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  • Wiley  (296.353)
  • PANGAEA  (111.145)
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  • 1
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    Advances in understanding large-scale responses of the water cycle to climate change (2020)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-12-22
    Beschreibung: Globally, thermodynamics explains an increase in atmospheric water vapor with warming of around 7%/°C near to the surface. In contrast, global precipitation and evaporation are constrained by the Earth's energy balance to increase at ∼2-3%/°C. However, this rate of increase is suppressed by rapid atmospheric adjustments in response to greenhouse gases and absorbing aerosols that directly alter the atmospheric energy budget. Rapid adjustments to forcings, cooling effects from scattering aerosol, and observational uncertainty can explain why observed global precipitation responses are currently difficult to detect but are expected to emerge and accelerate as warming increases and aerosol forcing diminishes. Precipitation increases with warming are expected to be smaller over land than ocean due to limitations on moisture convergence, exacerbated by feedbacks and affected by rapid adjustments. Thermodynamic increases in atmospheric moisture fluxes amplify wet and dry events, driving an intensification of precipitation extremes. The rate of intensification can deviate from a simple thermodynamic response due to in-storm and larger-scale feedback processes, while changes in large-scale dynamics and catchment characteristics further modulate the frequency of flooding in response to precipitation increases. Changes in atmospheric circulation in response to radiative forcing and evolving surface temperature patterns are capable of dominating water cycle changes in some regions. Moreover, the direct impact of human activities on the water cycle through water abstraction, irrigation, and land use change is already a significant component of regional water cycle change and is expected to further increase in importance as water demand grows with global population.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 49-75
    Beschreibung: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): climate change; land surface; precipitation; radiative forcing; water cycle
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 2
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    Physical and geochemical record of an early Eocene carbon‐cycle perturbation on a turbiditic continental margin (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-01-20
    Beschreibung: Multivariate analysis of the elemental composition of hemipelagic sedimentary successions has provided invaluable information about palaeoenvironmental evolution, including records of short-lived Eocene hyperthermal events. However, few studies have analyzed the sedimentary record of these climatic events in turbidite-rich continental margin successions. In order to test the usefulness of multivariate statistical techniques (factor and cluster analysis) in palaeonvironmental and palaeoclimatic research on turbiditic successions, the lowermost Eocene Solondota section, which accumulated on the North Iberian continental margin, was studied. A prominent negative carbon isotope excursion from Solondota was correlated with the Ypresian (early Eocene) hyperthermal event J, also known as C24n.2rH1. High-resolution sedimentological, geochemical (stable isotopes, major and trace elements) and mineralogical (bulk and clay mineralogy) data show that multivariate statistical analysis helps to manage large-sized quantitative datasets objectively, avoiding arbitrary choice of representative elements and identifying environmental factors (virtual variables) that may not be evident otherwise. Variations in major and minor elements from hemipelagic carbonates across the Solondota carbon isotope excursion suggest a temporarily more humid continental climate, which caused increased terrigenous material input into the marine environment. The finer grained fraction boosted hemipelagic carbonate dilution, whereas the coarser grained sediment was transported by temporarily more frequent and voluminous turbidity currents. Thus, the results from the Solondota carbon isotope excursion revealed similarities with deep marine records of other early Eocene minor hyperthermal events. This demonstrates the validity of deep-marine turbiditic successions for providing reliable sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical records of global palaeoclimatic significance, complementing the information obtained from other sedimentary environments. Furthermore, the generally expanded nature of turbiditic successions can potentially provide palaeoclimatic information at very high resolution, enriching, and perhaps improving, the commonly condensed and sometimes discontinuous record of hemipelagic- only successions.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 881-904
    Beschreibung: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 3
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    Early-middle Holocene land snail shell stable isotope record from Grotta di Latronico 3 (southern Italy) (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-04-07
    Beschreibung: This paper compares stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) records of early–middle Holocene land snail shells from the archaeological deposits of Grotta di Latronico 3 (LTR3; southern Italy) with modern shell isotopic data. No substantial interspecific variability was observed in shell δ18O (δ18Os) of modern specimens (Pomatias elegans, Cornu aspersum, Eobania vermiculata, Helix ligata and Marmorana fuscolabiata). In contrast, interspecific shell δ13C (δ13Cs) variability was significant, probably due to different feeding behaviour among species. The δ18Os values of living land snails suggest that species hibernate for a long period during colder months, so that the signal of 18O-depleted winter rainfall in their δ18Os is lost. This suggests that δ18Os and δ13Cs values of Pomatias elegans from this archaeological succession provide valuable clues for seasonal (spring–autumn) climatic conditions during the early–middle Holocene. The δ18Os values of fossil specimens are significantly lower than in modern shells and in agreement with other palaeoclimatic records, suggesting a substantial increase of precipitation and/or persistent changes in air mass source trajectories over this region between ca. 8.8 cal ka BP and 6.2–6.7 ka ago. The δ13Cs trend suggests a transition from a slightly 13C-enriched to a 13C-depleted diet between early and middle Holocene compared to present conditions. We postulate that this δ13Cs trend might reflect changes in the C3 vegetation community, potentially combined with other environmental factors such as regional moisture increase and the progressive decrease of atmospheric CO2 concentration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1347-1359
    Beschreibung: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): central Mediterranean ; archaeological succession ; land snail shells ; stable isotopes ; palaeoclimate ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.03. Global climate models
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 4
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    A minimum time control problem for aerobic degradation processes in biocell composting plants (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-12
    Beschreibung: We introduce a mathematical model for the composting process in biocells. The model includes several phenomena, like the aerobic biodegradation of the soluble substrate by means of a bacterial population, the hydrolysis of insoluble substrate, and the biomass decay. We investigate the best strategies to reduce substrate components in minimal time by controlling the effects of cell oxygen concentration on the degradation phenomenon. It is shown that singular controls are not optimal for this model and the optimal control time profiles are of bang or bang-bang type. The occurrence of switching curves is discussed. In the case of a bang-bang control we prove that optimal control profiles have a unique switching time and the corresponding switching curve is determined.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1251-1266
    Beschreibung: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 5
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    Integrated use of unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning to support archaeological analysis: The Acropolis of Selinunte case (Sicily, Italy) (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-06-14
    Beschreibung: Southwestern Sicily is an area of infrequent seismic activity; however, some studies carried out in the archaeological Selinunte site suggest that, between the fourth century BC and the early Middle Ages, probably at least two earthquakes strucked this area with enough energy to damage and cause the collapse and kinematics of much of the architecture of Selinunte. Take into account that, in 2008, a noninvasive archaeological prospection and traditional data gathering methods along the Acropolis north fortifications were carried out. Following these first studies, after about 10 years, a new geophysical campaign was carried out. This second campaign benefited from the application of modern technologies for the acquisition and processing of the point cloud data on the northern part of the Acropolis, like terrestrial laser scanning and unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry. In this paper, we present the application of these techniques and a strategy for their integration for the 3D modelling of buildings and cultural heritages. We show how the integration of data acquired independently by these two techniques is an added value able to overcome the intrinsic limits of the individual techniques. The application to Selinunte's Acropolis allowed it to highlight and measure with high accuracy fractures, dislocation, inclinations of walls, depressions of some areas and other interesting observations, which may be important starting points for future investigations.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 153-165
    Beschreibung: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): 3D reconstruction ; archaeological survey ; digital elevation model ; Selinunte Archaeological Park ; terrestrial laser scanning ; unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics ; 05.02. Data dissemination ; 05.06. Methods
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Empirical nonergodic shaking scenarios based on spatial correlation models: An application to central Italy (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-01-18
    Beschreibung: This paper provides a new methodological framework to generate empirical ground shaking scenarios, designed for engineering applications and civil protection planning. The methodology is useful both to reconstruct the ground motion pattern of past events and to generate future shaking scenarios, in regions where strong-motion datasets from multiple events and multiple stations are available. The proposed methodology combines (1) an ad-hoc nonergodic ground motion model (GMM) with (2) a spatial correlation model for the source region-, site-, and path-systematic residual terms, and (3) a model of the remaining aleatory error to take into account for directivity effects. The associated variability is a function of the type of scenario generated (bedrock or site, past or future event) and it is minimal for source areas where several events have occurred and for sites where recordings are available. In order to develop the region-specific fully nonergodic GMM and to compute robust estimation of the residual terms, the approach is calibrated on a highly dense dataset compiled for the area of central Italy. Example tests demonstrate the validity of the approach, which allows to simulate acceleration response spectra at unsampled sites, as well as to capture peculiar physical features of ground motion patterns in the region. The proposed approach could be usefully adopted for data-driven simulations of ground shaking maps, as alternative or complementary tool to physic-based and stochastic-based approaches.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 60-80
    Beschreibung: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Geolithological and anthropogenic controls on the hydrochemistry of the Volturno river (Southern Italy) (2021)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-03
    Beschreibung: The present work aims to study the main chemical and physical water parameters in the upper and middle Volturno river catchment (southern Italy), between the Capo Volturno springs and the confluence with the Calore river. This study makes use of morphology, geolithology, tectonic, land use, and physico‐chemical (pH, electrical conductivity, redox potential, temperature, major ions, and 222Rn) data for the identification of the main sources of surface and groundwaters in the Volturno catchment and of their evolution and mixing both in base flow and peak flow conditions. The study was also performed to assess whether the alteration due to potential anthropogenic contamination may hamper the identification of natural “primitive” sources of surface waters, especially in the populated and farmed plains far from the river headwaters. Our data suggest that water chemistry of this stretch of the Volturno river is dominated mainly by lithology and, only marginally, by the intense exogenous activities and that this trend is appreciable in both base flow and peak flow conditions. The proposed simple geochemical approach based on easy‐to‐sample matrices and on cost‐effective standard methods is a valuable tool to address catchment functionality especially in upland areas, where complex geologic and structural settings, heterogeneous groundwater flow, and logistical issues are the rule rather than the exception. Because the upper and middle Volturno catchment is comparable with numerous valleys of the Mediterranean area, this study could be a reference for analogous applications.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 627–638
    Beschreibung: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Hydrogeochemical dynamics affecting steam-heated pools at El Chichón Crater (Chiapas - Mexico) (2021)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-02
    Beschreibung: El Chichon is an active volcano located in the north-western Chiapas, southern Mexico. The crater hosts a lake, a spring, named Soap Pool, emerging from the underlying volcanic aquifer and several mud pools/hot springs on the internal flanks of the crater which strongly interact with the current fumarolic system (steam-heated pools). Some of these pools, the crater lake and a cold spring emerging from the 1982 pumice deposits, have been sampled and analysed. Water–volcanic gas interactions determine the heating (43–99°C) and acidification (pH 2–4) of the springs, mainly by H2S oxidation. Significantly, in the study area, a significant NH3 partial pressure has been also detected. Such a geochemically aggressive environment enhances alteration of the rock in situ and strongly increases the mineralization of the waters (and therefore their electrical conductivity). Two different mineralization systems were detected for the crater waters: the soap pool-lake (Na+/Cl = 0.4, Na/Mg〉10) and the crater mud pools (Na+/Cl 〉 10, Na/Mg 〈 4). A deep boiling, Na+-K+-Cl -rich water reservoir generally influences the Soap Pool-lake, while the mud pool is mainly dominated by water-gas–rock interactions. In the latter case, conductivity of sampled water is directly proportional to the presence of reactive gases in solution. Therefore, chemical evolution proceeds through neutralization due to both rock alteration and bacterial oxidation of ammonium to nitrate. The chemical compositions show that El Chichon aqueous fluids, within the crater, interact with gases fed by a geothermal reservoir, without clear additions of deep magmatic fluids. This new geochemical dataset, together with previously published data, can be used as a base line with which to follow-up the activity of this deadly volcano.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 331–343
    Beschreibung: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    New Applications in Gas Geochemistry (2021)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2021-02-03
    Beschreibung: Gases present in the Earth crust are important in various branches of human activities. Hydrocarbons are a significant energy resource, helium is applied in many high-tech instruments, and studies of crustal gas dynamics provide insight in the geodynamic processes and help monitor seismic and volcanic hazards. Quantitative analysis of methane and CO2 migration is important for climate change studies. Some of them are toxic (H2S, CO2, CO); radon is responsible for the major part of human radiation dose. The development of analytical techniques in gas geochemistry creates opportunities of applying this science in numerous fields. Noble gases, hydrocarbons, CO2, N2, H2, CO, and Hg vapor are measured by advanced methods in various environments and matrices including fluid inclusions. Following the “Geochemical Applications of Noble Gases”(2009), “Frontiers in Gas Geochemistry” (2013), and “Progress in the Application of Gas Geochemistry to Geothermal, Tectonic and Magmatic Studies” (2017) published as special issues of Chemical Geology and “Gas geochemistry: From conventional to unconventional domains” (2018) published as a special issue of Marine and Petroleum Geology, this volume continues the tradition of publishing papers reflecting the diversity in scope and application of gas geochemistry.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 976190
    Beschreibung: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): geochemistry ; Atmosphere ; 03. Hydrosphere ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    RRS James Cook Cruise JC094, October 13 – November 30 2013, Tenerife - Trinidad. TROPICS, Tracing Oceanic Processes using Corals and Sediments. Reconstructing abrupt Changes in Chemistry and Circulation of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean: Implications for global Climate and deep-water Habitats (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-05-17
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 11
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    Data supplement (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-20
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
    Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet
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  • 12
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    Remote sensing of aerosols in the Arctic for an evaluation of global climate model simulations (2014)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, Wiley, 119(13), pp. 8169-8188, ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-03-05
    Beschreibung: In this study MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua retrievals of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) at 555 nm are compared to sun-photometer measurements from Svalbard for a period of 9 years. For the 642 daily coincident measurements that were obtained, MODIS AOT generally varies within the predicted uncertainty of the retrieval over ocean (ΔAOT = ±0.03 ± 0.05 · AOT). The results from the remote sensing have been used to examine the accuracy in estimates of aerosol optical properties in the Arctic, generated by global climate models and from in-situ measurements at the Zeppelin station, Svalbard. AOT simulated with the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM1-M)/ CAM4-Oslo global climate model does not reproduce the observed seasonal variability of the Arctic aerosol. The model overestimates clear-sky AOT by nearly a factor of 2 for the background summer season, while tending to underestimate the values in the spring season. Furthermore, large differences in all-sky AOT of up to one order of magnitude are found for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) model ensemble for the spring and summer seasons. Large differences between satellite/ground-based remote sensing of AOT and AOT estimated from dry and humidified scattering coefficients are found for the subarctic marine boundary layer in summer.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , isiRev
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  • 13
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    Particle flux characterisation and sedimentation patterns of protistan plankton during the iron fertilisation experiment LOHAFEX in the Southern Ocean, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.007, supplementary material (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-25
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 14
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    Climate sensitivity across marine domains of life: limits to evolutionary adaptation shape species interactions, supplementary material (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-27
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 15
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    Spatial database of canopy plant densities in Galapagos in 2011, focussing on invasive species and using satellite data (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-08
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 16
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    Climate sensitivity across marine domains of life: limits to evolutionary adaptation shape species interactions (2014)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Global Change Biology, Wiley, ISSN: 1365-2486
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-16
    Beschreibung: Organisms in all domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya will respond to climate change with differential vulnerabilities resulting in shifts in species distribution, coexistence, and interactions. The identification of unifying principles of organism functioning across all domains would facilitate a cause and effect understanding of such changes and their implications for ecosystem shifts. For example, the functional specialization of all organisms in limited temperature ranges leads us to ask for unifying functional reasons. Organisms also specialize in either anoxic or various oxygen ranges, with animals and plants depending on high oxygen levels. Here, we identify thermal ranges, heat limits of growth, and critically low (hypoxic) oxygen concentrations as proxies of tolerance in a meta-analysis of data available for marine organisms, with special reference to domain-specific limits. For an explanation of the patterns and differences observed, we define and quantify a proxy for organismic complexity across species from all domains. Rising complexity causes heat (and hypoxia) tolerances to decrease from Archaea to Bacteria to uni- and then multicellular Eukarya. Within and across domains, taxon-specific tolerance limits likely reflect ultimate evolutionary limits of its species to acclimatization and adaptation. We hypothesize that rising taxon-specific complexities in structure and function constrain organisms to narrower environmental ranges. Low complexity as in Archaea and some Bacteria provide life options in extreme environments. In the warmest oceans, temperature maxima reach and will surpass the permanent limits to the existence of multicellular animals, plants and unicellular phytoplankter. Smaller, less complex unicellular Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea will thus benefit and predominate even more in a future, warmer, and hypoxic ocean.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , isiRev
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  • 17
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    Supplementary material (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-01
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 18
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    Supplementary data (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-30
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 19
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    Potential effects of climate change on the distribution range of the main silicate sinker of the Southern Ocean (2014)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Ecology and Evolution, Wiley, 4(16), pp. 3147-3161, ISSN: 2045-7758
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-24
    Beschreibung: Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, a dominant diatom species throughout the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, is coined to be one of the main drivers of the biological silicate pump. Here, we study the distribution of this important species and expected consequences of climate change upon it, using correlative species distribution modeling and publicly available presence-only data. As experience with SDM is scarce for marine phytoplankton, this also serves as a pilot study for this organism group. Southern Ocean. We used the maximum entropy method to calculate distribution models for the diatom F. kerguelensis based on yearly and monthly environmental data (sea surface temperature, salinity, nitrate and silicate concentrations). Observation data were harvested from GBIF and the Global Diatom Database, and for further analyses also from the Hustedt Diatom Collection (BRM). The models were projected on current yearly and seasonal environmental data to study current distribution and its seasonality. Furthermore, we projected the seasonal model on future environmental data obtained from climate models for the year 2100. Projected on current yearly averaged environmental data, all models showed similar distribution patterns for F. kerguelensis. The monthly model showed seasonality, for example, a shift of the southern distribution boundary toward the north in the winter. Projections on future scenarios resulted in a moderately to negligibly shrinking distribution area and a change in seasonality. We found a substantial bias in the publicly available observation datasets, which could be reduced by additional observation records we obtained from the Hustedt Diatom Collection. Present day distribution patterns inferred from the models coincided well with background knowledge and previous reports about F. kerguelensis distribution, showing that maximum entropy-based distribution models are suitable to map distribution patterns for oceanic planktonic organisms. Our scenario projections indicate moderate effects of climate change upon the biogeography of F. kerguelensis.
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  • 20
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    A first Glimpse at the genome of the Baikalian amphipod Eulimnogammarus verrucosus (2014)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, Wiley, 322(3), pp. 177-189, ISSN: 1552-5007
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-21
    Beschreibung: Eulimnogammarus verrucosus is an amphipod endemic to the unique ecosystem of Lake Baikal and serves as an emerging model in ecotoxicological studies. We report here on a survey sequencing of its genome as a first step to establish sequence resources for this species. From a single lane of paired-end sequencing data, we estimated the genome size as nearly 10 Gb and we obtained an overview of the repeat content. At least two-thirds of the genome are non-unique DNA, and a third of the genomic DNA is composed of just five families of repetitive elements, including low-complexity sequences. Attempts to use off-the-shelf assembly tools failed on the available low-coverage data both before and after removal of highly repetitive components. Using a seed-based approach we nevertheless assembled short contigs covering 33 pre-microRNAs and the homeodomain-containing exon of nine Hox genes. The absence of clear evidence for paralogs implies that a genome duplication did not contribute to the large genome size. We furthermore report the assembly of the mitochondrial genome using a new, guided “crystallization” procedure. The initial results presented here set the stage for a more complete sequencing and analysis of this large genome.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 21
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    Documentation of GPS measurements at station BREI (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-17
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 22
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    Latent heat exchange in the boreal and arctic biomes (2014)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Global Change Biology, Wiley, pp. n/a–n/a, ISSN: 1365-2486
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-07-19
    Beschreibung: In this study latent heat flux (λE) measurements made at 65 boreal and arctic eddy-covariance (EC) sites were analyses by using the Penman–Monteith equation. Sites were stratified into nine different ecosystem types: harvested and burnt forest areas, pine forests, spruce or fir forests, Douglas-fir forests, broadleaf deciduous forests, larch forests, wetlands, tundra and natural grasslands. The Penman–Monteith equation was calibrated with variable surface resistances against half-hourly eddy-covariance data and clear differences between ecosystem types were observed. Based on the modeled behavior of surface and aerodynamic resistances, surface resistance tightly control λE in most mature forests, while it had less importance in ecosystems having shorter vegetation like young or recently harvested forests, grasslands, wetlands and tundra. The parameters of the Penman–Monteith equation were clearly different for winter and summer conditions, indicating that phenological effects on surface resistance are important. We also compared the simulated λE of different ecosystem types under meteorological conditions at one site. Values of λE varied between 15% and 38% of the net radiation in the simulations with mean ecosystem parameters. In general, the simulations suggest that λE is higher from forested ecosystems than from grasslands, wetlands or tundra-type ecosystems. Forests showed usually a tighter stomatal control of λE as indicated by a pronounced sensitivity of surface resistance to atmospheric vapor pressure deficit. Nevertheless, the surface resistance of forests was lower than for open vegetation types including wetlands. Tundra and wetlands had higher surface resistances, which were less sensitive to vapor pressure deficits. The results indicate that the variation in surface resistance within and between different vegetation types might play a significant role in energy exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and atmosphere. These results suggest the need to take into account vegetation type and phenology in energy exchange modeling.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 23
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    PAGE21 WP5 - Land surface hydrology from remotely sensed data at PAGE21 sites (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-31
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 24
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    Inventory of thermo-erosional valleys and streams in three ice-rich permafrost lowlands adjacent to the Laptev Sea (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-16
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 25
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    Supplementary Information to: Panter, K.S. et al. (2009) (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-08-10
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 26
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    Overview of planned route and research areas (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-02-06
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 27
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    supplement to Nature Geoscience (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-05
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
    Format: application/x-netcdf
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  • 28
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    The California Current Predator Diet Database: Synthesis of Common Forage Species (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-06
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
    Format: application/zip
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  • 29
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    Site map (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-01
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
    Format: image/png
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  • 30
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    Supplementary data (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-23
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 31
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    Previews of daily mean Land Surface Temperature data (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-02
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 32
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    supplementary data (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-04
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
    Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet
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  • 33
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    BSRN snapshot readme (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-19
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 34
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    supplementary data (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-19
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
    Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet
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  • 35
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    Probability inundation map for a scenario combining storm surge and sea-level rise (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-24
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 36
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    PumaPlex: Raw data generated during the development of the SNP markers (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-07
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 37
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    Supplementary data (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-25
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 38
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    Freshwater runoff for Taylor Slough to Florida Bay for 1965 to 2000 for the FATHOM model (supplement) (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-28
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 39
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    Linear Weakening of the AMOC in response to Receding Glacial Ice Sheets in CCSM3 (2014)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 41(17), pp. 6252-6258, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17
    Beschreibung: The transient response of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) to a deglacial ice-sheet retreat is studied using the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3), with a focus on orographic effects rather than meltwater discharge. It is found that the AMOC weakens significantly (41%) in response to the deglacial ice-sheet retreat. The AMOC weakening follows the decrease of the Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet volume linearly, with no evidence of abrupt thresholds. A wind-driven mechanism is proposed to explain the weakening of the AMOC: lowering the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets induces a northward shift of the westerlies, which causes a rapid eastward sea-ice transport and expanded sea-ice cover over the subpolar North Atlantic; this expanded sea ice insulates the ocean from heat loss and leads to suppressed deep convection and a weakened AMOC. A sea ice-ocean positive feedback could be further established between the AMOC decrease and sea-ice expansion.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , peerRev
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  • 40
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    NetCDF supplement to Spatial decorrelation lengths of surfance ocean fCO2 (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-07
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 41
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    Assimilating SMOS sea ice thickness into a coupled ice-ocean model using a local SEIK filter (2014)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, Wiley, ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17
    Beschreibung: The impact of assimilating sea ice thickness data derived from ESA's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite together with Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) sea ice concentration data of the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) in a coupled sea ice-ocean model is examined. A period of 3 months from 1 November 2011 to 31 January 2012 is selected to assess the forecast skill of the assimilation system. The 24 h forecasts and longer forecasts are based on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm), and the assimilation is performed by a localized Singular Evolutive Interpolated Kalman (LSEIK) filter. For comparison, the assimilation is repeated only with the SSMIS sea ice concentrations. By running two different assimilation experiments, and comparing with the unassimilated model, independent satellite-derived data, and in situ observation, it is shown that the SMOS ice thickness assimilation leads to improved thickness forecasts. With SMOS thickness data, the sea ice concentration forecasts also agree better with observations, although this improvement is smaller.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 42
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    Underwater Gear Track Data from PS86 - Processing Report for USBL Posidonia Data on RV “Polarstern” (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-13
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 43
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    Supplementary data (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-10
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
    Format: application/vnd.google-earth.kmz
    Format: application/vnd.google-earth.kmz
    Format: application/vnd.google-earth.kmz
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  • 44
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    Supplementary data (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-02
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 45
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    National nitrogen budget for Denmark (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-07-18
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 46
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    Supplementary data (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-29
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 47
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    Supplementary data (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-30
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 48
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    Mooring setups (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-06
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 49
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    Temperature, precipitation, NDVI dataset from 1982 to 2009 in the Koshi River Basin of the Middle Himalayas (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 50
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    Projektvorschläge für eine Polarstern-Expedition zur Prydz Bay/Jetty Oase/Mawson Coast (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 51
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    Index description in "Mid-Holocene multiproxy compilation for eastern South America" (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: text/plain
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    Review of the «Global and Russian energy outlook up to 2040 (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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    Study on the effects of near-future ocean acidification on marine yeasts: a microcosm approach (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-05-12
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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    Small Changes in pH Have Direct Effects on Marine Bacterial Community Composition: A Microcosm Ap (2012)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-05-12
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 55
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    Results of calculated surface air temperature anomaly of COSMOS Pliocene experiment 2 in NetCDF format (2012)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-05-15
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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    Seismostratigraphy of the Siberian Sector of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent Laptev Sea Shelf (2014)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, Wiley, 119(7), pp. 5275-5289, ISSN: 2169-9356
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-18
    Beschreibung: A new seismostratigraphic model has been established within the Arctic Ocean adjacent to the East Siberian Shelf on the basis of multichannel seismic reflection data acquired along a transect at 81°N. Ages for the sedimentary units were estimated via links to seismic lines and drill site data of the US Chukchi Shelf, the Lomonosov Ridge, and the adjacent Laptev Shelf. Two distinct seismic units were mapped throughout the area and are the constraints for dating the remaining strata. The lower marker unit, a pronounced high-amplitude reflector sequence (HARS), is the most striking stratigraphic feature over large parts of the Arctic Ocean. It indicates a strong and widespread change in deposition conditions. Probably, it developed during Oligocene times when a reorientation of Arctic Plates took place, accompanied by the gradual opening of the Fram Strait, and a widespread regression of sea level. The top of the HARS likely marks the end of Oligocene/early Miocene (23Ma). An age estimate for the base of the sequence is less clear but likely corresponds to base of Eocene (˜56Ma). The second marked unit detected on the seismic lines parallels the seafloor with a thickness of about 200ms two-way travel time (160 m). Its base is marked by a change from a partly transparent sequence with weak amplitude reflections below to a set of continuous high-amplitude reflectors above. This interface likely marks the transition to large-scale glaciation of the northern hemisphere and therefore is ascribed to the top Miocene (5.3 Ma).
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    EM-120 bathymetry data collected during RRS James Cook cruise JC094, multibeam report (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-02
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    TCCON http://www.tccon.caltech.edu test data file (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 59
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    R script (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 60
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    DataFiles for: Mount Nyiragongo: An assessment and update of the current eruptive activity (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 61
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    Glacier bed and ice thickness of Hallstätter Gletscher calculated from GPR measurements 2009 (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 62
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    Overview of the digital bathymetric model (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 63
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    Long-term eddy-covariance measurements from FINO2 platform above the Baltic Sea (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
    Format: application/x-netcdf
    Format: application/x-netcdf
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    Data table to: Brachiopods in Early Carboniferous (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 65
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    Paleosalinities (10-35 ka BP) from the Celtic Margin (Bay of Biscay) (2012)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 66
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    SOCAT Vx - description (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-31
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 67
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    Data files: Phenotypic evolution in a venerid bivalve species lineage from the late Middle Miocene Central Paratethys Sea: a multi-approach morphometric analysis (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
    Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet
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  • 68
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    Dendrogram of Cluster-analysis of overall comparison (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Documentation of datasets of the JGOFS Australia Project (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    CRP Science Plan (2000)
    PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-18
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    LIENSs Stable Isotope Facility. Appendix 2: Sample preparation protocols (version: March 24, 2014) (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-13
    Beschreibung: This appendix details all the technical protocols used at LIENSs Stable Isotope Facility (LIENSs SIF) for stable isotope analysis of various sample types. Sampling strategies and methodologies depend on research objectives, sampling sites and sampled organisms or materials. As such they are under the responsability of the researcher and are thus not described here. Besides sample preparation protocols, this appendix concerns also sample encapsulation and sample submission to our laboratory. This appendix is focused on C & N analyses. However, a large part of it can be applied to other isotopes or other matrices which specificities are (or will be) given in additional appendices.
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    Arctic Sea Ice in CMIP6 (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-05-04
    Beschreibung: We examine CMIP6 simulations of Arctic sea‐ice area and volume. We find that CMIP6 models produce a wide spread of mean Arctic sea‐ice area, capturing the observational estimate within the multi‐model ensemble spread. The CMIP6 multi‐model ensemble mean provides a more realistic estimate of the sensitivity of September Arctic sea‐ice area to a given amount of anthropogenic CO2 emissions and to a given amount of global warming, compared with earlier CMIP experiments. Still, most CMIP6 models fail to simulate at the same time a plausible evolution of sea‐ice area and of global mean surface temperature. In the vast majority of the available CMIP6 simulations, the Arctic Ocean becomes practically sea‐ice free (sea‐ice area 〈 1 million km2) in September for the first time before the year 2050 in each of the four emission scenarios SSP1‐1.9, SSP1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5 examined here.
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    SO225 ParaSound journal (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-06-12
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 74
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    Circulation and Thermohaline Variability of the Hanna Shoal Region on the Northeastern Chukchi Sea Shelf (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Wiley
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-07-07
    Beschreibung: We analyzed velocity and hydrographic data from 23 moorings in the northeast Chukchi Sea from 2011 to 2014. In most years the eastern side of Hanna Shoal was strongly stratified year-round, while weakly stratified regions prevailed on the shelf south and west of the Shoal. Stratification differences cause differential vertical mixing rates, which in conjunction with advection of different bottom water properties resulted in seasonally-varying along-isobath density gradients. In agreement with numerical models, we find that bottom waters flow anticyclonically around the Shoal. Whereas most of the shelf responded barotropically to wind-forcing, there was a strong baroclinic component to the flow field northeast of Hanna Shoal, resulting in no net vertically-integrated transport on average. In contrast there is a net eastward transport from west of the Shoal, which implies convergence north of the Shoal. Convergence and along-isobath density gradients may foster cross-shelf exchange north of Hanna Shoal. Modal analyses indicate that the shelf south of the Shoal and Barrow Canyon responded coherently to local and remote winds, whereas the wind-current response around Hanna Shoal was less coherent. Barotropic topographic waves, of ~3-day period, were generated episodically northeast of the Shoal and propagate clockwise around Hanna Shoal, but are blocked from entering Barrow Canyon and are possibly scattered by the horizontally sheared flow and converging isobaths on the western side of the Shoal. Analysis of water properties on the western side of Hanna Shoal suggests that these include contributions from the western and southern portions of the Chukchi Sea.
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    Limited Retreat of the Wilkes Basin Ice Sheet during the Last Interglacial (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47(13), ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-07-20
    Beschreibung: The response of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet to global warming represents a major source of uncertainty in sea level projections. Thinning of the East Antarctic George V and Sabrina Coast ice‐cover is currently taking place, and regional ice‐sheet instability episodes might have been triggered in past warm climates. However, the magnitude of ice retreat in the past can not yet be quantitatively derived from paleo‐proxy records alone. We propose that a runaway retreat of the George V coast grounding line and subsequent instability of the Wilkes Basin ice‐sheet would either leave a clear imprint on the water isotope composition in the Talos Dome region or prohibit a Talos Dome ice‐core record from the Last Interglacial altogether. Testing this hypothesis our ice sheet model simulations suggest, that Wilkes Basin ice‐sheet retreat remained relatively limited during the Last Interglacial and provide a constraint on Last Interglacial East Antarctic grounding line stability.
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    Extent and cessation of the mid-Cretaceous Hikurangi Plateau underthrusting: Impact on global plate tectonics and the submarine Chatham Rise (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, Wiley, 125, ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-08-21
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Evolution of the Upper Ocean Stratification in the Japan Sea Since the Last Glacial (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47(16), pp. e2020GL088255, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-08-05
    Beschreibung: Paleoceanographic evidence commonly indicates that Last Glacial Maximum surface temperatures in the Japan Sea were comparable to modern conditions, in striking difference to colder neighboring regions. Here, based on a core from the central Japan Sea, our results show similar UK′37‐ and TEXL86‐derived temperatures between 24.7 and 16.3 ka BP, followed by an abrupt divergence at ~16.3 ka BP and a weakening of divergence after ~8.7 ka BP. We attribute this process to a highly stratified glacial upper ocean controlled by the East Asian Summer Monsoon, increasing thermal gradient between surface and subsurface layers during the deglaciation and the intrusion of Tsushima Warm Current since the mid‐Holocene, respectively. Therefore, we suggest that threshold‐like changes in upper‐ocean temperatures linked to sea level rise and monsoon dynamics, rather than just sea surface temperatures, play a critical role in shaping the thermal and ventilation history of this NW Pacific marginal sea.
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    AMOC recovery in a multi-centennial scenario using a coupled atmosphere-ocean-ice sheet model (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47(16), pp. e2019GL086810, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-09-14
    Beschreibung: We simulate the two Coupled Model Intercomparison Project scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, to assess the effects of melt‐induced fresh water on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). We use a newly developed climate model with high resolution at the coasts, resolving the complex ocean dynamics. Our results show an AMOC recovery in simulations run with and without an included ice sheet model. We find that the ice sheet adds a strong decadal variability on the freshwater release, resulting in intervals in which it reduces the surface runoff by high accumulation rates. This compensating effect is missing in climate models without dynamic ice sheets. Therefore, we argue to assess those freshwater hosing experiments critically, which aim to parameterize Greenland's freshwater release. We assume the increasing net evaporation over the Atlantic and the resulting increase in ocean salinity, to be the main driver of the AMOC recovery.
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    Ocean Circulation and Variability Beneath Nioghalvfjerdsbræ (79 North Glacier) Ice Tongue (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, Wiley, 125(8), ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-30
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  • 80
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    Spatial and Temporal variability of iodine in aerosol (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, Wiley, 126, pp. e2020JD034410, ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-10
    Beschreibung: In this work we describe the compilation and homogenization of an extensive dataset of aerosol iodine field observations in the period between 1963 and 2018 and we discuss the spatial and temporal dependences of total iodine in bulk aerosol by comparing the observations with CAM-Chem model imulations. Total iodine in aerosol shows a distinct latitudinal dependence, with an enhancement towards the northern hemisphere (NH) tropics and lower values towards the poles. This behavior, which has been predicted by atmospheric models to depend on the global distribution of the main ceanic iodine source (which in turn depends on the reaction of surface ozone with aqueous iodide on he sea water-air interface, generating gas-phase I2 and HOI), is confirmed here by field observations for the first time. Longitudinally, there is some indication of a wave-one profile in the Tropics, which peaks in the Atlantic and shows a minimum in the Pacific, following the wave-one longitudinal variation of tropical tropospheric ozone. New data from Antarctica show that the south polar seasonal variation of iodine in aerosol mirrors that observed previously in the Arctic, with two equinoctial maxima and the dominant maximum occurring in spring. While no clear seasonal variability is observed in NH middle latitudes, there is an indication of different seasonal cycles in the NH tropical Atlantic and Pacific. A weak positive long-term trend is observed in the tropical annual averages, which is consistent with an enhancement of the anthropogenic ozone-driven global oceanic source of iodine over the last 50 years.
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    PS2262-8 Manganese nodule at 1090-1099 cm sediment core depth (2000)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2021-04-20
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Nonmonotonic Change of the Arctic Ocean Freshwater Storage Capability in a Warming Climate (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 48(10), pp. e2020GL090951, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-07-01
    Beschreibung: Freshwater in the Arctic Ocean is one of the key climate components. It is not well understood how the capability of the Arctic Ocean to store freshwater will develop when freshwater supplies increase in a warming climate. By using numerical experiments, we find that this capability varies with the Arctic sea ice decline nonmonotonically, with the largest capability at intermediate strength of sea ice decline. Through enhancing the ocean surface stress, sea ice decline not only accumulates freshwater toward the Amerasian Basin but also tends to reduce the amount of freshwater in both the Eurasian and Amerasian basins by increasing the occupation of Atlantic-origin water in the upper ocean. An increase in river runoff modulates the counterbalance of the two competing effects, leading to the nonmonotonic changes of the Arctic freshwater storage capability in a warming climate.
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    On the Cause of the Mid‐Pleistocene Transition (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Reviews of Geophysics, Wiley, 59(2), pp. e2020RG000727, ISSN: 8755-1209
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-06-17
    Beschreibung: The Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT), where the Pleistocene glacial cycles changed from 41 to ∼100 kyr periodicity, is one of the most intriguing unsolved issues in the field of paleoclimatology. Over the course of over four decades of research, several different physical mechanisms have been proposed to explain the MPT, involving non-linear feedbacks between ice sheets and the global climate, the solid Earth, ocean circulation, and the carbon cycle. Here, we review these different mechanisms, comparing how each of them relates to the others, and to the currently available observational evidence. Based on this discussion, we identify the most important gaps in our current understanding of the MPT. We discuss how new model experiments, which focus on the quantitative differences between the different physical mechanisms, could help fill these gaps. The results of those experiments could help interpret available proxy evidence, as well as new evidence that is expected to become available.
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    Dynamics of the African Plate 75 Ma: From Plate Kinematic Reconstructions to Intraplate Paleo-Stresses (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Tectonics, Wiley, 40(7), ISSN: 0278-7407
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-07-26
    Beschreibung: Plate reconstruction studies show that the Neotethys Ocean was closing due to the convergence of Africa and Eurasia toward the end of the Cretaceous. The period around 75 Ma reflects the onset of continental collision between the two plates as convergence continued to be taken up mostly by subduction of the Neotethys slab beneath Eurasia. The Owen transform plate boundary in the northeast accommodated the fast northward motion of the Indian plate relative to the African plate. The rest of the plate was surrounded by mid-ocean ridges. Africa was experiencing continent-wide rifting related to northeast-southwest extension. We aim to quantify the forces and paleostresses that may have driven this continental extension. We use the latest plate kinematic reconstructions in a grid search to estimate horizontal gravitational stresses (HGSs), plate boundary forces, and the plate's interaction with the asthenosphere. The contribution of dynamic topography to HGSs is based on recent mantle convection studies. We model intraplate stresses and compare them with the strain observations. The fit to observations favors models where dynamic topography amplitudes are smaller than 300 m. The results also indicate that the net pull transmitted from slab to the surface African plate was low. To put this into context, we notice that available tectonic reconstructions show fragmented subduction zones and various colliding micro-continents along the northern margin of the African plate around this time. We therefore interpret a low net pull as resulting from either a small average slab length or from the micro-continents' resistance to subduction.
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    Global River Discharge and Floods in the Warmer Climate of the Last Interglacial (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47(e2020G), ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-09-18
    Beschreibung: We investigate hydrology during a past climate slightly warmer than the present: the Last Interglacial (LIG). With daily output of pre‐industrial and LIG simulations from eight new climate models we force hydrological model PCR‐GLOBWB, and in turn hydrodynamic model CaMa‐Flood. Compared to pre‐industrial, annual mean LIG runoff, discharge, and 100‐year flood volume are considerably larger in the Northern Hemisphere, by 14%, 25% and 82%, respectively. Anomalies are negative in the Southern Hemisphere. In some boreal regions, LIG runoff and discharge are lower despite higher precipitation, due the higher temperatures and evaporation. LIG discharge is much higher for the Niger, Congo, Nile, Ganges, Irrawaddy, Pearl, and lower for the Mississippi, Saint Lawrence, Amazon, Paraná, Orange, Zambesi, Danube, Ob. Discharge is seasonally postponed in tropical rivers affected by monsoon changes. Results agree with published proxies on the sign of discharge anomaly in 15 of 23 sites where comparison is possible.
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  • 86
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    Necessary Conditions for Warm Inflow Toward the Filchner Ice Shelf, Weddell Sea (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47(22), pp. 1-11, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-18
    Beschreibung: Understanding changes in Antarctic ice shelf basal melting is a major challenge for predicting future sea level. Currently, warm Circumpolar Deep Water surrounding Antarctica has limited access to the Weddell Sea continental shelf; consequently, melt rates at Filchner‐Ronne Ice Shelf are low. However, large‐scale model projections suggest that changes to the Antarctic Slope Front and the coastal circulation may enhance warm inflows within this century. We use a regional high‐resolution ice shelf cavity and ocean circulation model to explore forcing changes that may trigger this regime shift. Our results suggest two necessary conditions for supporting a sustained warm inflow into the Filchner Ice Shelf cavity: (i) an extreme relaxation of the Antarctic Slope Front density gradient and (ii) substantial freshening of the dense shelf water. We also find that the on‐shelf transport over the western Weddell Sea shelf is sensitive to the Filchner Trough overflow characteristics.
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  • 87
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    A changing Arctic Ocean: How measured and modeled 129129I distributions indicate fundamental shifts in circulation between 1994 and 2015 (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, Wiley, 126(3), ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-11
    Beschreibung: 129I measurements on samples collected during GEOTRACES oceanographic missions in the Arctic Ocean in 2015 have provided the first detailed, synoptic 129I sections across the Eurasian, Canada and Makarov Basins. During the 1990s, increased discharges of 129I from European nuclear fuel reprocessing plants produced a large, tracer spike whose passage through the Arctic Ocean has been followed by 129I time series measurements over the past 25 years. Elevated 129I levels measured over the Lomonosov and Alpha-Mendeleyev Ridges in 2015 were associated with tracer labeled, Atlantic-origin water bathymetrically steered by the ridge systems through the central Arctic while lower 129I levels were evident in the more poorly ventilated basin interiors. 129I levels of 200-400 x 107 at/l measured in intermediate waters in 2015 had increased by a factor of 10 compared to results from the same locations in 1994-1996 owing to the circulation of the 1990s, 129I input spike mainly associated with enhanced discharges from the La Hague nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. Comparisons of the patterns of 129I distributions between the mid-1990s and 2015 delineate large scale circulation changes that occurred during the shift from a positive Arctic Oscillation and a cyclonic circulation regime in the mid-1990s to anticyclonic circulation in 2015. The latter is characterized by a broadened Beaufort Gyre in the upper ocean, a weakened boundary current and partial mid-depth, AW flow reversal in the southern Canada Basin. Tracer 129I simulations using the applied circulation model, NAOSIM agree with both historical 129I results and recent GEOTRACES data sets, thereby lending context and credibility to the interpretation of large scale changes in arctic circulation and their relationship to shifts in climate indices revealed by tracer 129I distributions. This paper reports measurements and simulation results for 129I for the 1990s and 2015, and interprets them in the context of ocean circulation responses to changing atmospheric forcing regimes.
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  • 88
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    New Magnetostratigraphic Insights From Iceberg Alley on the Rhythms of Antarctic Climate During the Plio-Pleistocene (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, Wiley, 36(2), pp. 1-27, ISSN: 0883-8305
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-02-25
    Beschreibung: International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 382 in the Scotia Sea’s Iceberg Alley recovered among the most continuous and highest resolution stratigraphic records in the Southern Ocean near Antarctica spanning the last 3.3 Myr. Sites drilled in Dove Basin (U1536/U1537) have well‐resolved magnetostratigraphy and a strong imprint of orbital forcing in their lithostratigraphy. All magnetic reversals of the last 3.3 Myr are identified, providing a robust age model independent of orbital tuning. During the Pleistocene, alternation of terrigenous versus diatomaceous facies shows power in the eccentricity and obliquity frequencies comparable to the amplitude modulation of benthic δ18O records. This suggests that variations in Dove Basin lithostratigraphy during the Pleistocene reflect a similar history as globally integrated ice volume at these frequencies. However, power in the precession frequencies over the entire ∼3.3 Myr record does not match the amplitude modulation of benthic δ18O records, suggesting Dove Basin contains a unique record at these frequencies. Comparing the position of magnetic reversals relative to local facies changes in Dove Basin and the same magnetic reversals relative to benthic δ18O at North Atlantic IODP Site U1308, we demonstrate Dove Basin facies change at different times than benthic δ18O during intervals between ∼3 and 1 Ma. These differences are consistent with precession phase shifts and suggest climate signals with a Southern Hemisphere summer insolation phase were recorded around Antarctica. If Dove Basin lithology reflects local Antarctic ice volume changes, these signals could represent ice sheet precession‐paced variations not captured in benthic δ18O during the 41‐kyr world.
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  • 89
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    Air Humidity/Air Temperature Sensor Hygroclip2 (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-02-11
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 90
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    Climatically modulated dust inputs from New Zealand to the Southwest Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean over the last 410 kyr (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, Wiley, pp. e2020PA003949
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-04-01
    Beschreibung: Eolian mineral dust is an active agent in the global climate system. It affects planetary albedo and can influence marine biological productivity and ocean‐atmosphere carbon dynamics. This makes understanding of the global dust cycle crucial for constraining the dust/climate relationship, which requires long‐term dust emission records for all major dust sources. Despite their importance, the sources of atmospheric dust deposited in the Southern Ocean remain poorly constrained. Eolian dust in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean is generally assumed to originate from Australia, with minor contributions from New Zealand. Here we present a high‐resolution elemental record of terrestrial inputs for the past ∼410 kyr from marine sediment core PS75/100‐4 recovered from east of South Island, New Zealand. Sediment grain size is slightly finer than that of loess deposits from South Island, New Zealand, and is coarser than that of marine sediments in the Tasman Sea to the west of New Zealand, which indicates that the dust originated mainly from New Zealand and not only from Australia. Core PS75/100‐4 records lithogenic mass accumulation rates ranging from ∼0.01 to 0.69 g/cm2/kyr (∼0.20 g/cm2/kyr average), with variations over a factor of ∼3‐4 over glacial versus interglacial timescales for the past 410 kyr. Our geochemical data correlate well with Southern Ocean and Antarctic eolian dust records and suggest a westerly wind‐supplied dust signal from New Zealand. Our findings, therefore, suggest that New Zealand should be considered an important long‐term regional dust source in global dust cycle models.
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  • 91
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    Evidence for a highly dynamic West Antarctic Ice Sheet during the Pliocene (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 48, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-07-20
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 92
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    Detailed Seismic Bathymetry Beneath Ekström Ice Shelf, Antarctica: Implications for Glacial History and Ice‐Ocean Interaction (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47, pp. e2019G, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-08-03
    Beschreibung: The shape of ice shelf cavities are a major source of uncertainty in understanding ice‐ocean interactions. This limits assessments of the response of the Antarctic ice sheets to climate change. Here we use vibroseis seismic reflection surveys to map the bathymetry beneath the Ekström Ice Shelf, Dronning Maud Land. The new bathymetry reveals an inland‐sloping trough, reaching depths of 1,100 m below sea level, near the current grounding line, which we attribute to erosion by palaeo‐ice streams. The trough does not cross‐cut the outer parts of the continental shelf. Conductivity‐temperature‐depth profiles within the ice shelf cavity reveal the presence of cold water at shallower depths and tidal mixing at the ice shelf margins. It is unknown if warm water can access the trough. The new bathymetry is thought to be representative of many ice shelves in Dronning Maud Land, which together regulate the ice loss from a substantial area of East Antarctica.
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  • 93
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    Wintertime Airborne Measurements of Ice Nucleating Particles in the High Arctic: A Hint to a Marine, Biogenic Source for Ice Nucleating Particles (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47, pp. 1-11, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-09-14
    Beschreibung: Ice nucleating particles (INPs) affect the radiative properties of cold clouds. Knowledge concerning their concentration above ground level and their potential sources is scarce. Here we present the first highly temperature resolved ice nucleation spectra of airborne samples from an aircraft campaign during late winter in 2018. Most INP spectra featured low concentration levels (〈3 · 10−4 L−1 at −15°C). −2 −1 However, we also found INP concentrations of up to 1.8·10 L at −15°C and freezing onsets as high as −7.5°C for samples mainly from the marine boundary layer. Shape and onset temperature of the ice nucleation spectra of those samples as well as heat sensitivity hint at biogenic INP. Colocated measurements additionally indicate a local marine influence rather than long‐range transport. Our results suggest that even in late winter above 80°N a local marine source for biogenic INP, which can efficiently nucleate ice at high temperatures, is present. Clouds are a key factor in the energy budget of the Arctic atmosphere. Ice nucleating particles (INPs) can modify the radiation properties and lifetime of clouds by affecting the relative abundance of liquid and frozen droplets in a cloud. Despite this important ability, knowledge about the INP concentration above ground level is limited as airborne INP measurements are very scarce in the Arctic. Here we present results from an aircraft campaign, which took place during the late winter of 2018 in latitudes above 80°N. We found INP concentrations at above −15°C, which are similar to those found in midlatitudes. These INPs also initiate freezing already at high temperatures. We found indications that the INPs are biogenic and originate from a local, marine source, rather than being transported from midlatitudes into the Arctic. Due to the presence of numerous cracks, open leads and polynyas in the sea ice in the investigation area, the ocean may provide a source for these biogenic INP in an environment, where sources on land are still shrouded in snow and ice. However, in a warming Arctic contributions from different sources might change, making the characterization of the current state important.
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  • 94
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    Deposition history and paleo-current activity on the southeastern Lomonosov Ridge and its Eurasian flank based on seismic data (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, Wiley, 21, pp. #e2020GC009133
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-01
    Beschreibung: A regional seismic survey on the southeastern Lomonosov Ridge and adjacent basins provides constraints on the coupled evolution of ocean circulations, depositional regime and tectonic processes. First, Mesozoic strata on the Lomonosov Ridge, its faulted flanks and the initial Amundsen Basin were covered with syn-rift sediments of Paleocene to early Eocene age. Numerous vertical faults indicate differential compaction of possibly anoxic sediments deposited in the young, still isolated Eurasian Basin. The second stage, as indicated by a prominent high-amplitude-reflector sequence (HARS) covering the ridge, was a time of widespread changes in deposition conditions, likely controlled by the ongoing subsidence of the Lomonosov Ridge and gradual opening of the Fram Strait. Episodic incursions of water masses from the North Atlantic probably were the consequences, and led to the deposition of thin sedimentary layers of different lithology. The third stage is marked by continuous deposition since the early Miocene (20 Ma). At that time, the ridge no longer posed an obstacle between the Amerasia and Eurasia Basins and pelagic sedimentation was established. Drift bodies, sediment waves, and erosional structures indicate the onset of circulation. Faulting on the ridge slope has led to a series of terraces where sediment drifts have accumulated since the early Miocene. It is suggested that ongoing sagging of the ridge and currents may have shaped the steep sediment free flanks of the terraces. Lastly, a sequence of high-amplitude reflectors marks the transition to the early Pliocene large-scale Northern Hemisphere glaciations.
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  • 95
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    Amplified Arctic Surface Warming and Sea Ice Loss Due to Phytoplankton and Colored Dissolved Material (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47, pp. e2020GL088795, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-16
    Beschreibung: Optically active water constituents attenuate solar radiation and hence affect the vertical distribution of energy in the upper ocean. To understand their implications, we operate an ocean biogeochemical model coupled to a general circulation model with sea ice. Incorporating the effect of phytoplankton and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) on light attenuation in the model increases the sea surface temperature in summer and decreases sea ice concentration in the Arctic Ocean. Locally, the sea ice season is reduced by up to one month. CDOM drives a significant part of these changes, suggesting that an increase of this material will amplify the observed Arctic surface warming through its direct thermal effect. Indirectly, changing advective processes in the Nordic Seas may further intensify this effect. Our results emphasize the phytoplankton and CDOM feedbacks on the Arctic ocean and sea ice system and underline the need to consider these effects in future modeling studies to enhance their plausibility.
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  • 96
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    COVID-19 crisis reduces free tropospheric ozone across the northern hemisphere (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 48(5), ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-04
    Beschreibung: Throughout spring and summer 2020, ozone stations in the northern extratropics recorded unusually low ozone in the free troposphere. From April to August, and from 1 to 8 kilometers altitude, ozone was on average 7% (≈4 nmol/mol) below the 2000 to 2020 climatological mean. Such low ozone, over several months, and at so many stations, has not been observed in any previous year since at least 2000. Atmospheric composition analyses from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service and simulations from the NASA GMI model indicate that the large 2020 springtime ozone depletion in the Arctic stratosphere contributed less than one quarter of the observed tropospheric anomaly. The observed anomaly is consistent with recent chemistry-climate model simulations, which assume emissions reductions similar to those caused by the COVID-19 crisis. COVID-19 related emissions reductions appear to be the major cause for the observed reduced free tropospheric ozone in 2020.
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  • 97
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    Evolution of (Bio-)geochemical Processes and Diagenetic Alteration of Sediments Along the Tectonic Migration of Ocean Floor in the Shikoku Basin off Japan (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, Wiley
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-06-30
    Beschreibung: Biogeochemical processes in subseafloor sediments are closely coupled to global element cycles. To improve the understanding of changes in biogeochemical conditions on geological timescales, we investigate sediment cores from a 1180 m deep hole in the Nankai Trough offshore Japan (Site C0023) drilled during International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 370. During its tectonic migration from the Shikoku Basin to the Nankai Trough over the past 15 Ma, Site C0023 has experienced significant changes in depositional, thermal, and geochemical conditions. By combining pore-water, solid-phase, and rock magnetic data, we demonstrate that a transition from organic carbon-starved conditions with predominantly aerobic respiration to an elevated carbon burial environment with increased sedimentation occurred at ∼2.5 Ma. Higher rates of organic carbon burial in consequence of increased nutrient supply and productivity likely stimulated the onset of anaerobic electron-accepting processes during organic carbon degradation. A significant temperature increase by ∼50°C across the sediment column associated with trench-style sedimentation since ∼0.5 Ma could increase the bioavailability of organic matter and enhance biogenic methanogenesis. The resulting shifts in reaction fronts led to diagenetic transformation of iron (oxyhydr)oxides into pyrite in the organic carbon-starved sediments several millions of years after burial. We also show that high amounts of reducible iron(III) which can serve as electron acceptor for microbial iron(III) reduction are preserved and still available as phyllosilicate-bound Fe. This is the first study that shows the evolution of long-term variations of (bio-)geochemical processes along tectonic migration of ocean floor, thereby altering the primary sediment composition long after deposition.
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  • 98
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    Bathymetry beneath ice shelves of western Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, and implications on ice shelf stability (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47(12), pp. e2019GL086724, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-09-06
    Beschreibung: Antarctica's ice shelves play a key role in stabilizing the ice streams that feed them. Since basal melting largely depends on ice‐ocean interactions, it is vital to attain consistent bathymetry models to estimate water and heat exchange beneath ice shelves. We have constructed bathymetry models beneath the ice shelves of western Dronning Maud Land by inverting airborne gravity data, and incorporating seismic, multibeam and radar depth references. Our models reveal deep glacial troughs beneath the ice shelves and terminal moraines close to the continental shelf breaks, which currently limit the entry of Warm Deep Water from the Southern Ocean. The ice shelves buttress a catchment that comprises an ice volume equivalent to nearly 1 meter of eustatic sea level rise, partly susceptible to ocean forcing. Changes in water temperature and thermocline depth may accelerate marine based ice sheet drainage and constitute an underestimated contribution to future global sea level rise.
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  • 99
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    Antarctic Sea Ice Area in CMIP6 (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47(9), ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-06-02
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  • 100
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    Regionally coupled atmosphere - ocean - marine biogeochemistry model ROM: 2. Studying the climate change signal in the North Atlantic and Europe (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Wiley, n/a(n/a), pp. e2019MS001646, ISSN: 1942-2466
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-07-06
    Beschreibung: Climate simulations for the North Atlantic and Europe for recent and future conditions simulated with the regionally coupled ROM model are analyzed and compared to the results from the MPI‐ESM. The ROM simulations also include a biogeochemistry and ocean tides. For recent climate conditions, ROM generally improves the simulations compared to the driving model MPI‐ESM. Reduced oceanic biases in the Northern Atlantic are found, as well as a better simulation of the atmospheric circulation, notably storm tracks and blocking. Regarding future climate projections for the 21st century following the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, MPI‐ESM and ROM largely agree qualitatively on the climate change signal over Europe. However, many important differences are identified. For example, ROM shows an SST cooling in the Subpolar Gyre which is not present in MPI‐ESM. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, ROM Arctic sea ice cover is thinner and reaches the seasonally ice‐free state by 2055, well before MPI‐ESM. This shows the decisive importance of higher ocean resolution and regional coupling for determining the regional responses to global warming trends. Regarding biogeochemistry, both ROM and MPI‐ESM simulate a widespread decline in winter nutrient concentration in the North Atlantic of up to ~35%. On the other hand, the phytoplankton spring bloom in the Arctic and in the North‐Western Atlantic starts earlier and the yearly primary production is enhanced in the Arctic in the late 21st century. These results clearly demonstrate the added value of ROM to determine more detailed and more reliable climate projections at the regional scale.
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