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  • Chemistry  (64,852)
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (64,787)
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  • 1
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    Study on effects of Beta-glucan & extraction of Sargassum & Padina algae in prevention and treatment of WSD in Fenneropenaeus indicus (2021)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25179 | 18721 | 2018-09-03 17:23:17 | 25179 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: In this study two species of algae, Sargassum glaucescens and Padina boergeseni that found plenteously in Persian Gulf and Bushehr coast, were collected and hot water extracts of them were lyophilized. F. indicus (11.32±1.20 g), after two weeks adaptation in Shoghab research station were immersed in seawater (39 ppt and 25±1 ○C) containing hot-water extract of each brown algae, S.glaucescens and P.boergeseni, at 100, 300 and 500 mg/l concentration, Survival rate and immunological parameters (total haemocyte count (THC), total plasma protein (TPP), Phagocytic activity, bacterial clearance efficiency and bactericidal activity) were examined. In addition effect of dietary administration of beta 1, 3 1, 6 glucan on prevention of White Spot Disease and immunological parameters of shrimp were investigated. According to results, immersion in seawater containing 300 and 500 mg/l concentration of algal hot-water extract after 2 and 3 hours or oral administration of beta 1,3 1,6 glucan at level of 10 g/kg diet for 14 days significantly enhanced THC, TPP, Phagocytic activity, bacterial clearance efficiency and bactericidal activity. Immersion in seawater containing 100, 300 and 500 mg/l hot-water extract of S.glaucescens after 3 hours, improved the survival rate of WSSV-infected F. indicus.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Iran ; Persian Gulf ; Bushehr Province ; Beta-glucan ; Sargassum ; Padina algae ; WSD ; Fenneropenaeus indicus ; Species ; Algae ; Brown Algae ; S.glaucescens ; P.boergeseni ; Survival rate ; White Spot Disease ; Shrimp
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 2
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    Using biotechnology and chemical approach extraction of chitin and conversion to chitosan from the cyst shells of Artemia urmiana (2021)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25618 | 18721 | 2018-10-07 16:34:53 | 25618 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: Chitin and chitosan are 2 very important products of biopolymer that enjoy high consumption in industry, but their production sources are very limited. In this study, Artemia urmiana cyst shells were obtained from previously collected and stored ones in Iranian Artemia Research Center. 20 kg of Artemia urmiana cyst shells were sampled, cleaned, separated, dried and transferred to Iranian Artemia Research Center Laboratory to extract their Chitin and chitosan. Their chitin and chitosan initially were extracted using optimized common chemical methods. Their properties were compared to 2 other types of Chitin and chitosan obtained from crab and shrimp manufactured by Vietnam and China, respectively. To determine their quality, elemental analysis device, infrared spectrophotometry, x –ray radiography, determination of viscosity , molecular weight, crystallinity percent, color, de stylization measure, empirical and molecular formulas were made. The results showed that the percentage of chitin obtained from Artemia cyst Shells in Chemical method was 28 ± 3 % by weight and efficiency into chitosan (grade steel relief) in this method was 50± 5%. To optimize the extraction procedure and the removal of proteins of chitin by biological practices that were done by sodium hydroxide in the chemical method, it was replaced by the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. And in the bio- phase of chitosan de steelation fungus Aspergillus niger enzyme was replaced instead of sodium hydroxide at high temperatures. The results showed that chitin and chitosan can be extracted from Artemia cyst shell using biological method and their characteristics included as in chitin 49.6% C, 8.2 % N, 7.5 % H, and 34.5 %O. Also the same levels for chitosan were 44.4 %, 8.9, 7.2 and 39.5 %, respectively. Their other quality characteristics were included chitin average molecular weight 4.9×10^6 Dalton, crystallinity percentage of 36.4, viscosity at 20°C 31 centipoise and its color was gray to brown. In the biologic method, the average molecular weight of chitosan, crystallinity percentage, viscosity at 20°C, were 5.1×105 Dalton, 94.5, and 18 centipoises, respectively. Also, its color was pale brown. Chemical structure of extracted chitin and chitosan from the shell of Artemia urmiana cysts were C_7H_12NO_4 and C_6H_11 NO_4c, respectively. The comparison of chitin and chitosan obtained from each chemical and biological method revealed that replacing biological methods instead of chemical methods is possible in achieving these products at suitable condition and better quality. This can eliminate the use of chemicals damaging the environment such as sodium hydroxide and decrease environmental pollution.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Iran ; Artemia urmiana cyst shell ; Chitin ; Chitosan ; Chemical ; Biological methods ; Crab shell ; Shrimp shell ; Biotechnology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 3
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    Extraction‚ purification, identification and amount verification of steroids in Sargassum glaucescens and Padina boergesni algae in Oman Sea (2021)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25642 | 18721 | 2018-10-14 02:40:17 | 25642 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: Padina boergesenii is one of the most abundant brown algae distributed in the north of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. In this study after sampling and preparation of Padina boergesenii by Chroform-Etanol (3-1) solvent and by Methanol has been extract. Separation and purification of the compounds was carried out using thin layer, general and inverse column chromatography, Cephadex and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Structural elucidation of the constituents was based on the data obtained from H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HSQC, HMBC, DEPT and Cephadex LH-20. The steroids compounds separated from above alga were identified as 22dehydrocholesterol (1), cholesterol (2), fucosterol (3), β-sitosterol (4), stigmasterol (5), ostreasterol (6) and two epimer of hyroxyestrol(7), based on their spectral data and from comparison with those previously reported in the literature.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Iran ; Oman Sea ; Persian Gulf ; Brown Algae ; Padina boergesenii ; Steroids compounds ; Extraction ; Purification ; Identification ; Amount verification ; Sargassum glaucescens ; Algae ; Abundant ; Sampling ; Chromatography ; Cephadex ; Dehydrocholesterol ; Cholesterol ; Fucosterol ; β-sitosterol ; Stigmasterol ; Ostreasterol
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 4
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    Trout farms and other human activities effects on Cheshmehkileh river ecosystem in Tonekabon (2021)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25792 | 18721 | 2018-10-13 08:54:26 | 25792 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: Cheshmehkileh River and adjacent mountainous streams, play a strategic role as a historical axis for anthropogenic civilization, human welfare also habitat and migration pathway of commercial – biologic valuable fishes e.g. Caspian trout, Caspian kuttum, members of Cyprinidae family in south Caspian Sea drainage. Treats such as overfishing of Caspian trout and Red spotted trout stocks in mountainous headwaters, barriers construction and manipulations those are out of river carrying capacity developed by human activities, affected normal function of river as well. Sand mining big factories establishment next to the river, legal and illegal trade of river sediments, direct entry of Tonekabon landfill leakage into the river, development of Rainbow trout farms since 3 decades and huge effluents into the river containing dead fish and types of solids, escapement of cultured Rainbow trouts into the river, … are major minimum factors which needs basic information for integrating inclusively drainage management system. Cheshmehkileh River contains Headwaters of Dohezar (Daryasar & Nusha), Sehezar and Valamroud rivers during 13 monthly sampling phases between September 2009 and October 2010 based on macrozoobenthoses investigations by EPT, EPT/C EPA protocols, measurements of nominated physic-chemical and microbiologic parameters. Probability of Rainbow trouts escapement and invasion, existence, nutrition in Cheshmehkileh environment indeed investigated. Data analysis explained significant differences (P〈0.05) between groups of measured parameters in different sampling stations. Dendogram of clustered analysis based on consolidation of major biologic/ physic-chemical and microbiologic parameters, separated stations No. 1, 3, 2, 4 in one group and remained classified in different groups. Station 8 and 9 similarly separated which expressed general similarities according to Sehezar river environment which were differs in comparison with other stations. Station 11 separated according to its natural quality of water and environment. Similarities between station 10 to Sehezar river stations 8 and 9 expressed general influence of Sehezar River more than Dohezar River in Cheshmehkileh condition especially in station No. 10. High scores of EPT and EPT/C indices in upstream stations 1, 3 and 8 also low score of indices in stations 7, 13 and 6 expressed levels of environment quality between these groups of stations. Maximum average biomass of macroinvertebrates belongs to Trichoptera order in Cheshmehkileh River. Significant decrease of biomass in stations 11, 12 and 13 in comparison with other stations stated environment degradation in mentioned stations relevant to excessive sand mining as well. Pollution resistant groups of invertebrates significantly increased in downstreams against upstream stations. Also disappearing of Plecoptera order in station No. 7, 9, 10 and 13 stated low quality of environment in comparison with upstream stations. Confirmation of effects quality and quantity for point and non-point sources of imported pollutants require specific management considerations in order to present exploitations, pollutants control and emergencies for river monitoring in forthcoming years.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Management ; Iran ; Tonekabon ; Cheshmehkileh ; River ; Pollution ; Aquaculture ; EPTC ; Assessment ; Macroinvertebrates ; Chemistry ; Microbiology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 5
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    Effect of different heating treatments and kind of filling media on the amounts of some mineral elements (iron, zinc, copper, calcium and sodium) of silver carp (Hypopthalmichthys molitrix) during canning (2021)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25429 | 18721 | 2018-09-23 16:29:13 | 25429 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: In this study, first, the influence of three precooking methods (steaming, oven-baking and microwave-cooking) on the contents of mineral elements-copper, zinc, iron, calcium and sodium-of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) was evaluated. Determination results of evaluated elements in raw fish and cooked samples were in range 3.05 to 4.19 for copper, 71.45 to 82.85 for zinc, 32.18 to 40.70 for iron, 425.6 to 529.46 and 315.5 to 534.76 for calcium. Results showed different precooking treatments had no significant effects on the amounts of mineral elements such as copper, zinc, calcium and sodium. The Iron content in the samples subjected to microwave cooking increased. With doing multivariate analysis, on comparing the raw and precooked fillets, steam cooking found to be the best precooking method on retain mineral elements. After choosing the best precooking method, for evaluating the influence of different filling media including sunflower oil, soybean oil, olive oil and brine, on the quality of canned silver carp, amounts of mineral elements(copper, zinc, iron, calcium and sodium) and microbial indices(total counts, thermopile count and clostridium) and sensory indices (color, smell, taste and texture) was surveyed. Assessments of microbial indices showed no microbial activity in canned products. After canning amounts of sodium increased in all the treatments. Except for iron, using soybean oil had no significant effect on the contents of other elements. The highest levels of iron and copper were observed in olive oil canned samples sterilized at 130°C. Sensory evaluating showed, kind of filling media had no significant effects on sensory indices such as taste, smell and color of canned samples. The texture of soybean oil canned samples and the quality defects of olive oil and brine canned samples had better condition than other treatments. In the last step, canned silver carp were proceed under three different temperatures (115°C, 120°C and 130°C) with equal lethality value (Fo=7min), then sensory indices and amount of mineral elements were compared. Results showed, the contents of iron, copper, sodium and calcium were changed in soybean oil canned sample. The amounts of copper and sodium in sunflower oil canned sample subjected to different heating regimes showed significant variation. The highest amount of copper was observed in the canned samples subjected to 130°C heating regime. Results showed contents of iron and copper of olive oil canned sample subjected to 120°C and 130°C heating regimes were higher than sample subjected to 115°C heating regime, while the zinc and calcium contents had no variation. In brine canned samples the highest amounts of copper and iron was obtained after sterilization in 120°C. Results of sensory evaluation showed different heating regimes had no significant effects on the indices of taste, smell, and color of products. Doing 130°C heating regime in brine canned samples led to obtain the better tenacity of texture. While this heating regime caused to increase the quality defects of soybean oil canned samples as a result of existence of hard parts of bone.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Fisheries ; Iran ; Precooking ; Filling media ; Heating regime ; Sterilization ; Silver carp ; Mineral elements ; Hypopthalmichthys molitrix ; Samples ; Sunflower oil ; Soybean oil ; Silver Carp
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 6
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    The effect of thyroxine (T4) on prematurating in female, on survival percent, growth and development of egg and larval in rainbow trout, grass carp, silver carp and barbell of Caspian Sea (2021)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25118 | 18721 | 2018-08-22 02:17:23 | 25118 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: Studies show that thyroxine can play an important role in regulating growth and other physiology activities. Since the direct role of thyroxine in growth metamorphose larval of bony fishes hasn't been proved yet, during the experiment accomplished in Shahid Ansari and Jajrood station, the hormones function in the survival of development of silver carp, grass carp and rainbow trout were studied. In this study accomplished of thyroxine baths with 0.1, 0.5 and 1 ppm (with 3 repeat). The other phase, thyroxine injected to females grass carp, silver carp, rainbow trout and barbell of Caspian Sea with different doses (1, 10 and 100 g/g B.W.). Tehn survival of development of embryo and larval and precent of fertilization were studied. Also, the percent of mortality were compared in two phases in stages of development. Results show that: 1) Trout: a) Phase of thyroxine bath: The number of hatching eggs and survival of larval in 0.5 ppm were increased to other treatment. b) Phase of hormone injection: The survival of larval in treatment of 10 g/g was 8.58% that was meaningful difference to other treatment (P〈0.05). 2) Silver carp: a) Phase of thyroxine bath: The number of hatching eggs and survival of larval in 0.5 ppm were (20%) increased to other treatment (P〈0.5). b) Phase of hormone injection: The survival of larval in treatment of 10 g/g was meaningful difference to other treatment (P〈0.05). 3) Grass carp: a) Phase of thyroxine bath: The number of hatching eggs and survival of larval in 0.5 ppm were 39% increased to other treatment. b) Phase of hormone injection: The survival of larval in treatment of 1 g/g was meaningful difference to other treatment (P〈0.05). 4) Barbel of Caspian Sea: Development stages wasn't determined in this fish. Number of eggs degenerated, number of eggs were the first development stages and growth of numbers increased on ovary.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Iran ; Caspian Sea ; Thyroxine ; Female ; Survival ; Growth ; Egg ; Larval ; Grass Carp ; Silver Carp ; Thyroxine (T4)
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 7
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    Production of bio-compatible nanofiber from chitosan with electrospinning method for preservation and maintenance aquatic products (2021)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25713 | 18721 | 2018-10-10 10:11:15 | 25713 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: Chitin nanofibers are prepared from the exoskeletons of shrimp by a simple mechanical treatment after a series of purification steps. The nanofibers have fine nanofibers networks with a uniform width of approximately 10 nm. Grinders and highpressure water jet systems are effective for disintegrating chitin into nanofibers. Acidic conditions are the key factor to facilitate mechanical fibrillation. Ultrafine fibers were successfully fabricated chitosan and fish skinextracted gelatin via electrospinning (ES). Important ES parameters, such as concentration of aqueous acid and fish gelatin solutions, and electric field intensity were examined to investigate the effects on the morphology of the gelatin nanofibers. Due to the poor mechanical properties of the fish gelatin membranes, composite nanofibers made of fish gelatin and poly(L-lactide)(PLLA) were produced with a novel solution. The introduction of PLLA remarkably improved the mechanical properties of the gelatin membranes. With a combination of good biocompatibility and mechanical properties, fish gelatin/PLGA blending non-woven mats are considered to be very promising in fish fillet coating application.. in this study, we fabricated a novel nanofibers composed of fish collagen (FC) and polycaprolactone (PCL) blends by using the electrospinning method. Nanofibers were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and it was revealed that the diameter of nanofibers decreases as FC content was increased in the FC/PCL composite nanofibers. Several modifications to the chitin NF surface are achieved, including acetylation, deacetylation and maleylation. The results of this study revealed that: 1–It is possible to produce Nanofibers from chitosan and fish gelatin. 2– Covering and coating of processed fish by nanofibers are applicable and increasing the possibility of shell life for the processed fish. 3– Nanofibers which have been produced from chitosan and fish gelation not only is environmentally friendly but also it will be eatable while has been covered for fish fillets. biocompatible chitosan and gelatin made from fish, fresh fish fillets do not have the ability to cover and packaging, but is edible and used.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Fisheries ; Iran ; Chitin ; Chitosan ; Nanofiber ; Chemical modification ; Fish ; Aquatic ; Maintenance
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 8
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    Determination of sediment nutrients in the cage fish culture area (before breeding) of the southern Caspian Sea (Mazandaran coast-Kelarabad) (2021)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25755 | 18721 | 2018-10-13 06:22:22 | 25755 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: This study was conducted to determine phosphorous and nitrogen species at the surface sediment in the southern Caspian Sea (Mazandaran Coast, Kelarabad). Surface sediments samples were collected at three stations from autumn of 2011 to winter of 2012. All samples were prepared by digesting and extracting processes and then phosphorous and nitrogen species concentrations determined using spectroscopy instrument. Results of this study showed that annual mean of Loosely-P, Fe-P, Al-P, Bioava.-P, Ca-P, TIP, Rese.-P and TP was obtained as 5.06±0.33, 55.11±2.52, 42.38±3.74, 102.52±5.68, 172.91±7.12, 275±9.12, 333.30±28.52 and 608±52 µg/g.dw, respectively. The results also showed that inorganic phophorous was less than organic phophorous during different seasons, however, mean percentage of residue-P containing organic compounds and non-degradable compounds was more than 50 percent. Percentage of Ca-P was higher than 60, whereas Bioava.-P was less than 40 percent. In addition, Fe-P and Loosely-P attained the maximum and minimum values, respectively, among the bioavailable phophorous. The order of different forms of phosphorous were recorded as Org-P〉Ca-P〉FeP〉Al-P〉Loosely-P. Annual mean of NH4/N, NO2/N, NO3/N, TIN, TON and TN were observed as 4.23±0.50, 0.06±0.01, 0.74±0.12, 5.02±0.53, 2.48±0.63 and 7.53±0.51 µg/g.dw, respectively. Annual percentage of TIN was two folds than TON and concentration of NH4/N was also four times than NO3/N. As a conclusion, the results revealed that main causes of Bioava.-P adsorption and desorption were temperature, Eh and pH. Also, the form of NH4+/N was of a high percentage because of anaerobic condition in the sediments. According to the high ratios of nitrogen/phosphorous of sediments to nitrogen and phosphorous of bottom water, it finds that released of those from the sediments to water will be happened with high rates. Therefore, it is expected that the establishment of fish farming cages should be carried out with more precautionary approaches which not leads to increased algae bloom.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Ecology ; Iran ; Caspian Sea ; Kelarabad ; Mazandaran coast ; Phophorous ; Nitrogen ; Surface sediment ; Determination ; Breeding
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 9
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    The feasibility commercialized study to produce vitamin and mineral premixes and binder from seaweed Sargassum ilicifolium for White leg shrimp (2021)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25772 | 18721 | 2018-10-13 08:08:05 | 25772 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: Seaweed belonged to baseborn marine plants with cell wall containing of valued polysaccharides such as Agar, Alginate, Limen sulfate and Carmine, used as food additives and in different industries. Base on previous studies, more than 1000 MT. of Sargassum seaweed withdraw from Oman Sea in Sistan and Baluchistan coastal line which can be collect, dried and powdered for using as supplement in shrimp feed. In this project, Sargassum ilicifolium collected from 6 coastal areas, rinsed, dried, powdered and measured the nutritional values in laboratory for surveying statistically. According to the high nutritional value of Tis coastal seaweed, this variety seaweed powder, replaced with protein resources (fish meal and Soy and Wheat) of white-leg shrimp feed which was formulated by Havorash feed factory of Boshehr in four treatments (A: as control without any replacement) B: with 5%, C: 10 % and D: 15% seaweed replacement, each with three replicates in order to obtain isonitrogenus 33% CP., and iso-caloric (13% fat and 15% carbohydrate) feed using winfeed software. The weighed milled ingredients were carefully mixed using a laboratory food mixer. The mixtures were primed with 30% hot water to yield a suitable pulp. Wet diets were made into 2 mm pellet size and dried at 40 °C in a drying cabinet and maintained in standard condition which was used for water stability and absorption capacity test of the pellets in sea water, statistically one way- ANOVA. The Tis coastal seaweed with 9.8% CP, 2% lipid and 23% carbohydrate had higher nutritional value compared to the other gathered seaweed. Also amino acid and fatty acid profiles, vitamins and minerals were measured in all seaweed samples each, with three replications. As result, for using Sargassum ilicifolium as vitamins and mineral premixes in white- leg shrimp feed, Zinc, Cobalt and Phenylalanine with dose of 1.1, 06.0 and 4.0 ml. 100% dried seaweed must be added respectively. The water stability of D feed treatment in seawater (98%) and C (97%) had statistical differences with A and B (95% stability) (P〈0.05). Water absorption capacity of feeds after one hour immersion in seawater showed significance difference between D (110%) and three others, C(100%), B(85% and control(80%) (P〈0.05). As final aim of this project, enriched product of this seaweed as minerals and vitamins supplements were handsel joinery in the Second Medicine Plant Festival, 2016 and registered in recording organization to give the final certificate.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Chemistry ; Iran ; Sargassum illicifolium ; Sargassum illicifolium ; Mineral and vitamins supplements ; Natural binder ; Litopenaeus vannamei ; Seaweed ; Vitamin ; White leg shrimp
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 10
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    Study on the possibility of producing low-fat spread using gelatin extracted from cultured carp wastes (2021)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25580 | 18721 | 2018-10-07 10:35:48 | 25580 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: By-products consist of more than half of the total weight of fish. Most part of these wastes made from connective tissue proteins that provide good potential to produce gelatin. Nowadays, consumers are more health conscious and have responded to the call for a diet that contains low calorie and low fat. This work involved the characterization of a low-fat spread made of fish gelatin as gelling agent, emulsifier and fat replacer. Six treatments with Fish gelatin (FG) to pectin ratio 1:1 and 2:1, with pectin concentration of 1, 2 and 3%, were produced and evaluated for quality changes and storage-life at refrigerated storage. The results showed that prepared emulsions were physically stable and no phase separation observed during 8 wks. The pH of treatments was 4.5 to 4.9. The moisture content of treatments varied from 68.9% for T1 (FG/pectin ratio 1:1) to 65.4% for T6 (FG/pectin ratio 6:3). The Max. lipid of samples was measured 28.4%. Max. and min. protein of samples were 3.8% for T6 and 1.6% for T2 (FG/pectin ratio 2:1), respectively. No significant differences (p≥0.05) were observed between ash content of all treatments and control (commercial margarin). The acidity of treatments increased during storage and were significantly different from production day (p≤0.05). Peroxide value (PV) of treatments increased significantly at refrigerated storage. No significant differences were observed between PV of treatments during different wks of sampling. The results of texture profile analysis showed that firmness, compressibility and adhesiveness properties were significantly increase with higher substitution of FG with pectin. Color, Aroma, Taste and texture properties of prepared samples were found to significantly lower than control, according to sensory evaluation. Significant increases were observed in mold/yeast and psychrophilic count of treatments during storage. The macroscopic growth of molds was observed on all samples in 8th wks. No coliform growth was observed in all treatments at any time. Results suggest that low-fat spread properties were significantly influenced by different ratios of fish gelatin and pectin incorporated. It seems that these results can provide new opportunities to develop market with introducing novel products to response consumer demands. Some quality defects observed in this study can be improved by using suitable machinery at industrial scale.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Iran ; Fish gelatin ; Low-fat spread ; Fish wastes ; Quality characterictics ; Texture profile ; Shelf-life ; Refrigerated temperature ; Cultured Carp ; Diet ; Lipid
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 11
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    Psychology. Racial bias, unspoken but heard (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dovidio, John F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1641-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1184231.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, USA. john.dovidio@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019277" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *African Continental Ancestry Group ; Cues ; *European Continental Ancestry Group ; Humans ; *Nonverbal Communication ; *Prejudice ; *Social Behavior ; *Television ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 12
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    Video games: a route to large-scale STEM education? (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-03
    Description: Video games have enormous mass appeal, reaching audiences in the hundreds of thousands to millions. They also embed many pedagogical practices known to be effective in other environments. This article reviews the sparse but encouraging data on learning outcomes for video games in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) disciplines, then reviews the infrastructural obstacles to wider adoption of this new medium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayo, Merrilea J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):79-82. doi: 10.1126/science.1166900.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, 4801 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. mmayo@kauffman.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19119223" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Child ; *Educational Technology/economics/standards ; Engineering/*education ; Humans ; *Learning ; *Mathematical Concepts ; Problem Solving ; Science/*education ; *Video Games/economics/standards
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Synthesizing knowledge in the classroom (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayr, Nina A -- Lo, Simon S -- Wang, Jian Z -- Yuh, William T C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 17;324(5925):334-5. doi: 10.1126/science.324.5925.334c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372412" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Education, Medical, Graduate ; Humans ; Radiation Oncology/*education ; Teaching/*methods
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Epidemiology. Phone infections (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Havlin, Shlomo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 22;324(5930):1023-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1174658.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Physics Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900 Israel. havlin@ophir.ph.biu.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19460993" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cell Phones ; *Computer Security ; Humans
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    American Chemical Society fall meeting, 16-20 August, Washington, D.C. Sugary Achilles' heel raises hope for broad-acting antiviral drugs (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, Robert F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 4;325(5945):1200. doi: 10.1126/science.325_1200a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19729635" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algal Proteins/*metabolism/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Anti-HIV Agents/metabolism/pharmacology ; Antiviral Agents/*metabolism/*pharmacology ; Ebolavirus/drug effects ; HIV/drug effects ; Humans ; Lectins/*metabolism/*pharmacology ; Mannose/*metabolism ; Mice ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Plant Lectins ; SARS Virus/drug effects ; Virus Diseases/drug therapy ; Viruses/*drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The transcriptional repressor DEC2 regulates sleep length in mammals (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-15
    Description: Sleep deprivation can impair human health and performance. Habitual total sleep time and homeostatic sleep response to sleep deprivation are quantitative traits in humans. Genetic loci for these traits have been identified in model organisms, but none of these potential animal models have a corresponding human genotype and phenotype. We have identified a mutation in a transcriptional repressor (hDEC2-P385R) that is associated with a human short sleep phenotype. Activity profiles and sleep recordings of transgenic mice carrying this mutation showed increased vigilance time and less sleep time than control mice in a zeitgeber time- and sleep deprivation-dependent manner. These mice represent a model of human sleep homeostasis that provides an opportunity to probe the effect of sleep on human physical and mental health.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2884988/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2884988/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉He, Ying -- Jones, Christopher R -- Fujiki, Nobuhiro -- Xu, Ying -- Guo, Bin -- Holder, Jimmy L Jr -- Rossner, Moritz J -- Nishino, Seiji -- Fu, Ying-Hui -- HL059596/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- MH074924/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL059596/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL059596-09/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):866-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1174443.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, Mission Bay, 1550 Fourth Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679812" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Activity Cycles/genetics ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Child ; Circadian Rhythm/genetics ; Drosophila/genetics ; Electroencephalography ; Electromyography ; Female ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pedigree ; Point Mutation ; Sleep/*genetics/physiology ; Sleep Deprivation ; Sleep, REM/genetics/physiology ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Wakefulness
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Influenza: accounting for prior immunity (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McCaw, James M -- McVernon, Jodie -- McBryde, Emma S -- Mathews, John D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 28;325(5944):1071; author reply 1072-3. doi: 10.1126/science.325_1071a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19713508" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; Disease Susceptibility ; Humans ; Immunity ; *Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology ; Influenza, Human/*epidemiology/*immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A new wave of chemical regulations just ahead? (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, Robert F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 7;325(5941):692-3. doi: 10.1126/science.325_692.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19661413" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Industry/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Government Regulation ; *Hazardous Substances ; Humans ; Legislation as Topic ; Toxicity Tests ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency/*legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    On becoming a scientist (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alberts, Bruce -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 13;326(5955):916. doi: 10.1126/science.1184202.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965482" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Education, Graduate ; Humans ; *Mentors ; *Research/education ; Research Personnel/*education ; Science/*education
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Immunology. Two-in-one designer antibodies (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parren, Paul W H I -- Burton, Dennis R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 20;323(5921):1567-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1172253.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genmab, Yalelaan 60, 3584 CM Utrecht, Netherlands. p.parren@genmab.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19299606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Bispecific/chemistry/*immunology/therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry/genetics/*immunology/therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Antibody Affinity ; Antibody Specificity ; Binding Sites, Antibody ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Epitopes ; Genetic Engineering ; Humans ; Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy ; Receptor, ErbB-2/*immunology ; Trastuzumab ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Local DNA topography correlates with functional noncoding regions of the human genome (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-17
    Description: The three-dimensional molecular structure of DNA, specifically the shape of the backbone and grooves of genomic DNA, can be dramatically affected by nucleotide changes, which can cause differences in protein-binding affinity and phenotype. We developed an algorithm to measure constraint on the basis of similarity of DNA topography among multiple species, using hydroxyl radical cleavage patterns to interrogate the solvent-accessible surface area of DNA. This algorithm found that 12% of bases in the human genome are evolutionarily constrained-double the number detected by nucleotide sequence-based algorithms. Topography-informed constrained regions correlated with functional noncoding elements, including enhancers, better than did regions identified solely on the basis of nucleotide sequence. These results support the idea that the molecular shape of DNA is under selection and can identify evolutionary history.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2749491/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2749491/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parker, Stephen C J -- Hansen, Loren -- Abaan, Hatice Ozel -- Tullius, Thomas D -- Margulies, Elliott H -- R01 HG003541/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG003541-03/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 17;324(5925):389-92. doi: 10.1126/science.1169050. Epub 2009 Mar 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19286520" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Conserved Sequence ; DNA/*chemistry/genetics ; Deoxyribonuclease I/metabolism ; Early Growth Response Protein 1/genetics/metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Mutant Proteins/metabolism ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Behavior. Monkeys like mimics (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Call, Josep -- Carpenter, Malinda -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):824-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1178714.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. call@eva.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679802" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cebus/*psychology ; Humans ; *Imitative Behavior ; *Social Behavior
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "Human-specific gain of function in a developmental enhancer" (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-07
    Description: Prabhakar et al. (Reports, 5 September 2008, p. 1346) argued that the conserved noncoding sequence HACNS1 has undergone positive selection and contributed to human adaptation. However, the pattern of substitution in HACNS1 is more consistent with the neutral process of biased gene conversion (BGC). The reported human-specific gain of function is likely due to the accumulation of deleterious mutations driven by BGC, not positive selection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Duret, Laurent -- Galtier, Nicolas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 6;323(5915):714; author reply 714. doi: 10.1126/science.1165848.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Universite de Lyon, Universite Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biometrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France. duret@biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197042" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conserved Sequence ; *Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Gene Conversion ; Humans ; Mutation ; Recombination, Genetic ; Selection, Genetic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Climate change. Clean air for megacities (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parrish, David D -- Zhu, Tong -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 30;326(5953):674-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1176064.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305, USA. david.d.parrish@noaa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19900921" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Air Pollution/adverse effects ; *Cities ; *Climate Change ; Humans ; Particulate Matter ; Population Density
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The art of translation (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alberts, Bruce -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 9;326(5950):205. doi: 10.1126/science.1182658.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomedical Research ; *Clinical Medicine ; Diffusion of Innovation ; Humans ; *Interdisciplinary Communication ; *Periodicals as Topic
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    Restoration of ecosystem services for environmental markets (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-01
    Description: Ecological restoration is an activity that ideally results in the return of an ecosystem to an undisturbed state. Ecosystem services are the benefits humans derive from ecosystems. The two have been joined to support growing environmental markets with the goal of creating restoration-based credits that can be bought and sold. However, the allure of these markets may be overshadowing shortcomings in the science and practice of ecological restoration. Before making risky investments, we must understand why and when restoration efforts fall short of recovering the full suite of ecosystem services, what can be done to improve restoration success, and why direct measurement of the biophysical processes that support ecosystem services is the only way to guarantee the future success of these markets. Without new science and an oversight framework to protect the ecosystem service assets which people depend, markets could actually accelerate environmental degradation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palmer, Margaret A -- Filoso, Solange -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 31;325(5940):575-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1172976.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD 20688, USA. mpalmer@umd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19644112" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Biophysical Processes ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Humans ; Wetlands
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Online education today (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-03
    Description: Online education is established, growing, and here to stay. It is creating new opportunities for students and also for faculty, regulators of education, and the educational institutions themselves. Much of what is being learned by the practitioners will flow into the large numbers of blended courses that will be developed and delivered on most campuses. Some of what is being learned will certainly improve pedagogical approaches and possibly affect other important problems, such as the lengthening time to completion of a degree. Online education is already providing better access to education for many, and many more will benefit from this increased access in the coming years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayadas, A Frank -- Bourne, John -- Bacsich, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):85-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1168874.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 630 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10111, USA. mayadas@sloan.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19119225" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Computer-Assisted Instruction/economics ; *Education, Distance/economics ; Faculty ; Federal Government ; Humans ; *Internet ; Online Systems ; State Government ; Students ; Training Support ; United States ; *Universities
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    Redefining cancer research (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alberts, Bruce -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 11;325(5946):1319. doi: 10.1126/science.1181224.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19745119" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Biomedical Research ; DNA Repair ; Drug Discovery ; Humans ; Mutation ; *Neoplasms/drug therapy/genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "Log or linear? Distinct intuitions of the number scale in Western and Amazonian indigene cultures" (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-03
    Description: Dehaene et al. (Reports, 30 May 2008, p. 1217) argued that native speakers of Mundurucu, a language without a linguistic numerical system, inherently represent numerical values as a logarithmically spaced spatial continuum. However, their data do not rule out the alternative conclusion that Mundurucu speakers encode numbers linearly with scalar variability and psychologically construct space-number mappings by analogy.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3393850/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3393850/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cantlon, Jessica F -- Cordes, Sara -- Libertus, Melissa E -- Brannon, Elizabeth M -- R37 HD023103/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):38; author reply 38. doi: 10.1126/science.1164773.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. jfc2@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19119201" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brazil ; Humans ; *Indians, South American ; *Intuition ; *Language ; *Mathematical Concepts
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    Influenza: H1N1 goes to school (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paterson, Bev -- Durrheim, David N -- Tuyl, Frank -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 28;325(5944):1071-2; author reply 1072-3. doi: 10.1126/science.325_1071b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19713507" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; *Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; Influenza, Human/*epidemiology/*transmission ; *Schools ; United States/epidemiology
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    Haploid genetic screens in human cells identify host factors used by pathogens (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: Loss-of-function genetic screens in model organisms have elucidated numerous biological processes, but the diploid genome of mammalian cells has precluded large-scale gene disruption. We used insertional mutagenesis to develop a screening method to generate null alleles in a human cell line haploid for all chromosomes except chromosome 8. Using this approach, we identified host factors essential for infection with influenza and genes encoding important elements of the biosynthetic pathway of diphthamide, which are required for the cytotoxic effects of diphtheria toxin and exotoxin A. We also identified genes needed for the action of cytolethal distending toxin, including a cell-surface protein that interacts with the toxin. This approach has both conceptual and practical parallels with genetic approaches in haploid yeast.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carette, Jan E -- Guimaraes, Carla P -- Varadarajan, Malini -- Park, Annie S -- Wuethrich, Irene -- Godarova, Alzbeta -- Kotecki, Maciej -- Cochran, Brent H -- Spooner, Eric -- Ploegh, Hidde L -- Brummelkamp, Thijn R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 27;326(5957):1231-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1178955.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965467" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ADP Ribose Transferases/metabolism/toxicity ; Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism/toxicity ; Bacterial Toxins/*metabolism/toxicity ; Biosynthetic Pathways ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Diphtheria Toxin/metabolism/toxicity ; Exotoxins/metabolism/toxicity ; Genes ; *Genetic Testing ; *Haploidy ; Histidine/analogs & derivatives/biosynthesis ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/*pathogenicity ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monosaccharide Transport Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; N-Acylneuraminate Cytidylyltransferase/genetics/metabolism ; Peptide Elongation Factor 2/metabolism ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Virulence Factors/metabolism/toxicity
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    Flexible learning of multiple speech structures in bilingual infants (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-11
    Description: Children acquire their native language according to a well-defined time frame. Surprisingly, although children raised in bilingual environments have to learn roughly twice as much about language as their monolingual peers, the speed of acquisition is comparable in monolinguals and bilinguals. Here, we show that preverbal 12-month-old bilingual infants have become more flexible at learning speech structures than monolinguals. When given the opportunity to simultaneously learn two different regularities, bilingual infants learned both, whereas monolinguals learned only one of them. Hence, bilinguals may acquire two languages in the time in which monolinguals acquire one because they quickly become more flexible learners.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kovacs, Agnes Melinda -- Mehler, Jacques -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 31;325(5940):611-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1173947. Epub 2009 Jul 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati-SISSA, Via Beirut 4, 34014 Trieste, Italy. agneskovacs@mtapi.hu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19589962" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Child Language ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; *Language Development ; *Learning ; Male ; *Multilingualism ; *Speech Perception
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    Infectious diseases. Farm fungicides linked to resistance in a human pathogen (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 27;326(5957):1173. doi: 10.1126/science.326.5957.1173.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965440" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agrochemicals/chemistry/pharmacology ; Antifungal Agents/chemistry/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Aspergillosis/drug therapy/*microbiology ; Aspergillus fumigatus/*drug effects/genetics ; Azoles/chemistry/pharmacology ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics ; *Drug Resistance, Fungal ; Europe ; Fungal Proteins/genetics ; *Fungicides, Industrial/chemistry/pharmacology ; Humans ; Point Mutation ; Pulmonary Aspergillosis/drug therapy/*microbiology ; Soil Microbiology ; Tandem Repeat Sequences
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    Mozambican grass seed consumption during the Middle Stone Age (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-19
    Description: The role of starchy plants in early hominin diets and when the culinary processing of starches began have been difficult to track archaeologically. Seed collecting is conventionally perceived to have been an irrelevant activity among the Pleistocene foragers of southern Africa, on the grounds of both technological difficulty in the processing of grains and the belief that roots, fruits, and nuts, not cereals, were the basis for subsistence for the past 100,000 years and further back in time. A large assemblage of starch granules has been retrieved from the surfaces of Middle Stone Age stone tools from Mozambique, showing that early Homo sapiens relied on grass seeds starting at least 105,000 years ago, including those of sorghum grasses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mercader, Julio -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1680-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1173966.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019285" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Archaeology ; Diet ; Edible Grain/*history ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Mozambique ; *Poaceae ; *Seeds ; *Sorghum ; Starch
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    Orc1 controls centriole and centrosome copy number in human cells (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-07
    Description: Centrosomes, each containing a pair of centrioles, organize microtubules in animal cells, particularly during mitosis. DNA and centrosomes are normally duplicated once before cell division to maintain optimal genome integrity. We report a new role for the Orc1 protein, a subunit of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that is a key component of the DNA replication licensing machinery, in controlling centriole and centrosome copy number in human cells, independent of its role in DNA replication. Cyclin A promotes Orc1 localization to centrosomes where Orc1 prevents Cyclin E-dependent reduplication of both centrioles and centrosomes in a single cell division cycle. The data suggest that Orc1 is a regulator of centriole and centrosome reduplication as well as the initiation of DNA replication.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653626/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653626/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hemerly, Adriana S -- Prasanth, Supriya G -- Siddiqui, Khalid -- Stillman, Bruce -- CA13106/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA013106/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA013106-310025/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA013106-36/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA013106-370025/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 6;323(5915):789-93. doi: 10.1126/science.1166745.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor 11724, NY, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197067" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Cycle ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Centrioles/*physiology ; Centrosome/*physiology ; Cyclin A/metabolism ; Cyclin E/metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2/metabolism ; DNA Replication ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Mutant Proteins/metabolism ; Origin Recognition Complex/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Transfection
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    Recruitment of an area involved in eye movements during mental arithmetic (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-09
    Description: Throughout the history of mathematics, concepts of number and space have been tightly intertwined. We tested the hypothesis that cortical circuits for spatial attention contribute to mental arithmetic in humans. We trained a multivariate classifier algorithm to infer the direction of an eye movement, left or right, from the brain activation measured in the posterior parietal cortex. Without further training, the classifier then generalized to an arithmetic task. Its left versus right classification could be used to sort out subtraction versus addition trials, whether performed with symbols or with sets of dots. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that mental arithmetic co-opts parietal circuitry associated with spatial coding.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knops, Andre -- Thirion, Bertrand -- Hubbard, Edward M -- Michel, Vincent -- Dehaene, Stanislas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 19;324(5934):1583-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1171599. Epub 2009 May 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSERM, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. knops.andre@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19423779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Eye Movements/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; *Mathematics ; Mental Processes/*physiology ; Parietal Lobe/*physiology ; Recruitment, Neurophysiological
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    Platelets kill intraerythrocytic malarial parasites and mediate survival to infection (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-07
    Description: Platelets play a critical role in the pathogenesis of malarial infections by encouraging the sequestration of infected red blood cells within the cerebral vasculature. But platelets also have well-established roles in innate protection against microbial infections. We found that purified human platelets killed Plasmodium falciparum parasites cultured in red blood cells. Inhibition of platelet function by aspirin and other platelet inhibitors abrogated the lethal effect human platelets exert on P. falciparum parasites. Likewise, platelet-deficient and aspirin-treated mice were more susceptible to death during erythrocytic infection with Plasmodium chabaudi. Both mouse and human platelets bind malarial-infected red cells and kill the parasite within. These results indicate a protective function for platelets in the early stages of erythrocytic infection distinct from their role in cerebral malaria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McMorran, Brendan J -- Marshall, Vikki M -- de Graaf, Carolyn -- Drysdale, Karen E -- Shabbar, Meriam -- Smyth, Gordon K -- Corbin, Jason E -- Alexander, Warren S -- Foote, Simon J -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 6;323(5915):797-800. doi: 10.1126/science.1166296.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia. brendan.mcmorran@utas.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197068" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Aspirin/pharmacology ; Blood Platelets/metabolism/*physiology ; Erythrocytes/*parasitology ; Female ; Humans ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Malaria/*blood/immunology/*parasitology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Plasmodium chabaudi/*growth & development ; Plasmodium falciparum/*growth & development ; Platelet Activation ; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Platelet Count ; Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism ; Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1 ; Receptors, Thrombopoietin/genetics
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    A crystal structure of the bifunctional antibiotic simocyclinone D8, bound to DNA gyrase (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: Simocyclinones are bifunctional antibiotics that inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase by preventing DNA binding to the enzyme. We report the crystal structure of the complex formed between the N-terminal domain of the Escherichia coli gyrase A subunit and simocyclinone D8, revealing two binding pockets that separately accommodate the aminocoumarin and polyketide moieties of the antibiotic. These are close to, but distinct from, the quinolone-binding site, consistent with our observations that several mutations in this region confer resistance to both agents. Biochemical studies show that the individual moieties of simocyclinone D8 are comparatively weak inhibitors of gyrase relative to the parent compound, but their combination generates a more potent inhibitor. Our results should facilitate the design of drug molecules that target these unexploited binding pockets.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edwards, Marcus J -- Flatman, Ruth H -- Mitchenall, Lesley A -- Stevenson, Clare E M -- Le, Tung B K -- Clarke, Thomas A -- McKay, Adam R -- Fiedler, Hans-Peter -- Buttner, Mark J -- Lawson, David M -- Maxwell, Anthony -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 4;326(5958):1415-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1179123.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965760" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Binding Sites ; Coumarins/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA Gyrase/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA, Bacterial/metabolism ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli/drug effects/*enzymology/genetics ; Glycosides/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Mutation ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
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    Diplomacy. U.S. takes steps to use science to improve ties to Muslim world (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, Robert -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 13;326(5955):920-1. doi: 10.1126/science.326.5955.920.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965483" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; *International Cooperation ; *Islam ; Middle East ; *Science ; United States
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    Paleontology. Fire and stone (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Webb, John -- Domanski, Marian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):820-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1178014.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Geoscience, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia. John.Webb@latrobe.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679799" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Archaeology ; *Fires ; History, Ancient ; *Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Paleontology ; South Africa ; Technology/*history
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    Scientific publishing. Paper retracted following genome data breach (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 18;325(5947):1486-7. doi: 10.1126/science.325_1486a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19762616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Access to Information ; *Databases, Genetic ; Female ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics ; Humans ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Publishing/*standards ; *Retraction of Publication as Topic ; Substance-Related Disorders/genetics ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; United States
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    Out with the old, in with the new? (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-06-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pedersen, Roger -- G0300723/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 26;324(5935):1617. doi: 10.1126/science.1177267.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19556472" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*economics/ethics ; Embryo Research/*economics/ethics ; *Embryonic Stem Cells ; Financing, Government ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Pluripotent Stem Cells ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Certificates should be retired (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hermos, John A -- Spiro, Avron 3rd -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 6;323(5919):1288-9. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5919.1288c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19265002" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*ethics/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Confidentiality/ethics/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Disclosure/ethics/legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Jurisprudence ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Research Subjects/legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
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    U.S. higher education. Minority retention rates in science are sore spot for most universities (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, Robert -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 12;324(5933):1386-7. doi: 10.1126/science.324_1386a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19520937" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Science Disciplines/*education ; California ; Humans ; Maryland ; Mentors ; Minority Groups/*education ; Program Evaluation ; Science/*education ; *Students ; United States ; *Universities/economics
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    Epidemiology. Does viral diversity matter? (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Medley, Graham F -- Nokes, D James -- 061584/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 076278/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 17;325(5938):274-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1177475.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. graham.medley@warwick.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19608903" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Antigenic Variation ; Birth Rate ; Child ; Developing Countries ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Endemic Diseases ; *Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Mass Vaccination ; Prevalence ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology/immunology/prevention & ; control/virology ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/genetics/immunology ; Rotavirus/*genetics/immunology ; Rotavirus Infections/*epidemiology/immunology/prevention & control/*virology ; *Rotavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage/immunology ; Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage/immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Motile cilia of human airway epithelia are chemosensory (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-25
    Description: Cilia are microscopic projections that extend from eukaryotic cells. There are two general types of cilia; primary cilia serve as sensory organelles, whereas motile cilia exert mechanical force. The motile cilia emerging from human airway epithelial cells propel harmful inhaled material out of the lung. We found that these cells express sensory bitter taste receptors, which localized on motile cilia. Bitter compounds increased the intracellular calcium ion concentration and stimulated ciliary beat frequency. Thus, airway epithelia contain a cell-autonomous system in which motile cilia both sense noxious substances entering airways and initiate a defensive mechanical mechanism to eliminate the offending compound. Hence, like primary cilia, classical motile cilia also contain sensors to detect the external environment.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894709/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894709/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shah, Alok S -- Ben-Shahar, Yehuda -- Moninger, Thomas O -- Kline, Joel N -- Welsh, Michael J -- DK54759/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HL51670/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL051670/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL051670-15/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK054759/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK054759-109004/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK054759-13/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK051315/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 28;325(5944):1131-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1173869. Epub 2009 Jul 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19628819" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bronchi/cytology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cilia/metabolism/*physiology ; Epithelial Cells/*metabolism ; Humans ; Monoterpenes/metabolism/pharmacology ; Movement ; Noxae ; Phospholipase C beta/metabolism ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/metabolism/pharmacology ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/*metabolism ; Respiratory Mucosa/cytology/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; *Taste ; Trachea/cytology ; Transducin/metabolism
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    Hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy with a lentiviral vector in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-07
    Description: X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a severe brain demyelinating disease in boys that is caused by a deficiency in ALD protein, an adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter encoded by the ABCD1 gene. ALD progression can be halted by allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). We initiated a gene therapy trial in two ALD patients for whom there were no matched donors. Autologous CD34+ cells were removed from the patients, genetically corrected ex vivo with a lentiviral vector encoding wild-type ABCD1, and then re-infused into the patients after they had received myeloablative treatment. Over a span of 24 to 30 months of follow-up, we detected polyclonal reconstitution, with 9 to 14% of granulocytes, monocytes, and T and B lymphocytes expressing the ALD protein. These results strongly suggest that hematopoietic stem cells were transduced in the patients. Beginning 14 to 16 months after infusion of the genetically corrected cells, progressive cerebral demyelination in the two patients stopped, a clinical outcome comparable to that achieved by allogeneic HCT. Thus, lentiviral-mediated gene therapy of hematopoietic stem cells can provide clinical benefits in ALD.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cartier, Nathalie -- Hacein-Bey-Abina, Salima -- Bartholomae, Cynthia C -- Veres, Gabor -- Schmidt, Manfred -- Kutschera, Ina -- Vidaud, Michel -- Abel, Ulrich -- Dal-Cortivo, Liliane -- Caccavelli, Laure -- Mahlaoui, Nizar -- Kiermer, Veronique -- Mittelstaedt, Denice -- Bellesme, Celine -- Lahlou, Najiba -- Lefrere, Francois -- Blanche, Stephane -- Audit, Muriel -- Payen, Emmanuel -- Leboulch, Philippe -- l'Homme, Bruno -- Bougneres, Pierre -- Von Kalle, Christof -- Fischer, Alain -- Cavazzana-Calvo, Marina -- Aubourg, Patrick -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 6;326(5954):818-23. doi: 10.1126/science.1171242.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSERM UMR745, University Paris-Descartes, 75279 Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19892975" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/*genetics ; Adrenoleukodystrophy/genetics/pathology/*therapy ; Animals ; Brain/pathology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Child ; Disease Progression ; Fatty Acids/blood ; Female ; Gene Expression ; *Genetic Therapy ; *Genetic Vectors ; HIV-1/*genetics ; Hematopoiesis ; *Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/*physiology/virology ; Humans ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Microglia/cytology/metabolism ; Myeloablative Agonists/therapeutic use ; Transduction, Genetic ; Transplantation Conditioning ; Transplantation, Autologous ; Virus Integration
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    Direct evidence for spinal cord involvement in placebo analgesia (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-17
    Description: Placebo analgesia is a prime example of the impact that psychological factors have on pain perception. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging of the human spinal cord to test the hypothesis that placebo analgesia results in a reduction of nociceptive processing in the spinal cord. In line with behavioral data that show decreased pain responses under placebo, pain-related activity in the spinal cord is strongly reduced under placebo. These results provide direct evidence for spinal inhibition as one mechanism of placebo analgesia and highlight that psychological factors can act on the earliest stages of pain processing in the central nervous system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eippert, Falk -- Finsterbusch, Jurgen -- Bingel, Ulrike -- Buchel, Christian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 16;326(5951):404. doi: 10.1126/science.1180142.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. f.eippert@uke.uni-hamburg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19833962" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Analgesia/*psychology ; Analgesics/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Lidocaine/therapeutic use ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Pain/drug therapy/*psychology ; Pain Measurement ; Pain Threshold ; *Placebo Effect ; Placebos/*therapeutic use ; Posterior Horn Cells/physiology ; Spinal Cord/*physiology ; Young Adult
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    Structure and mechanism of a Na+-independent amino acid transporter (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-18
    Description: Amino acid, polyamine, and organocation (APC) transporters are secondary transporters that play essential roles in nutrient uptake, neurotransmitter recycling, ionic homeostasis, and regulation of cell volume. Here, we present the crystal structure of apo-ApcT, a proton-coupled broad-specificity amino acid transporter, at 2.35 angstrom resolution. The structure contains 12 transmembrane helices, with the first 10 consisting of an inverted structural repeat of 5 transmembrane helices like the leucine transporter LeuT. The ApcT structure reveals an inward-facing, apo state and an amine moiety of lysine-158 located in a position equivalent to the sodium ion site Na2 of LeuT. We propose that lysine-158 is central to proton-coupled transport and that the amine group serves the same functional role as the Na2 ion in LeuT, thus demonstrating common principles among proton- and sodium-coupled transporters.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2851542/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2851542/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shaffer, Paul L -- Goehring, April -- Shankaranarayanan, Aruna -- Gouaux, Eric -- R01 MH070039/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH070039-05/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM008281/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM008281-17/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM075026/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM075026-040002/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 21;325(5943):1010-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1176088. Epub 2009 Jul 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19608859" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Transport Systems/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Amino Acids/metabolism ; Antiporters/chemistry ; Apoproteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Archaeal Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli Proteins/chemistry ; Methanococcus/*chemistry ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protons ; Sodium/metabolism ; Substrate Specificity
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    Biomedical research. Researchers generally happy with final stem cell rules (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 10;325(5937):131. doi: 10.1126/science.325_131.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19589969" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; *Embryo Research/economics ; *Embryonic Stem Cells ; Financing, Government ; *Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Registries ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Profile: Ruth Ley. Gut reactions (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 29;324(5931):1136-7. doi: 10.1126/science.324_1136.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19478161" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Diet ; Digestive System/*microbiology ; Ecology/history ; Genes ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genomics/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; *Metagenome ; *Microbiology/history ; United States
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    Education. Science needs kids with vision (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 4;325(5945):1190-1. doi: 10.1126/science.325_1190b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19729624" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Aptitude Tests ; Child ; *Child, Gifted ; *Cognition ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Sex Characteristics ; *Space Perception
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    Optimizing influenza vaccine distribution (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-22
    Description: The criteria to assess public health policies are fundamental to policy optimization. Using a model parametrized with survey-based contact data and mortality data from influenza pandemics, we determined optimal vaccine allocation for five outcome measures: deaths, infections, years of life lost, contingent valuation, and economic costs. We find that optimal vaccination is achieved by prioritization of schoolchildren and adults aged 30 to 39 years. Schoolchildren are most responsible for transmission, and their parents serve as bridges to the rest of the population. Our results indicate that consideration of age-specific transmission dynamics is paramount to the optimal allocation of influenza vaccines. We also found that previous and new recommendations from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention both for the novel swine-origin influenza and, particularly, for seasonal influenza, are suboptimal for all outcome measures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Medlock, Jan -- Galvani, Alison P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 25;325(5948):1705-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1175570. Epub 2009 Aug 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA. medlock@clemson.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19696313" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Disease Outbreaks/*prevention & control ; Health Policy ; Humans ; *Immunization Programs ; Infant ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology ; *Influenza A virus/immunology ; Influenza Vaccines/*administration & dosage/*supply & distribution ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/mortality/*prevention & control/transmission ; Middle Aged ; Models, Statistical ; United States/epidemiology ; Vaccination ; Young Adult
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    Protecting the herd from H1N1 (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eisenberg, Joseph N S -- Aiello, Allison E -- Spicknall, Ian H -- Monto, Arnold S -- Reingold, Arthur -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 13;326(5955):934; author reply 934. doi: 10.1126/science.326.5955.934-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965495" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Child ; Disease Susceptibility ; Humans ; *Immunity, Herd ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/*immunology ; Influenza Vaccines/*administration & dosage ; Influenza, Human/*prevention & control/transmission ; *Mass Vaccination ; Risk ; United States/epidemiology
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    Structure of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome interacting with a mitotic checkpoint complex (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-17
    Description: Once all chromosomes are connected to the mitotic spindle (bioriented), anaphase is initiated by the protein ubiquitylation activity of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and its coactivator Cdc20 (APC/C(Cdc20)). Before chromosome biorientation, anaphase is delayed by a mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) that inhibits APC/C(Cdc20). We used single-particle electron microscopy to obtain three-dimensional models of human APC/C in various functional states: bound to MCC, to Cdc20, or to neither (apo-APC/C). These experiments revealed that MCC associates with the Cdc20 binding site on APC/C, locks the otherwise flexible APC/C in a "closed" state, and prevents binding and ubiquitylation of a wide range of different APC/C substrates. These observations clarify the structural basis for the inhibition of APC/C by spindle checkpoint proteins.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2989460/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2989460/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herzog, Franz -- Primorac, Ivana -- Dube, Prakash -- Lenart, Peter -- Sander, Bjorn -- Mechtler, Karl -- Stark, Holger -- Peters, Jan-Michael -- F 3407/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 13;323(5920):1477-81. doi: 10.1126/science.1163300.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19286556" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaphase ; Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome ; Cdc20 Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Microscopy, Electron ; *Mitosis ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Spindle Apparatus/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes/chemistry/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Ubiquitination
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    Mayas live on (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-08-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pena-Castro, Julian M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 31;325(5940):536. doi: 10.1126/science.325_536a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19644091" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Culture ; Humans ; *Indians, Central American
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    Drug resistance. A 'wimpy' flu strain mysteriously turns scary (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 27;323(5918):1162-3. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5918.1162.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251605" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Drug Resistance, Viral ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Evolution, Molecular ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/*drug effects/genetics ; Influenza, Human/drug therapy/virology ; *Mutation ; Neuraminidase/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/*genetics ; Oseltamivir/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
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    Predicting elections: child's play! (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-03
    Description: In two experiments, children and adults rated pairs of faces from election races. Naive adults judged a pair on competence; after playing a game, children chose who they would prefer to be captain of their boat. Children's (as well as adults') preferences accurately predicted actual election outcomes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Antonakis, John -- Dalgas, Olaf -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 27;323(5918):1183. doi: 10.1126/science.1167748.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. john.antonakis@unil.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251621" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; *Choice Behavior ; *Face ; Female ; Forecasting ; Games, Experimental ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Physiognomy ; *Politics ; Probability ; Regression Analysis ; Young Adult
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Biomedical research. Hughes backs institute at epicenter of HIV and resistant TB (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, Robert -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 27;323(5922):1659. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5922.1659.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19325090" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes/economics ; *HIV Infections/complications/epidemiology/immunology ; Humans ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects/pathogenicity ; Research Support as Topic ; South Africa/epidemiology ; *Tuberculosis, ; Multidrug-Resistant/complications/diagnosis/epidemiology/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Global health. Some neglected diseases are more neglected than others (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 6;323(5915):700. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5915.700.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197032" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*economics ; Financing, Government ; *Global Health ; Humans ; *Infection/epidemiology ; *Research Support as Topic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The subtle transmission of race bias via televised nonverbal behavior (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-19
    Description: Compared with more explicit racial slurs and statements, biased facial expressions and body language may resist conscious identification and thus produce a hidden social influence. In four studies, we show that race biases can be subtly transmitted via televised nonverbal behavior. Characters on 11 popular television shows exhibited more negative nonverbal behavior toward black than toward status-matched white characters. Critically, exposure to prowhite (versus problack) nonverbal bias increased viewers' bias even though patterns of nonverbal behavior could not be consciously reported. These findings suggest that hidden patterns of televised nonverbal behavior influence bias among viewers.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3764987/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3764987/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weisbuch, Max -- Pauker, Kristin -- Ambady, Nalini -- F32 MH078350/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- F32MH078350/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH070833/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH070833-02/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1711-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1178358.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA. max.weisbuch@tufts.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019288" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *African Continental Ancestry Group ; Cues ; *European Continental Ancestry Group ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Humans ; Kinesics ; Male ; *Nonverbal Communication ; *Prejudice ; *Television ; United States
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    Evolutionary medicine. Darwin applies to medical school (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 10;324(5924):162-3. doi: 10.1126/science.324.5924.162a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19359553" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Asthma/etiology/genetics/immunology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Curriculum ; Disease Susceptibility ; Drug Resistance ; *Education, Medical ; Endemic Diseases ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Immunoglobulin E/immunology ; Malaria/epidemiology/immunology ; Schistosomiasis/epidemiology/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Structure of rotavirus outer-layer protein VP7 bound with a neutralizing Fab (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-13
    Description: Rotavirus outer-layer protein VP7 is a principal target of protective antibodies. Removal of free calcium ions (Ca2+) dissociates VP7 trimers into monomers, releasing VP7 from the virion, and initiates penetration-inducing conformational changes in the other outer-layer protein, VP4. We report the crystal structure at 3.4 angstrom resolution of VP7 bound with the Fab fragment of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. The Fab binds across the outer surface of the intersubunit contact, which contains two Ca2+ sites. Mutations that escape neutralization by other antibodies suggest that the same region bears the epitopes of most neutralizing antibodies. The monovalent Fab is sufficient to neutralize infectivity. We propose that neutralizing antibodies against VP7 act by stabilizing the trimer, thereby inhibiting the uncoating trigger for VP4 rearrangement. A disulfide-linked trimer is a potential subunit immunogen.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2995306/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2995306/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aoki, Scott T -- Settembre, Ethan C -- Trask, Shane D -- Greenberg, Harry B -- Harrison, Stephen C -- Dormitzer, Philip R -- AI-21362/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA-13202/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK-56339/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA013202/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA013202-38/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 12;324(5933):1444-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1170481.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19520960" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Antibodies, Viral/chemistry/*immunology/metabolism ; Antigens, Viral/*chemistry/genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Binding Sites, Antibody ; Calcium/metabolism ; Capsid Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Epitopes/immunology ; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry/*immunology/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Neutralization Tests ; Protein Folding ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry ; Rotavirus/*chemistry/immunology ; Serotyping
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    Structure of P-glycoprotein reveals a molecular basis for poly-specific drug binding (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-28
    Description: P-glycoprotein (P-gp) detoxifies cells by exporting hundreds of chemically unrelated toxins but has been implicated in multidrug resistance (MDR) in the treatment of cancers. Substrate promiscuity is a hallmark of P-gp activity, thus a structural description of poly-specific drug-binding is important for the rational design of anticancer drugs and MDR inhibitors. The x-ray structure of apo P-gp at 3.8 angstroms reveals an internal cavity of approximately 6000 angstroms cubed with a 30 angstrom separation of the two nucleotide-binding domains. Two additional P-gp structures with cyclic peptide inhibitors demonstrate distinct drug-binding sites in the internal cavity capable of stereoselectivity that is based on hydrophobic and aromatic interactions. Apo and drug-bound P-gp structures have portals open to the cytoplasm and the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer for drug entry. The inward-facing conformation represents an initial stage of the transport cycle that is competent for drug binding.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2720052/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2720052/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aller, Stephen G -- Yu, Jodie -- Ward, Andrew -- Weng, Yue -- Chittaboina, Srinivas -- Zhuo, Rupeng -- Harrell, Patina M -- Trinh, Yenphuong T -- Zhang, Qinghai -- Urbatsch, Ina L -- Chang, Geoffrey -- F32 GM078914/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- F32 GM078914-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM073197/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM078914/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM61905/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM073197/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM073197-050002/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM061905/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM061905-09/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 27;323(5922):1718-22. doi: 10.1126/science.1168750.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, CB105, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19325113" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Apoproteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Cell Membrane/chemistry ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Lipid Bilayers/chemistry ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; P-Glycoprotein/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Peptides, Cyclic/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Stereoisomerism ; Verapamil/metabolism/pharmacology
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    Public health. International groups battle cholera in Zimbabwe (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, Robert -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 13;323(5916):860-1. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5916.860.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19213882" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cholera/*epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Internationality ; *Public Health ; Public Health Administration ; World Health Organization ; Zimbabwe/epidemiology
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    Developing psychomotor skills the Wii way (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hill, Ciaran Scott -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 27;323(5918):1169. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5918.1169a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251611" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; *Motor Skills ; *Psychomotor Performance ; *Video Games
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    DICER1 mutations in familial pleuropulmonary blastoma (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-27
    Description: Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare pediatric lung tumor that is often part of an inherited cancer syndrome. PPBs consist of mesenchymal cells that are susceptible to malignant transformation and cysts lined by epithelial cells. In a subset of patients, overgrowth of the cysts by mesenchymal cells leads to sarcoma formation. Here, we show that 11 multiplex PPB families harbor heterozygous germline mutations in DICER1, a gene encoding an endoribonuclease critical to the generation of small noncoding regulatory RNAs. Expression of DICER1 protein was undetectable in the epithelial component of PPB tumors but was retained in the malignant mesenchyme (sarcoma). We hypothesize that loss of DICER1 in the epithelium of the developing lung alters the regulation of diffusible factors that promote mesenchymal proliferation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3098036/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3098036/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hill, D Ashley -- Ivanovich, Jennifer -- Priest, John R -- Gurnett, Christina A -- Dehner, Louis P -- Desruisseau, David -- Jarzembowski, Jason A -- Wikenheiser-Brokamp, Kathryn A -- Suarez, Brian K -- Whelan, Alison J -- Williams, Gretchen -- Bracamontes, Dawn -- Messinger, Yoav -- Goodfellow, Paul J -- P30 CA091842/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA091842-07/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA091842-08/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA143167/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL109265/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR024992/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 21;325(5943):965. doi: 10.1126/science.1174334. Epub 2009 Jun 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. dashill@cnmc.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19556464" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: DEAD-box RNA Helicases/chemistry/*genetics ; Epithelium/metabolism ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Germ-Line Mutation ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/enzymology/*genetics/pathology ; Male ; Pedigree ; Pulmonary Blastoma/enzymology/*genetics/pathology ; Ribonuclease III/chemistry/*genetics
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    Blue or red? Exploring the effect of color on cognitive task performances (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-07
    Description: Existing research reports inconsistent findings with regard to the effect of color on cognitive task performances. Some research suggests that blue or green leads to better performances than red; other studies record the opposite. Current work reconciles this discrepancy. We demonstrate that red (versus blue) color induces primarily an avoidance (versus approach) motivation (study 1, n = 69) and that red enhances performance on a detail-oriented task, whereas blue enhances performance on a creative task (studies 2 and 3, n = 208 and 118). Further, we replicate these results in the domains of product design (study 4, n = 42) and persuasive message evaluation (study 5, n = 161) and show that these effects occur outside of individuals' consciousness (study 6, n = 68). We also provide process evidence suggesting that the activation of alternative motivations mediates the effect of color on cognitive task performances.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mehta, Ravi -- Zhu, Rui Juliet -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 27;323(5918):1226-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1169144. Epub 2009 Feb 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, 2053 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197022" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; *Cognition ; *Color ; Creativity ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Mental Processes ; Mental Recall ; Motivation ; *Task Performance and Analysis ; Young Adult
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    Adding a T to the three R's. Education & technology. Introduction (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hines, Pamela J -- Jasny, Barbara R -- Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):53. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5910.53a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19119209" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Education/methods ; *Educational Technology ; Humans ; *Learning ; Teaching Materials
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    Understanding the spreading patterns of mobile phone viruses (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-04
    Description: We modeled the mobility of mobile phone users in order to study the fundamental spreading patterns that characterize a mobile virus outbreak. We find that although Bluetooth viruses can reach all susceptible handsets with time, they spread slowly because of human mobility, offering ample opportunities to deploy antiviral software. In contrast, viruses using multimedia messaging services could infect all users in hours, but currently a phase transition on the underlying call graph limits them to only a small fraction of the susceptible users. These results explain the lack of a major mobile virus breakout so far and predict that once a mobile operating system's market share reaches the phase transition point, viruses will pose a serious threat to mobile communications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Pu -- Gonzalez, Marta C -- Hidalgo, Cesar A -- Barabasi, Albert-Laszlo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 22;324(5930):1071-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1167053. Epub 2009 Apr 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Complex Network Research, Departments of Physics, Biology, and Computer Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19342553" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cell Phones ; *Computer Security ; Humans ; Time Factors
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    Pulsatile stimulation determines timing and specificity of NF-kappaB-dependent transcription (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-11
    Description: The nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factor regulates cellular stress responses and the immune response to infection. NF-kappaB activation results in oscillations in nuclear NF-kappaB abundance. To define the function of these oscillations, we treated cells with repeated short pulses of tumor necrosis factor-alpha at various intervals to mimic pulsatile inflammatory signals. At all pulse intervals that were analyzed, we observed synchronous cycles of NF-kappaB nuclear translocation. Lower frequency stimulations gave repeated full-amplitude translocations, whereas higher frequency pulses gave reduced translocation, indicating a failure to reset. Deterministic and stochastic mathematical models predicted how negative feedback loops regulate both the resetting of the system and cellular heterogeneity. Altering the stimulation intervals gave different patterns of NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression, which supports the idea that oscillation frequency has a functional role.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2785900/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2785900/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ashall, Louise -- Horton, Caroline A -- Nelson, David E -- Paszek, Pawel -- Harper, Claire V -- Sillitoe, Kate -- Ryan, Sheila -- Spiller, David G -- Unitt, John F -- Broomhead, David S -- Kell, Douglas B -- Rand, David A -- See, Violaine -- White, Michael R H -- BB/C007158/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/C008219/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/C520471/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/D010748/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/E004210/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/E012965/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/F005938/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BBC0071581/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BBC0082191/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BBC5204711/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BBD0107481/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BBF0059381/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0500346/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0500346(73596)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 10;324(5924):242-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1164860.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Cell Imaging, School of Biological Sciences, Bioscience Research Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19359585" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Feedback, Physiological ; *Gene Expression ; Humans ; I-kappa B Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; NF-kappa B/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Stochastic Processes ; Transcription Factor RelA/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*metabolism
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    RNA polymerase IV functions in paramutation in Zea mays (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-03
    Description: Plants have distinct RNA polymerase complexes (Pol IV and Pol V) with largely unknown roles in maintaining small RNA-associated gene silencing. Curiously, the eudicot Arabidopsis thaliana is not affected when either function is lost. By use of mutation selection and positional cloning, we showed that the largest subunit of the presumed maize Pol IV is involved in paramutation, an inherited epigenetic change facilitated by an interaction between two alleles, as well as normal maize development. Bioinformatics analyses and nuclear run-on transcription assays indicate that Pol IV does not engage in the efficient RNA synthesis typical of the three major eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. These results indicate that Pol IV employs abnormal RNA polymerase activities to achieve genome-wide silencing and that its absence affects both maize development and heritable epigenetic changes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Erhard, Karl F Jr -- Stonaker, Jennifer L -- Parkinson, Susan E -- Lim, Jana P -- Hale, Christopher J -- Hollick, Jay B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 27;323(5918):1201-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1164508.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251626" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Computational Biology ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Gene Silencing ; Genes, Plant ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Phylogeny ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Plant/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Zea mays/*enzymology/*genetics/growth & development
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    Synchronous hyperactivity and intercellular calcium waves in astrocytes in Alzheimer mice (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-03
    Description: Although senile plaques focally disrupt neuronal health, the functional response of astrocytes to Alzheimer's disease pathology is unknown. Using multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy in vivo, we quantitatively imaged astrocytic calcium homeostasis in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Resting calcium was globally elevated in the astrocytic network, but was independent of proximity to individual plaques. Time-lapse imaging revealed that calcium transients in astrocytes were more frequent, synchronously coordinated across long distances, and uncoupled from neuronal activity. Furthermore, rare intercellular calcium waves were observed, but only in mice with amyloid-beta plaques, originating near plaques and spreading radially at least 200 micrometers. Thus, although neurotoxicity is observed near amyloid-beta deposits, there exists a more general astrocyte-based network response to focal pathology.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2884172/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2884172/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kuchibhotla, Kishore V -- Lattarulo, Carli R -- Hyman, Bradley T -- Bacskai, Brian J -- EB000768/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- F31 NS058075-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS580752/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG008487/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG008487-19/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 EB000768/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01 EB000768-08/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- S10 RR025645/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 27;323(5918):1211-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1169096.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology/Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251629" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/pathology/*physiopathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/analysis ; Animals ; Astrocytes/metabolism/pathology/*physiology ; Calcium/*metabolism ; *Calcium Signaling ; Disease Models, Animal ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton ; Neurons/pathology/physiology ; Plaque, Amyloid/pathology
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    Cognitive science. Twins may think alike too, MRI brain study suggests (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 27;323(5922):1658. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5922.1658a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19325088" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; *Cognition ; *Genes ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; *Memory, Short-Term ; Siblings ; *Thinking ; Twin Studies as Topic ; *Twins, Monozygotic
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    Linguistics. How many languages? Linguists discover new tongues in China (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Erard, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 17;324(5925):332-3. doi: 10.1126/science.324.5925.332a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372408" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; *Ethnic Groups ; Humans ; *Language ; *Linguistics ; Minority Groups
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    DNA binding site sequence directs glucocorticoid receptor structure and activity (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-18
    Description: Genes are not simply turned on or off, but instead their expression is fine-tuned to meet the needs of a cell. How genes are modulated so precisely is not well understood. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates target genes by associating with specific DNA binding sites, the sequences of which differ between genes. Traditionally, these binding sites have been viewed only as docking sites. Using structural, biochemical, and cell-based assays, we show that GR binding sequences, differing by as little as a single base pair, differentially affect GR conformation and regulatory activity. We therefore propose that DNA is a sequence-specific allosteric ligand of GR that tailors the activity of the receptor toward specific target genes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2777810/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2777810/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meijsing, Sebastiaan H -- Pufall, Miles A -- So, Alex Y -- Bates, Darren L -- Chen, Lin -- Yamamoto, Keith R -- GM08537/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA020535/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA020535-31/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 17;324(5925):407-10. doi: 10.1126/science.1164265.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372434" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Isoforms/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rats ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcriptional Activation
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    Stress-inducible regulation of heat shock factor 1 by the deacetylase SIRT1 (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-21
    Description: Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is essential for protecting cells from protein-damaging stress associated with misfolded proteins and regulates the insulin-signaling pathway and aging. Here, we show that human HSF1 is inducibly acetylated at a critical residue that negatively regulates DNA binding activity. Activation of the deacetylase and longevity factor SIRT1 prolonged HSF1 binding to the heat shock promoter Hsp70 by maintaining HSF1 in a deacetylated, DNA-binding competent state. Conversely, down-regulation of SIRT1 accelerated the attenuation of the heat shock response (HSR) and release of HSF1 from its cognate promoter elements. These results provide a mechanistic basis for the requirement of HSF1 in the regulation of life span and establish a role for SIRT1 in protein homeostasis and the HSR.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429349/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429349/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Westerheide, Sandy D -- Anckar, Julius -- Stevens, Stanley M Jr -- Sistonen, Lea -- Morimoto, Richard I -- R01 AG026647/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG026647-01/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG026647-02/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG026647-03/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG026647-04/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM038109/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM038109/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM038109-19/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM038109-20/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM038109-21/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM038109-22/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 20;323(5917):1063-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1165946.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19229036" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Aging/*physiology ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; DNA/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/*genetics ; HeLa Cells ; *Heat-Shock Response ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Sirtuin 1 ; Sirtuins/genetics/*metabolism ; *Stress, Psychological ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; Transfection
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    Shifts in lake N:P stoichiometry and nutrient limitation driven by atmospheric nitrogen deposition (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-11-07
    Description: Human activities have more than doubled the amount of nitrogen (N) circulating in the biosphere. One major pathway of this anthropogenic N input into ecosystems has been increased regional deposition from the atmosphere. Here we show that atmospheric N deposition increased the stoichiometric ratio of N and phosphorus (P) in lakes in Norway, Sweden, and Colorado, United States, and, as a result, patterns of ecological nutrient limitation were shifted. Under low N deposition, phytoplankton growth is generally N-limited; however, in high-N deposition lakes, phytoplankton growth is consistently P-limited. Continued anthropogenic amplification of the global N cycle will further alter ecological processes, such as biogeochemical cycling, trophic dynamics, and biological diversity, in the world's lakes, even in lakes far from direct human disturbance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elser, James J -- Andersen, Tom -- Baron, Jill S -- Bergstrom, Ann-Kristin -- Jansson, Mats -- Kyle, Marcia -- Nydick, Koren R -- Steger, Laura -- Hessen, Dag O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 6;326(5954):835-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1176199.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. j.elser@asu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19892979" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Colorado ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Nitrates/analysis ; Nitrogen/*analysis ; Norway ; Phosphorus/*analysis ; Phytoplankton/growth & development/*physiology ; Sweden ; Trees
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    Neural mechanisms of a genome-wide supported psychosis variant (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-05-02
    Description: Schizophrenia is a devastating, highly heritable brain disorder of unknown etiology. Recently, the first common genetic variant associated on a genome-wide level with schizophrenia and possibly bipolar disorder was discovered in ZNF804A (rs1344706). We show, by using an imaging genetics approach, that healthy carriers of rs1344706 risk genotypes exhibit no changes in regional activity but pronounced gene dosage-dependent alterations in functional coupling (correlated activity) of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) across hemispheres and with hippocampus, mirroring findings in patients, and abnormal coupling of amygdala. Our findings establish disturbed connectivity as a neurogenetic risk mechanism for psychosis supported by genome-wide association, show that rs1344706 or variation in linkage disequilibrium is functional in human brain, and validate the intermediate phenotype strategy in psychiatry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Esslinger, Christine -- Walter, Henrik -- Kirsch, Peter -- Erk, Susanne -- Schnell, Knut -- Arnold, Claudia -- Haddad, Leila -- Mier, Daniela -- Opitz von Boberfeld, Carola -- Raab, Kyeon -- Witt, Stephanie H -- Rietschel, Marcella -- Cichon, Sven -- Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 1;324(5927):605. doi: 10.1126/science.1167768.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Affective Symptoms/genetics/physiopathology ; Bipolar Disorder/genetics/physiopathology ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Genotype ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Humans ; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/*genetics ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mental Processes ; Phenotype ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Schizophrenia/*genetics/physiopathology
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    Demography. Chinese men: a rising tide of troublemakers? (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 27;323(5918):1166. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5918.1166.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251607" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; Crime ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Marriage ; *Sex Ratio ; *Social Problems
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    Biomedical research. A first step in relaxing restrictions on stem cell research (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-03-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 13;323(5920):1412-3. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5920.1412.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19286523" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; Embryo Research/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Embryonic Stem Cells ; Financing, Government/legislation & jurisprudence ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Pluripotent Stem Cells ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
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    Evolution of the monkey crouch (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-08-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wasserman, Edward A -- Blumberg, Mark S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):812. doi: 10.1126/science.325_812a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679792" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Horses/*physiology ; Humans ; *Locomotion ; *Posture ; Sports/*physiology
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    Reversal of RNA dominance by displacement of protein sequestered on triplet repeat RNA (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-18
    Description: Genomic expansions of simple tandem repeats can give rise to toxic RNAs that contain expanded repeats. In myotonic dystrophy, the expression of expanded CUG repeats (CUGexp) causes abnormal regulation of alternative splicing and neuromuscular dysfunction. We used a transgenic mouse model to show that derangements of myotonic dystrophy are reversed by a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, CAG25, that binds to CUGexp RNA and blocks its interaction with muscleblind-like 1 (MBNL1), a CUGexp-binding protein. CAG25 disperses nuclear foci of CUGexp RNA and reduces the overall burden of this toxic RNA. As MBNL1 is released from sequestration, the defect of alternative splicing regulation is corrected, thereby restoring ion channel function. These findings suggest an alternative use of antisense methods, to inhibit deleterious interactions of proteins with pathogenic RNAs.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4109973/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4109973/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wheeler, Thurman M -- Sobczak, Krzysztof -- Lueck, John D -- Osborne, Robert J -- Lin, Xiaoyan -- Dirksen, Robert T -- Thornton, Charles A -- AR/NS48143/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR046806/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- K08 NS064293/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- K24 AR048143/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- NIDCR-T32DE07202/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR046806/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR049077/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 17;325(5938):336-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1173110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19608921" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3' Untranslated Regions/genetics/*metabolism ; Actins/genetics ; Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Chloride Channels/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Myotonic Dystrophy/*drug therapy/*genetics/metabolism ; Myotonin-Protein Kinase ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; RNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; *Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Biomedical policy. Draft stem cell guidelines please many, disappoint some (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 24;324(5926):446. doi: 10.1126/science.324_446.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19390007" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; Embryo Research/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; Financing, Government/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Public Policy ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Stem Cells ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Behavior. Surprising emotions (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, Eliot R -- Mackie, Diane M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 9;323(5911):215-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1168650.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. esmith4@indiana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19131617" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Emotions ; Humans ; Prejudice ; *Social Behavior ; *Social Identification
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    Diversity and complexity in DNA recognition by transcription factors (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-16
    Description: Sequence preferences of DNA binding proteins are a primary mechanism by which cells interpret the genome. Despite the central importance of these proteins in physiology, development, and evolution, comprehensive DNA binding specificities have been determined experimentally for only a few proteins. Here, we used microarrays containing all 10-base pair sequences to examine the binding specificities of 104 distinct mouse DNA binding proteins representing 22 structural classes. Our results reveal a complex landscape of binding, with virtually every protein analyzed possessing unique preferences. Roughly half of the proteins each recognized multiple distinctly different sequence motifs, challenging our molecular understanding of how proteins interact with their DNA binding sites. This complexity in DNA recognition may be important in gene regulation and in the evolution of transcriptional regulatory networks.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2905877/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2905877/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Badis, Gwenael -- Berger, Michael F -- Philippakis, Anthony A -- Talukder, Shaheynoor -- Gehrke, Andrew R -- Jaeger, Savina A -- Chan, Esther T -- Metzler, Genita -- Vedenko, Anastasia -- Chen, Xiaoyu -- Kuznetsov, Hanna -- Wang, Chi-Fong -- Coburn, David -- Newburger, Daniel E -- Morris, Quaid -- Hughes, Timothy R -- Bulyk, Martha L -- R01 HG003985/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG003985-01/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG003985-02/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG003985-03/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 26;324(5935):1720-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1162327. Epub 2009 May 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19443739" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; DNA/chemistry/*metabolism ; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; Humans ; Mice ; Protein Array Analysis ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/*chemistry/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. Reducing the risks of the wildlife trade (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, Katherine F -- Behrens, Michael -- Schloegel, Lisa M -- Marano, Nina -- Burgiel, Stas -- Daszak, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 1;324(5927):594-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1174460.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Brown University, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Providence, RI 02912, USA. katherine_smith@brown.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407185" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Biodiversity ; Carrier State/veterinary ; *Commerce/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data ; Communicable Diseases/transmission/veterinary ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Public Health ; Public Policy ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; Zoonoses
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Lab experiments are a major source of knowledge in the social sciences (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-11
    Description: Laboratory experiments are a widely used methodology for advancing causal knowledge in the physical and life sciences. With the exception of psychology, the adoption of laboratory experiments has been much slower in the social sciences, although during the past two decades the use of lab experiments has accelerated. Nonetheless, there remains considerable resistance among social scientists who argue that lab experiments lack "realism" and generalizability. In this article, we discuss the advantages and limitations of laboratory social science experiments by comparing them to research based on nonexperimental data and to field experiments. We argue that many recent objections against lab experiments are misguided and that even more lab experiments should be conducted.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Falk, Armin -- Heckman, James J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 23;326(5952):535-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1168244.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Economic Policy Research, Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute for Economic Research, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), and University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19900889" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Economics ; Games, Experimental ; Humans ; Laboratories ; *Research ; Research Design ; *Social Sciences
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Why peer discussion improves student performance on in-class concept questions (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-03
    Description: When students answer an in-class conceptual question individually using clickers, discuss it with their neighbors, and then revote on the same question, the percentage of correct answers typically increases. This outcome could result from gains in understanding during discussion, or simply from peer influence of knowledgeable students on their neighbors. To distinguish between these alternatives in an undergraduate genetics course, we followed the above exercise with a second, similar (isomorphic) question on the same concept that students answered individually. Our results indicate that peer discussion enhances understanding, even when none of the students in a discussion group originally knows the correct answer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, M K -- Wood, W B -- Adams, W K -- Wieman, C -- Knight, J K -- Guild, N -- Su, T T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):122-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1165919.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. michelle.k.smith@colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19119232" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Comprehension ; Educational Measurement ; Genetics/*education ; Humans ; *Learning ; *Peer Group ; Teaching/*methods
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    A national initiative for social participation (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shneiderman, Ben -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 13;323(5920):1426-7. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5920.1426.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19286535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Community Networks ; Diffusion of Innovation ; Education ; *Health ; Humans ; *Internet ; Safety ; *Social Support
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    Origins. On the origin of cooperation (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 4;325(5945):1196-9. doi: 10.1126/science.325_1196.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19729633" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Altruism ; Animals ; Bacteriophages/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Competitive Behavior ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Dictyostelium/physiology ; Family ; Game Theory ; Games, Experimental ; Humans ; Mutation ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology ; Punishment ; Quorum Sensing ; Reward ; Selection, Genetic ; *Social Behavior ; Warfare
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    Opening education (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-03
    Description: Spurred by the publication of Massachusetts Institute of Technology OpenCourseWare in 2002, the open educational resources (OER) movement, which has rapidly expanded and captured the imagination and energy of millions of creators and users throughout the world, now faces many opportunities and substantial challenges as it moves to become an integral part of the world's educational environment. The confluence of the Web and a spirit of sharing intellectual property have fueled a worldwide movement to make knowledge and education materials open to all for use. OER are content (courses, books, lesson plans, articles, etc.), tools (virtual laboratories, simulations, and games), and software that support learning and educational practice. OER are free on the Web, and most have licenses that allow copyright holders to retain ownership while providing specified rights for use in original and modified forms. At the least, OER have helped to level the distribution of knowledge across the world. A second promise of OER is to help transform educational practices. This article explores the history of and promises and challenges for OER.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, Marshall S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):89-93. doi: 10.1126/science.1168018.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. mike.marshallsmith@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19119226" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Computer-Assisted Instruction ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Curriculum ; Education, Distance/economics/*methods ; *Educational Technology/economics ; Humans ; Information Dissemination ; Intellectual Property ; *Internet ; Libraries, Digital ; Software ; Teaching Materials ; *Universities ; User-Computer Interface
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    Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: Hominid fossils predating the emergence of Australopithecus have been sparse and fragmentary. The evolution of our lineage after the last common ancestor we shared with chimpanzees has therefore remained unclear. Ardipithecus ramidus, recovered in ecologically and temporally resolved contexts in Ethiopia's Afar Rift, now illuminates earlier hominid paleobiology and aspects of extant African ape evolution. More than 110 specimens recovered from 4.4-million-year-old sediments include a partial skeleton with much of the skull, hands, feet, limbs, and pelvis. This hominid combined arboreal palmigrade clambering and careful climbing with a form of terrestrial bipedality more primitive than that of Australopithecus. Ar. ramidus had a reduced canine/premolar complex and a little-derived cranial morphology and consumed a predominantly C3 plant-based diet (plants using the C3 photosynthetic pathway). Its ecological habitat appears to have been largely woodland-focused. Ar. ramidus lacks any characters typical of suspension, vertical climbing, or knuckle-walking. Ar. ramidus indicates that despite the genetic similarities of living humans and chimpanzees, the ancestor we last shared probably differed substantially from any extant African ape. Hominids and extant African apes have each become highly specialized through very different evolutionary pathways. This evidence also illuminates the origins of orthogrady, bipedality, ecology, diet, and social behavior in earliest Hominidae and helps to define the basal hominid adaptation, thereby accentuating the derived nature of Australopithecus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉White, Tim D -- Asfaw, Berhane -- Beyene, Yonas -- Haile-Selassie, Yohannes -- Lovejoy, C Owen -- Suwa, Gen -- WoldeGabriel, Giday -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):75-86.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Human Evolution Research Center and Department of Integrative Biology, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. timwhite@berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810190" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Dentition ; Diet ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Geological Phenomena ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Paleodontology ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Skeleton ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Social Behavior ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
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    IL-21R on T cells is critical for sustained functionality and control of chronic viral infection (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-30
    Description: Chronic viral infection is often associated with the dysfunction of virus-specific T cells. Our studies using Il21r-deficient (Il21r-/-) mice now suggest that interleukin-21 (IL-21) is critical for the long-term maintenance and functionality of CD8+ T cells and the control of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice. Cell-autonomous IL-21 receptor (IL-21R)-dependent signaling by CD8+ T cells was required for sustained cell proliferation and cytokine production during chronic infection. Il21r-/- mice showed normal CD8+ T cell expansion, effector function, memory homeostasis, and recall responses during acute and after resolved infection with several other nonpersistent viruses. These data suggest that IL-21R signaling is required for the maintenance of polyfunctional T cells during chronic viral infections and have implications for understanding the immune response to other persisting antigens, such as tumors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frohlich, Anja -- Kisielow, Jan -- Schmitz, Iwana -- Freigang, Stefan -- Shamshiev, Abdijapar T -- Weber, Jacqueline -- Marsland, Benjamin J -- Oxenius, Annette -- Kopf, Manfred -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 19;324(5934):1576-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1172815. Epub 2009 May 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19478140" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Chronic Disease ; Humans ; Immunologic Memory ; Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis ; Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Peptide Fragments/biosynthesis ; Receptors, Interleukin-21/*immunology ; Signal Transduction
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    Alzheimer's biomarker initiative hits its stride (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 16;326(5951):386-9. doi: 10.1126/science.326_386.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19833956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/cerebrospinal fluid/*diagnosis/drug therapy/pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/analysis/cerebrospinal fluid ; Biomarkers/*cerebrospinal fluid ; Brain/pathology ; Brain Chemistry ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; *Positron-Emission Tomography ; tau Proteins/cerebrospinal fluid
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    Education. The nation's report card: a vision of large-scale science assessment (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fu, Alice C -- Raizen, Senta A -- Shavelson, Richard J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1637-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1177780.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. alicefu@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019274" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Achievement ; Adolescent ; Biological Science Disciplines/*education ; Child ; Earth Sciences/*education ; *Educational Measurement ; Humans ; Natural Science Disciplines/*education ; United States
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    S-nitrosylation of Drp1 mediates beta-amyloid-related mitochondrial fission and neuronal injury (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-04
    Description: Mitochondria continuously undergo two opposing processes, fission and fusion. The disruption of this dynamic equilibrium may herald cell injury or death and may contribute to developmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Nitric oxide functions as a signaling molecule, but in excess it mediates neuronal injury, in part via mitochondrial fission or fragmentation. However, the underlying mechanism for nitric oxide-induced pathological fission remains unclear. We found that nitric oxide produced in response to beta-amyloid protein, thought to be a key mediator of Alzheimer's disease, triggered mitochondrial fission, synaptic loss, and neuronal damage, in part via S-nitrosylation of dynamin-related protein 1 (forming SNO-Drp1). Preventing nitrosylation of Drp1 by cysteine mutation abrogated these neurotoxic events. SNO-Drp1 is increased in brains of human Alzheimer's disease patients and may thus contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2823371/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2823371/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cho, Dong-Hyung -- Nakamura, Tomohiro -- Fang, Jianguo -- Cieplak, Piotr -- Godzik, Adam -- Gu, Zezong -- Lipton, Stuart A -- P01 ES016738/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P01 ES016738-01/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P01 ES016738-010003/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P01 ES016738-02/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P01 ES016738-020003/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P01 HD029587/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P01 HD029587-16/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P01 HD29587/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P30 NS057096/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30 NS057096-04/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY005477/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY005477-25/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY05477/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 3;324(5923):102-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1171091.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19342591" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/pathology ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology ; Cysteine/analogs & derivatives/genetics/metabolism/pharmacology ; Female ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Mitochondria/drug effects/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Mitochondrial Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Neurons/drug effects/*ultrastructure ; Nitric Oxide/*metabolism ; Peptide Fragments/metabolism/pharmacology ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; S-Nitrosothiols/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    A kinase-START gene confers temperature-dependent resistance to wheat stripe rust (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-21
    Description: Stripe rust is a devastating fungal disease that afflicts wheat in many regions of the world. New races of Puccinia striiformis, the pathogen responsible for this disease, have overcome most of the known race-specific resistance genes. We report the map-based cloning of the gene Yr36 (WKS1), which confers resistance to a broad spectrum of stripe rust races at relatively high temperatures (25 degrees to 35 degrees C). This gene includes a kinase and a putative START lipid-binding domain. Five independent mutations and transgenic complementation confirmed that both domains are necessary to confer resistance. Yr36 is present in wild wheat but is absent in modern pasta and bread wheat varieties, and therefore it can now be used to improve resistance to stripe rust in a broad set of varieties.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737487/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737487/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fu, Daolin -- Uauy, Cristobal -- Distelfeld, Assaf -- Blechl, Ann -- Epstein, Lynn -- Chen, Xianming -- Sela, Hanan -- Fahima, Tzion -- Dubcovsky, Jorge -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 6;323(5919):1357-60. doi: 10.1126/science.1166289. Epub 2009 Feb 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19228999" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Basidiomycota/*pathogenicity ; Cloning, Molecular ; Crosses, Genetic ; Down-Regulation ; *Genes, Plant ; Hot Temperature ; Immunity, Innate ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphotransferases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; *Plant Diseases/immunology/microbiology ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Triticum/*genetics/*microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 99
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    Neuropathology. A late hit for pro football players (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 7;325(5941):670-2. doi: 10.1126/science.325_670.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19661398" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Athletic Injuries/etiology/metabolism/*pathology ; Brain/*pathology ; Brain Chemistry ; Brain Concussion ; Brain Injury, Chronic/etiology/metabolism/*pathology ; Football/*injuries ; Humans ; Male ; Post-Concussion Syndrome/etiology/metabolism/pathology ; Risk Factors ; Tauopathies/etiology/metabolism/pathology ; Time Factors ; tau Proteins/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Neuroscience. Enzyme lets you enjoy the bubbly (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 16;326(5951):349. doi: 10.1126/science.326_349a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19833928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; *Carbonated Beverages ; Carbonic Anhydrase IV/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Humans ; Mechanoreceptors/physiology ; Mice ; Protons ; Taste Buds/cytology/*enzymology/physiology ; *Taste Perception
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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