the com- positional variability of olivine, suggest different evolutionary histories for basaltic magmas erupted over two major periods divided by the 􏰃45 ka Green Tuff (GT) eruption. Core-to-rim com- positional traverses across olivine crystals document different types of zoning. We recognized oliv- ine zones affected by Fo oscillations at very fine scales in the inner cores, rims and/or in intermedi- ate portions of crystals and used them to reconstruct the residence and passage of crystals through different magmatic environments, with P–T–ƒO2 and compositional characteristics con- strained by thermodynamic modeling. The sequence of magmatic environments evidenced by oliv- ine zoning indicate that the pre-GT volcanic period was dominated by injection at shallow crustal levels (􏰃300–200 MPa) of primitive melts, initially moving from a deep storage zone at the crust- mantle boundary. Supply of this magma significantly decreased after the GT eruption, while the dy- namics of magma transfer within the upper portion of the plumbing system were greatly enhanced. The diffusive relaxation of olivine zoning provided the timing of storage and migration of a crystal through different environments. For magmas feeding the ancient (〉45 ka) basaltic activ- ity we retrieved transfer histories that are much longer (up to 􏰃3 years) if compared with those cal- culated for the post-GT basalts (1–9 months). The compositional and temporal dataset presented in this study supports the idea that the GT eruption and the subsequent collapse of the volcanic edi- fice could have caused major changes to the internal structural setting of Pantelleria, creating more favorable conditions for the migration of magmas in the upper portions of the plumbing system.
    Description: Published
    Description: egaa05
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 11
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    The Deep Plumbing System of Ischia: a Physico-chemical Window on the Fluid-saturated and CO2-sustained Neapolitan Volcanism (Southern Italy) (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: Ischia, a volcanic island located 18 miles SW of Naples (Southern Italy), is a densely populated active caldera that last erupted in AD 1302. Melt inclusions in phenocrysts of the Vateliero and Cava Nocelle shoshonite^latite eruptive products (6th to 4th centuries BC) constrain the structure and nature of the Ischia deep magmatic feeding system.Their geochemical characteristics make Ischia a natural borehole for probing the physico-chemical conditions of magma generation in mantle contaminated by slab-derived fluids or melts, largely dominated by CO2.Volatile concentrations in olivine-hosted melt inclusions require gas^melt equilibria at between 3 and 18 km depth. In agreement with what has already been demonstrated at the other neighboring Neapolitan volcanoes (Procida, Campi Flegrei caldera and Somma^Vesuvius volcanic complex), a major crystallization depth at 8^10 km has been identified.The analyzed melt inclusions provide clear evidence for CO2-dominated gas fluxing and consequent dehydration of magma batches stagnating at crustal discontinuities. Gas fluxing is further supported by selective enrichment in K owing to fluid-transfer during magma differentiation.This takes place under oxidized conditions (Fe3þ /Fe 0·3) that can be fixed by an equimolar proportion of divalent and trivalent iron in the melt if post-entrapment crystallization of the host olivine is discarded.The melt inclusion data, together with data from the literature for other Neapolitan volcanoes, show that magmatism and volcanism in the Neapolitan area, despite differences in composition and eruption dynamics, are closely linked to supercritical CO2-rich fluids. These fluids are produced by devolatilization of subducting terrigenous^pelagic metasediments and infiltrate the overlying mantle wedge, generate magmas and control their ascent up to eruption. Geochemical characteristics of Ischia and the other Neapolitan volcanoes reveal that the extent of fluid or melt contamination of the pre-subduction asthenospheric mantle wedge was similar among these volcanoes. However, differences in the isotopic compositions of the erupted magmas (more enriched in radiogenic Sr at Ischia, Campi Flegrei and Somma^Vesuvius with respect to Procida) and the amount of H2O in the plumbing system of these volcanoes (almost double at Ischia, Campi Flegrei and Somma^Vesuvius than at Procida) reflect the different flow-rates of deep slab-derived fluids or melts through the mantle wedge, which, in turn, control the amount of generated magma.The high bulk permeability of the lithosphere below Ischia, Campi Flegrei and Somma^Vesuvius, determined by the occurrence of intersecting NW^SE and NE^SW regional fault systems, favours fluid ascent and accumulation at crustal levels, with consequent larger magma production and storage than at Procida, located along the NE^SW system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 951-984
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: CO2-fluxing ; melt inclusions ; redox state ; trachybasalts
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Sulphur behaviour and redox conditions in etnean magmas during magma differentiation and degassing (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-21
    Description: Sulphur behaviour and variations in redox conditions during magma differentiation and degassing in the Mt Etna (Italy) volcanic system have been explored by integrating the study of olivine-hosted melt inclusions (MIs) with an experimental survey of sulphur solubility in hydrous basaltic magmas. Sulphur solubility experiments were performed at conditions relevant to the Etnean plumbing system (1200 C, 200MPa and oxygen fugacity between NNOþ0 2 and NNOþ1 7, with NNO being the nickel–nickel oxide buffer), and their results confirm the important control of oxygen fugacity (fO2) on S abundance in mafic magmas and on S partitioning between fluid and melt phases (DSfluid/melt). The observed DSfluid/melt value increases from 5164 to 14666 when fO2 decreases from NNOþ1 760 5 to NNOþ0 3. Based on the calculated DSfluid/melt and a careful selection of previously published data, an empirical model is proposed for basaltic magmas to predict the variation of DSfluid/melt values with variations in P (25–300 MPa), T (1030–1200 C) and fO2 (between NNO– 0 8 and NNOþ2 4). Olivine-hosted melt inclusions (Fo89-91) from tephra of the prehistoric (4 ka BP) sub-plinian picritic eruption, named FS (‘Fall Stratified’), have been investigated for their major element compositions, volatile contents and iron speciation (expressed as Fe3þ/PFe ratio). These primitive MIs present S content from 235677 to 34456168 ppm, and oxygen fugacity values, estimated from Fe3þ/PFe ratios, range from NNOþ0 760 2 to NNOþ1 660 2. Iron speciation has also been investigated in more evolved and volatile-poorer Etnean MIs. The only primitive melt inclusion from the Mt Spagnolo eruption (4–15 ka BP) presents a S content of 1515649ppm and an estimated fO2 of NNOþ1 460 1. The more evolved MIs (from 2002–2003, 2006, 2008–2009 and 2013 eruptions) have S content lower than 500 ppm, and their Fe3þ/RFe ratios result in fO2 between NNO– 0 960 1 and NNOþ0 460 1. Redox conditions and S behaviour in Etnean magmas during degassing and fractional crystallization were modelled coupling MELTS code with our empirical DSfluid/melt model. Starting from an FS-type magma composition and upon decrease of T and P, fractional crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene, spinel and plagioclase causes a significant fO2 decrease. The fO2 reduction, in turn, causes a decrease in sulphur solubility and an increase in DSfluid/melt, promoting S exsolution during magma ascent, which further enhances the reduction of fO2. For the evolved MIs of 2002–2013 eruptions, magma differentiation may therefore have played a crucial role in decreasing redox conditions and favouring efficient S degassing. Differently, during the unusual FS eruption, only limited melt evolution is observed and S exsolution seems to have been triggered by a major pressure decrease accompanied by H2O and CO2 exsolution during fast magmatic ascent.
    Description: Published
    Description: egaa095
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: melt inclusions ; sulphur solubility experiments ; XANES ; Mt. Etna ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    Importance of earthquake rupture geometry on tsunami modelling: the Calabrian Arc subduction interface (Italy) case study (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-16
    Description: The behaviour of tsunami waves at any location depends on the local morphology of the coasts, the encountered bathymetric features, and the characteristics of the source. However, the importance of accurately modelling the geometric properties of the causative fault for simulations of seismically induced tsunamis is rarely addressed. In this work, we analyse the effects of using two different geometric models of the subduction interface of the Calabrian Arc (southern Italy, Ionian Sea) onto the simulated tsunamis: a detailed 3-D subduction interface obtained from the interpretation of a dense network of seismic reflection profiles, and a planar interface that roughly approximates the 3-D one. These models can be thought of as representing two end-members of the level of knowledge of fault geometry. We define three hypothetical earthquake ruptures of different magnitudes (Mw 7.5, 8.0, 8.5) on each geometry. The resulting tsunami impact is evaluated at the 50-m isobath in front of coastlines of the central and eastern Mediterranean. Our results show that the source geometry imprint is evident on the tsunami waveforms, as recorded at various distances and positions relative to the source. The absolute differences in maximum and minimum wave amplitudes locally exceed one metre, and the relative differences remain systematically above 20 per cent with peaks over 40 per cent. We also observe that tsunami energy directivity and focusing due to bathymetric waveguides take different paths depending on which fault is used. Although the differences increase with increasing earthquake magnitude, there is no simple rule to anticipate the different effects produced by these end-member models of the earthquake source. Our findings suggest that oversimplified source models may hinder our fundamental understanding of the tsunami impact and great care should be adopted when making simplistic assumptions regarding the appropriateness of the planar fault approximation in tsunami studies. We also remark that the geological and geophysical 3-D fault characterization remains a crucial and unavoidable step in tsunami hazard analyses.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1805–1819
    Description: 3T. Sorgente sismica
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
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    On the Heterogeneity of the Earthquake rupture (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-14
    Description: The scaling of earthquake parameters with seismic moment and its interpretation in terms of self- similarity is still debated in the literature. We address this question by examining a worldwide compilation of corner frequency-based and elastic rebound theory (ERT)-based fault slip, area and stress drop values for earthquakes ranging in magnitude from -0.7 to 7.8. We find that corner frequency estimates of slip (and stress drop) scale differently than those inferred from the ERT approach, where the latter deviates from the generally accepted constant stress drop behavior of so- called self-similar scaling models. We also find that average slips from finite-source models are consistent with corner frequency scaling, whereas peak slip values are more consistent with the ERT scaling. The different scaling of corner frequency- and ERT-based estimates of slip and stress drop with earthquake size is interpreted in terms of heterogeneity of the rupture process. ERT-based estimates of stress drop decrease with seismic moment suggesting a self-affine behavior. Despite the inferred heterogeneity at all scales, we do not observe a clear effect on the Brune stress drop scaling with earthquake size.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1771–1781
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake dynamics ; Earthquake source observations ; Dynamics and mechanics of faulting ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Back to the future: old methods for new estimation and test of the Gutenberg–Richter b-value for catalogues with variable completeness (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-11
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: 2021 The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
    Description: In this short paper we show how to use the classical maximum likelihood estimation procedure for the b-value of the Gutenberg–Richter law for catalogues with different levels of completeness. With a simple correction, that is subtracting the relative completeness level to each magnitude, it becomes possible to use the classical approach. Moreover, this correction allows to adopt the testing procedures, initially made for catalogues with a single level of completeness, for catalogues with different levels of completeness too.
    Description: Published
    Description: 337–339
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    Good practices in PSHA: declustering, b-value estimation, foreshocks and aftershocks inclusion; a case study in Italy (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-21
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society.
    Description: The classical procedure of the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) requires a Poissonian distribution of earthquakes. Seismic catalogs follow a Poisson distribution just after the application of a declustering algorithm that leaves only one earthquake for each seismic sequence (usually the stronger, i.e. the main shock). Removing earthquakes from the seismic catalogs leads to underestimation of the annual rates of the events and consequently associate with low seismic hazard as indicated by several studies. In this study, we aim investigating the performance of two declustering methods on the Italian instrumental catalog and the impact of declustering on estimation of the b-value and on the seismic hazard analysis. To this end, first the spatial variation in the seismicity rate was estimated from the declustered catalogs using the adaptive smoothed seismicity approach, considering small earthquakes (Mw≥3.0). We then corrected the seismicity rates using new approach that allows for counting all events in the complete seismic catalog by simply changing the magnitude frequency distribution. The impact of declustering on seismic hazard analysis is illustrated using PSHA maps in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration (SA) in 2 s, with 10% and 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years, for Italy. We observed that the hazard calculated from the declustered catalogs was always lower than the hazard computed using the complete catalog. These results are in agreement with previous results obtained in different parts of the world.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1174–1187
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
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    Crustal and uppermost mantle shear wave velocity structure beneath the Middle East from surface wave tomography (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: We have constructed a 3-D shear wave velocity (Vs) model for the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Middle East using Rayleigh wave records obtained from ambient-noise cross-correlations and regional earthquakes. We combined one decade of data collected from 852 permanent and temporary broad-band stations in the region to calculate group-velocity dispersion curves. A compilation of 〉54 000 ray paths provides reliable group-velocity measurements for periods between 2 and 150 s. Path-averaged group velocities calculated at different periods were inverted for 2-D group-velocity maps. To overcome the problem of heterogeneous ray coverage, we used an adaptive grid parametrization for the group-velocity tomographic inversion. We then sample the period-dependent group-velocity field at each cell of a predefined grid to generate 1-D group-velocity dispersion curves, which are subsequently inverted for 1-D Vs models beneath each cell and combined to approximate the 3-D Vs structure of the area. The Vs model shows low velocities at shallow depths (5–10 km) beneath the Mesopotamian foredeep, South Caspian Basin, eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea, in coincidence with deep sedimentary basins. Shallow high-velocity anomalies are observed in regions such as the Arabian Shield, Anatolian Plateau and Central Iran, which are dominated by widespread magmatic exposures. In the 10–20 km depth range, we find evidence for a band of high velocities (〉4.0 km s–1) along the southern Red Sea and Arabian Shield, indicating the presence of upper mantle rocks. Our 3-D velocity model exhibits high velocities in the depth range of 30–50 km beneath western Arabia, eastern Mediterranean, Central Iranian Block, South Caspian Basin and the Black Sea, possibly indicating a relatively thin crust. In contrast, the Zagros mountain range, the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic zone in western central Iran, the easternmost Anatolian plateau and Lesser Caucasus are characterized by low velocities at these depths. Some of these anomalies may be related to thick crustal roots that support the high topography of these regions. In the upper mantle depth range, high-velocity anomalies are obtained beneath the Arabian Platform, southern Zagros, Persian Gulf and the eastern Mediterranean, in contrast to low velocities beneath the Red Sea, Arabian Shield, Afar depression, eastern Turkey and Lut Block in eastern Iran. Our Vs model may be used as a new reference crustal model for the Middle East in a broad range of future studies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1349-1365
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.01. Earth Interior ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 18
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    Asian dust-storm activity dominated by Chinese dynasty changes since 2000 BP (2020)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Nature Publishing Group, 11(1), pp. 1-7, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-04-14
    Description: The Asian monsoon (AM) played an important role in the dynastic history of China, yet it remains unknown whether AM-mediated shifts in Chinese societies affect earth surface processes to the point of exceeding natural variability. Here, we present a dust storm intensity record dating back to the first unified dynasty of China (the Qin Dynasty, 221–207 B.C.E.). Marked increases in dust storm activity coincided with unified dynasties with large populations during strong AM periods. By contrast, reduced dust storm activity corresponded to decreased population sizes and periods of civil unrest, which was co-eval with a weakened AM. The strengthened AM may have facilitated the development of Chinese civilizations, destabilizing the topsoil and thereby increasing the dust storm frequency. Beginning at least 2000 years ago, human activities might have started to overtake natural climatic variability as the dominant controls of dust storm activity in eastern China.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 19
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    Successful ecosystem-based management of Antarctic krill should address uncertainties in krill recruitment, behaviour and ecological adaptation (2020)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Communications Earth & Environment, Nature Publishing Group, 1(28), ISSN: 2662-4435
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-12
    Description: Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, supports a valuable commercial fishery in the Southwest Atlantic, which holds the highest krill densities and is warming rapidly. The krill catch is increasing, is concentrated in a small area, and has shifted seasonally from summer to autumn/winter. The fishery is managed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, with the main goal of safeguarding the large populations of krill-dependent predators. Here we show that, because of the restricted distribution of successfully spawning krill and high inter-annual variability in their biomass, the risk of direct fishery impacts on the krill stock itself might be higher than previously thought. We show how management benefits could be achieved by incorporating uncertainty surrounding key aspects of krill ecology into management decisions, and how knowledge can be improved in these key areas. This improved information may be supplied, in part, by the fishery itself.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 20
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    Antarctic icebergs reorganize ocean circulation during Pleistocene glacials (2021)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature, Nature Publishing Group, 589(7841), pp. 236-241, ISSN: 0028-0836
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-03
    Description: The dominant feature of large-scale mass transfer in the modern ocean is the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). The geometry and vigour of this circulation influences global climate on various timescales. Palaeoceanographic evidence suggests that during glacial periods of the past 1.5 million years the AMOC had markedly different features from today; in the Atlantic basin, deep waters of Southern Ocean origin increased in volume while above them the core of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) shoaled. An absence of evidence on the origin of this phenomenon means that the sequence of events leading to global glacial conditions remains unclear. Here we present multi-proxy evidence showing that northward shifts in Antarctic iceberg melt in the Indian–Atlantic Southern Ocean (0–50°E) systematically preceded deep-water mass reorganizations by one to two thousand years during Pleistocene-era glaciations. With the aid of iceberg-trajectory model experiments, we demonstrate that such a shift in iceberg trajectories during glacial periods can result in a considerable redistribution of freshwater in the Southern Ocean. We suggest that this, in concert with increased sea-ice cover, enabled positive buoyancy anomalies to ‘escape’ into the upper limb of the AMOC, providing a teleconnection between surface Southern Ocean conditions and the formation of NADW. The magnitude and pacing of this mechanism evolved substantially across the mid-Pleistocene transition, and the coeval increase in magnitude of the ‘southern escape’ and deep circulation perturbations implicate this mechanism as a key feedback in the transition to the ‘100-kyr world’, in which glacial–interglacial cycles occur at roughly 100,000-year periods.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 21
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    Compound Hot and Dry Events in Europe: Variability and Large-Scale Drivers (2021)
    Frontiers Media
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Climate, Frontiers Media, 3, pp. 58, ISSN: 2624-9553
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: An important aspect of inevitable surprises, for the climate system, is the potential of occurrence of compound extreme events. These can be events that occur at the same time over the same geographic location or at multiple locations within a given country or around the world. In this study, we investigate the spatio-temporal variability of summer compound hot and dry (CHD) events at European level and we quantify the relationship between the occurrence of CHDs and the large-scale atmospheric circulation. Here we show that summer 1955 stands out as the year with the largest spatial extent characterized by hot and dry conditions (~21.2 at European level), followed by 2015 (~20.3), 1959 (~19.4), and 1950 (~16.9). By employing an Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis we show that there are three preferred centers of action of CHDs over Europe: Fennoscandia, the central part of Europe, and the south-eastern part of Europe. Overall, hot and dry summers are, in general, associated with persistent high-pressure systems over the regions affected by CHDs, which in turn reduces the zonal flow and diverts the storm tracks southward. The high-pressure systems associated with each mode of variability largely suppresses ascending motions, reduces water vapor condensation and precipitation formation, leading to drought conditions below this atmospheric system. This study may help improve our understanding of the spatio-temporal variability of hot and dry summers, at European level, as well as their driving mechanisms.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 22
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    Imprint of climate change on pan-Arctic marine vegetation (2020)
    Frontiers Media
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media, 7, pp. 617324
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-23
    Description: The Arctic climate is changing rapidly. The warming and resultant longer open water periods suggest a potential for expansion of marine vegetation along the vast Arctic coastline. We compiled and reviewed the scattered time series on Arctic marine vegetation and explored trends for macroalgae and eelgrass (Zostera marina). We identified a total of 38 sites, distributed between Arctic coastal regions in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway/Svalbard, and Russia, having time series extending into the 21st Century. The majority of these exhibited increase in abundance, productivity or species richness, and/or expansion of geographical distribution limits, several time series showed no significant trend. Only four time series displayed a negative trend, largely due to urchin grazing or increased turbidity. Overall, the observations support with medium confidence (i.e., 5–8 in 10 chance of being correct, adopting the IPCC confidence scale) the prediction that macrophytes are expanding in the Arctic. Species distribution modeling was challenged by limited observations and lack of information on substrate, but suggested a current (2000– 2017) potential pan-Arctic macroalgal distribution area of 820.000 km2 (145.000 km2 intertidal, 675.000 km2 subtidal), representing an increase of about 30% for subtidaland 6% for intertidal macroalgae since 1940–1950, and associated polar migration rates averaging 18–23 km decade−1 . Adjusting the potential macroalgal distribution area by the fraction of shores represented by cliffs halves the estimate (412,634 km2 ). Warming and reduced sea ice cover along the Arctic coastlines are expected to stimulate further expansion of marine vegetation from boreal latitudes. The changes likely affect the functioning of coastal Arctic ecosystems because of the vegetation’s roles as habitat, and for carbon and nutrient cycling and storage. We encourage apan-Arctic science- and management agenda to incorporate marine vegetation into a coherent understanding of Arctic changes by quantifying distribution and status beyond the scattered studies now available to develop sustainable management strategies for these important ecosystems.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 23
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    Scenario analysis can guide aquaculture planning to meet sustainable future production goals (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  EPIC3ICES Journal of Marine Science, Oxford University Press, pp. 1-11, ISSN: 1054-3139
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-23
    Description: Marine aquaculture holds great promise for meeting increasing demand for healthy protein that is sustainably produced, but reaching necessary production levels will be challenging. The ecosystem approach to aquaculture is a framework for sustainable aquaculture development that prioritizes multiple-stakeholder participation and spatial planning. These types of approaches have been increasingly used to help guide sustainable, persistent, and equitable aquaculture planning, but most countries have difficulties in setting or meeting longer-term development goals. Scenario analysis (SA) for future planning uses similar approaches and can complement holistic methods, such as the ecosystem approach to aquaculture framework, by providing a temporal analogue to the spatially robust design. Here we define the SA approach to planning in aquaculture, outline how SA can benefit aquaculture planning, and review how this tool is already being used. We track the use of planning tools in the 20 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea member nations, with particular attention given to Norway’s development goals to 2050. We conclude that employing a combination of an ecosystem framework with scenario analyses may help identify the scale of development aquaculture goals over time, aid in evaluating the feasibility of the desired outcomes, and highlight potential social-ecological conflicts and trade-offs that may otherwise be overlooked.
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  • 24
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    Eruptive activity on the western flank of Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion Island, Indian Ocean): insights on magma transfer, storage and evolution at an oceanic volcanic island (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-17
    Description: Petrological and geochemical (major element, trace element, Sr–Nd isotope) data for recent (〈5 kyr old) basalts that sporadically erupt on the western flank of Piton de la Fournaise (PdF), one of the most active volcanoes on Earth, allow the tracking of magma transfer and evolution from mantle to crustal depths. In the western peripheral area of PdF we document the broadly synchronous eruptions of (1) primitive olivine and olivine–clinopyroxene transitional basalts with tholeiitic affinity 30 that are closely associated in space with (2) transitional olivine basalts with alkaline affinity, and (3) hybrid lavas, intermediate between the ‘alkaline’ and the ‘tholeiitic’ end-members. The composition of the latter overlaps with that of the lavas frequently erupted from the conduit system feeding the main summit cone. AlphaMELTS modelling, and fluid inclusion and clinopyroxene barometry, constrain the conditions of magma storage at 10–30 km, and the ascent of magma from the upper 35 mantle to the shallow crustal plumbing system. Variable degrees of mantle melting, together with minor source heterogeneity and contamination with cumulate-derived partial melts, contribute to the diversity of PdF magmas. However, all these processes do not represent the dominant factors that produce the large variability we found in major element composition. Indeed, the composition of basalts erupted from PdF peripheral centers is strongly controlled by polybaric olivine–clinopyr- 40 oxene fractionation at pressures higher than 3 kbar. Crystal textures and geochemical modelling suggest that fast magma ascent is critical to prevent clinopyroxene dissolution. Conversely, longlasting magma stagnation promotes pyroxene resorption and magma differentiation. ‘Central’ eruptions occurring close to the PdF summit cone emit variably more evolved melts, which result from olivine–clinopyroxene–plagioclase differentiation at intermediate–shallow pressure (〈3 kbar and in most cases 〈1 kbar). Deep and extensive magma mixing before injection into the crustal magma conduit system, located below the summit region, results in the apparent homogeneity of basalts erupted from the central area. As regards ‘peripheral’ eruptions, deep-seated stagnation of basaltic melts and differentiation at the mantle–crust transition zone (c. 4 kbar) produces a range of 5 magma compositions. We demonstrate that rapid magma ascent from deep-seated reservoirs can bypass the central plumbing system. The eruptions of these magmas both in the central area and on the densely populated flanks have major consequences in terms of volcanic hazard at PdF.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1717–1752
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: transitional basalts ; clinopyroxene crystallization and resorption ; mantle–crust underplating
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 25
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    Synergic Use of Multi-Sensor Satellite Data for Volcanic Hazards Monitoring: The Fogo (Cape Verde) 2014–2015 Effusive Eruption (2020)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-29
    Description: Monitoring volcanic eruptions provides key information for hazard assessment and its time evolution. Satellite remote sensing data are nowadays essential to perform such task, thanks to their capability to survey disastrous events also in remote and under-monitored regions, with frequent revisit time and accurate spatial resolution. Even though satellite imageries are presently used to analyze several phenomena related to eruptions, automatic methods and synergic exploitation of different sensors are rarely considered. In this work, we have analyzed satellite images coming from both synthetic apertureradar(SAR)andopticalsensors,tostudytheeffusiveeruptionofFogovolcano, CapeVerde,whichtookplacebetweenNovember2014andJanuary2015.Inparticular, we have exploited multi-sensor images from Sentinel-1, COSMO-SkyMed, Landsat8, and Earth-Observing-1 missions, to retrieve lava flow patterns and volcanic source parameters related to the eruption. The main outcome of our work is the application of a new automatic change detection technique for estimating the lava field and its temporalevolution,combiningtheSARintensityandtheinterferometricSARcoherence. The innovative algorithm is able to take full advantage of the Sentinel-1 mission’s 6day repeat cycle. Such data are here used for the first time for lava mapping, thereby providing an unprecedented example of using the multi-temporal interferometric SAR (InSAR) coherence to automatically monitor lava flow evolution in emergency phase. This new technique, jointly used with optical satellite images, is capable of resolving with spatial and temporal detail the evolution of lava flows. We have also performed differential SAR interferometry (DInSAR) to map the ground deformation and retrieve the feeding dyke by inverting syn-eruptive signals. Results from source modeling show a SW-NE oriented dyke, located inside Chã das Caldeiras, SW of the Pico do Fogo. Our work highlights how multidisciplinary and satellite open data, along with innovative and automatic processing techniques, may be adopted for real-time hazard estimates in an operational environment
    Description: Published
    Description: Article 22
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: lava, volcanic source modeling, synthetic aperture radar, optical images, change detection, hierarchical-split-based approach, DInSAR coherence, Fogo volcano
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  • 26
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    Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide-Utilizing Kyrpidia spormannii Species From Pantelleria Island, Italy (2020)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-30
    Description: Volcanic and geothermal areas are hot and often acidic environments that emit geothermal gasses, including H2, CO and CO2. Geothermal gasses mix with air, creating conditions where thermoacidophilic aerobic H2- and CO-oxidizing microorganisms could thrive. Here, we describe the isolation of two Kyrpidia spormannii strains, which can grow autotrophically by oxidizing H2 and CO with oxygen. These strains, FAVT5 and COOX1, were isolated from the geothermal soils of the Favara Grande on Pantelleria Island, Italy. Extended physiology studies were performed with K. spormannii FAVT5, and showed that this strain grows optimally at 55°C and pH 5.0. The highest growth rate is obtained using H2 as energy source (μmax 0.19 ± 0.02 h-1, doubling time 3.6 h). K. spormannii FAVT5 can additionally grow on a variety of organic substrates, including some alcohols, volatile fatty acids and amino acids. The genome of each strain encodes for two O2-tolerant hydrogenases belonging to [NiFe] group 2a hydrogenases and transcriptome studies using K. spormannii FAVT5 showed that both hydrogenases are expressed under H2 limiting conditions. So far no Firmicutes except K. spormannii FAVT5 have been reported to exhibit a high affinity for H2, with a Ks of 327 ± 24 nM. The genomes of each strain encode for one putative CO dehydrogenase, belonging to Form II aerobic CO dehydrogenases. The genomic potential and physiological properties of these Kyrpidia strains seem to be quite well adapted to thrive in the harsh environmental volcanic conditions.
    Description: Published
    Description: Article 951
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: CO ; H2 ; Kyrpidia spormannii ; [NiFe]-hydrogenases ; phylogeny ; thermoacidophilic ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
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  • 27
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    Overview of the mating systems of Crustacea (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  EPIC3The Natural History of the Crustacea, Vol. 6: Reproductive Biology, New York, U.S.A., Oxford University Press, 30 p., pp. 277-306, ISBN: 9780190688554
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-24
    Description: Due to an exceptional variety of habitats, body plans, and lifestyles, crustaceans exhibit a wide array of mating systems. Some groups engage in simple, pure- search polygamous systems in which males usually search for receptive females. In other groups, males defend valuable resources to attract and/ or guard females to ensure paternity. Some species have developed highly complex systems of harem defense polygyny and monogamy, even cases of sub- and eusociality are reported. The expression of mating systems does not seem to be uniformly correlated to taxonomic affiliation, but is rather diverse within certain groups, suggesting that the evolution of mating systems is largely facilitated by the lifestyle of the species. Despite the broad range of mating systems in crustaceans, and although some groups have been studied comparably well, there remains a lack of knowledge about the behavioral and sexual biology of many species. In the light of the high diversity of lifestyles, mating systems, and habitats of certain groups, crustacean species would be ideal models to unravel the evolution of reproductive strategies and social behaviors.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 28
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    Bacterial communities in temperate and polar coastal sands are seasonally stable (2021)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3ISME Communications, Nature Publishing Group, 1(1), pp. 1-11
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-20
    Description: Coastal sands are biocatalytic filters for dissolved and particulate organic matter of marine and terrestrial origin, thus, acting as centers of organic matter transformation. At high temporal resolution, we accessed the variability of benthic bacterial communities over two annual cycles at Helgoland (North Sea), and compared it with seasonality of communities in Isfjorden (Svalbard, 78°N) sediments, where primary production does not occur during winter. Benthic community structure remained stable in both, temperate and polar sediments on the level of cell counts and 16S rRNA-based taxonomy. Actinobacteriota of uncultured Actinomarinales and Microtrichales were a major group, with 8 ± 1% of total reads (Helgoland) and 31 ± 6% (Svalbard). Their high activity (frequency of dividing cells 28%) and in situ cell numbers of 〉10% of total microbes in Svalbard sediments, suggest Actinomarinales and Microtrichales as key heterotrophs for carbon mineralization. Even though Helgoland and Svalbard sampling sites showed no phytodetritus-driven changes of the benthic bacterial community structure, they harbored significantly different communities (p 〈 0.0001, r = 0.963). The temporal stability of benthic bacterial communities is in stark contrast to the dynamic succession typical of coastal waters, suggesting that pelagic and benthic bacterial communities respond to phytoplankton productivity very differently.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retinal physiology: A foot in the vitreous fluid (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 113-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] A PAPER by Newman on page 155 of this issue documents a striking property of the glial cells in the vertebrate retina: their membrane permeability, which is almost exclusively a permeability to potassium, is largely concentrated at the end which has membrane expansions ('endfeet') facing the ...
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    Nature index of biotechnology stocks (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 107-107 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] 12-Month 12-Month Company Close Close Change high low previous 30 April month 14 101/2 Biogen (Switzerland) 13 U3/4 -2 VA 2 1% Bio-Logicals (Canada) 1% P/4 + % 14% 10 % Bio-Response (USA) 11 13% + 2% 14 10'/4 Cetus ...
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    Indian symposium (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 108-108 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR ? We have read the news item in Nature (1 March p.6) regarding the inability of Israeli scientists to attend the VIIth International Biotechnology Symposium. To put the record straight, the organizers did everything possible to help the scientists from Israel to attend the symposium. In fact, ...
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    Indian symposium (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 108-108 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR ? In Nature of 2 February (307, 408; 1984) you printed a letter from Dr J. Stefan Roken calling on scientists to boycott the International Biotechnology Symposium held in New Delhi in February, and calling for protests against the Indian Government for not permitting scientists from all ...
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    IOS closes lab (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 575-575 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) has decided that there is a prima facie case for closing the Taunton site of the Institute of Ocanographie Sciences (IOS), which carries out research in sedimentation and applied wave mechanics. The council's governing body was due this week to ...
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    Correction (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 575-575 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE limit for nitrogen oxides in ambient air proposed in the EEC directive (Nature 308, 309; 1984) should have read 200 gnr3 not ...
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    Mercury pollution: Dry battery alarm in Japan (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 576-576 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Tokyo A PAIR of headphones and a portable cassette player have become pretty much standard street wear for young Tokyoites, but they are creating a new problem for the Japanese Government how to dispose safely of the batteries that power them. Alkaline-manganese batteries have been favoured ...
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    Radioactive waste: Mongolian alarm at China's plan (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 576-576 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] CHINESE plans to act as a "nuclear dustbin" for Western countries have provoked a sharp reaction in the neighbouring Mongolian People's Republic. Alarm was crystallized last month in a formal interview, organized by the Soviet news agency TASS and its Mongolian equivalent Mont same, with a ...
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    Moscow visit off (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 576-576 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] Washington AMID continuing uncertainty about the health of Soviet physicist Andrei Sakharov and his wife Yelena Bonner, the US National Academy of Sciences confirmed last week that its president had postponed plans to visit the Soviet Union to reestablish formal links with the Soviet Academy of ...
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    Nuclear winter: ICSU project hunts for data (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 577-577 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] AN urgent call for information on the consequences of large ground-based fires for the atmosphere of the Earth has gone out from the workshop held in Leningrad between 14 and 16 May on the climatic and biological consequences of nuclear war. The meeting is part of the programme by which the ...
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    AIDS development: NIH to license HTLV (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 577-577 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Washington THE companies selected by the US federal government to manufacture a blood test for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are expected to be announced this week. A scientific panel has already met to review the 20 or so proposals received in response to an announcement in the ...
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    Nature index of biotechnology stocks (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 577-577 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] 12-Month 12-Month Company Close Close Change high low previous 31 May month 14 8 Biogen (Switzerland) IP/4 9 -23/4 2 1% Bio-Logicals (Canada) P/4 l'/2 -Vi 14% g Bio-Response (USA) 13 V 8% -4l/4 14 10 Cetus (USA) 121/4 10!/4 -2 10% 5 Collaborative Research (USA) 7 5% -I5/ 19% 11 ...
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    Science in India (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 578-578 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR You are, of course, right in saying that all is not well in India's Science. But great strides have been made. As our Prime Minister declared during a White House reception, India is engaged in the stupendous task of moving hundreds of millions of people into the twentieth century. Against ...
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    Science in India (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 578-578 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR The key to considering science and technology in India lies in recognizing that India is trying to go through three revolutions simultaneously the agricultural (still incomplete), industrial and computer revolutions with a government that is democratic, a population less than half of which ...
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    Science in India (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 578-578 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR Readers of your survey are likely to conclude that most of what is good and worthy of its name in Indian science is so because (1 ) a director or a chairman or perhaps a minister knows and means his/her business; (2) they or their organizations have or at least had good overseas connections ...
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    Science in India (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 578-578 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR Your special issue on India provides a comprehensive account of accomplishments, failures and problems of science in India. The introductory note to the survey, however, contains the erroneous figure of 2.5 per cent as the annual rate of India's current population growth. The registration of ...
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    Genetics and hereditable IQ (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 579-579 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] Is human intelligence genetically determined, environmentally conditioned or the product of both influences? Since the work of the late Cyril Burt was discredited some years ago, the ferocity seems to have gone out of the argument on this question that had been raging for close on half a century. ...
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    Magnetospheric flux erosion events are flux transfer events (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 135-138 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Over 20 years ago, Dungey8 suggested a model of the Earth's magnetosphere in which he proposed magnetic field reconnection as the major process coupling the magnetosphere to the solar wind and driving magnetospheric convection. Considerable indirect support for this model has subsequently been ...
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    Flexure of the continental lithosphere beneath Apennine and Carpathian foredeep basins (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 142-144 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 Location of the transects across the Apennine and Carpathian thrust belts (dark lines). The Apennine and outer Carpathian thrust belts are indicated by shading and the approximate position of the thrust fronts are indicated by dark barbed lines. The light continuous line represents the ...
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    Rheumatoid arthritis: Another viral candidate (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 582-582 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] DEVOTEES of the school that believes an occult virus is responsible for the induction of rheumatoid arthritis will have welcomed a recent article summarizing a three-year collaborative study undertaken in three USA centres on the identification of par-vovirus-like particles in synovial tissue from ...
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    100 years ago (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 582-582 
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    Notes: [Auszug] PILE-DWELLINGS ON HILLTOPS AMONG the Miris, Singphus, Kamtis, Nogas, Mismis, and Deodhains that I have questioned as to the origin of the custom of building on piles, the answer is invariably that they do not know, that it is their tribal custom, &c. Pressed as to the advantages of it, or why ...
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    Catalysis: Zeolites under control (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 583-583 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ON page 589 of this issue of Nature, Haag et al. report a very nice example of the way in which zeolites can be used in the controlled catalysis of hydrocarbon cracking, which is best seen in the context of John Dwyer's brief but comprehensive overview of zeolites as acid catalysts in the 2 April ...
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    Immunology: T-cell development in the thymus (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 583-584 
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    Notes: [Auszug] MUCH of the development of T lymphocytes takes place in the thymus, away from the melee in bone marrow where B lymphocytes and other haematopoietic cells differentiate side by side. What is the purpose of this convenient packaging? Is the thymus an inductive environment for switching the ...
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    Earth science: Anomalous satellite motion and mantle viscosity (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 584-585 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] FOR many years geodesists have examined evidence for the temporal changes in the Earth's global shape and gravity field. Confirmation that such changes occur on time scales of at least several years has now emerged from the observation of a secular acceleration O of the node O of the orbit of the ...
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    Oncogene activation: Message of myc in context (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 585-587 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THERE are two reasons for the exceptional concentration of research on the cellular myc proto-oncogene (c-myc). The first is historical. The chromosomal translocations characteristic of Burkitt's lym-phomas transfer c-myc from its normal context into an active immunoglobulin locus1, where it was ...
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    Archaeopteryx palaeontological myopia (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 588-588 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - Howgate1 criticizes our interpretations2'3 of the homologies and morphology of the Archaeopteryx manus by distorting and misrepresenting our viewpoints. Palaeontologists have identified the digits of theropods, Archaeopteryx and birds as digits 1-2-3 of the primitive reptilian hand whereas ...
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    Evolutionary unease? (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 588-588 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - Peter Fellgett raises an interesting suggestion1 that the study of cybernetic feedback loops throws light on the redundant (multiple copy) nature of functional genes and hence places the evolution of this phenomenon within the rubric of Darwinian natural selection. His proposition is that ...
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    The active site of acidic aluminosilicate catalysts (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 589-591 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The availability of solid acidic catalysts based on zeolite ZSM-5 make possible observations on the nature and the absolute rate behaviour of the individual protonic sites. Tetrahedral aluminium atoms are the highly reactive ingredients, even at levels of parts per million, or less. Turnover ...
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    Observational lower mass limit for black hole formation derived from massive X-ray binaries (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 598-600 
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    Notes: [Auszug] From the optical mass function of LMC X-3 (2.3 M), the absence of X-ray eclipses, in combination with the observed spectral type and absolute visual magnitude of the B-type companion, Paczynski2 derived a lower limit to the mass of the B-star of 9.0 (6.0 M), that is 5=3.0 M0. By comparing the ...
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    Books Received (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 189-190 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Mathematics Advances in Fuzzy Sets, Possibility Theory, and Applications. P.P. WANG (d.). Plenum: 1983. Pp.42L IBN 0-306-41390-6. $55. A Biologist's Basic Mathematics. By D.R. CAUSTON.Edward Arnold: 1983. Pp.216. PbklSBN 0-7131-2879-8. £7.50. Developments in Statistics, Vol. 4. P.R. ...
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    Star wars: Pre-election Congress turning sour (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 3-3 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Washington THE militarization of space may yet become a significant issue in November's presidential election in the United States. For the first time, Mr Walter Mondale, the Democratic front-runner, last week promised to order a freeze on space weapons if he is elected President. In Congress, ...
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    Genetic engineering: Genentech claims factor VIII (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 3-3 
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    Notes: [Auszug] ONE of genetic engineering's glittering prizes was claimed last week by Genentech Inc., the San Francisco-based biotechnology company, working in collaboration with the Haemophilia Centre at the Royal Free Hospital Medical School, London, and Speywood Laboratories in Wales. The human blood protein ...
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    Chinese nuclear industry: Advance on broad front (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 5-5 
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    Notes: [Auszug] DISCUSSIONS on a possible 20,000 million deal in nuclear technology were a major feature of President Reagan's visit to China last month. Coincidentally, the President's visit came shortly after the second national congress of the Chinese Nuclear Society, which reviewed the current state of Chinese ...
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    Radioactive atolls: Bikini Islanders sue United States (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 6-6 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Washington THE inhabitants of Bikini Island, which was used for 23 above-ground nuclear tests between 1946 and 1958, are suing the US Government in an attempt to force a cleanup of their homeland. The 167 residents of the island left at the request of the US military and have since been shifted ...
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    Unesco: Looking for signs of change (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 7-7 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] FURTHER signs of the response of Unesco (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) to the discontent of some member states should become apparent next week, at the meeting of the organization's executive board arranged for 9-23 May. Those participating in the meeting ...
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    Amersham International: Academic symbiosis flourishes (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 9-9 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] To sponsor a fellowship at the University of Cambridge, in a department (biochemistry) run by a knight (Sir Hans Kornberg) who is also master of a Cambridge college (Christ's), as Amersham International is about to do, may seem slightly odd for a company that thinks of itself as an adventurous ...
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    Only correct (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 10-10 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR ? Two errors are becoming commoner in scientific writings. (1) The word "only" is being shifted forward, away from the word it modifies. Note the differences among the following: "Only I saw the white shark" (no-one else was on deck). "I only saw the white shark" (I didn't actually catch it). ...
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    100 years ago (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 13-13 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN a crowded house on Tuesday last the Convocation of the University of Oxford passed the much-debated statute allowing women to enter for "certain of the honour examinations of the University." The statute has been opposed on very different grounds. The old Conservative Oxford School (fast ...
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    Isotope studies of insular phosphates explain atoll phosphatization (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 614-617 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In the expectation that the oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of CO2 sources of structural carbonate in apatite may leave a characteristic fingerprint of the depositional environment9?10, we have initiated an exploratory study of oxygen and carbon isotope abundances of insular phosphates from ...
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    Emplacement and cooling of komatiite lavas (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 19-22 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We propose that komatiite lavas were emplaced as turbulent flows, accompanied by vigorous forced convection with cooling rates often in excess of hundreds of °C h−1. They melted and assimilated up to 10% of the ground over which they flowed, forming deep channels. Nickel ...
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    Heredity and familial environment in intelligence and educational level—a sibling study (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 620-622 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] From a Danish adoption register4'5 we have identified four groups of sibling pairs. The first three groups comprise genetically related pairs who were adopted and reared apart in separate families: full siblings reared apart (FA, 34 pairs), maternal half-siblings reared apart (MA, 52 pairs) and ...
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    Vertical disparity pooling and the induced effect (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 622-623 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The computational theory of binocular vision2^, which demonstrates how vertical disparities can be used to discover the distance to the fixation point (d) and the angle of gaze (g) with which the fixation point is being viewed, is introduced in rf. 5. One prediction of the theory is that vertical ...
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    Antibodies to heavy neurofilament subunit detect a subpopulation of damaged ganglion cells in retina (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 624-626 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Neurones respond to axonal injury with the retrograde cell reaction0chromatolysis and displacement of the nucleus which may be followed by recovery, or, for centrally projecting neurones in mammals, often by degeneration of the entire cell7'8. Lesions of optic axons cause retrograde degeneration of ...
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    Amplification of specific DNA sequences correlates with multi-drug resistance in Chinese hamster cells (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 626-628 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1 Multi-drug rsistance and 1.1-kb fragment amplification in different cell lines Degree of 1.1-kb Cell line V79 Relative resistance to: Adriamycin Colcemid 1 1 fragment amplification 1 77A 5 7 5 LZ 3,000 436 60 LZ revertant 7 10 CHO Aux Bl . 1 1 1 C5 150 280 20 Isolation and ...
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    Bone marrow cells give rise to distinct cell clones within the thymus (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 629-631 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] While analysing thymic repopulation in allogeneic bone marrow chimaeras we noted one chimaera16in which the allogeneic bone marrow cells differed from the host for both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) encoded antigens and Thy-1 typethat showed one lobe of the thymus entirely reconstituted ...
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    Accumulation of a heat shock-like protein during differentiation of human erythroid cell line K562 (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 631-633 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The total protein composition and rates of protein synthesis before and after haemin induction of K562 cells were examined (Fig. 1). After 40 h of incubation with 25 ? haemin, approximately 95% of the K562 cells stained positively with benzidine. The two-dimensional electrophoretic analyses (Fig. ...
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    Glycoprotein C of herpes simplex virus 1 acts as a receptor for the C3b complement component on infected cells (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 633-635 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] Figure la shows the binding of C3b-coated erythrocytes to HSV-1 infected endothelial cells by light microscopy. Rosettes (〉4 erythrocytes per endothelial cell) were found with 70% of infected endothelial cells: no rosettes formed around uninfected cells, nor around infected cells incubated with ...
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    Ultrabithorax mutations map to distant sites within the bithorax complex of Drosophila (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 635-637 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] Three Ubx mutations have previously been mapped by genetic recombination. All were found to lie at or close to the right-hand end of the Ubx unit defined by chromosome rearrangements1'7'8. When the DNA of these and other Ubx 'point' alleles was examined, four apparently point Ubx mutations were ...
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    Xenopus oocytes can secrete bacterial β -lactamase (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 637-639 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We have chosen the b-lactamase encoded by the Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322 as a model for a prokaryotic secretory protein and Xenopus oocytes as eukaryotic test cells. /3-Lactamase is the major protein secreted into the periplasm of E. coli cells carrying pBR322 and inactivates ampicillin, thus ...
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    Sexual preference of apparent gene conversion events in MHC genes of mice (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 639-640 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The existing H-2 mutants were originally identified by circular skin-grafting experiments among sibling mice7'8. This system of mutants is notable because: (1) the rate of observed mutation is very high, about 1 in 2,500; (2) individual mutational events result in multiple amino acid substitutions; ...
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    Nonspecific integration of the HTLV provirus genome into adult T-cell leukaemia cells (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 640-642 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] As previously reported, the leukaemic cells of most ATL patients contain one or two copies of HTLV provirus4'11, but the size of the coRI-digested DNA fragment containing the provirus and cellular flanking sequences differs between individuals, suggesting that the integration sites of the HTLV ...
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    Yeasts and industry (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 644-645 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN 1970, Dr G.R. Fink offered the advice that "biochemists as well as geneticists should use only S288C or 'isogenic' Saccharomyces strains in their investigations. Regrettably, this has not been the rule in the past". True, the principal yeast of industrial importance is 5. cerevisiae. However, ...
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    Father, mother and son (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 643-644 
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    Notes: [Auszug] H.G. Wells: Aspects of a Life opens bizar-rely not with the birth of its subject but the birth of the biographer Anthony West, Wells's illegitimate son. At first startling, this emerges as rather appropriate, since, for most of the book, West's technique is to superimpose his own situation upon ...
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    Processes of natural waters (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 644-644 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE study of chemical processes in natural waters tends to be pursued in compartments oceans, lakes, rivers, ground-waters and so on. One reason for this lies in the large differences between such environments regarding the spatial and temporal frameworks within which geochemical processes can ...
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    Junior prometheans (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 645-646 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN King Arthur's legendary domain, the Knights of the Round Table slew dragons and rescued fair maidens; only the pure of heart could hope to glimpse the Holy Grail. Heppenheimer likens the quest for controlled fusion to such an enterprise, but one pursued by more fallible human beings. In a ...
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    A different sort of Darwinism (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 646-646 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR Alister Hardy is prominent among those who have argued for "Darwinism with a difference". Whilst acknowledging the creative powers of natural selection, he enshrines innovative behaviour as a distinctive selective force. His argument is that a learnt and beneficial habit can be instrumental in ...
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    Automation is just beginning (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 647-647 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A FEW years from now, the heading on these pages will be entirely inappropriate. The idea that the use of computers in laboratories is sufficiently novel to be remarked upon will have ceased entirely to be noteworthy, just as it would now seem strange to assemble a few pages of this journal under ...
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    Computers in books: Microcomputing in biology (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 648-648 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] GIVEN the shortage of suitable software for analysing biological data by microcomputer, the publication of books containing methods and programs for that purpose is generally all to the good. One recent book of this type is Statistics and Numerical Methods in BASIC for Biologists, written by J.D. ...
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    Computers and genes (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 648-649 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The Applications of Computers to Research on Nucleic Acids II, Parts 1 and 2. Edited by D. Söll and R. J. Roberts. IRL Press: 1984. Pp.856. Pbk 30, 60. Time Warps, String Edits and Macromolecules: The Theory and Practice of Sequence Comparison. Edited by D. Sankoff and J.B. Kruskal. ...
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    How to crunch your numbers (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 649-649 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Biodata Handling with Microcomputers. By R.B. Barlow. Elsevier Biosoft, 68 Hills Road, Cambridge CB2ILA, UK: 1983. Pp.261. 18, 30. Disks 30, 50. EVEN the least expensive "home computers" are capable of carrying out all the statistical analysis that most biologists will require and usually before ...
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    Sorts of references (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 650-650 
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    Notes: [Auszug] PAPERBASE: A Computerized Personal Database for Scientists. By Anthony Durham. Wight Scientific, 44 Roan St, London SE109JT. Booklet, pp.31, 25, 50 (airmail postage included) for institutional use; 10, 20 f or personal use. Diskettes available for various computers, 50, 100 (booklet included). ...
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    More numbers coincide (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 308 (1984), S. 776-776 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - In the correspondence from Marcus Gosslerl we are informed that, in the event of the statistical evidence being sufficient, "the numerological result has to be taken seriously and cannot be dismissed by any non-mathematical reasoning". However, I think it also reasonable to point out (and I ...
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    New computer products (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 650-652 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The Series 7000 professional computers from Perkin-Elmer are advanced microcomputer data processing systems specifically for laboratory applications. Two models are available: the PE 7500 and PE 7300, capable of both analytical and management functions. In an integrated workstation, a Series 7000 ...
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    Books Received (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 653-653 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Physics Advances in Diagnostic Visual Optics: Springer Series in Optical Sciences. G.M. BREININ and I.M. SIEGEL (eds). Springer-Verlag: 1983. Pp.247. ISBN 3-540-13079-9/0-387-13079-9. DM67, 26. Application of Transition State Theory to Unimolecular Reactions: An Introduction. By J.H. BEYNON and ...
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    Revivifying Europe's research (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 481-482 
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    Notes: [Auszug] EUROPE may not be made in the few weeks ahead, but there is a danger that it could be broken. And certainly the month that lies ahead will be crucial for the whole enterprise. First come the European elections, only the second occasion on which representatives to the European Parliament have been ...
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    Biotechnology manpower in the UK (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 654-654 
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    Notes: [Auszug] BIOTECHNOLOGY is one of the fast growing new technologies. It was born as late as the 1970s and is recognized everywhere as a key technology for the future. As well as the United States and Japan, the technology superpowers, France, West Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom have taken ...
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    One treaty to sign (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 482-482 
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    Notes: [Auszug] ON the face of things, there seems no prospect of an early improvement in relations between the Soviet Union and the West. Even the proposal that the president of the US National Academy of Sciences, Dr Frank Press, should go to Moscow to try out some unspecified plans for further collaboration has ...
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    Shoestring research (1984)
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    Nature 309 (1984), S. 482-482 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] WHILE nobody is conspicuously to blame that one of the best-known British laboratories in the neurosciences is to be closed (see p.486), the affair should give pause to those responsible for the management of research in countries such as Britiain, but in Britain in particular. And while the ...
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  • 97
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    Telecommunications: Luxembourg goes for cable (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 483-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] TINY Luxembourg has thrown a spanner into the comfortable world of European telecommunications. In particular, Luxembourg has deeply offended the government of France by announcing that it plans to license a commercial consortium to launch communications satellites capable of delivering television ...
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  • 98
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    Soviet jewry: Refusnik flow slows to trickle (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 484-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Jerusalem DR Yoram Dinstein, rector of Tel Aviv University, last week announced a new endowment fund to establish university posts for Jewish scientists emigrating from the Soviet Union. The timing was somewhat inauspicious. Israeli universities are so short of funds that six months ago it was ...
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soviet jurisprudence: Nature letter heading for trial (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 484-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] New York A LETTER from ten Moscow scientists published on Nature's correspondence pages in December 1981 (294, 688; 1981) may be cited as nominal defendant in a prosecution under Article 190/1 of the Russian Republic's criminal code, according to a recent Western visitor to Moscow. During the past ...
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    US genetic regulations: Bacterial field trial to go ahead (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 309 (1984), S. 483-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Washington Two weeks after a federal judge halted Dr Steven Lindow's planned field trial of recombinant ice-nucleating bacteria (see Nature 24 May, p.296), the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) approved a virtually identical proposal from ...
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