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  • Articles  (96)
  • Chromatographie, Dünnschicht  (48)
  • pharmacokinetics  (48)
  • Springer  (96)
  • 2020-2020
  • 1970-1974  (96)
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  • Articles  (96)
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  • Springer  (96)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacological effects and serum levels of orally administered alprenolol in man (1972)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 5 (1972), S. 44-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: alprenolol ; serum drug level ; exercise ; man ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of alprenolol on heart rate and systolic blood pressure were studied in healthy subjects during standardized exercise on a bicycle ergometer. In one series of experiments, in which serum concentrations of alprenolol were also measured, the effects of single oral doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg of alprenolol and a placebo were compared by a double blind cross-over technique. In a second series of experiments 100 mg alprenolol was given four times in one day and the effect was followed for up to eighteen hours after the last dose. — Alprenolol diminished the expected increase in heart rate and systolic blood pressure during exercise. The reduction of exercise tachycardia in a given individual was linearly related to the logarithm of the dose or the serum concentration of alprenolol. The serum concentrations required for a given reduction of exercise tachycardia varied almost one hundred-fold amongst the subjects studied. The biological availability of alprenolol was dose-dependent, probably due to a limited capacity biotransformation of the drug before it entered the general circulation. After a single dose the serum level of alprenolol and its chronotropic effect diminished at a rate corresponding to an elimination half life of about two hours. This rate of elimination was consistent with that calculated from the results of the four dose study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560895
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urinary excretion of nortriptyline and five of its metabolites in man after single and multiple oral doses (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 5 (1973), S. 174-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tricyclic antidepressant ; nortriptyline ; metabolism ; urine ; pharmacokinetics ; twins ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The urinary excretion of nortriptyline (NT) and five of its metabolites was studied by quantitative gas chromatography in 22 twins and 7 unrelated healthy subjects after single (1 mg/kg) and multiple oral doses (0.4 mg/kg t.i.d.) of NT hydrochloride. A mean recovery of 62% of the dose was found after both single and multiple doses. The metabolite pattern in the urine was qualitatively and quantitatively identical in the two regimes, but there were marked variations in the pattern of metabolites between individuals. The disappearance rate of NT from the plasma was mainly determined by the metabolism of NT to 10-hydroxynortriptyline, which varied considerably between individuals. The data suggest that in certain rapid NT metabolizers, the upper limit for the overall clearance of NT from the plasma (if extrahepatic metabolism is assumed to be negligible) might be set by the blood flow through the liver.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00564899
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of nanogram quantities of diphenhydramine and orphenadrine in human plasma using gas-liquid chromatography (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 268-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diphenhydramine ; orphenadrine ; gas-liquid chromatography ; N-selective detector ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the assay of nanogram quantities of diphenhydramine and orphenadrine in human plasma. The procedure employs gas-liquid chromatography and a high sensitivity nitrogen detector. It has been used to assay diphenhydramine in plasma after oral administration of therapeutic doses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00644744
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disappearance from the newborn of circulating prenatally administered phenobarbital (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 234-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenobarbital ; neonate ; maternal-fetal exchange ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma concentrations of phenobarbital were measured in 18 newborn infants for one to two weeks after birth. The drug had been administered prenatally to the mothers as part of treatment for maternal hypertension or toxaemia. The plasma half-life of the drug in the infants (77–404 h) was inversely correlated with the extent of prenatal exposure to it. In three infants a bi-phasic plasma curve was found as there was a sudden change from slow to fast disappearance on the 5th to 7th day of life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00644738
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short term effects and urinary excretion of the new diuretic, indapamide, in normal subjects (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 407-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diuretic ; indapamide ; human pharmacology ; toxicology ; pharmacokinetics ; TLC assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacology, toxicology and kinetics of a new diuretic indapamide, have been studied in six normal volunteers following a single oral dose of 40 mg. Pronounced diuresis was found, commencing three hours after ingestion, with a peak urinary flow at four to six hours, and continuing for a total of thirty-six hours. A fall in systolic standing blood pressure occurred twenty four hours after ingestion, coincident with the period of maximum dehydration. Free water clearance rose, accompanied by increased urinary losses of Na+, K+ and Cl− and alkalinisation of the urine comparable to the actions of benzothiadiazines. Total urinary losses of Ca2+, Mg2+ and PO 4 3− rose in spite of a fall in urinary concentrations of these ions. The Ca2+ effect compares with the acute ionic effects of other diuretics. No renal, hepatic or haematological toxic effect was demonstrated. The blood sugar level was not disturbed. Serum uric acid rose to abnormal levels although the change did not reach statistical significance. — A thin layer chromatographic method, with a sensitivity limit of 0.1 µg/ml., has been developed for the assay of indapamide in urine. The urinary excretion rates of the volunteers measured over forty-eight hours indicate that the drug is rapidly absorbed with a peak excretion, 2.9±1.3 µg/min occurring three hours after ingestion. The drug is eliminated bi-phasically with an initial short rapid elimination followed by a slower exponential decline with a mean elimination half-life of 10.3 ± 3.9 h. The mean urinary excretion of unchanged indapamide over forty-eight hours was 4.4±1.4% of the administered dose. — It is concluded that indapamide is an effective long-acting diuretic with comparable action to the benzothiadiazine diuretics, but without an effect on blood sugar level in single doses in normal subjects. In contrast with other diuretics, indapamide appears to be extensively metabolised in man, and its longer duration of action to be related to a longer elimination half-life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560352
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Butylbiguanide concentration in plasma, liver, and intestine after intravenous and oral administration to man (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 433-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Oral antidiabetic drug ; butylbiguanide ; pharmacokinetics ; two-compartment open model ; plasma concentration ; liver concentration ; intestine concentration ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 50 mg14C-Butylbiguanide was administered intravenously to 4 diabetic patients and 100 mg14C-butylbiguanide orally to 5 further diabetics. The concentrations of the drug in plasma, intestinal fluid, intestinal epithelium and liver tissue were determined and the renal excretion of the biguanide measured. Irregularities in the plasma concentration curve were observed which appeared as systematic deviations from the ideal curve of a biexponential function. Because these deviations occurred only in the middle phase of the plasma concentration curve, it was nevertheless possible to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters of butylbiguanide by use of a two-compartment open model. The principal pharmacokinetic parameters were determined according to this model after intravenous dosing and the following mean values were obtained:t 1/2 (β)=4.6 h (β=0.15 h−1),C P 0 =0.85µg/ml,V D =218 l,V T =157 l,V P =62 l,k 12=0.69 h−1,k 21=0.44 h−1,k el =0.54 h−1. Within 48 h after administration, an average of 72.4% of the intravenous and 74.4% of the oral dose had been excreted in the urine. Total clearance (Cl tot) averaged 536 ml/min and renal clearance (Cl ren) 393 ml/min. High concentrations of butylbiguanide were observed in the intestinal fluid (100–700 mg/ml) 20–40 min after oral administration. It was found that the drug accumulates in intestinal fluid, intestinal epithelium and liver tissue, and that it is secreted into the intestinal lumen. The concentrations of butylbiguanide in intestinal and liver tissue were 10–46 times higher than in plasma. The secretion of biguanide into the intestinal lumen may occur via the bile or the intestinal mucosa, but there is no evidence of significant biliary excretion of butylbiguanide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560356
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of mestranol in man in relation to its oestrogenic activity (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 295-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Mestranol ; ethynyloestradiol ; contraceptive compounds ; demethylation ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The oestrogenic activity of mestranol depends on its demethylation to ethynyloestradiol. The reaction has been studied in man. The compound disappeared exponentially from plasma during the first 4 h after i.v. injection of [4-14C-] mestranol. The “metabolic clearance” for this phase amounted to 31.8 1/day per kg body weight. Methoxy-3H-labelled mestranol was prepared for the further studies, because if it is demethylated, the tritium would be transferred to HTO, which would equilibrate immediately with body water. The appearance in body water of tritium from [methoxy-3H-] mestranol could be described by two exponential functions, which corresponded to bi-phasic disappearance of the original compound from plasma. The rate constant of the first stage was: γ1=0.835 h−1, and of the second: γ2=0.034 h−1. HTO radioactivity was eliminated from the body by exchange of water. From the data obtained, a three-compartment model was constructed of the transfer of tritium from [methoxy-3H-] mestranolinto body water, which permitted computer simulation of the partial processes. The compartmental analysis suggested that mestranol differed from ethynyloestradiol mainly in the delayed and protracted manner in which hormonally active oestrogen entered the circulation. The proportion of [methoxy-3H-] mestranol demethylated to ethynyloestradiol (demethylation ratio) varied little, 53.7±5.0% (x±SD; n=6), and was consistent with clinical observations that mestranol is half as potent an oestrogen as ethynyloestradiol. Thus, the dose of mestranol required to produce a given effect has to be twice as large as that of ethynyloestradiol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560348
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of steady-state plasma levels of nortriptyline from single oral dose kinetics: A study in twins (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 44-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Nortriptyline ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma clearance ; gas chromatography — mass spectrometry ; pharmacogenetics ; twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five identical (monozygotic) and 6 fraternal (dizygotic) sets of healthy twins between 47 and 53 years of age were given a single oral dose of nortriptyline (NT) hydrochloride 1 mg/kg. The plasma half-life, the apparent volume of distribution, and the plasma clearance of NT were estimated for each subject as well as the urinary excretion rate of conjugated and unconjugated 10-hydroxynortriptyline (10-OH-NT). “Steady-state” plasma levels predicted from the reciprocal single dose plasma clearance rate of NT agreed well with those observed in a previous study of the same twins 2 years previously. In the present study, there was a 5-fold range of the plasma half-lives and 2-fold variation in the apparent volume of distribution of NT (assuming complete availability on oral administration). No correlation was found between the plasma half-life and the apparent volume of distribution. Analysis of variance showed that most of the variability between persons in plasma half-life, apparent volume of distribution and conjugation of 10-OH-NT was genetically determined. The plasma half-life and apparent volume of distribution may contribute independently to the total interindividual variability of the “steady-state” plasma level of NT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561800
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berechnung einer Zusatzdosis zur Erhaltung der Serumkonzentration eines Pharmakons nach Schnellinfusion von Plasmaexpandern (1971)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1971), S. 54-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; infusion ; plasma expander ; blood level fluctuation ; sulfonamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A hypothetical pharmacokinetic model is reported which describes the decreasing fluctuations in the blood levels of a sulfonamide during infusion of a plasma expander. Its concentration in the serum increases reciprocally with the amount of plasma expander infused. These procedures can be described by simple equations, and it is possible therefore, to calculate the dose required to maintain a constant blood level during the infusion.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über ein hypothetisch-pharmakokinetisches Modell berichtet, welches sich mit der absinkenden Serumkonzentration eines Sulfonamids nach Infusion eines Plasmaexpanders beschäftigt. Die Serumkonzentration fällt reziprok zur infundierten Menge des Plasmaexpanders ab. Die Vorgänge lassen sich durch einfache Gleichungssysteme beschreiben. Es gelingt daher, eine Zusatzdosis zu berechnen, welche den bei Infusionsbeginn bestehenden Plasmaspiegel annähernd konstant erhält.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00568900
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absorption and excretion of pralidoxime in man after intramuscular injection of PAM-2CL and various cholinolytics (1972)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 5 (1972), S. 58-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pralidoxime chloride ; pharmacokinetics ; anti-cholinesterase poisoning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A dose of 1.0 g (10.0–14.0 mg/kg body weight) of pralidoxime mixed with various cholinolytics was given by i.m. injection to 29 healthy male subjects. A concentration of pralidoxime in blood of 4 µg/ml was reached after 5 to 10 min with all the mixtures and was maintained for about 1 to 2 h. The calculated half lives of pralidoxime in three groups of subjects were 62.2, 60.0 and 61.8 min., respectively. — The urinary excretions of pralidoxime during the first 4 h after the injections averaged 75.0, 79.6 and 69.6 per cent, respectively, of the total amount given. — The results are compared with published information about similar oximes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560897
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid after intravenous administration to normal volunteers (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 375-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tranexamic acid ; pharmacokinetics ; man ; antifibrinolytic agents ; renal clearance ; two-compartment model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid has been investigated in two healthy volunteers. The behaviour of the drug can be described in terms of a two compartment open model; the disposition (biological) half-life was 2.7 h and 1.9 h, respectively. In five normal volunteers the mean total recovery in urine 48 h after dosing was 94.8%. The renal clearance in the two subjects, adjusted to 1.73 m2 body surface area, was 135 and 132 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively, indicating that tranexamic acid is eliminated by glomerular filtration and that neither tubular excretion nor absorption takes place.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558210
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas chromatographic assessment of the reproducibility of phenazone plasma half-life in young healthy volunteers (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 381-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenazone ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma half-life ; gas chromatographic analysis ; intra-individual variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intra-individual variability in the plasma half-life of phenazone has been studied in 16 healthy, young volunteers. Phenazone was analysed by a simple gas chromatographic method, which is specific in relation to known metabolites; 4′-methylphenazone was employed as the internal standard. Phenazone was given on two occasions, two or three months apart, in oral doses of 10 mg/kg. The plasma half-life determined from five time points was 10.9±1.5 h and 11.2±1.3 h respectively, on the two occasions. The mean intra-individual variability (0.86 h) was close to the methodological error of 4%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558211
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of unlabelled and14C-labelled pindolol in uraemia (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 25-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pindolol ; uraemia ; pharmacokinetics ; β-blockade
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The elimination of pindolol in 25 patients with various degrees of renal failure has been studied after an intravenous dose of 3 mg. A linear correlation was not found between the elimination rate of pindolol and the endogenous creatinine clearance, and the half-life of the unchanged drug was independent of the severity of the renal failure. This implies greater metabolism of pindolol in anuric patients and the extrarenal elimination rate constantk mwas increased. Three patients with severe renal failure were given 3 mg14C-pindolol. They showed almost constant plasma levels of radio-activity for 6 h and then slow excretion with a half-life of 48 h, because of accumulation of metabolites in the blood. Up to 90% of the metabolites are glucuronides and sulphates which have no beta-blocking or other clinical activity. Thus, to produce beta-adrenergic blockade the same dose of indolol is required in healthy patients as in those with uraemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614386
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of effect of the appetite stimulant pizotifen (BC 105) on the absorption of isonicotinylhydrazine (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 59-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pizotifen ; isonicotinylhydrazine ; orexigen ; tuberculosis ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pizotifen (BC 105) has an orexigenic effect in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. As these cases are often treated with isonicotinylhydrazine (INH), any effect of one of these drugs on the absorption of the other has been examined in a cross-over study in 8 healthy male volunteers. No difference was found between the absorption of INH given alone or together with pizotifen. It should be safe, therefore, to employ the combination of the orexigenic drug and INH in the treatment of tuberculosis as there will be no change in the concentration of therapeutic drug achieved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614391
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of diphenylhydantoin in uraemic patients: Consequences of decreased plasma protein binding (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 31-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diphenylhydantoin ; uraemia ; protein binding ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diphenylhydantoin (2 mg/kg) was infused intravenously in four uraemic patients and four healthy volunteers and its plasma concentration measured during and after the infusion. The plasma concentrations were considerably lower in the uraemic subjects and the apparent volume of distribution was higher. These observations could be explained by the lower plasma protein binding of diphenylhydantoin in the uraemics. The overall elimination rate constant β was greater (shorter half-life) in the uraemic patients. This difference could not be explained by reduced plasma protein binding, but it might be due to induction of diphenylhydantoin metabolism in the uraemic state. it is concluded that monitoring of the plasma levels of drugs in uraemic patients should be combined with determination of the extent to which the compounds are bound to plasma proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614387
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim: Pharmacokinetic studies in patients with chronic renal failure (1972)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1972), S. 233-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Sulphamethoxazole ; trimethoprim ; pharmacokinetics ; uraemia ; sulphonamides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) and trimethoprim (TMP) have been investigated in four healthy volunteers, 15 patients with stable chronic renal failure and 3 patients on regular dialysis. The dosage schedule was 400 mg of SMZ and 80 mg of TMP orally every 12 h. The plasma concentrations and urinary excretion have been analysed in terms of a one compartment open model, allowing for elimination by renal excretion and metabolic processes. — At equilibrium the plasma concentrations of unchanged sulphonamide showed no significant correlation with the degree of renal impairment. The accumulation of TMP increased slightly without affecting the concentration ratio of both agents in plasma. In contrast, increasing accumulation of metabolized SMZ was demonstrated in the presence of renal insufficiency. Indirect evidence indicates that rising metabolite levels under these circumstances may lead to a displacement of unchanged sulphonamide from protein binding sites. — The cumulative urinary excretion amounted to 82.4% of the dose of sulphonamide administered, which probably corresponds to the fraction of the compound absorbed. The urinary concentration of biologically active SMZ was slightly below the plasma level, especially in advanced renal failure, but it remained above the minimum inhibitory concentrations reported in the literature. The concentration of TMP in urine was considerably higher than in plasma, it decreased with loss of renal function as did active SMZ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00635802
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas chromatographic determination of therapeutic levels of amobarbital and pentobarbital in plasma (1972)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1972), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Amobarbital ; pentobarbital ; barbiturates ; gas chromatography ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic methods are described for the assay of amobarbital and pentobarbital in 500 µl samples of plasma, in concentrations down to 250 ng/ml. After ether extraction at pH 5.5, the barbiturates are reextracted into an alkaline solution of trimethylanilinium hydroxide and are determined quantitatively by gas chromatography as their dimethylated derivatives. The method has been used successfully in volunteers receiving therapeutic doses of these bariturates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00635794
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum levels of thioridazine in psychiatric patients and healthy volunteers (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 181-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenothiazines ; thioridazine ; serum levels ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rate of absorption of thioridazine varied greatly in ten healthy volunteers who took 100 mg in the morning after an overnight fast. The peak level in blood was also variable and it was reached 1 1/4 to 4 h after dosing. Maximal concentrations in the blood varied widely from 0.13 µg/ml to 0.52 µg/ml. No relation was found between the weight or sex of the subjects and the pharmacokinetics of the drug. The serum half life of thioridazine in three healthy volunteers was 9, 10 and 10 h respectively. In a group of 22 patients receiving less than 5 mg/kg body weight a day, there was a strong correlation between the dose and the morning or evening concentration of thioridazine in the blood. A positive correlation was also observed between the age of the patient and the serum level in those who received doses of less than 5 mg/kg body weight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558283
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rifampicin in plasma and pleural fluid after single oral doses (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Rifampicin ; plasma level ; pleural fluid concentration ; microbiological assay ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single oral doses of rifampicin (RMP) were given to 31 patients with pleural effusions of various aetiologies. The concentrations of RMP and its active metabolites in pleural fluid and plasma were determined by an agar diffusion method using paper discs as diffusion centres. The plasma concentrations reached a peak within 3 h and then declined monoexponentially; in pleural fluid, RMP concentration rose slowly to reach a plateau that lasted for several hours. There were marked differences between subjects in the observed concentrations of RMP. During the first 12 h the plasma levels exceeded those in pleural fluid, but after 24 h the concentration of RMP in pleural fluid was higher than in plasma. If multiple oral doses of RMP 10 mg/kg b. w. are given every 24 h, as is common in the treatment of tuberculosis, therapeutic concentrations may be expected in pleural fluid for the major part of each day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614390
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Approach to the pharmacokinetics of dl-7-3H-noradrenaline (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 88-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Noradrenaline pools ; 7-3H-noradrenaline ; neuro-effector junction kinetics ; pharmacokinetics ; sympathoadrenergic activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A two-compartment model of 73HNA distribution has been developed for studying sympatho-adrenergic activity in intact man. After infusion of 73HNA at constant speed in resting normal subjects, the decay curves of the plasma concentration and urinary excretion of 73HNA were plotted against time. Analysis of the curves yielded constants and indirect indications about noradrenaline exchange processes in the extracellular environment. Complete evaluation of the neuronal pools and of the pathways of biosynthesis and metabolism was impossible, but it seemed likely that 73HNA entered small neuronal pools that underwent rapid exchange with the extracellular environment, a point of some interest in clinical and pharmacologic investigations.
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    Comparative pharmacokinetics of sodium- and methylglucamine diatrizoate in urography (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 137-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Urography ; Hypaque® ; Urovist® ; pharmacokinetics ; renal failure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Comparative tests were carried out, using a radioactive tracer method, on the pharmacokinetics of sodium and methylglucamine diatrizoate. A biological model was simulated using an analogue computer; and the rate and elimination constants, the elimination half life, and the ratio of tissue entry to tissue elimination constants were calculated. Over the period of time required for X-ray diagnosis, the two salts of the contrast medium acid which were tested did not alter the pharmacokinetics of the contrast medium itself.
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  • 22
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    Plasma levels of procaine amide after administration of conventional and sustained-release tablets (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 245-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Procaine amide ; N-acetylprocaine amide ; sustained-release ; pharmacokinetics ; ventricular arrhythmia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied during treatment with either a conventional or a new sustained-release preparation of procaine amide in order to compare fluctuations in plasma concentration and urinary excretion of the drug during “steady state” conditions. Procaine amide in plasma was measured by spectrofluorimetry and the urine concentration of it and its major metabolite, N-acetylprocaine amide, by gas chromatography. The average fluctuation of plasma concentrations was 3.5±0.1 µg/ml during treatment with sustained-release tablets (dosage interval 8 h) and 4.2±0.4 µg/ml during treatment with ordinary tablets (dosage interval 4 h), i. e. it was 20% greater during treatment with the conventional preparation. There was no difference between the two preparations in recovery of the drug from urine (sustained-release tablets 85.4±3.0%; and conventional tablets 90.3±5.4%). Thus, the new sustained-release preparation of procaine amide administered 3 times daily produced the same range of plasma levels as the identical dose of conventional tablets given 6 times a day.
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    Evaluation of alclofenac treatment regimes in man (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 261-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Alclofenac ; antiphlogistic ; man ; pharmacokinetics ; dosage regimes ; plasma levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A one compartment open model has been found to fit plasma concentration data previously obtained in man after single oral doses of alclofenac; the parameters of the model are: $${\text{t}}_{\tfrac{{\text{1}}}{{\text{2}}}} $$ abs=1.3±0.7h, $${\text{t}}_{\tfrac{{\text{1}}}{{\text{2}}}} $$ el=3.5±1.2h, Vd/F=17±6. The model has been used successfully to predict steady-state plasma levels of alclofenac after multiple oral doses. One treatment schedule (initial dose 500 mg, maintenance dose 250 mg five times a day) was administered to two volunteers for five days and the plasma levels of alclofenac determined daily. The latter were in good agreement with computer predictions based on the model. It is now possible, therefore, to select the most suitable dosage regimes for this drug.
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  • 24
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    Pharmacokinetics of pindolol in man (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 17-24 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pindolol ; beta-blockade ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of absorption, distribution and excretion of pindolol have been investigated in 17 volunteers after an oral dose or intravenous infusion of 5 mg. The calculated absorption was 92%. The time course of the plasma levels appeared to follow first order kinetics with an apparent half life of 3.6 (oral) and 3.1 (i.v.) hours. The cumulative urinary excretion att=∞ was 36.1% and 39.2% of the dose administered, respectively, indicating extensive metabolism of the drug. The distribution volume was 136 l. Peak plasma levels were found 80 min after oral administration and they showed up to 4-fold variation after identical doses. Renal clearance was 216 ml×min−1 and total clearance was 483 ml×min−1. In plasma 57% of pindolol was bound to protein.
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    Clinical significance of generic inequivalence of three different pharmaceutical preparations of phenytoin (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 119-124 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Anticonvulsants ; phenytoin ; diphenylhydantoin ; bioavailability ; generic inequivalence ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma levels of phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin, DPH) in epileptic patients were significantly higher after treatment with either of two preparations containing the sodium salt of DPH, than after treatment with the same dose of the free acid. This was confirmed in both short and long term studies, and in the latter increased plasma levels of DPH were accompanied by better control of generalized seizures. The degree of acute side-effects in 6 out of 10 patients whose treatment was changed from DPH-acid to DPH-sodium was proportional to the plasma level of DPH; the latter varied from 22.8 to 34.9 µg/ml in affected patients. After a single oral dose in healthy volunteers, the sodium salt of DPH showed much better bioavailability than the free acid. The differences in bioavailability in patients and volunteers probably depended on differences in particle size in the preparations of the sodium salt of DPH and its free acid. The excipient, lactose or starch, did not seem to affect the bioavailability of the two formulations of sodium-DPH.
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    Serum concentration and half-life of rifampicin after simultaneous oral administration of aminosalicylic acid or isoniazid (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 217-225 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Rifampicin ; p-aminosalicylic acid ; drug interaction ; isoniazid ; pharmacokinetics ; antituberculous therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single oral doses of rifampicin (10 mg/kg body weight), p-aminosalicylic acid (0.2 g/kg), isoniazid (10 mg/kg), or rifampicin and either p-aminosalicylic acid or isoniazid, were given to 69 tuberculous patients with normal renal and hepatic function. Ten-fold interindividual differences were observed in the peak serum concentrations and half-lives of rifampicin; its half-life was reduced from 4.3 h after the first dose to 3.1 h after the third dose, possibly due to self-induction of its own metabolism. No effect on its serum concentration or half-life, nor on those of isoniazid, were found after simultaneous oral administration of the two drugs. After treatment with rifampicin and p-aminosalicylic acid, the peak serum level of the former was delayed from 2 to 4 h, it was reduced from 8.0 to 3.8 µg/ml, and the mean area under the serum concentration curve throughout the entire 8 h study period was also lowered by about half. Individual patients did not attain therapeutically effective peak serum concentrations of rifampicin if also treated withp-aminosalicylic acid. The interaction observed between the two drugs is probably due to impaired gastrointestinal absorption of rifampicin, either by alteration of its physico-chemical properties or by a decrease in the gastric emptying rate combined with more rapid intestinal transit. The combination of these two drugs is unsuitable for the routine chemotherapy of tuberculosis.
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    Pharmacokinetics of practolol in renal failure (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 249-252 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Practolol ; renal failure ; uraemia ; beta-blockade ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of renal failure on the excretion of oral doses of practolol has been studied. The plasma half-life increased up to 6.6 times normal and the cumulative urinary excretion of the drug was reduced. There was a linear correlation between the overall elimination rate constant of practolol and inulin and creatinine clearances. A linear correlation was also found between the renal clearances of practolol and inulin. The dose of practolol required for maintenance therapy should be reduced in patients with impaired renal function.
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    Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on amphetamine dependent subjects (1970)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 3 (1970), S. 3-11 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; drug dependence ; pharmacokinetics ; amphetamine psychosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eighteen subjects with amphetamine psychosis were studied with respect to fluid balance, intensity and duration of psychotic symptoms, urinary and plasma amphetamine levels and the relative amounts of unchanged drug and metabolites in urine. On admission to hospital about half of the psychotic patients were dehydrated, the water lack being up to 6.7% of total body weight. The dehydrated subjects had lower renal clearances of amphetamine because of lower rates of urine production. As noted previously there was a strongly positive correlation between urinary pH and the half life (T 1/2) of plasma amphetamine, with an increase inT 1/2 of about 7 h for every unit increase in urinary pH. Patients with alkaline urine had intense psychoses lasting for about 4 1/2 days after the last dose of amphetamine. In patiens with acid urine, the psychotic symptoms were milder, and of about 2 days duration. No correlation was found between the degree of psychosis in different subjects and the plasma levels of the drug. — The ratio between the amounts of labelled metabolites and unchanged drug excreted in urine rose for each day after administration of3H-amphetamine, implying a slower excretion rate for the metabolites than for the parent drug. The relative proportion of metabolites was higher in patients with an alkaline urine, being more than 90% after the first day. — When amphetamine (200 mg i.v.) was given to nonpsychotic, dependent subjects, the peak plasma levels (mean 423 ng/ml) exceeded the highest levels observed during the first day in psychotic patients. However, no psychotic symptoms were observed in these subjects. The volumes of distribution calculated from the monoexponential elimination curves were higher than those previously reported in nondependent subjects. — With an alkaline urine a group of nonpsychotic amphetamine-dependent subjects had significantly longer plasmaT 1/2 (p〈0.05) than a group of drug-naive control subjects. The results suggest that increased tissue binding may be a component in tolerance to amphetamine in dependent humans.
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    Ursachen der Potenzierung der hypoglykämischen Wirkung von Sulfonylharnstoff-Derivaten durch Medikamente (1971)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1971), S. 32-37 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Glibenclamide ; pharmacokinetics ; metabolism ; potentiation of hypoglycemic action ; phenylbutazone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Metabolically healthy subjects were given an intravenous injection of 1,13 mg14C-labelled glibenclamide (HB 419). The plasma level, renal elimination of the radioactivity and metabolism of the substance were investigated. Two minutes after administration the HB 419 is virtually present only in the blood and at the end of the distribution period mostly in the extracellular space. 53% of the radioactivity is excreted via the kidneys in the form of metabolites. If glibenclamide is administrated in the same way to the same subjects after pretreatment with phenylbutazone there are no differences in the course of the plasma levels or the rate of elimination from the blood. There is, however, a significant difference in the excretion of the radioactivity in the urine. In the presence of phenylbutazone significantly less HB 419 metabolite is excreted renally. In view of the known alternative route of elimination it is suggested that the amount not excreted in the urine is in compensation eliminated via the bile. There was no difference in the metabolism of glibenclamide between the control and phenylbutazone treated groups. The potentiation by phenylbutazone of HB 419 action, and probably also that of other antidiabetic sulphonylureas, must therefore be due predominantly to other causes (Communication III).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Stoffwechselgesunde Versuchspersonen erhielten14C-markiertes Glibenclamid in einer Dosis von 1.13 mg/Vpn i.v. gespritzt. Plasmaspiegelverläufe, renale Elimination der Radioaktivität und die Metabolisierung der Substanz wurden untersucht. Zwei Minuten nach der Applikation ist HB 419 praktisch nur im Blutund nach Abschluß der Verteilung weitgehend im Extracellulärraum vorhanden. 53% der Radioaktivität werden über die Nieren in Form von Metaboliten ausgeschieden. Wird den gleichen Probanden nach Prämedikation mit Phenylbutazon Glibenclamid in gleicher Weise verabfolgt, ergibt sich kein Unterschied hinsichtlich der Plasmaspiegelverläufe und der Eliminationsgeschwindigkeit aus dem Blut. Ein signifikanter Unterschied besteht jedoch in der Ausscheidung der Radioaktivität in den Harn (26.3%). In Gegenwart von Phenylbutazon wird ein signifikant geringerer Anteil von HB 419-Metaboliten renal eliminiert. Aufgrund des bekannten zweiten Ausscheidungsweges wird vermutet, daß der fehlende Anteil kompensatorisch über die Galle eliminiert wird. Die Metabolisierung von Glibenclamid weist keine Differenzen zwischen Phenylbutazon-und Kontroll-Gruppe auf. Die Wirkungspotenzierung von HB 419 — wahrscheinlich auch diejenige anderer antidiabetisch wirksamer Sulfonylharnstoffe — durch Phenylbutazon dürfte demnach überweigend andere Ursachen haben. (Mitteilung III).
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    Pharmacokinetics of sulfametopyrazine (Kelfizine W) effects of a single oral dose (1970)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 3 (1970), S. 36-42 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Sulphonamides ; sylfametopyrazine ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of sulfametopyrazine were studied for seven days after a single oral dose of 2 g. in healthy volunteers in order to establish its chemotherapeutic value. — The appearance and disappearance of the drug in the plasma were evaluated both for compounds with a free amino group and for total sulphonamides. The half-life and absorption, distribution, elimination and excretion coefficients were calculated, as well as the concentrations in plasma water and interstitial fluid. The estimated drug concentrations in the urine agreed with those calculated from the excretion coefficients. — In all subjects at the end of the seventh day the concentrations in all body compartments of active compounds exceeded the minimum required for a therapeutic effect. The highest concentrations found in the urine were always significantly lower than the drug's basal solubility at pH 5, thus excluding any risk of crystalluria.
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    Evaluation of a sustained release form of the oral antidiabetic butylbiguanide (Silubin® retard) (1971)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 3 (1971), S. 221-228 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Biguanides ; butylbiguanide ; pharmacokinetics ; sustained release form
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In man, after oral administration of 50 mg14C-butylbiguanide, the maximum serum concentration was 26–41 µg/100 ml. The biguanide was eliminated with an average half-life of 2h. 84% of the dose administered was found excreted unchanged in the urine. — After administration of14C-butylbiguanide in a sustained release form (Silubin® retard), the drug was slowly released and its serum concentration remained almost constant for up to 7 h.
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    Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in man and the rabbit (1972)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1972), S. 137-141 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Fentanyl ; pharmacokinetics ; neuroleptanalgesia ; analogue computer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma levels and urinary excretion of3H-fentanyl were studied in 5 human subjects after intravenous injection of this drug. After an initial rapid decline, the plasma level of fentanyl decreased slowly and approximately exponentially. The plasma concentration of metabolites remained almost steady from 1–3 h after injection. More than 60% of the administered radioactivity was excreted through the kidneys within 4 days. Only a small proportion of it was unchanged fentanyl. The rates of fall of plasma concentration and of urinary excretion were slower in man than in rabbits. — The time courses of plasma concentrations and of urinary excretion were simulated on an analogue computer. The results support the assumption that the different time courses of concentrations in man and rabbits are caused by slower metabolism in man. It seems likely that redistribution plays a dominant part in the short duration of action of fentanyl in man.
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    Evaluation of a micromethod for determination of antibiotic concentrations in plasma (1972)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1972), S. 150-157 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Antibiotics ; pharmacokinetics ; microbiological assay ; drug control ; neonatal septicaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The various steps of a paper disc micromethod for quantitative determination of plasma concentrations of antibiotics is described. Only 10 µl of plasma is needed for a single determination, allowing easy and repeated capillary sampling. Separate assay was attempted of three antibiotics in a mixture (streptomycin, cloxacillin and ampicillin), both by use of selective inhibitors (semicarbazide, penicillinase) in the culture medium and by choosing suitable strains of bacteria. In this way, it was possible to determine streptomycin and cloxacillin separately when all three antibiotics were present simultaneously in the plasma. The assay of ampicillin, however, was always influenced by the presence of even small concentrations of cloxacillin. The 95% confidence intervals of the standard curves for the three antibiotics are presented. — The method is suitable both for pharmacokinetic studies and for routine clinical control of plasma antibiotic levels, even in premature children.
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    Zinkstaubdestillation im Mikrogrammbereich (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 102-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Zinkstaubdestillation ; Ultramikrobereich, Apparatur, TAS-Verfahren. Thermofraktographie, TAS-Verfahren ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Zinkstaubdestillation, Ultramikrobereich. Analyse von Naphthalinderivaten, Anthracenderivaten, Phenanthrenderivaten, Tetracenderivaten, Indolderivaten ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Zinkstaubdestillation, TAS-Verfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, die es erlaubt, unter kontrollierten Bedingungen mit 20–200 μg Ausgangsmaterial eine Zinkstaubdestillation durchzuführen. Hierzu wird die Probe auf Cu-aktiviertes Zink in einer TAS-Patrone für einige Minuten auf 350–450° C erhitzt. Die dabei entstehenden sauerstofffreien Aromaten bzw. stabilen Heterocyclen werden durch einen Stickstoffstrom von 15 ml/min direkt auf den Startpunkt einer DC-Schicht transferiert. Anschließend wird chromatographiert und die auftretenden Reaktionsprodukte werden identifiziert. Zum Studium der Reaktionsvorgänge und der optimalen Temperaturbereiche dient die Thermofraktographie. Es sind Anwendungsbeispiele aus der Gruppe der Naphthalin-,Anthracen-, Phenanthren-, Tetracen- und Indolderivate gegeben.
    Notes: Abstract A method for zinc dust distillation of 20–200 μg of substance under controlled conditions is described. The sample is heated on copper-activated zinc up to 350–450° C for several minutes in a TAS-cartridge. The resulting oxygen-free aromatic resp. the stable heterocyclic components are transferred directly to the starting point of a TLC-plate by a stream of nitrogen at 15 ml/min and identified after chromatography. Thermography is applied to study the reaction process and to determine the optimal temperature ranges. Examples of application to the groups of naphthalene-, anthracene-, phenanthrene-,tetracene- and indol derivatives are listed.
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    Rückgewinnung geringer Substanzmengen von der Dünnschichtplatte (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 126-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Rückgewinnung geringer Substanzen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Quantitative dünnschicht-chromatographische Bestimmung einiger 8-Hydroxychinolin- und 8-Hydroxychinaldin-Derivate (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 119-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von 8-Hydroxychinolinderivaten, 8-Hydroxychinaldinderivaten in Pharmazeut. Produkten ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; ÄDTA-behand. Platten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, mit der 8-Hydroxychinolin- und 8-Hydroxychinaldin-Derivate nach erfolgter Entwicklung auf Kieselgelplatten direkt quantitativ mit einem Chromatogramm-Spektralphotometer bestimmt werden können. Durch Vorbehandlung der Platten mit Komplexbildnern, wie Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure, Diäthylentriaminpentaessigsäure oder Triäthylentetraminhexaessigsäure, wird im Gegensatz zur unbehandelten Platte erreicht, daß die Substanzen runde Flecken ausbilden, die zur quantitativen Bestimmung geeignet sind. Die Methode hat sich auch bei der Bestimmung der Wirkstoffe aus Arzneiformen, wie Dragees und Salben, bewährt und läßt sich mit einer maximalen relativen Standardabweichung von ± 3,4% gut reproduzieren.
    Notes: Abstract A method is described allowing direct quantitative determination of 8-hydroxyquinoline and 8-hydroxyquinaldine derivatives with a chromatogram spectrophotometer after development on silicagel plates. In contrast to untreated plates, pretreatment of the plates with complexing agents like ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid, diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid, or triethylenetetramine-hexaacetic acid, results in formation by the compounds of round areals which are suitable for quantitative measurement. This method proved also valuable for the quantitative measurement of the active contents of pharmaceutical formulations, like tablets or ointments. It is reproducible with a maximal relative standard deviation of ± 3.4%.
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    Chromatographie von Organophosphorsäure-Insecticiden auf Dünnschichten von basischem Zinkcarbonat (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 124-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Pesticiden, phosphorhaltig ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Schicht aus bas. Zinkcarbonat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dünnschichten von basischem Zinkcarbonat eignen sich zur Trennung von Insecticiden aus der Gruppe der Organophosphorsäuren. Mit Petroläther/Aceton-Gemischen zwischen 98∶2–86∶14 werden günstige Rf-Werte und gute Fleckzeichnungen erreicht. Die Substanzen sind entweder im kurzwelligen UV-Licht zu erkennen, wenn man der Dünnschicht Fluorescenz-Indicator F 254 der Fa. Merck zusetzt, oder aber im Tageslicht nach Sprühen mit Pd(II)Cl2-Lösung, wobei rotbraune Flecken entstehen. Die Wirkstoffe lassen sich mit Aceton quantitativ eluieren; Die Trennung kann auch säulen-chromatographisch durchgeführt werden. Die Trenneffekte sind ähnlich denjenigen, wie sie auf Kieselgel erreicht werden. Das basische Zinkcarbonat hat aber den Vorteil geringerer chemischer Aktivität, so daß weniger Artefakte entstehen.
    Notes: Abstract Thin layers of basic zinc carbonate can be used with good results to separate organophosphorous pesticides. With a petroleumether/acetone mixture (between 98∶2 and 86∶14) good Rf-values and clearly defined spots are obtained. The substances are either recognizable in short-wave UV-light, when the fluorescence indicator F 254 from Fa. Merck is added to the thin layer, or in day-light, after having been sprayed with a solution of Pd(II)Cl2, which leads to the formation of reddish-brown spots. The pesticides can be eluted quantitatively with acetone; the separation can also be carried out by means of column chromatography. The effects of separation are similar to those obtained on silica gel, but basic zinc carbonate has the advantage of lower chemical activity, which means that less artifacts are formed.
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    Nachweisgrenzen der sechs stellungsisomeren Xylenole (Dimethylphenole) an Fertigfolie UV 254 und Kieselgel G mit unterschiedlichen Sprühreagentien (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 269 (1974), S. 125-126 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Xylenolen, Dimethylphenolen ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; versch. Schichten u. Reagentien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424692
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    Über Nachweisgrenzen bzw. zur semiquantitativen dünnschichtchromatographischen Bestimmung der Kresole (o-, m-, p-) und des Phenols an Fertigfolien UV 254 und Kieselgel G mit unterschiedlichen Sprühreagentien (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 269 (1974), S. 127-127 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Kresolen, Phenol ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; versch. Schichten und Reagentien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424693
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    Mathematical representations of cancer chemotherapy effects (1973)
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 1 (1973), S. 51-68 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; cancer chemotherapy ; cell kinetics ; mathematical model ; cell cycle specific drugs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Predictive models have been developed to simulate cancer cell populations under treatment with cytotoxic drugs, with both direct-acting and cell cycle specific drugs being considered. Models of cell growth kinetics have been combined with simple pharmacokinetic models to complete the cell-drug interaction system. The models depend on knowing the distribution of generation time in the cell population, the cell-drug interaction, and the local concentration of the drug at the effective site. All of the quantities can be obtained, in principle, from separate experiments and combined to form a model describing several aspects of the cell-drug response system.
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    The importance of tissue distribution in pharmacokinetics (1973)
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 1 (1973), S. 497-520 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: tissue distribution ; plasma protein binding ; tissue protein binding ; fat/water partition coefficient ; volumes of distribution ; corticosterone ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of a drug at its site of action will be affected by the ability of the drug to distribute to and pass through various membranes and tissues. Mechanisms of drug distribution are summarized in this paper and include the differences between intracellular and extracellular pH,active transport systems for drugs, distribution of drugs between fat and water in adipose tissues, the reversible binding of drugs to phospholipids and to various macromolecules including proteins, nucleic acid, and melanin. These mechanisms usually tend to decrease the concentration of unbound drugs at their sites of action, but usually not to the extent one would predict on the basis of in vitrobinding studies. The effects of drug distribution in altering the biological half-lives of drugs in the body are discussed as well as the interrelationship between the kinetic volumes of distribution for drugs and blood flow rates through the organs that eliminate these drugs. These concepts are illustrated for corticosterone levels following intravenous bolus injections and infusions into rats.
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    Classical pharmacokinetics to the frontier (1973)
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 1 (1973), S. 341-361 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; pharmacokinetic models ; bioavailability ; clinical metabolic profile ; chronic dosing regimens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The present status of pharmacokinetics is reviewed. Pharmacokinetic models and the basic concepts involved in applying models to blood, urine, bile, and tissue levels of drugs and metabolites are discussed. An outline of methods for pharmacokinetic analyses is proposed. Special emphasis is given to the determination of bioavailability of a drug from various dosage forms. Uses of pharmaco-kinetics in determining sites of drug action and in determining a clinical metabolic profile are suggested. The perturbations of magnitudes of pharmacokinetic parameters among individuals challenged with the drug can be used as a diagnostic tool in evaluating the state of dynamic processes, the presence of metabolic diseases and genetic abnormalities, and the failure of physiological functions. The use of pharmacokinetics and the prediction of chronic dosing regimens are reviewed. Typical curves depicting predicted blood levels on repetitive dosing are presented.
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    Statistical estimations in pharmacokinetics (1974)
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 123-148 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; computer program ; NONLIN ; data weighting ; isoniazid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several important statistical aspects of pharmacokinetic analyses by digital computer are discussed. These include selection of appropriate equations, weighting of data, precision of parameter estimates, comparisons of parameters, analysis of weighted residuals, and criteria useful in the selection of particular models. Data obtained after administration of isoniazid and isonicotinuric acid to man are analyzed to illustrate the usefulness of the discussed methods.
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    Application of pharmacokinetic principles to the elucidation of polygenically controlled differences in drug response (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 1 (1973), S. 521-540 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; polygenically controlled disease states ; pharmacokinetic twin studies ; pharmacokinetic heritability ; ethanol ; antipyrine ; phenylbutazone ; bishydroxycoumarin.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The application of pharmacokinetics to the elucidation of polygenic factors involved in drug disposition is discussed in the context of three questions: (a)How extensive is the variation among individuals in rate of plasma clearance for commonly used drugs? (b)If appreciable variation occurs, what are the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to its maintenance? (c) What role is played by polygenic factors in maintaining this variation?Large variance in plasma decay rates for phenylbutazone, ethyl biscoumacetate, antipyrine, isoniazid, and nortriptyline is noted throughout the general population. However, these large variations appear to be controlled predominately by genetic rather than by environmental factors on the basis of studies run on identical and fraternal twins. At the present time, an individual's capacity to metabolize drugs and the effects of various conditions in altering that basal, genetically determined capacity seem to be best indicated by measurements of the plasma antipyrine half-life. While the theoretical advantages of obtaining blood concentrations of drugs as a guide to their more rational administration are evident, several practical problems are discussed in this paper.
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    Pharmacokinetics of the hepatobiliary transport of bromphenol blue as a model of organic anionic compounds (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 495-509 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: hepatobiliary transport ; rat ; bromphenol blue ; pharmacokinetics ; roles of liver cytoplasmic Y- and Z-binding proteins and T binder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new pharmacokinetic model is proposed to explain the hepatobiliary transport of a nonmetabolized sulfonic acid dye, bromphenol blue, which is actively transported from the bloodstream into bile. This model has the advantage of taking into account the roles of the liver cytoplasmic Y- and Z- binding proteins and T binder.
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    Pharmacokinetics of digoxin: Comparison of a two- and a three-compartment model in man (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 299-312 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: digoxin ; pharmacokinetics ; two-compartment model ; three-compartment model ; radioimmunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An experiment has been carried out in man designed to compare the fit of a two- and a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model to experimentally determined serum digoxin concentration-time data following rapid intravenous injection of 1.0 mg of the drug. Digoxin was administered to five healthy male volunteers, blood samples were withdrawn repetitively over a period of 72 hr, and samples were assayed using a 125 I radioimmunoassay. Appropriate equations describing two- and three-compartment open models were fitted to the experimental data using weighted nonlinear least squares regression analysis. It was demonstrated that the three-compartment fit resulted in a statistically significant reduction in residual error, a marked improvement in the randomness of scatter of the experimental data about the serum digoxin-time curve, and better agreement of the predicted serum concentration-time curve with experimental serum digoxin concentrations. Thus the three-compartment open model is the simplest pharmacokinetic model consistent with the data observed in this experiment.
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    COMPT, a time-sharing program for nonlinear regression analysis of compartmental models of drug distribution (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 1 (1973), S. 137-163 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; nonlinear regression ; drug distribution ; compartmental models ; computer program ; BASIC ; time sharing ; spectinomycin ; naloxone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract COMPT, a computer program for optimizing the solution of integral compartmental models of drug distribution by nonlinear regression analysis, is written in extended BASIC for use in time-sharing computer systems. It is based on Hartley's modification of the Gauss-Newton gradient method. The characteristics and features of the program are indicated, and the program source listing is presented. This version of COMPT is designed to solve the two-compartment open model of intravenous drug administration. Examples of the results of the operational program are presented. The program is modifiable to permit analytical solutions for other types of systems described by nonlinear equations.
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    A pharmacodynamic model for cell-cycle-specific chemotherapeutic agents (1973)
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 1 (1973), S. 175-200 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; cancer chemotherapy ; pharmacodynamics ; cell kinetics ; vincristine ; vinblastine ; arabinosylcytosine ; cyclophosphamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A pharmacodynamic model is proposed and equations are developed for the quantitative analysis of dose-time-cell-survival curves produced by the administration of cell-cycle-specific chemo-therapeutic agents. The essential feature of the model is an irreversible, bimolecular mechanism of drug-receptor interaction which serves as the interface between the pharmacokinetics of the drug and the cell-cycle-cell-proliferation kinetics of the normal and neoplastic cells. A preliminary cell system which allows adequate characterization of the experimental data is a two-compartment model where cells are assumed to exist in their proliferative and nonproliferative phases. The chemotherapeutic model was used to analyze dose-time-cell-survival curves found in the literature for the effects of vincristine, vinblastine, arabinosylcytosine, and cyclophosphamide on lymphoma and hematopoietic cells in the mouse femur. Similarity in the values of the “cell-kill” constants for these drugs on the two cell types indicates that, in the cell systems studied, the proliferative state of the cells is the primary in vivodeterminant of selective chemotherapy.
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    The oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of soluble and resin-bound forms of amphetamine and phentermine in man (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 1 (1973), S. 319-328 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: absorption ; amphetamine ; bioavailability ; elimination ; pharmacokinetics ; phentermine ; resin-bound drugs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Plasma levels of amphetamine and phentermine have been measured in man in a crossover study of the pharmacokinetics of these agents following oral administration of resin-bound and soluble salt formulations. The one-compartment open model with first-order drug absorption was fitted to the data from each subject by nonlinear regression methods and provided an excellent fit. Relative bioavailability of the two salts did not differ for either drug. In both cases the rate constant for absorption was significantly lower and less variable for the resinated compound.
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    Diazoxide urine and plasma levels in humans by stable-isotope dilution-mass fragmentography (1973)
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 1 (1973), S. 295-305 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: diazoxide ; pharmacokinetics ; stable-isotope dilution ; GC-mass fragmentography ; solubility ; excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A specific, sensitive, and accurate assay for diazoxide in human plasma and urine samples was developed utilizing stable-isotope dilution-GC-mass fragmentography. 3-Trideuterodiazoxide (d 3-diazoxide) served as internal standard, and diazoxide was N-methylated with diazomethane prior to GC. Plasma elimination half-lives of diazoxide ranged within 20–53 hr in four severely hypertensive patients, which did not correlate with endogenous plasma creatinine levels. A rapid infusion over 10–15 sec of an antihypertensive dose presumably resulted in a very transient precipitation of diazoxide due to its limited solubility of approximately 380 Μg/ml plasma. Urinary excretion accounted for 4–6% of the dose within 24 hr after administration in the four patients studied and totalled 19% and 22% in two patients. Renal clearance of diazoxide was below 1 ml/min on the first day following administration and increased to 2–3 ml/min on consecutive days. It was concluded that renal excretion of diazoxide is self-limited by antihypertensive doses in severely hypertensive patients. The major route of elimination in these patients may be due to metabolism.
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    Clindamycin bioavailability from clindamycin-2-palmitate and clindamycin-2-hexadecylcarbonate in man (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 1 (1973), S. 89-98 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: clindamycin ; clindamycin-2-palmitate ; clindamycin-2-hexadecylcarbonate ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract To determine the bioavailability of clindamycin from the microbiologically inactive clindamycin-2-palmitate and clindamycin-2-hexadecylcarbonate in man, a three-way crossover study was conducted with oral administration of the two esters and clindamycin hydrochloride. In each case, serum clindamycin bioactivity concentrations were fitted to a one-compartment open model with an initial lag time. Analysis of variance of measured quantities (serum concentrations and urinary excretion) and of derived pharmacokinetic parameters showed that for every comparison except maximum serum concentrations clindamycin-2-palmitate was not significantly different (at p=0.05) from clindamycin hydrochloride. Clindamycin-2-hexadecylcarbonate gave significantly different values from those for the hydrochloride in all cases except the rate constant and half-life for elimination from the serum. The palmitate was the superior ester and was bioequivalent to the hydrochloride in man.
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    Pharmacokinetic studies on the selectiveβ 1-receptor antagonist metoprolol in man (1974)
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 347-364 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: metoprolol ; β-receptor antagonist ; pharmacokinetics ; disposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of 3H-metoprolol, a new selective β 1-receptor antagonist, have been studied in healthy volunteers by following the plasma concentrations and the urinary excretion of the unchanged compound and its total radioactive metabolites after oral and intravenous administration. The compound was rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration, and about 40% of the dose reached the systemic circulation. The estimated half-life of the absorption process was 10 min. Metoprolol was extensively distributed to extravascular tissues, with the half-life of the distribution phase close to 12 min. About 95% of the dose was excreted in the urine within 72 hr, mainly in metabolized form. The elimination halflife of the compound was close to 3 hr as was also the half-life of the total metabolites after oral administration. After intravenous administration, the elimination half-life of the metabolites was raised to 5 hr, indicating that the route of administra tion might influence the metabolic pathways of the parent compound.
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    Pharmacolinetics of methindione, a new anticonvulsant (1974)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 78 (1974), S. 1150-1152 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: methindione ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of the new anticonvulsant, methindione, carbon-labeled in the carbonyl and N-methyl groups, was studied in experiments on rats. Methindione is quickly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract and passes easily through tissue barriers. The highest concentration of methindione in the brain is observed 15–30 min after administration. The metabolism of methindione and its elimination from the tissues take place rapidly. In most tissues only 6–23% of its maximal concentration still remains after administration of the drug. Metabolites of methindione, labeled in the carbonyl group, are excreted mainly through the kidneys, but metabolites labeled in the N-methyl group are excreted chiefly through the lungs.
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    The pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil-2-C14 (1974)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 78 (1974), S. 1379-1381 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: fluorouracil ; pharmacokinetics ; radiometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of the concentration of radioactivity in the blood serum, organs, and urine was investigated after intravenous injection of 5-fluorouracil-2-C14 into rats. The preparation is rapidly absorbed from the blood into the tissues in which it accumulates rapidly in high concentrations and it is excreted quickly from the body. The half-elimination period of 5-fluorouracil in the blood is 15 min. It is excreted chiefly by extrarenal routes.
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    Strukturaufklärung sesquiterpenoider Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 203-205 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Strukturaufklärung von Sesquiterpenalkoholen ; TAS-Verfahren, Mikrodehydrierung ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; bicyclisch, mit Decalin-Grundgerüst
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus dem ätherischen Öl der Haselwurz wurden erstmalig die 4 Sesquiterpenalkohole α-Eudesmol, β-Eudesmol, Selinan-7,11-diol und Selin-6(7)en-11-ol isoliert und identifiziert. Dabei wurde zur Einengung der Strukturmöglichkeiten die dehydrierende TAS-Methode (Schwefel-Dehydrierung) eingesetzt. Sie lieferte bei ungesättigten C15-Alkoholen gute Ergebnisse. Gesättigte Sesquiterpenalkohole mit Decalin-Grundgerüst ließen sich besser nach der Selenmethode dehydrieren. Von den entstandenen Naphthalin-Derivaten wurden die UV-Spektren direkt von der DC-Platte aufgenommen und zur Identifizierung herangezogen. Durch diese Kombination der Mikroverfahren konnte das Grundgerüst der Alkohole mit Mikrogramm-Mengen eindeutig bestimmt werden.
    Notes: Abstract In the essential oil of Asarum europaeum L. the four sesquiterpene alcohols α-eudesmol, β-eudesmol, selinane-7,11-diol and seline-6(7)en-11-ol have been isolated and identified. For limiting the possibilities of structure the dehydrogenating TAS method (sulphur dehydrogenation) has been employed. Good results have been obtained with unsaturated C15-alcohols. Saturated sesquiterpene alcohols with decalin structure could be better dehydrogenated by the selenium method. UV spectra have been recorded of the naphthalene derivatives formed directly from the thin-layer plate and employed for identification. By this combination of micro methods the basic structure of the alcohols could be determined unequivocally with μg amounts.
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    1:1- und 1:2-Metallchelate unsulfierter o,o′-Dihydroxyazoverbindungen. Eine dünnschicht-chromatographische Untersuchung (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 337-342 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse der Metallchelate von o,o′-Dihydroxyazoverbindungen ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer früheren Veröffentlichung [4] ist auf die Möglichkeit der chromatographischen Trennung strukturisomerer Metallchelate hingewiesen worden; sie soll hier ausführlicher dargestellt werden. Weiterhin wird die Trennung von 1:2-Mischkomplexen von Azofarbstoffen und von 1:2-Metallkomplex-Mischungen durch Dünnschicht-Chromatographie (DC) an Polyamid beschrieben. Unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen kann durch DC an Kieselgel zwischen 1:2-Metallkomplexfarbstoffen mit Sulfonsäureamid- bzw. Alkylsulfongruppen und solchen ohne diese Substituenten unterschieden werden. Die beschriebenen DC-Methoden ermöglichen bei richtiger Interpretation eine eindeutige Unterscheidung zwischen strukturisomeren Metallkomplexen der 1:1- und 1:2-Reihe, sowie Mischkomplexen und Komplexmischungen vom 1:2-Metall-chelattyp unsulfierter o,o′-Dihydroxyazoverbindungen. Symmetrische o,o′-Dihydroxyazoverbindungen, wie z.B. das 2,2′-Dihydroxy-5,5′-dimethyl-azobenzol(7), sind geeignete Komplexbildner für Schwermetallkationen, um diese als farbige Chelate mit Hilfe der DC voneinander zu trennen. Strukturisomere sind wegen der Molekülsymmetrie ausgeschlossen, so daß die Ergebnisse eindeutig sind.
    Notes: Abstract In an earlier publication [4] the possibility of the Chromatographic separation of structurally isomeric metal chelates was mentioned; this is dealt with here in more detail. Further the separation of 1:2 mixed complexes from azo dyes and 1:2 metal-complex mixtures by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on polyamide is described. In certain circumstances it is possible to distinguish between 1:2 metal-complex dyes with sulphonamide or alkylsulphonyl groups and those without these substituents by TLC on silica gel. The TCL methods described allow-when correctly interpreted-an unambiguous distinction between structurally isomeric metal complexes of the 1:1 and 1:2 series, and mixed complexes and mixtures of complexes of the 1:2 metal-chelate type of unsulphonated o,o′-dihydroxyazo compounds. Symmetrical o,o′-dihydroxyazo compounds, such as 2,2′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dimethylazobenzene(7), are suitable as complex-formers for heavy-metal ions, allowing the separation of the latter as their coloured chelates with aid of TLC. Structural isomers are excluded because of the molecular symmetry, so that the results are unambiguous.
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    Quantitative Dünnschicht-Chromatographie (1974)
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 269 (1974), S. 10-15 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Vergleich von Zweistrahldensitometern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Eliminierung von Störungen der quantitativen Auswertung von Dünnschicht-Chromatogrammen durch Unregelmäßigkeiten der Sorptionsschicht werden öfters Zweistrahlgeräte verwendet. Diese Arbeit berichtet über die Simulation verschiedener Zweistrahlgeräte auf einem Einstrahlgerät mit Hilfe von Digitalrechnern, um auf diesem Wege eindeutige Aussagen über den Genauigkeitsgewinn treffen zu können. Die relativen genäherten Standardabweichungen aus einer größeren Anzahl von Messungen ergaben folgende Werte: Einstrahlgerät 3–5%, Zweistrahlgerät 2–4% und Zweiwellenlängengerät 2,5–4%.
    Notes: Abstract To avoid errors caused by irregularities of chromatoplates in quantitative TLC often double beam densitometers are used. This paper describes the simulation of different double beam instruments using a single beam scanner and digital computers, to obtain distinct data on the increase in accuracy. The relative standard deviations from a greater number of experiments are: single beam scanner 3–5%, double beam instrument 2–4% and dual wave-length scanner 2.5–4%.
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    Dünnschicht-chromatographische Nachweisgrenzen und semiquantitative Bestimmung der isomeren Toluidine an diazido(1,1′)-disulfo(4,4′)-stilbenimprägnierten Fertigfolien und Kieselgel-G-Schichten (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 32-32 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Toluidinen ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; diazidodisulfostilbenimprägnierte Schichten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437489
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    Untersuchungen und Betrachtungen zum Insecticideinfluß auf Autoxidationsprozesse (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 177-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Untersuchung der Autoxidation von Fettsäureestern ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mittels Dünnschicht-Chromatographie kann man den Ablauf von Autoxidationsprozessen an Lipiden qualitativ anhand der auftretenden Reaktionsprodukte verfolgen. In vorliegender Arbeit wurden verschiedene Laufmittel auf Silicagel hinsichtlich ihres Trennvermögens für Gruppen von Autoxidations-produkten erprobt. Ferner werden aufgrund umfangreicher Untersuchungen Sprühmittel zur Erkennung solcher Stoffgruppen auf dem Dünnschicht-Chromatogramm benannt. Am Beispiel der Autoxidation von c-9-Octadecensäuremethylester ohne und mit Zusatz von DDE wird die Leistungsfähigkeit der beschriebenen Arbeitsweise belegt.
    Notes: Abstract The autoxidation of lipids has been followed qualitatively by means of the reaction products. The separating ability of different solvents on silica gel for groups of autoxidation products has been tested. Furthermore, spraying agents for the detection of these groups on the chromatogram are given. The autoxidation of c-9-octadecenic methyl ester with and without addition of DDE serves as an example for the efficiency of the method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430730
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    Schwefel- und Selendehydrierungen im Mikrogrammbereich (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 257-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Schwefeldehydrierung, Selendehydrierung ; Ultramikrobereich, Apparatur, TAS-Verfahren. Thermofraktographie/TAS-Verfahren/Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Schwefel- und Selendehydrierung, Ultramikrobereich. Analyse von Sesquiterpenderivaten, Abietinsäure. Steroiden ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Schwefel- und Selendehydrierung, TAS-Verfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Schnellmethode beschrieben, die es erlaubt, unter kontrollierten Bedingungen mit 50–300 μg Ausgangsmaterial eine gekoppelte Dehydratisierung und Schwefel- bzw. Selendehydrierung durchzuführen. Hierbei wird die Probe mit einer Kaliumhydrogensulfat-Schwefel- bzw. Selenmischung für einige Minuten bei vorbestimmten Temperaturen zwischen 160–400° C im TAS-Ofen bzw. Tasomat erhitzt. Die entstehenden Aromaten werden durch einen Stickstoffstrom von 10 ml/min direkt auf den Startpunkt einer DC-Schicht transferiert. Anschließend wird chromatographiert und die auftretenden Reaktionsprodukte werden identifiziert. Zum Studium der Reaktionsvorgänge und der optimalen Temperaturbereiche dient die Thermofraktographie. Es sind Anwendungsbeispiele aus der Sesquiterpen-, Diterpen- und aus der Steroidreihe gegeben.
    Notes: Abstract A rapid method is described which permits to carry out a coupled dehydratization and sulphur resp. selenium dehydrogenation with 50–300 μg of starting material under controlled conditions. The sample is heated on a potassium hydrogen sulphate-sulphur resp. selenium mixture at preselected temperatures of between 160–400° C for several minutes in the TAS-oven resp. the Tasomat. The resulting aromatic components are transferred directly to the starting point of a TLC-plate by a stream of nitrogen at 10 ml/min and the reaction products are identified after chromatography. Thermofractography is applied to study the reaction processes and to determine the optical temperature ranges. Examples of application to the groups of sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and steroids are listed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432826
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    Über den dünnschicht-chromatographischen Nachweis von Canthaxanthin in den Federn des kleinen Flamingos (Phoeniconaias Minor) an Fertigfolien UV 254 (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 285-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Canthaxanthin in Biolog. Material ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Fertigfolien UV 254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432834
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    Nachweisgrenzen und semiquantitative Bestimmung der isomeren Kresole (Phenol) und Xylenole (Dimethylphenole) an diazido(1,1′)-disulfo(4,4′)-stilbenimprägnierten Fertigfolien und Kieselgel G-Schichten (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 287-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kresolen, Phenol, Xylenolen, Dimethylphenolen ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; imprägn. Fertigfolien u. Kieselgel, Nachweisgrenzen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432836
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    Dünnschicht-chromatographische Trennung der 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone von Formaldehyd, Acetaldehyd, Acrolein, Crotonaldehyd und Furfurol (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 337-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Abtrenn. des 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazons von Formaldehyd, Acetaldehyd, Acrolein, Crotonaldehyd, Furfurol ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein dünnschicht-chromatographisches Verfahren zur Trennung von Formaldehyd, Acetaldehyd, Furfurol, Acrolein und Crotonaldehyd in Form der 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone beschrieben. Die Derivate werden aus Pyridin, Tetrahydrofuran oder Dioxan aufgetragen und innerhalb von 6 h nach der Durchlauftechnik an Kieselgel F 254-Rapidplatten mit Tetrachlorkohlenstoff/Pyridin (90∶10) aufsteigend entwickelt. Die Laufstrecken verhalten sich wie 1∶1,3∶1,7∶2,1∶2,3.
    Notes: Abstract The derivatives are applied on rapid plates silica gel F 254 from pyridine, tetrahydrofuran or dioxan solution and separated during 6 h by ascending overrun development using carbon tetrachloride/pyridine (90∶10) as a solvent. The distances travelled from the starting point are in the ratio 1∶1.3∶1.7∶2.1∶2.3.
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    Zur Dünnschicht-Chromatographie des Multivitaminpräparates Turigeran® (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 365-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Turigeran, Multivitaminpräparate ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Fertigfolien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00820743
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    Selective separation of uranium(VI) by thin-layer chromatography on DEAE-cellulose in phosphoric acid medium (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 367-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Uran(VI) ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; DEAE-Cellulose, Phosphorsäure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00820745
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    Vergleich der Nachweisempfindlichkeiten von Diphenyl mit verschiedenen Entwicklerreagentien an Fertigfolien und Kieselgel-G-Schichten (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 206-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Diphenyl ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; verschiedene Reagentien u. Schichten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00869182
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    Nachweisgrenzen herbicidwirksamer Substanzen mit unterschiedlichen Sprühreagentien an Fertigfolien für die Dünnschicht-Chromatographie (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 286-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachweis von Herbiciden, Pesticiden ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Fertigfolien, Nachweisgrenzen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431345
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    Zur semiquantitativen dünnschichtchromatographischen Bestimmung von DDT in Hühnereiern (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 368-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von DDT in Eiern ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424031
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    Thin-layer chromatographic separation and detection of alcohols as cobalt xanthate complexes (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 128-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Alkoholen als Co-Xanthate ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431155
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    Quantitative dünnschicht-chromatographische Methode zur Bestimmung von Gramicidin (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 272-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Gramicidin ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; CAMAG Eluchrom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine quantitative Methode zur Bestimmung von Gramicidin in Fermentationsproben, Extraktionslösungen und Tyrothricin- bzw. Gramicidin-Fertigprodukten wird beschrieben. Nach der dünnschicht-chromatographischen Trennung des Gramicidins von den Begleitstoffen erfolgt eine quantitative Elution des Fleckes mit dem CAMAC Eluchrom, die so gewonnenen Lösungen werden spektralphotometrisch ausgewertet.
    Notes: Abstract A quantitative method is described for the determination of gramicidine in fermentation broths, extracts and finished products of tyrothricine and gramicidine, respectively. After TLC-separation of gramicidine from accompanying substances a quantitative elution of the gramicidine spot is performed with the CAMAG Eluchrom. The solutions obtained are measured spectrophotometrically.
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    Quantitative Dünnschicht-Chromatographie: Numerische Peakerkennung und Auswertung mit Digitalrechnern (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 268-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Peakerkennung u. Auswertung mit Digitalrechnern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit beschreibt den prinzipiellen Aufbau eines Programms für Digitalrechner zur numerischen Peakerkennung und numerischen Integration von Remissionsgrad-Ortskurven bei der quantitativen DC. Durch integrierende Analog-Digitalwandlung und digitales Glätten wird das Signal/Rausch-Verhältnis verbessert. Die Peakerkennung erfolgt mit Hilfe der über eine Ausgleichsparabel numerisch differenzierten Meßkurve. Die Basislinienkorrektur bei nicht aufgelösten Peaks beruht auf einem Vergleich der Tangenten zwischen den Peakminima.
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes the principles of a programm for numerical peak detection and numerical integration for area determination by digital computers with respect to thin-layer chromatography. Integrating analog to digital conversion and digital smoothing will improve the signal to noise ratio. The first derivative will be found by smoothed numerical differentiation and is used for peak detection. The actual base line is corrected by eomparision of the tangents between the minima of the peaks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431300
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    Bestimmung von Dimethylsulfatspuren in der Luft (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 269 (1974), S. 206-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Dimethylsulfat in Luft ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Umsetzung zu Nitroanisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, die es gestattet, Dimethylsulfat (DMS) im Bereich der maximalen Arbeitsplatzkonzentration von 0,05 mg/m3 entsprechend 0,01 ppm zu bestimmen. Zunächst wird DMS zur Anreicherung an Kieselgel adsorbiert. Nach Desorption mit Aceton wird DMS mit 4-Nitrophenol-Na zu 4-Nitroanisol umgesetzt und dünnschicht-chromatographisch durch Intensitätsvergleich mit Standards bestimmt. Zur Erfassung des MAK-Wertes sind mindestens 500 l Probevolumen nötig. Bei einer Sauggeschwindigkeit von 3–4 l/min dauert daher eine Probenahme 2–2,5 Std. Über diesen Zeitraum sollten bei einer Raumluftuntersuchung möglichst ähnliche Konzentrationsverhältnisse vorliegen.
    Notes: Abstract A method is reported which allows the determination of dimethyl sulphate (DMS) in the range of the threshold limit of 0.05 mg/m3 resp. 0.01 ppm. At first DMS is concentrated by adsorption on silica gel. After extraction with acetone and reaction with 4-nitrophenol sodium salt to 4-nitroanisol the DMS is determined by thin-layer chromatography. Evaluation by comparison of intensity with standard spots. For the determination of the threshold limit at least 500 l of sample volume are needed. With an air sampling rate of 3 to 4 l/min the duration of sampling is 2 to 2.5 h. During this time the concentration of the examined air should not vary too much.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424315
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    Peroxydisulphate oxidations VII. Identification of aromatic amines and phenols by thin-layer chromatography (1972)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 262 (1972), S. 31-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Aminen, aromat, und Phenolen ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; mit Peroxodisulfat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01154270
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    Zur dünnschicht-chromatographischen Trennung und Identifizierung herbicidwirksamer Substanzen an Fertigfolien (1972)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 262 (1972), S. 192-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Pesticiden ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; an Fertigfolien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437639
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    Über eine empfindliche Nachweismöglichkeit kupplungsfähiger Substanzen (aromatische Amine, Phenolverbindungen) an diazido-(1,1′)-disulfo-(4,4′)-stilbenimprägnierten für die Dünnschicht-Chromatographie (1972)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 262 (1972), S. 286-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Aminen, aromatische, Phenolen ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Fertigfolien imprägniert mit Diazidodisulfostilben
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424529
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    Mikrochemischer Nachweis und Unterscheidung von fünf Tranquilizern aus der Klasse der 5-Phenyl-1,4-Benzodiazepine mit Hilfe der dünnschicht-chromatographischen TRT-Technik (1972)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 262 (1972), S. 282-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von 5-Phenyl-1,4-benzodiazepinen, Chlorazepate, Chlordiazepoxid, Diazepam, Medazepam, Nitrazepam ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; zweidimensional, saure Hydrolyse Nachw. von Tranquilizern ; Chromatographie ; Dünnschicht ; 5-Phenyl-1,4-benzodiazepine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Analysenmethode zum Nachweis und zur Trennung von fünf 5-Phenyl-1,4-benzo-diazepinen (Chlorazepate, Chlordiazepoxid, Diazepam, Medazepam, Nitrazepam) beschrieben. Nach einer Trennung in der ersten Laufrichtung eines zweidimensionalen Dünnschicht-Chromatogrammes werden die Benzodiazepine durch Behandeln mit Salzsäure in Benzophenonderivate überführt. Die nachfolgende Trennung in der zweiten Laufrichtung gibt Strukturhinweise und führt zu einer empfindlichen Charakterisierung. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt etwa 0,02 μg.
    Notes: Abstract An analysis method for the separation and detection of five 5-phenyl-1,4-benzodiazepines (Chlorazepate, Chlordiazepoxid, Diazepam, Medazepam, Nitrazepam) is described. After separation in the first dimension of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatograms, the benzodiazepines may be converted to benzophenone derivatives by means of treatment with hydrochloric acid. The subsequent separation in the second dimension provides structural information and permits exact specification by way of Rf-values and Bratton-Marshall detection. With this method contents as low as 0.02 μg can be detected.
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    Zur dünnschicht-chromatographischen Trennung und Identifizierung von 4-Aminoantipyrin, Phenazon, Aminophenazon und Phenylbutazon an Fertigfolien UV 254 (1972)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 262 (1972), S. 287-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von 4-Aminoantipyrin, Phenazon, Aminophenazon, Phenylbutazon ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Fertigfolien mit Luminescenzindicator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424530
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    TLC separations of U, V, Mo; Ti, Zr; Co, Ni; Cu, Fe (1972)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 262 (1972), S. 364-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Abtrenn. von Uran, Vanadium, Molybdän, Titan, Zirkonium, Kobalt, Nickel, Kupfer, Eisen ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00423846
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    Dünnschicht-chromatographische Trennung und Identifizierung von Mandelsäure-benzylester, Phenacetin, Coffein, Phenazon und Aminophenazon an Fertigfolien und Kieselgel-G-Schichten (1973)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 263 (1973), S. 336-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Mandelsäurebenzylester, Phenacetin, Coffein, Phenazon, Aminophenazon ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Fertigfolien mit Luminescenzindicator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426131
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    Dünnschicht-chromatographische Trennung und semiquantitative Bestimmung von Toxaphen und Lindan (γ-Hexachlorcyclohexan) an aktivierten Silufol Fertigfolien (1973)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 264 (1973), S. 32-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Toxaphen und γ-Hexachlorcyclohexan ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Fertigfolien mit Luminescenzindicator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424057
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    Dünnschicht-chromatographische Trennung und Identifizierung der isomeren Kresole und des Phenols (1973)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 265 (1973), S. 271-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Kresolen und Phenol ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425790
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    Dünnschicht-chromatographische Trennung und Identifizierung einiger Diuretica (6-Chlor-7-sulfamyl-3,4-dihydrobenzo-1,2,4-thiadiazin-1,1-dioxid, 2-Acetylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-5-sulfonamid und 3-Cyclopentylmethyl-6-chlor-7-sulfamyl-3,4-dihydrobenzo-1,2,4-thiadiazin-1,1-dioxid) an unterschiedlichen Sorptionsschichten (1972)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 266 (1972), S. 128-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Diuretica ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; unterschiedliche Schichten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424073
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    Trennung und Identifizierung der Isomeren des Hexachlorcyclohexans an Fertigfolien UV 254 für die Dünnschicht-Chromatographie (1973)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 266 (1973), S. 208-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn, von Isomeren von Hexachlorcyclohexan ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Fertigfolien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428064
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  • 84
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    Dünnschicht-chromatographischer Nachweis von Pepsin-Inhibitoren (1973)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 266 (1973), S. 286-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Pepsin-Inhibitoren ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00555970
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  • 85
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    Über die Verwendung von Fertigfolien bei der semiquantitativen dünnschicht-chromatographischen Bestimmung von Gesamt-DDT (p,p′-DDT und p,p′-DDE) in der Humanmilch (1973)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 266 (1973), S. 287-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von DDT in Milch ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Fertigfolien, Humanmilch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00555971
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  • 86
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    Trennung von mehrwertigen Phenolen an einfachen und aktivierten Fertigfolien für die Dünnschicht-Chromatographie (1973)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 267 (1973), S. 45-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Phenolen, mehrwertige ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Fertigfolien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00635419
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  • 87
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    Zur dünnschicht-chromatographischen Trennung und Ermittlung der Nachweisgrenzen von Adrenalin und Noradrenalin an aktivierten Fertigfolien mit unterschiedlichen Sprühreagentien (1973)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 267 (1973), S. 46-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Adrenalin und Noradrenalin ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Fertigfolien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00635421
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  • 88
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    Thin-layer chromatographic separation of copper, nickel, cobalt and bismuth as diethyl dithiocarbamate complexes (1973)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 267 (1973), S. 46-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Kupfer, Nickel, Kobalt, Wismut ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; DDC-Komplexe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00635420
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  • 89
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    Bestimmung von Phthalsäureestern in wäßrigen Weich-PVC-Extrakten mittels Dünnschicht-Chromatographie (1973)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 267 (1973), S. 127-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phthalsäureestern in Polyvinylchlorid, Weichmachern ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine dünnschicht-chromatographische Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Phthalsäureestern in wäßrigen Weich-PVC-Extrakten wurde entwickelt. Als Lösungsmittel dient Petroläther-Diäthyläther-Eisessig (8∶2∶0,1); die Beschichtung besteht aus 0,2 mm Silicagel mit Fluorescenzzusatz. Nach Auftrennung und Elution erfolgt eine photometrische Auswertung.
    Notes: Abstract A thinlayer chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of phthalic acid esters in aqueous PVC-plastic extracts has been developed. Petroleum ether/diethyl ether/glacial acetic acid (8∶2∶0.1) is used as solvent; the plates are coated with 0.2 mm of silica gel with fluorescent agent. After separation and elution a photometric determination is performed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429966
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  • 90
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    Separation and identification of aromatic amines by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography of charge-transfer complexes (1973)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 267 (1973), S. 368-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Aminen, aromatische ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Charge-Transfer-Komplexe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424150
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  • 91
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    Quantitative Auswertung von Dünnschicht-Chromatogrammen: On line-Kopplung mit programmierbaren elektronischen Tischrechnern (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 19-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phthalsäure ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Remissionsmessung, Kopplung mit Tischrechner
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am Beispiel der Bestimmung von Phthalsäure wird die on line-Kopplung eines programmierbaren elektronischen Tischrechners über einen Integrator zur automatischen quantitativen Auswertung von Dünnschicht-Chromatogrammen durch Messung der Remission beschrieben. Das Verfahren arbeitet mit Mittelwertbildung der Integratorwerte der Scans in und gegen die Fließrichtung, um Basislinienfehler zu eliminieren. Der Rechner ermittelt aus den Vergleichsflecken über die Methode der kleinsten Summe der Fehlerquadrate die Eichgerade und berechnet hierüber die Substanzmenge in den Analysenflecken. Für die Auswertung wird eine quadratische Abhängigkeit der Fläche unter der Remissionsgrad-Ortskurve von der Substanzkonzentration angenommen. Die erreichte Genauigkeit lag bei etwa 2–2,5% (genäherte relative Standardabweichung).
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes the coupling of TLC-photometer, electronic integrator and desk calculator for the determination of phthalic acid by measurement of the remission at 280.3 nm. The average of integrator counts by scanning in and against development of the plate avoids errors caused by base line-drifts. From standards on the plate results a straight line by least squares using the quadratic proportionality of peak area to concentration. From this straight line the concentrations will be determined. The error of this method is in the range of 2–2.5% (relative standard deviation).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00595877
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  • 92
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    Separation of aliphatic and aromatic organic acids on starch thin-layers (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 16-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Organ. Säuren ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; aliphatisch, aromatisch, Reisstärkeschichten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Aliphatic monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, hydroxy, keto and amino acids were separated on rice starch thin layers with the solvent system: ethanol/water/ammonia (78∶20∶13). Different aromatic acids were separated on the same support with the solvent system: ethanol/n-butanol/water/ammonia (40∶30∶15∶15). Rf- and RM-values were determined and the validity of Martin's theoretical postulates on the relationship between chemical structure and Rf-values in partition chromatography was displayed. Calculation of group and basic constants was also carried out.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aliphatische Monocarbon-, Dicarbon-, Hydroxy-, Keto und Aminosäuren wurden dünnschicht-chromatographisch auf Reisstärke getrennt (Fließmittel: Äthanol/ Wasser/Ammoniak [78∶20∶13]). Verschiedene aromatische Säuren wurden auf der gleichen Schicht mit dem Fließmittel Äthanol/n-Butanol/Wasser/Ammoniak (40∶30∶15∶15) getrennt. Rf- und RM-Werte wurden bestimmt. Aufgrund der theoretischen Aufstellungen von Martin für die Beziehung zwischen Rf-Werten in der Verteilungs- chromatographie und chemischen Strukturen wurden Gruppen- und Grundkonstanten bestimmt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00595876
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  • 93
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    Zur dünnschicht-chromatographischen Trennung und über Nachweisgrenzen von Pseudohalogeniden an Fertigfolien (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 128-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Pseudohalogeniden ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Fertigfolien, Nachweisgrenzen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00434068
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  • 94
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    Mikrochemischer Nachweis und dünnschicht-chromatographische Trennung von 16 Nitroverbindungen aus der Klasse der Pesticide (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 356-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Pesticiden ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Nitroverbindungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Analysenmethode zum Nachweis und zur Trennung von 16 Nitro-Pesticiden beschrieben. Nach einer dünnschicht-chromatographischen Trennung werden die Nitroverbindungen in primäre aromatische Amine übergeführt, die durch Diazotierung und Kupplung mit Bratton-Marshall Reagens nachgewiesen werden. Die photometrische Messung des eluierten Azofarbstoffes gestattet eine quantitative Bestimmung.
    Notes: Abstract An analysis method for the detection and separation of sixteen nitro-pesticides is described. After thin-layer chromatographical separation, the nitro-compounds are converted to primary aromatic amines which are detected by diazotization and subsequent coupling with Bratton-Marshall reagent. The photometric measuring of the azo-dye, obtained by elution, permits quantitative determination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00450859
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  • 95
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    Thin-layer chromatographic method for the detection of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase inhibitors (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 366-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von δ-Aminolävulinsäure-Dehydratase-Inhibitoren ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00450861
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  • 96
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    Simple screening-test for the detection of peroxidase inhibitors (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 367-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Peroxidase-Inhibitoren ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00450862
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