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  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (472)
  • 1985-1989  (472)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1986  (472)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The application of a novel heat flux calorimeter for studying growth of Escherichia coli W in aerobic batch culture (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1780-1793 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The modification and principle of a novel heat flux calorimeter for the in situ, on-line measurement of the heat generated during microbial growth is described. Data concerning the physical characterization of the calorimeter as a fermentor, including stability and sensitivity of the heat signal, are presented. The calorimeter has been successfully applied to the study of the aerobic batch culture of Escherichia coli W on glucose under carbon and nitrogen limitation. A direct correlation between growth and heat evolution was obtained. Quantitative analysis of the data suggests that the new calorimetric technique could be used for monitoring growth and specific metabolic events, for convenient medium optimization, and as a basis for a novel fermentation process control system.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260281205
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method for estimating the rejection coefficient-molecular weight relationship of ultrafiltration membrane for a chain polymer by using gel permeation chromatography (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1809-1813 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An improved method is presented for estimating rejection coefficient-molecular weight relationship of an ultrafiltration membrane for a polydisperse chain polymer. It is based on the basic idea using gel permeation chromatography originally developed by Cooper and Van Derveer. The method, in which peak spreading of an elution curve of the polymer was taken into consideration, is available for evaluating the relationship over a wide range of the molecular weight through only one experiment in analyses of the retentate and filtrate.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260281208
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of penicillin in a fluidized-bed bioreactor using a carrier-supported mycelial growth (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1838-1844 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A carrier-supported mycelial growth of Penicillium chrysogenum was applied to penicillin fermentation system using celite as a support material. Hyphal growth through the pore matrices of the material showed strong anchorages and provided highly stable biofilm growth. With bioparticles developed in such a manner, both cell growth and penicillin production were observed to increase significantly compared to the conventional dispersed filamentous cultures. Maximum values of specific penicillin production rate were found to be constant regardless of the growth form. A three-phase fluidized-bed fermentor was designed and tested for penicillin production using the bioparticles. Two modes of operation, semicontinuous and repeated fed batch, of the fermentor were tried. It was noted that the overgrowth of free mycelia and the development of fluffy loose bioparticles caused poor mixing and made the fermentor operation quite difficult. Control of the bioparticle size and the extension of production phase were therefore considered important to maintain the reactor productivity at a desired level. From the results of repeated fed-batch operation it was found that the control of bioparticle size could be successfully achieved by phosphate-limiting culture condition. Penicillin production under this condition was also observed to be maintained at a high level (about 80% of the maximum) for at least 1 month.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260281211
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pretreatment of wheat straw for fermentation to methane (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1857-1866 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of pretreating wheat straw with gamma-ray irradiation, ammonium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide on methane yield, fermentation rate constant, and loss of feedstock constituents were evaluated using laboratory-scale batch fermentors. Results showed that methane yield increased as pretreatment alkali concentration increased, with the highest yield being 37% over untreated straw for the pretreatment consisting of sodium hydroxide dosage of 34 g OH-/kg volatile solids, at 90°C for 1 h. Gamma-ray irradiation had no significant effect on methane yield. Alkaline pretreatment temperatures above 100°C caused a decrease in methane yield. After more than 100 days of fermentation, all of the hemi-cellulose and more than 80% of the cellulose were degraded. The loss in cellulose and hemicellulose accounted for 100% of the volatile solids lost. No consistent effect of pretreatments on batch fermentation rates was noted. Semicontinuous fermentations of straw-manure mixtures confirmed the relative effectiveness of sodium and ammonium-hydroxide pretreatments.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260281213
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Enhancement of growth and ferrous iron oxidation rates of T. Ferrooxidans by electrochemical reduction of ferric iron (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1867-1875 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, the bacterium most widely used; in bioleaching or microbial desulfurization studies, was grown in an electrolytic bioreactor containing a synthetic, ferrous sulfate medium. Passage of current through the medium reduced the bacterially generated ferric iron to the ferrous iron substrate. When used in conjunction with an inoculum that had been adapted to the electrolytic growth conditions, this technique increased the protein (cell) concentration by 3.7 times, increased the protein (cell) production rate by 6.5 times, increased the yield coefficient (cellular efficiency) by 8.0 times, and increased the ferrous iron oxidation rate by 1.5 times at 29°C, compared with conventional cultivation techniques. A Monod-type equation with accepted values for the maximum specific growth rate could not account for the increased growth rate under electrolytic conditions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260281214
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Electrochemical ion control in batch cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 1018 (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1884-1888 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260281217
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Monitoring of protein product formation during fermentation with fast protein liquid chromatography (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 16-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is described using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) for the monitoring of protein formation during fermentation. The procedure consists of centrifugation to recover the cells, sonication of the cells, centrifugation to remove cell debris, and analysis of supernatant on a column of Mono Q (a strong anion exchanger). Analysis of peak areas provides quantitative determination of product concentration. Maintenance and life of the Mono Q column is discussed. We find that FPLC is a convenient method for measuring products in cell homogenates because it gives rapid, highly resolved separations.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280104
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  • 8
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    Performance evaluation of an anoxic/oxic activated sludge system: Effects of mean cell residence time and anoxic hydraulic retention time (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 7-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laboratory investigation has been undertaken to asses the effects of two operating parameters, mean cell residence time (MCRT) and anoxic hydraulic retention time (HRT), on the performance of an anoxic/oxic activated sludge system. The performance of the system was evaluated in terms of its COD, nitrogen, and biomass characteristics. An activated sludge system is capable of producing a better effluent, in terms of COD and nitrogen characteristics, when it is operated in an anoxic/oxic fashion. A longer MCRT and an adequate anoxic HRT are desirable in the operation of an anoxic/oxic activated sludge system. For the wastewater used in this investigation, the anoxic/oxic unit was capable of producing an effluent with the following characteristics when it was operated at MCRT = 20 days, total system HRT = 10 h, and anoxic HRT = 3-5 h: COD = 15 mg/L; VSS = 10 mg/L; TKN = 1.30 mg/L; NH3 - N = 0.60 mg/L; and NO2 + NO3 - N = 5.0 mg/L. A uniform distribution of biomass is achievable in an anoxic/oxic activated sludge system because of the intensive recirculation/convection maintained. The provision of an anoxic zone in the aeration tank promotes a rapid adsorption of feed COD into the biomass without an immediate utilization for cell synthesis. This, in turn, results in a high microbial activity and a lower observed biomass yield in the system. A tertiary treatment efficiency is achievable in an anoxic/oxic activated sludge system with only secondary treatment operations and costs. A conventional activated sludge system can be easily upgraded by converting to the anoxic/oxic operation with minor process modifications.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280103
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The production of cellulase in a spouted bed fermentor using cells immobilized in biomass support particles (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 41-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous cellulase production by Trichoderma viride QM 9123, immobilized in 6 mm diameter, spherical, stainless steel biomass support particles, has been achieved using a medium containing glucose as the main carbon source. Experiments were carried out in a 10-L spouted bed fermentor. In this type of reactor-recycled broth is used to create a jet at the base of a bed of particles, causing the particles to spout and circulate. During the circulation, particles pass through a region of high shear near the jet inlet. This effectively prevents a buildup of excess biomass and thus enables steady-state conditions to be achieved during continuous operation. Continuous production of cellulase was achieved at significantly higher yield and productivity than in conventional systems. At a dilution rate of 0.15 h-1 (nominal washout rate for freely suspended cells is 0.012 h-1), the yield of cellulase on glucose was 31% higher than that measured during batch operation, while the volumetric productivity (31.5 FPA U/L· h) was 53% greater than in the batch system. The specific cellulase productivity of the immobilized cells was more than 3 times that of freely suspended cells, showing that diffusional limitations can be beneficial. This offers significant opportunity for the further development of biomass support particles and associated bioreactors.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280107
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urokinase bound to fibrocollagenous tubes: An in vitro kinetic study (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 58-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Urokinase (UK) has been immobilized to the inner surfaces of fibrocollagenous tubes (FCT) in an attempt to develop a fibrinolytic biomaterial which may be suitable for use as a small diameter vascular prosthesis. The enzyme was bound by adsorption followed by glutaraldehyde crosslinking. An in virto kinetic study of immobilized urokinase was conducted by employing the tubular material as a flow through reactor operated in a batch recycle mode in which the esterolysis of the model substrate, N-α-acetyl-L-lysine methyl ester (ALME), was monitored as a function of substrate concentration, recycle flow rate, and temperature. Results were compared with data from the soluble enzyme reaction, which was conducted in the presence and absence of 10% swine skin gelatin, in order to identify the specific effects of a collagenous microenvironment. Observed rates for the UK-FCT catalyzed reaction were observed to be dependent on recycle flow rates below 12 mL/min (Re = 107). Apparent Michaelis-Menten rate parameters were determined by a nonlinear search technique for two flow rates: one above the critical point for external diffusion effects (Re = 282) and one within the mass-transfer-limited region (Re = 71). When the latter data were corrected for external diffusion by applying the Graetz correlation for laminar flow in tubes to estimate themass transfer coefficient, the corrected Km of 6.45 ± 0.38 mM agreed very closely with the diffusion free parameter (i.e. 6.13 ± 0.63). Furthermore, this value was observed to be an order of magnitude higher than that of the soluble enzyme but approximately equal to the Km of the soluble enzyme in a 10% gelatin environment (8.13 ± 1.53 mM). It is postulated that the difference in kinetic parameters between soluble and collagen immobilized UK is due to an inherent interaction between collagen and enzyme rather than to mass transfer effects. Such aninteraction is supported by the effects of collagen on thermal stability and energy of activation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280109
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  • 11
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    Membrane separation of protein precipitates: Unstirred batch studies (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 88-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The study examines the use of ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes for concentrating isoelectric soya protein. Experiments with an unstirred batch cell indicate that the flux is limited by the protein which remains in solution after precipitation of the major proportion. The porosityof the precipitate cake formed is shown to be a second important factor. A significant improvement in flux can be obtained by using membranes which permit passage of the soluble protein and by increasing the precipitate particle size. The results are shown to be within the range predicted theoretically by the two limiting cases of a particulate model and a soluble protein model.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280112
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  • 12
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    An automatic and sterilizable sampler for laboratory fermentors: Application to the on-line control of glucose concentration (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 119-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No Absract.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280119
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  • 13
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    Release of cellulases from penicillium janthinellumNCL Communication No. 3517. (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 129-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280122
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Acid hydrolysis of Jerusalem artichoke for ethanol fermentation (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 138-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280124
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  • 15
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    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280201
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  • 16
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    Maltodextrin hydrolysis in a fluidized-bed immobilized enzyme reactor (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present work deals with maltodextrin hydrolysis by glucoamylase immobilized onto corn stover in a fluidized bed reactor. An industrial enzyme preparation was covalently grafted onto corn stover, yielding an activity of up to 372 U/g and 1700 U/g for support particle sizes of 0.8 and 0.2 mm, respectively. A detailed kinetic study, using a differential reactor, allowed the characterization of the influence of mass transfer resistance on the reaction catalyzed by immobilized glucoamylase. A simple and general mathematical model was then developed to describe the experimental conversion data and found to be valid.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280202
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  • 17
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    The relationship between hydrogen gas and butanol production by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 305-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two simultaneous fermentations were performed at 26°C with simultaneous inocula using Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum. Fermentation 1 prevented the gas formed by the biomass from escaping the fermentor while 2 allowed the gas formed to escape. Fermentor 1 provided for the production of butanol, acetone, and ethanol, while when the H2 formed was allowed to escape with fermentor 2, neither butanol nor acetone were produced. Ethanol was also formed in both fermentors and began along with the initial growth of biomass and continued until the fermentations were complete. Butanol and acetone production began after biomass growth had reached a maximum and began to subside. The butanol-acetone-ethanol millimolar yields and ratios were 38:1:14 respectively. The fermentor 2 results show that a yield of 2.1 L H2, 93 or 370 mmol H2/mol glucose, was formed only during the growing stage of growth; neither butanol nor acetone were produced; ethanol was formed throughout the fermentation, reaching a yield of 15.2 mmolar. It appears that hydrogen gas is required for butanol production during the resting stage of growth.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280302
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  • 18
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    A computer model for the growth and differentiation of a fungal colony on solid substrate (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 405-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mold growth and differentiation are closely related to the formation of secondary products. In solid-substrate fermentations this interrelationship is often more completely realized than in submerged cultures. Solid substrate reactions are used commercially in a limited manner in the western world, but are relatively common in Asia. Basic studies in solid-substrate fermentation should yield results applicable to all types of commercial mold fermentations for the production of a secondary product. This paper presents a relatively simple model for the growth of a mold colony on a solid surface with a defined medium utilizing glucose. Unlike submerged cultures the model must account for both cellular differentiation and the spatial heterogeneity in the system. Model parameters were estimated independently using literature values. The results of the simulation studies suggest that mass transfer limitations are at least partially responsible for the proliferation of differentiated structures on solid substrates as compared to liquid cultures. Since the concentration profile depends on the depth of the substratum, conditions that enhance conidia production can be achieved by controlling the depth of the solid medium.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280314
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  • 19
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    Heat and microbial treatments for nutritional upgrading of wheat straw (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 381-386 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ligninolytic activities of four cellulolytic organisms were compared using straw. Only Aspergillus japonicus and Polyporous versicolor appreciably degraded lignin with A. japonicus yielding the most protein. In solid culture, most protein was produced by P. versicolor, closely followed by A. japonicus. Pretreatment of the straw by hot water facilitated biodegradation and protein production. The nutritional value of the residual straw was also increased by some fungal cultures. The greatest amount of degradable polysaccharide in the straw was made available by A. japonicus in liquid media and Pleurotus ostreatus in solid media.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280311
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  • 20
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    Evaluation of startup and operation of four anaerobic processes treating a synthetic meat waste (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 372-380 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two continuous stirred tanks reactors (CSTR) and four anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AFBR) were used to study the treatment of a synthetic meat waste during single-and two-stage anaerobic treatment. Four configurations were investigated; a single-stage CSTR and AFBR and the two-stage systems CSTR-AFBR and AFBR-AFBR. Startup of the anaerobic reactors was achieved within 50 days by use of a regime that included stepped increases in influent COD, methanol substitution of the substrate, and addition of essential trace metals such as cobalt and nickel. Two-stage reactors removed up to 85% of influent COD concentrations of 5000 mg/L, whereas the single-stage AFBR and CSTR removed 76 and 9%, respectively. The proportion of methane in the effluent gases increased as the influent COD concentration was increased. Volumetric production of methane was greatest for the first stage of the AFBR-AFBR system. Solids retention times calculated for the AFBRs ranged from 7 to 12 days, sufficient to support methanogenesis. The AFBRs and two-stage systems were more resistant to an influent pH shock from the operating value of pH 6.8 down to pH 3 than the CSTRs and single-stage reactors. It was concluded that high-rate anaerobic treatment systems were applicable to meat industry wastewaters and that two-stage digestion produced a better quality effluent.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280310
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  • 21
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    Enzymatic analyses in organic solvents (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 417-421 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Horseradish peroxidase has been found to vigorously act as a catalyst in a number of water-immiscible organic solvents. The rates of peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of p-anisidine with H2O2 in toluene, benzene, ethyl and butyl acetates, and ether are in the range of 10-25% of that in water (pH 7.0) at the same reactant concentrations. Per oxidase was coupled with cholesterol oxidase (which was also found to be catalytically active in organic media), and the bienzymic system was successfully used for accurate, reliable, and reproducible determination of cholesterol in toluene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280315
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  • 22
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    Membrane separation of protein precipitates: Studies with cross flow in hollow fibers (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 422-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hollow fiber ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes are examined for the processing of isoelectric soya protein precipitate suspensions. A model based on the various resistances to permeate flux is used to describe membrane performance. The main resistance to permeate flux is due to the interaction between the active membrane and the soluble and precipitated protein; that is, as compared with resistances due to the active membrane itself or the membrane support structure, or arising from concentrated soluble or precipitated protein layers over the membrane surface. Soluble protein rejection and precipitate mean particle diameter are correlated with observed values of this main resistance.In contract to the ultrafiltration of soluble proteins, the flux rates observed when processing protein precipitate suspensions under a similar range of operating conditions do not approach a limiting value with increased transmembrane pressure. At high protein concentrations, greater flux rates may be achieved for precipitated as compared with soluble proteins. The use of a microfiltration membrane does not give further improvement in flux rate; this may be attributed to problems of pore fouling with precipitate particles.
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    Pressure drop in a packed bed with a liquid of variable viscosity: The case of dextrin hydrolysis by immobilized glucoamylase (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 452-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The activity of an immobilized enzyme in a packed bed is monitored for the change in a substrate conversion with time. But pressure drop in the packed bed with immobilized glucoamylase can serve as an indirect indicator for the changes in the conversion and activity of the immobilized enzyme. The method is simple and the change can be monitored continuously. This method can be generally applicable to systems where the viscosity of a substrate changes with its conversion.
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    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280401
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    Control of nitrate concentration in fermentations of Corynebacterium glutamicum (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 659-662 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A nitrate control system has been devised for the maintenance of stable nitrate concentrations throughout fed-batch fermentations of Corynebacterium glutamicum. The feedback control system was based on the use of a nitrate-ion-selective electrode to directly monitor the nitrate levels in the fermentor and an automatic controller to activate a nitrate feed pump. The electrode which was used for controlling the nitrate level was stable through-out the fermentation period. The apparent maximum specific growth rate, biomass production, protein production, biomass yields on glucose and nitrate, and amino acid production were all optimal at approximately 50mM nitrate.
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    Sugar cane bagasse as a possible source of fermentable carbohydrates. II. Optimization of the xylose isomerase reaction for isomerization of xylose as well as sugar cane bagasse hydrolyzate to xylulose in laboratory-scale units (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 684-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Both the forward and backward reactions of xylose isomerase (Sweetzyme Q) with xylose and glucose as substrates have been studied in terms of kinetics and thermodynamics. The relationship between the two reactions can thus be determined. Much attention has been given to the reaction with xylose as substrate. The optimal conditions of the xylose reaction in terms of pH, buffer, metal ions, substrate concentration, temperature, and ionic strength have been determined. These findings did not differ much from those reported for the glucose reaction. Equilibrium constants for the aldose to ketose conversion were more favorable in the case of glucose. The results obtained with continuous isomerization of xylose in columns packed with either Sweetzyme Q or Taka-Sweet were very similar to those obtained from batch isomerization processes. Particle size had a definite effect on reaction rate, which indicates that diffusion limitations do occur with the immobilized enzyme particles. Heat stability of Sweetzyme Q was good with t1/2 of 118, 248, and 1200 h at 70, 55, and 40°C, respectively. A novel method for the separation of xylose-xylulose mixtures with water as eluant on a specially prepared Dowex 1 × 8 column was developed. This technique has the capability of producing pure xylulose for industrial or research applications. A writ for a patent regarding this technique is at present prepared.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280508
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    Granulation of biomass in thermophilic upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors treating acidified wastewaters (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 718-727 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The development of granular sludge in thermophilic (55°C) upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors was investigated. Acetate and a mixture of acetate and butyrate were used as substrates, serving as models for acidified waste-waters. Granular sludge with either Methanothrix or Methanosarcina as the predominant acetate utilizing methanogen was cultivated by allowing the loading rate to increase whenever the acetate concentration in the effluent dropped below 200 and 700 mg COD/L, respectively. The highest methane generation rates, up to 162 kg CH4-COD/m3 day, or 2.53 mole CH4/L day, were achieved at hydraulic retention times down to 21 min, with granules consisting of Methanothrix. The formation of Methanothrix granules did not depend on the type of seed material, nor on the addition of inert support particles. The growth of granules proceeded rapidly with adapted seed material, even when the reactors were inoculated with low concentrations. With mesophilic seed materials growth of granules took much longer. Thermophilic Methanothrix granules strongly resemble mesophilic granules of the “filamentous” type. Some factors governing the thermophilic granulation process are discussed.
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    Particle size effects in the microbiological leaching of sulfide concentrates by thiobacillus ferrooxidans (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 751-755 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    A mathematical model for cell separation technique of centrifugal elutriation (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 570-577 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model for the cell separation technique of centrifugal elutriation is developed. The model simulates both steady and non-steady-state operation of the elutriator. The model can be used to predict the required set of flow rates of elutriating liquid necessary to fractionate a cell culture, the required time of sampling before steady state is achieved, and the range of cell size/cell density combinations contained in any fraction. The model predictions were verified experimentally. Variations in cell density and cell size due to the suspending environment have a significant effect on the accuracy (although not the trends) of the model predictions. Quantification of these variations will lead to significantly more accurate model predictions. An enhanced separation method was developed using the model, to yield finer separation of a cell culture than previously possible. The use of the centrifugal elutriator may now be given a firm theoretical basis, with the quality of separation understood in terms of the basic theory of operation.
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    Lipid-enhanced ethanol production from xylose by Pachysolen tannophilus (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 605-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Hexokinase activity as marker to assess time of harvest of foot-and-mouth disease virus in BHK21 Cl13 cell cultures (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 613-615 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hexokinase (B.C. 2.7.1.1) activity as a marker enzyme during FMD viral infection has been observed spectrophotometrically in a system coupled with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, in supernatants of BHK21Cl13 suspension as well as anchored cell culture at a minimum of 104 infective virus particles/ml. Specific activity increased with virus concentration in culture supernatants and abruptly decreased with a fall in virus titer, as has been noted by TCID/50,146 S concentration, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) readings.
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    Immobilization of trypsin on alginic acid-poly (glycidyl methacrylate) graft copolymer (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 609-612 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trypsin was immobilized onto alginic acid-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) graft copolymer (AAGMA). The resulting immobilized enzyme showed 65% of the soluble enzymatic activity. The temperature optimum was shifted by 5°C to a higher value. The pH optimum of immobilized enzyme has also been shifted by 0.5 units toward the alkaline side when compared to that of soluble enzyme. The pH stability and thermal stability are better than that of soluble enzyme.
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    Synergism of endoenzyme and exoenzyme on hydrolysis of soluble cellulose derivatives (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 878-882 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A kinetic model that represents the reaction of hydrolysis of water-soluble cellulose derivatives by a mixed endo- and exoenzyme system is proposed with the following assumptions: at an early stage of the reaction, endoenzymes split the substrate molecule in order to supply the newly formed nonreducing ends to exoenzymes until the molecular weight of the substrates reaches a low value; after that point, the reaction kinetics obeys only the rate equation of the reaction of the exoenzymes in which the reaction parameters change linearly with decrease of the molecular weight of the substrates. Hydrolysis experiments of soluble cellulose derivatives, carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose, were carried out with endo-and exoenzymes separated from Trichoderma Koningii cellulase. The critical molecular weight of the substrate, from that point the action of endoenzyme can be neglected, was determined from the experimental data. That was ca. 4000 D. With that value, the model fits well the experimental data. Synergism of both enzymes appears as enhancement of the rate of the reaction at the early stage of the reaction.
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    Induction and elimination of oscillations in continuous cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 700-710 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are known to exhibit oscillatory behavior in the oxidative region. Important findings of a series of experiments conducted to identify the causes for initiation of and the means for elimination of oscillations in these cultures are reported in this paper. These oscillations are seen to be connected to the growth kinetics of the microorganism and are induced at very low glucose concentrations and at dissolved oxygen (DO) levels that are neither high nor low (DO values between 20 and 78% air saturation at a dilution rate of 0.2 h-1 and pH of 5.5 at 30°C). The oscillatory behavior is encountered over a range of dilution rates (0.09-0.25 h-1 at 30°C for pH = 5.5 and DO = 50% air saturation). The oscillations can be eliminated by raising the DO level above a critical value or by lowering the DO level below a critical value.
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    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280701
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    Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is controlled by its limited respiratory capacity: Formulation and verification of a hypothesisDedicated to Prof. A. Fiechter on the occasion of his 60th birthday. (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 927-937 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel mechanistic model for the growth of baker's yeast on glucoseis presented. It is based on the fact that glucose degradation proceeds via two pathways under conditions of aerobic ethanol formation. Part is metabolized oxidatively and part reductively, with ethanol being the end product of reductive energy metabolism. The corresponding metabolic state is designated oxidoreductive. Ethanol can be used oxidatively only. Maximum rates of oxidative glucose and ethanol degradation are governed by the respiratory capacity of the cells. The model is formulated by using the stoichiometric growth equations for pure oxidative and reductive (fermentative) glucose and ethanol metabolism. Together with the experimentally determinable yield coefficients (YX/S) for the respective metabolic pathways, the resulting equation system is sufficiently determined. The superiority of the presented model over hitherto published ones is based on two essential novelities. (1) The model was developed on experimentally easily accessible parameters only. (2) For the modeling of aerobic ethanol formation, the substrate flow was split into two simultaneously operating (i.e., in parallel) metabolic pathways that exhibit different but constant energy-generating efficiencies (respiration and fermentation) and consequently different and constant biomass yields (YX/S). The model allows the prediction of experimental data without parameter adaption in a biologically dubious manner.
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    Optimal control of substrate concentrations in bioreactors with separated sensors (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 952-959 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many of the sophisticated sensors desirable for monitoring bioreactors cannot be placed in the bioreactor either because they are not steam sterilizable or because they require nonphysiological operating conditions. Such sensors can be used if they are separated from the bioreactor. Separation of the sensor from the bioreactor causes a time lag in data acquisition. This results in several complexities in the development of an appropriate and stable feedback control system based on a separated sensor. This paper analyzes the optimal control of a bioreactor with a separated sensor without a time lag and analyzes the feedback control (but not necessarily the optimal control) with a time lag. Simulation results indicate that this type of analysis could be extended to more general bioreactor operating conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280704
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    Vapor liquid equilibrium behavior of aqueous ethanol solution during vacuum coupled simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 972-976 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The data on ethanol-water vapor-liquid equilibrium in the presence of cellulase enzyme, nutrients, yeast, and rice straw indicated a substantial increase in ethanol concentration in vapor phase at reduced pressures. Maximum relative volatility of ethanol in the presence of added components is approximately twice that of a pure ethanol-water system. The equation correlating the activity coefficient and ethanol concentration in the liquid phase adequately represents the equilibrium behavior.
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    Breakthrough behavior of 17.5 mol% water in methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and t-butanol vapors passed over corn grits (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 960-964 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ground corn is now used in industry as an adsorbent to remove water from ethanol vapors. It is stable and inexpensive at 10 cents/lb (22 cents/kg). For regeneration it requires less than 2000 Btu/gal of 190 proof ethanol processed. If necessary, it could be readily saccharified and fermented into ethanol after use. This renewable resource has further exciting potential as an inexpensive adsorbent for water removal from other alcohols, including methanol, isopropanol, and t-butanol. Water sorption capacity in a fixed bed, nonisothermal adsorption column appears to be a function of the heat capacity of the non-adsorbed alcohol vapor, relative to the heat capacity of the corn adsorbent. Methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and t-butanol containing 17.5 mol% water gave 105,151, 284, and 358 g anhydrous product/kg adsorbent, respectively, per adsorption cycle. This adsorbent, having operational temperature ranges between 80 and 100°C, is indicated to be of potential utility in solvent recycle processes using these industrially important alcohols. Observed adsorption characteristics are discussed in terms of the alcohol properties of molecular size, heat capacity, and diffusivity. The adsorption mechanism is hypothesized to include transport of water molecules into the structure of adjacent starch molecules present in small spherical bodies (diameter of several microns) immobilized on the surface of the corn grit particles.
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    Photosynthesis in modulated light: Quantitative dependence of photosynthetic enhancement on flashing rate (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 988-995 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to predict the potential benefit associated with mixing devices designed to introduce periodic light modulations in dense cultures of microalgae, it is necessary to develop a quantitative understanding of the relationship between the frequency of the modulations and the resulting photosynthetic efficiency enhancement. To explore this relationship, the photosynthetic rate of cells of Phaeodactylum tricornutum from a dense steady state culture was determined as a function of modulation frequency, intensity of light received, and the proportion of the total cycle period during which the cells were illuminated. At high flash frequencies, the photosynthetic rate was determined by the average intensity received by the cells (full light intensity integration), while at low frequencies the cells responded to the instantaneous intensity (no light intensity integration). Full integration was approached asymptotically with increasing flash frequency. The frequency response could be described by a rectangular hyperbola, and the parameters of this hyperbola were nearly independent of the illumination intensity and the flash proportion. The saturation constant of the hyperbola, at which the response is one-half of the maximum, was 0.67 Hz.
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    Enzymatic saccharification of pretreated rice straw and biomass production (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1503-1509 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comparative study on the saccharification of pretreated rice straw was brought about by using cellulase enzyme produced by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 52430 and its mutant strain UNGI-40. The effect of enzyme and substrate concentrations on the saccharification rate at 24 and 48 were studied. A syrup with 7% sugar concentration was obtained with a 10% substrate concentration for the mutant case, whereas a syrup with 6.8% sugar concentration was obtained with 3.5 times concentrated enzyme from the wild strain. A high saccharification value was obtained with low substrate concentration; the higher the substrate concentration used, the lower the percent saccharification. The glucose content in the hydrolysate comprised 80-82% of total reducing sugars; the remainder was cellobiose and xylose together. The hydrolysate supported the growth of yeasts Candida utilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 52431. A biomass with a 48% protein content was obtained. The essential amino acid composition of yeast biomass was determined.
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    Optimal substrate feeding policy for a fed batch fermentation with substrate and product inhibition kinetics (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1421-1431 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The optimal substrate feeding policy for the fed batch fermentation which is governed by product and substrate inhibited kinetics is presented. The conjunction point between nonsingular and singular arcs and the feeding policy along the singular arc are derived analytically in terms of the concentrations of substrate and product and the liquid volume. Thus, it is possible to determine the feeding rate by monitoring the state variables (i.e., closed loop control). As a specific example, an optimization study of the fed batch fermentation for ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is presented. It is shown that the optimal feeding patterns are heavily dependent upon the initial conditions. The point selectivity provides the guideline for predicting the optimal feeding patterns and explaining the results of rigorous mathematical analysis.
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    Deactivation of free and stabilized acid phosphatase by urea (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1647-1652 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Tests on acid phosphatase (E.G. 3.1.3.2) deactivation by urea have been performed at two pH values. Two conditions have been used: native enzyme operating batch-wise in dilute solution and stabilized enzyme in continuous flow ultrafiltration membrane reactor. Stabilization is achieved by confining the enzyme within a concentrated solution of a linear chain polymer that forms a polarization layer over the membrane. The results provide significant information on the kinetics and thermodynamics of the complex phenomena taking place during deactivation. Deactivation by urea is also compared with thermal deactivation.
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    An integral dynamic model for the UASB reactor (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1621-1636 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this article a dynamic model of a continuous working UASB reactor is described. It results from the integration of the fluid flow pattern in the reactor, the kinetic behavior of the bacteria (where inhibition and limitation were taken into account), and the mass transport phenomena between different compartments and different phases. The mathematical equations underlying the model and describing the important mechanisms were programmed and prepared for computations and simulations by computer. The settler efficiency has to be over 99% to prevent the reactor from wash-out. When the settler efficiency is over 99%, the total sludge content of the reactor increases steadily, so the reactor is hardly ever in a steady state. This implies dynamic modeling. The model is able to predict the various observable and nonobservable or difficult to observe state variables, e.g., the sludge bed height, the sludge blanket concentration, the short-circuiting flows over bed and blanket, and the effluent COD concentration as a function of the hydrodynamic load, COD load, pH, and settler efficiency. The optimal pH value is between 6.0 and 8.0; fatty acid shock loadings are difficult to handle outside this optimal pH range.
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    Substrate conditions that influence the assays used for determining the β-glucosidase activity of cellulolytic microorganisms (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1653-1656 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Culture filtrates from Trichoderma harzianum E58, T. reesei CL 847 and Penicillium sp. C 462 were assayed for β-glucosidase activity using a range of substrates and sugar analysis methods. Although sugar analyses by the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) and Nelson-Somogyi methods gave a similar profile, when increasing concentrations of salicin were assayed, considerably higher values were obtained with the DNS assay. The salicin concentration used for the assay greatly influenced the final β-glucosidase values with higher values obtained for T. harzianum E58 and T. reesei CL 847 at substrate concentrations of 1 mg/mL while optimum values for Penicillium sp. C 462 were obtained at substrate concentrations greater than 3 mg/mL. Low concentrations of salicin and p-nitro-phenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (PNPG) gave the same response as cellobiose. Cellobiose should be used at concentrations greater than 3.74 mg/mL to avoid substrate limitation of the β-glucosidase assay.
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    Kinetics and mechanism of dissimilative Fe(III) reduction by Pseudomonas sp. 200 (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1657-1671 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics and mechanism of Fe(III) reduction to Fe(II) were studied in pure batch cultures of Pseudomonas sp. 200. The rate of iron reduction has been mechanistically related to aqueous phase iron speciation. In the absence of microbial activity the iron reduction rate was negligible. Initial rates of microbial iron reduction were accelerated more than 20-fold by the addition of equimolar quantities of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) to media initially containing 1.86 × 10-3M total Fe(III). Numerical techniques were utilized to quantify relationships between the observed rate of Fe(II) production and the calculated (equilibrium) aqueous phase speciation. These results indicate that soluble ferric iron species are not equivalent in terms of their susceptibility to bacterial (dissimilative) iron reduction. The concentration of Fe(NTA)(OH)22- correlated strongly with observed iron reduction rates. Ferrous iron species appeared to inhibit the reduction process.
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    Phosphorylation of yeast protein: Reduction of ribonucleic acid and isolation of yeast protein concentrate (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1690-1698 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Yeast nucleoproteins were chemically phosphorylated with phosphorus oxychloride (POCL3). Studies using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, stability to pH and lysine estimation all indicated that the ∊-amino group of lysine was the principal functional group phosphorylated. Phosphorylation of ca. 30% of the lysine residues resulted in removal of more than 85% of contaminant ribonucleic acid from protein precipitated at pH 4.2. Phosphorylation did not alter the amino acid composition of yeast proteins and was reversible under acidic conditions. Based on the data, a method for the preparation of phosphorylated yeast protein with low levels of nucleic acid is proposed.
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    Mechanistically detailed model of cellular metabolism for glucose-limited growth of Escherichia coli B/r-A (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1672-1689 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A structured mathematical model for cellular metabolism in Escherichia coli has been extended to encompass the mechanistic structure surrounding the kinetics and control of transcription and translation. The dependence of transcription on RNA polymerase and the mechanism of translation initiation have been explicitly included. This model correctly simulates cell growth, cell composition, and the timing of chromosome synthesis as a function of extracellular substrate concentration for glucose-limited balanced growth. Simulation results for the subpopulation of RNA polymerase engaged in transcription and for the distribution of this subpopulation among different promoter sites agree closely with experimental findings, as do calculated estimates of the active ribosomal fraction. In addition, the existence of an antitermination system for transcription of stable RNA operons is supported by model results. This model should provide a useful framework for investigating metabolic perturbations to E. coli, such as those resulting from insertion of extra-chromosomal vectors into the cells.
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    Modeling active mass in aerobic sludge digestion (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1699-1706 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge was carried out in lab-scale reactors for both batch and semicontinuous flow patterns. The reactors were monitored at three different temperatures: 10, 20, and 30°C. During the course of digestion, significant solubilization of volatile suspended solids was observed, and its effect on the magnitude of kinetic coefficients was examined. Differences in metabolic activity and sludge stabilization were found between batch and semicontinuous flow patterns. An Arrhenius-type relationship was not found to apply to rate constants for the semicontinuous reactors.
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    A model for the filterability of activated sludge supported by mixed-liquor biochemical data (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1801-1808 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A predictive model was developed to estimate the dewatering characteristics of waste-activated sludges. This model utilizes the COD-nitrogen ratio of the wastewater and the organic loading rate of the process to predict sludge filterability in terms of specific resistance. A completely mixed, continuous flow secondary treatment process with solids recycle was used for the cultivation of activated sludges. The sludge wasted from this process was used in Buchner funnel specific resistance determinations. The basic concepts involved in the development of the model were supported by sludge carbohydrate, protein, and surface charge data.
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    Coimmobilization of malate dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase in polyethyleneglycol(#4000)diacrylate gel by droplet gel-entrapping method (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1794-1800 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new immobilization technique suitable for coupled enzymes requiring cofactors was established. This is a droplet gel-entrapping method in which many small droplets including the enzymes are fixed in the gel. The first emulsion was prepared by mixing of a solution containing thermostable malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and formate dehydrogenase (FDH) with benzene containing a surfactant. The first emulsion was added to a solution containing polyethyleneglycol(#4000)diacrylate and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide to prepare the second emulsion (w/o/w). After the second emulsion was gelled by addition of potassium persulfate and 3-dimethylaminopropionitrile, the benzene was removed. The expressed MDH and FDH activities of the MDH-FDH immobilized gel were 7.1 and 13.9% of the initial activities, respectively. The Km values of the gel were 0.60mM for formate and 1.5μM for NAD, respectively. The Km for formate and NAD were found to be extremely low. By using the column packed with 30 g gel having the MDH activity of 41.7 units and the FDH activity of 11.1 units, 13.8mM oxalacetate was completely converted to malate at 30°C. The malate production rate was not affected by the concentration of more than 50mM formate, more than 2mM oxalacetate, and more than 0.1 mM NAD, respectively. Long-term malate production was demonstrated at 30°C by passing the substrate solution containing the two substrates and NAD through the column. The maximum conversion ratio (7.8%) was obtained at the fifth day, and 83% of maximum productivity was maintained even after 3 weeks. The expressed FDH activity at the fifth day was calculated to be 20.5% of the initial activity.
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    Mode of action and properties of xylanase and β-Xylosidase from Neurospora crassaNCL Communications No. 3772. (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1832-1837 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extracellular β-xylosidase (1,4-β-D-xylan xylohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.37) from culture filtrates of Neurospora crassa was purified to homogeneity by preparative isoelectric focusing followed by gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the purified xylosidase was 83,000 D and the Km on p-nitrophenyl-β-D-xyloside was 0.047mM. The homogeneous xylanase (1,4-β-D-xylan xylanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.8) and β-xylosidase showed differences in their mode of action towards xylooligosaccharides. The degree of hydrolysis of D-xylan by xylanase of N. crassa was 18%. Supplementation of β-xylosidase from the same organism resulted in 48% hydrolysis. The synergistic effect was more pronounced, with the hydrolysis of 68%, when a homogeneous preparation of β-xylosidase from Sclerotium rolfsii was added to the saccharification system.
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    Flow and oxygen transfer in a plunging water jet system using inclined short nozzles and performance characteristics of its system in aerobic treatment of wastewater (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1845-1856 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For the plunging water jet system using inclined short nozzles, the flow characteristics such as the bubble penetration depth and the gas entrainment rate, which changed depending on the jet velocity, the nozzle diameter, the jet length, and the jet angle were first evaluated in an air-water system. A comparable investigation between our results and those of existing studies used the long nozzles on those characteristics revealed that both the bubble penetration depth and the gas entrainment rate differed depending on the nozzle length; that is, the nozzle-length-to-diameter ratio LN/DN and that of these characteristics the gas entrainment rate affected considerably by its magnitude and tended to be high when the nozzle of a large LN/DN ratio was used. It was also confirmed from the oxygen transfer experiments that the transfer efficiency at low jet velocities in the present water jet system was not inferior to the ones of other types of existing aeration systems; that is, the utilization of this jet aeration system to a high rate reactor for wastewater treatment or fermentation was sufficiently possible. The applicability of the plunging jet aeration method to microbial processes was then examined. As a typical example of microbial processes to be tested, the continuous treatment of an organic wastewater using activated sludge microorganisms was carried out, and the performance and related problem when this type of aeration system was applied to such a microbial process were investigated. Experimental results showed that, when viewed from the removal ability of dissolved organic matters, the plunging jet aeration system was capable of treating a wastewater of considerable high loading without the rate of oxygen transfer becoming the biooxydation-rate-limiting factor. Special attention was necessary for the choice of the liquid pump to be employed, however, due to the increased amount of fine suspended solids in the treated water caused by the shearing action between sludge flocks and pump blades.
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    Properties of cellulase immobilized on agarose gel with spacer (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1876-1878 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cellulase produced by fungus Trichoderma viride was immobilized on agarose beads (Sepharose 4B) activated by cyanogen bromide and also on activated agarose beads that contained spacer arm (activated CH-Sepharose 4B and Affi-Gel 15). The CMCase activity retained by immobilized cellulase on activated Sepharose containing the spacer tended to be higher than that immobilized without spacer, although the extent of protein immobilization was lower. Also, the higher substrate specificity for cellulase immobilized on beads with spacer was obtained for cellobiose, acid-swollen cellulose, or cellulose powder. The hydrolysis product from their substrates was mainly glucose.
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    Cellular volume determination of fungus Claviceps purpurea sclerotic cells (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1879-1883 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Immobilization of BSA, enzymes and cells of Bacillus stearothermophilus onto cellulose, polygalacturonic acid and starch based graft copolymers containing maleic anhydride (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 51-57 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Poly(maleic anhydride styrene) graft copolymers of cellulose, pectin polygalacturonic acid salt, calcium polygalacturonate, and starch were prepared and used to immobilize proteins. The cellulose grafts coupled quite appreciable quantities of acid phosphatase, glucose oxidase, and trypsin. However, the general retention of activity was somewhat disappointing. Further investigation with acid phosphatase showed that the amount of enzyme immobilized increased as the amount of anhydride in the graft copolymer increased but no such relationship existed for the enzymic activity. The cellulose graft copolymers were hydrolyzed and it appeared that the carboxyl group aided adsorption of the enzyme. Attempts to couple acid phosphatase using CMC through the free carboxyl groups, created by hydrolysis, gave only a small increase in the extent of protein coupling. However, the unhydrolyzed system gave a useful degree of immobilization of cells of Bacillus stearothermophilus, as did a poly(maleic anhydride/styrene)-cocellulose system. Attempts to improve the activity by using grafts based on other polysaccharide supports met with mixed success. Pectin products were soluble. Polygalacturonic acid products were partially soluble and extremely high levels of enzymic activity were obtained. This was probably due in part to the hydrophilic nature of the system, which also encouraged absorption of the enzyme. Attempts were made to reduce the solubility by using the calcium pectinate salt. Immobilization of acid phosphatase and trypsin resulted in inceased protein coupling but relatively poor activities were attained. A starch based system gave similar results. Calcium polygalacturonate was used to prepare an insoluble graft copolymeric system containing acrylonitrile-comaleic anhydride. The resulting gels gave excellent coupling with acid phosphatase which had a very good retention of activity.
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    Parameters affecting optimum activity and stability of urokinase-bound fibrocollagenous tubes (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 64-72 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Urokinase was immobilized by entrapment to fibrocollagenous tubes in order to develop a small-caliber fibrinolytic vascular prosthesis. Several parameters associated with the immobilization process were studied in order to optimize bound urokinase activity and stability. A total of 37% of the absorbing enzyme was attached to the collagen tube and 38% of the attached enzyme retained esterolytic activity, under optimal conditions. In the crosslink step of the entrapment process, the glutaraldehyde concentration was varied from 0.01 to 5.00% (i.e., 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0%). Urokinase activity was optimized at a 1.0% glutaraldehyde crosslink concentration. Urokinase-bound fibrocollagenous tubes (UK-FCT) prepared at the above glutaraldehyde concentrations were tested for their activity with time. The UK-FCT's with 0.1, 1.0, and 3.0% glutaraldehyde retained constant activity for at least 75 h operation time. The UK-FCT's with 0.1, 1.0, and 3.0% glutaraldehyde retained constant activity for at least 75 h operation time. The UK-FCT's with 5.0 and 0.01% glutaraldehyde remained stable for the first 50 h operation time, but begandeactivating beyond 50 h. UK-FCT'S Crosslinked with 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 5.0% glutaraldehyde were recrosslinked with 0.02% glutaraldehyde for 24 h, after they have been operating for 50 h, and the effect of reexposing the crosslink agent on the stability of the UK-FCT's was studied. The results showed that 0.02% glutaraldehyde reexposure had no effect on 0.1, 1.0, and 5.0% glutaraldehyde crosslinked UK-FCT's but exerted an inhibitory effect on a 0.01% crosslink density UK-FCT. Several fibrocollagenous tubes were exposed to various glutaraldehyde concentrations prior to immobilizing urokinase. The subsequent immobilization process occurred under optimal conditions. The effect of the precrosslink step on the activity of the UK-FCT was studied. Results indicated that UK-FCT activity decreases as the precrosslink density increases. The UK-FCT's made under optimal conditions remained stable for at least 75 h operation time, corresponding to ca.1 year of storage time. Ex vivo exposure of UK-FCT's to whole canine blood did not affect catalytic activity. Implantation of a UK-FCT by carotid arterial interposition via an end-to-end anastomosis and subsequent excision after 60 days resulted in an enhanced esterolytic activity which decreased with time to a level close to preoperative levels.
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    Preparation and properties of stable water-insoluble derivatives of glutathione S-aryltransferase (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 97-100 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Iron availability in mixed cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 101-106 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    The polymeric p- and o-quinones as the reactive supports for the enzymes immobilization (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 110-111 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    A method for the determinations of the activity and optimal pH of glucose oxidase in an unbuffered solution (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 107-109 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    A novel acid addition system for the low-pressure reaction bomb (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 126-128 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Recovery of β-galactosidase by adsorption from unclarified Escherichia coli homogenate (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 133-137 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Phenanthrene degradation by Beijerinckia sp. B8/36 (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 142-145 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Transient responses of continuously growing yeast cultures to dilution rate shifts: A sensitive means to analyze biology and the performance of equipment (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 146-150 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Transient responses of continuously growing yeast cultures to step changes in dilution rate were influenced by (1) the preshift conditions of the culture, (2) the magnitude of the dilution rate increase, (3) the organism involved, and (4) the type of bioreactor used. The sensitivity of transient responses to seemingly minor differences in the design of experiments indicated that this type of investigation may be a means to analyze kinetics of microbial cultures as well as the effectiveness of bioreactors.
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    Analysis of protein and cell volume distribution in glucose-limited continuous cultures of budding yeast (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 185-190 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Method of flow cytometric analysis have recently been developed that make it possible to obtain segregated data on a single cell basis. In particular, it has been previously demonstrated that protein distributions obtained by flow cytometry give information about the law of growth of the cell population and the law of growth of the single cell; thus these distribution show how the microbial population is actually growing at the moment of the analysis and may yield more accurate and predictive information. We have extended the analysis of protein distribution and cell volume distribution to continuous cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing in a glucose-limited chemostat. We have found that: (1) to each dilution rate corresponds a given protein and volume distribution that does not change with time in steady state cultures; (2) there is a good proportionality between the average cell volume and the average protein content; (3) the protein distribution obtained can be easily analyzed with the model of growth of yeast previously developed in our laboratory; (4) the analysis of perturbed states shows that both protein distribution and volume distribution change very quickly; thus they are very sensitive parameters and can be used for monitoring and controlling industrial fermentation.
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    High algal production rates achieved in a shallow outdoor flumeHawaii Institute of Marine Biology contribution No. 698. (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 191-197 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mass culture of Tetraselmis suecica grown in seawater enriched with only inorganic nutrients and CO2 in a shallow outdoor flume containing foil arrays to effect systematic vertical mixing achieved average daily production rates of over 40 g ash-free dry wt (AFDW)/m2 over periods as long as one month when grown on a three-day dilution cycle. Photosynthetic efficiencies associated with these high production rates averaged 8-11% based on visible irradiance. Operation of the system in a one-, two-, or four-day dilution cycle resulted in lower photosynthetic efficiencies of 6-7%. A remarkable feature of the three-day dilution cycle results was the fact that production on the third day after dilution averaged 60-70 g AFDW/m2, and corresponding photosynthetic efficiencies averaged 13-19%. The high production rates and photosynthetic efficiencies achieved on the third day after dilution may have reflected the nonequilibrium nature of the production cycle and, in particular, the fact that the adaptation of the cells to changing light condition lagged behind light condition in the culture.
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    Coupling of concanavalin A to cellulose hollow fibers for use in glucose affinity sensor (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 233-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article describes a method for the chemical immobilization of concanavalin A (Con A) on the inside wall of a single hollow cellulose fiber for use in glucose affinity sensor. Periodate oxidation of cellulose fiber followed by a spacer for Con A attachment was deemed to be the most optimal procedure for achieving the highest sensitivity of the sensor without compromising its physical integrity. The effects of variables like the duration of periodate oxidation and its concentration and pH of the spacer coupling step and its duration have been examined. The mechanical strength of the hollow fiber as well as its permeability to the analyte (glucose) have been evaluated prior to and after Con A coupling process.It has been demonstrated that Con A bound hollow fiber prepared according to the procedure outlined here can be successfully used to construct glucose affinity sensor for operation in the physiological range of glucose concentrations.
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    Methane recovery from water hyacinth through anaerobic activated sludge process (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 240-246 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The concepts of phase separation, anaerobic activated sludge process, and alkali pretreatment have been incorporated in this investigation with the objective of developing rational and cost-effective designs of diphasic anaerobic activated sludge systems, with and without alkali treatment, for methane recovery from water hyacinth (WH). Evaluation of process kinetics and optimization analyses of laboratory data reveal that a diphasic system with alkali treatment could be designed with an alkali pretreatment step (3.6% Na2CO3 + 2.5% Ca(OH)2 (w/w) of WH, 24 h duration) followed by an open acid phase (2.1 days HRT) and closed methane reactor with sludge recycle (5.7 days HRT, 7.7 days MCRT) for gas yield of 50 L/kg WH/d at 35-37°C. Likewise, a diphasic system without alkali treatment could be designed with an open acid phase (2 days HRT) followed by closed methane reactor with sludge recycle (3.2 days HRT, 6 days MCRT) for gas yield of 32.5 L/kg WH/d at 35-37°C. Detailed economic analyses bring forth greater cost-efficacy of the diphasic system without alkali treatment and reveal that the advantage accrued in terms of higher gas yield is overshadowed by the cost of chemicals in the diphasic system with alkali treatment.
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    Studies on the flocculation characteristics of Kluyveromyces marxianus (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 283-287 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Dilute acid hydrolysis of wheat straw hemicellulose at moderate temperature: A simplified kinetic model (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 288-293 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Wheat straw has been hydrolized with sulfuric acid at 34 and 90°C. The treatment at 90°C yields complete solubilization of hemicellulose to xylose and arabinose without significant amounts of furfural. The influence of acid concentration was studied and the kinetics of the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis has been modeled suggesting a two-consecutive reactions mechanism. This model is useful to explain the different behavior of the concentration of the two main sugars produced. The enhanced cellulose accessibility to enzymatic attack is also reported.
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    Extraction chemistry of fermentation product carboxylic acidsPresented in part before the 189th meeting of the American Chemical Society, Miami, Beach, FL, April 1985. (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 269-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Within the framework of a program aiming to improve the existing extractive recovery technology of fermentation products, the state of the art is critically reviewed. The acids under consideration are propionic, lactic, pyruvic, succinic, fumaric, maleic, malic, itaconic, tartaric, citric, and isocitric, all obtained by the aerobic fermentation of glucose via the glycolytic pathway and glyoxylate bypass. With no exception, it is the undissociated monomeric acid that is extracted into carbon-bonded and phosphorus-bonded oxygen donor extractants. In the organic phase, the acids are usually dimerized. The extractive transfer process obeys the Nernst law, and the measured partition coefficients range from about 0.003 for aliphatic hydrocarbons to about 2 to 3 for aliphatic alcohols and ketones to about 10 or more for organophosphates. Equally high distribution ratios are measured when long-chain tertiary amines are employed as extractants, forming bulky salts preferentially soluble in the organic phase.
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    Effects of chemical modification on enzymatic activities and stabilities (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 256-268 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of chemical modification on the initial specific activity, residual activity, and deactivation kinetics of various enzymes is analyzed using a series mechanism. This straightforward multistate sequential model presented is consistent with the enzyme deactivation data obtained from different fields. The enzymes are placed in five different categories depending on the effect of chemical modification on initial specific activity and residual activity or stability. Wherever possible, structure-function relationships are described for the enzymes in the different categories. The categorization provides one avenue that leads to further physical insights into enzyme deactivation processes and into the enzyme structure itself.
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    A multispecies biofilm model (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 314-328 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Using a continuum approach and observing conservation principles, an analytical mathematical model of microbial interaction in biofilms was developed. The model predicts changes in biofilm thickness and describes the dynamics and spatial distribution of microbial species and substrates in the film. It allows for biomass detachment due to shear stress and sloughing, external mass transfer limitations, as well as variations in substrate concentrations in the bulk liquid. A computer implementation of the model is provided using an example of heterotrophicautotrophic competition to illustrate how the observed phenomena can be numerically reproduced and indicating how they might affect overall biofilm performance.
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    Study of lignin biotransformation by Aspergillus fumigatus and white-rot fungi using 14C-labeled and unlabeled kraft lignins (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 394-404 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The biodegradation of lignin by fungi was studied in shake flasks using 14C-labeled kraft lignin and in a deep-tank fermentor using unlabeled kraft lignin. Among the fungi screened, A. fumigatus - isolated in our laboratories - was most potent in lignin biotransformation. Dialysis-type fermentation, designed to study possible accumulation of low MW lignin-derived products, showed no such accumulation. Recalcitrant carbohydrates like mi-crocrystalline cellulose supported higher lignolytic activity than easily metabolized carbohydrates like cellobiose. An assay developed to distinguish between CO2 evolved from lignin and carbohydrate substrates demonstrated no stoichiometric correlation between the metabolism of the two cosubstrates. The submerged fermentations with unlabeled lignin are difficult to monitor since chemical assays do not give accurate and true results. Lignolytic efficiencies that allowed monitoring of such fermentations were defined. Degraded lignins were analyzed for structural modifications. A. fumigatus was clearly superior to C. versicolor in all aspects of lignin degradation; A. fumigatus brought about substantial demethoxylation and dehydroxylation, whereas C. versicolor degraded lignins closely resembled undegraded kraft lignin. There was a good agreement among the different indices of lignin degradation, namely, 14CO evolution, OCH3 loss, OH loss, and monomer and dimer yield after permanganate oxidation.
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    An integrated microprocessor-based fermenter control system (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 494-503 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An integrated microprocessor-based fermenter controller was developed in 1980 for an operational environment at Cetus Corp. The main goals in the design and construction of the system were (1) to facilitate scale-up; (2) to provide flexibility and high performance for optimizing fermentation processes; and (3) to be cost-effective for 15 in-house systems. It was also developed to work in conjunction with a laboratory minicomputer for on-line optimization experiments. The controller controls temperature, agitation, dissolved oxygen, pH, and foam throughout each fermentation run without manual intervention. The feedback control parameters have been optimized to provide very accurate control over a wide range of setpoint conditions and under rapidly changing metabolic conditions such as induced during an Escherichia coli batch run. The controller has also been configured to monitor, display, and record each of the controlled variables; support the interactive operator console; and communicate with the laboratory computer. In over 4 years of operation, these systems have met the design goals and have proven to be very reliable. The controller is described, its operational performance presented, and a typical fermentation run delineated.
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    Studies on the thermal inactivation of immobilized enzymes (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 511-522 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The thermal inactivation of a great number of immobilized enzymes shows a biphasic kinetics, which distinctly differs from the first-order inactivation kinetics of the corresponding soluble enzymes. As shown for α-amylase, chymotrypsin, and trypsin covalently bound to silica, polystyrene, or polyacrylamide, the dependence of the remaining activities on the heating time can be well described by the sum of two exponential terms. To interpret this mathematical model function, the catalytic properties of immobilized enzymes (number of active sites in silica-bound trypsin, KM and Ea values in silica-bound α-amylase and chymotrypsin) at different stages of inactivation and the influence of various factors (coupling conditions, addition of denaturants or stabilizers, etc.) on the thermal inactivation of silica-bound α-amylase were studied. Furthermore, conformational alterations in the thermal denaturation of spin-labeled soluble and silica-bound β-amylase were compared by electron spin resonance (ESR) studies. The results suggest that the biphasic inactivation kinetics reflects two different pathways according to which catalytically identical enzyme molecules are predominantly inactivated.
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    Acetonobutylic fermentation: Improvement of performances by coupling continuous fermentation and ultrafiltration (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 523-533 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The technology of coupling ultrafiltration and fermentation has been tested with the acetonobutylic fermentation in continuous mode. The device developed was sterilizable by steam and permitted drastic cleaning of the ultrafiltration (UF) membrane without interrupting the continuous fermentation. It has been shown to be an easily operated and reliable experimental tool for studying high-cell-density cultures and inhibition phenomena. With total recycle of biomass, a dry weight concentration of 125 g/L was attained, which greatly enhanced the volumetric solvent productivity of acetonobutylic fermentation in averaging 4. 5 g/L h for significant periods of time (〉70 h) and maintaining solvent concentration and yield at acceptable levels.
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    Elimination of ethanol inhibition by perstraction (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 534-541 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Perstraction (membrane-aided solvent extraction) was utilized for elimination of ethanol inhibition in continuous ethanol fermentation using high sugar concentrate. Hollow fibers for an artificial kidney were used as a permeable membrane, and their capacity to extract ethanol was examined by using several organic solvents. When tri-n-butylphosphate was used as an extractant, a 500 g/L feed glucose medium was successfully fermented by immobilized yeast cells. During this continuous fermentation a high ehtanol productivity of 48 g/h-L-gel was held, and the solvent requirement per consumed glucose was 6 L-solvent/kg-glucose.
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    The inhibition of the maximum specific growth and fermentation rate of Zymomonas mobilis by ethanol (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 554-563 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The inhibition of the maximum specific growth and fermentation rate of Zymomonas mobilis by ethanol was studied in turbidostat cultures at constant and stepwise changed ethanol concentrations. Up to 50 g/L ethanol, the inhibition kinetics can be approximated by a linear relationship between the specific growth rate and the ethanol concentration. Above this level, deviations from this linearity are observed. The specific fermentation rates were less inhibited by ethanol than was the specific growth rate. The maximum ethanol concentration achieved was 72 g/L.The response time for the adaptation of a turbidstat culture to step changes in the ethanol concentration was markedly dependent on the concentration level, the response time being large at high ethanol concentrations.
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    Kinetics of anaerobic purification of industrial wastewater (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 542-548 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As a part of the development of an integral mathematical model describing the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, the kinetics of the conversion of organic wastes has to be known. We compared the Monod model with the model proposed by Andrews et al. Together with the assumption that the substrate for the anaerobic bacteria is formed by nonionized, volatile fatty acids, the Andrews model is able to describe substrate inhibition and reactor failure due to pH changes.From four batch experiments, with different concentrations of microorganisms, it could be concluded with a reliability of over 95% that the monod model was inadequate and Andrews' model was adequate to describe the measurements. Standard statistical techniques like the X2- and the F-test were used for this purpose.From a parameter sensitivity analysis for the Andrews model it followed that the maximum specific growth rate μAmax of the bacteria and the inhibition constant K1 are the parameters which influence the system most. Thus, these parameter were determined experimentally and most accurately. The results are: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\mu^{A}_{\max} = 16*10^{-4}{\rm h}^{-1}\pm 2\%\quad {\rm and}\quad K_l = 0.0158\,{\rm g}\,{\rm HAc/L}\pm 2.5\%$$\end{document} The other parameters were taken from literature. From calculation of the Thiele modulus for the particles it follows that transport limitation of the substrate in the flocus is not significant. The efficiency η is 0.85 in the worst case.
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    A simple device for leaf luice coagulation (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 603-604 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Effects of periodic change in pressure and dissolved-oxygen concentration on the incubation characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 663-667 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments were carried out to identify an efficient procedure for decreasing the amount of excess sludge in deep aeration columns. Incubation characteristics, especially cellular yield, are closely related to excess sludge, maximum specific growth rate, and chemical oxygen demand. They were measured here for the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which tends to be predominant in sewage treatment, at a pressure remaining constant or periodically changing in the range of 1-6 atm (abs.). Cellular yields tended to decrease over 1-2 min pressure cycles; in steady operation they decreased considerably with increasing pressure or dissolved oxygen concentration. Maximum specific growth rates were moderately affected by periodic changes in pressure or dissolved oxygen concentration but markedly affected in the higher concentration range under steady operation. Substrate consumption rates on the other hand, were little affected in either case. The values of chemical oxygen demand ranged from 220 to 250 mg/L, and were thus nearly constant.
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    Enzymatic production of L-serine (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 857-867 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) in the form of crude extract form a recombinant strain of Klebsiella aerogenes was used to study the production of L-serine from glycine and formaldehyde (HCHO). SHMT activity linearly increased with temperature (30-50°C). Addition of exogenous cofactors, tetrahydrofolic acid and pyridoxal-phosphate, significantly increased SHMT activity. The pH optimum of the SHMT catalyzed L-serine synthesis step was between 8.0 and 8.5. The Km for glycine was 11.6mM at 37°C and pH 8.0. A 87% molar conversion of glycine to serine was obtained at equilibrium (37°C, pH 8.0). Tetrahydrofolic acid was stabilized by maintaining the redox potential of the reaction solution below -330 mV through the addition of a reducing reagent such as β-mercaptoethanol. SHMT stability was very sensitive to HCHO concentration. By carefully balancing the HCHO feed rate against the enzymatic bioconversion rate in order to keep HCHO concentration low, a serine titer of 160 g/L was achieved, the residual glycine concentration was reduced to 40 g/L, a 70% molar conversion of glycine with quantitative yield was obtained, and the overall serine productivity was 5.2 g/L/h.
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    Analysis of exponential growth data for yoghurt cultures (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 895-901 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Obtaining accurate estimates of maximum specific growth rate, growth yield, and product yield is important for many fermentation processes. A systematic procedure is presented to select the exponential growth region and estimate the maximum specific growth rate using the covariate adjustment method with all the available measured variables (i.e. biomass, substrate, and product). The procedure is applied to data collected during growth of pure and mixed cultures of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus on 3% dry milk under anaerobic conditions. The estimation procedure gives good estimates with relatively narrow confidence intervals even though biomass concentration is measured by an indirect method. The estimated values of maximum specific growth rate range from 0.2805 h-1 for S. thermophilus (ATCC-19258) to 0.4672 h-1 for S. thermophilus (Microlife). Growth and product yields are estimated using regression analysis and the data for the exponential growth region. The growth yields are compared to their theoretical maximum values.
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    Theoretical growth yield estimates for recombinant cells (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 741-746 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Effect of immobilization on the physical and kinetic properties of soluble and insoluble trypsin-albumin polymers (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 736-740 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bovine trypsin was crosslinked to human serum albumin (HSA) with glutaraldehyde to form soluble and insoluble copolymers. The physical and kinetic properties of trypsin and trypsin-HSA polymers were compared. Trypsin was heat labile, retaining only 24% of its enzymic activity after heating for 5 min at 60°C. In contrast, under the same condition both the soluble and insoluble trypsin-HSA polymers showed enhanced resistance to heat in-activation, retaining 81 and 100% of their original activities, respectively. The trypsin-HSA polymers also showed shifts in pH optima, an increase in activation energy, and a broadening of their pH stability profiles.
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    Morphology of yeast cell wall as affected by genetic manipulation of β(1 → 6) glycosidic linkage (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 769-784 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The morphology of yeast cells as it is affected by the glycosidic linkages of constituent glucan was studied. Four different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied. A cell wall matrix particle representing the intact original morphology and composed entirely of β-glucan was prepared. Using prepared cell wall glucan particles, the morphology and cell wall matrix structure were examined. Genetic modification of the cell wall structure during growth results in the alteration of the shape and hydrodnamic volume of the intact cell wall particles. The shape and hydrodynamic volume of the cell wall particles can also be modified by in vitro chemical and enzymatic treatment. The shape factor and hydrodynamic volume of the whole glucan cell wall matrix particles were evaluated quantitatively using a rheological analysis. An increased degree of β(1 → 6) cross-linking in the cell wall matrix induces a nearly 2-fold increase in the shape factor and a 10-fold increase in the compression modulus of the glucan particles. The disruption of β(1 → 6) glycosidic cross-linking causes the particles to swell by up to 18% of their original volume. This was used as a strategy to isolate a yeast mutant with a high β(1 → 6) glycosidic content in the cell wall glucan.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280602
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    Steam-explosion pretreatment of wood: Effect of chip size, acid, moisture content and pressure drop (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 792-801 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Material balances for pentosan, lignin, and hexosan, during steam-explosion pretreatment of aspenwood, showed almost quantitative recovery of cellulose in the water-insoluble fraction. Dilute acid impregnation resulted in more selective hydrolysis of pentosan relative to undesirable pyrolysis, and gave a more accessible substrate for enzymatic hydrolysis. Thermocouple probes, located inside simulated aspenwood chips heated in 240°C-saturated steam, showed rapid heating of air-dry wood, whereas green or impregnated wood heated slowly. Small chips, 3.2 mm in the fiber direction, whether green or airdry gave approximately equal rates of pentosan destruction and solubilization, and similar yields of glucose and of total reducing sugars on enzymatic hydrolysis with Trichoderma harzianum. Partial pyrolysis, destroying one third of the pentosan of aspenwood at atmospheric pressure by dry steam at 276°C, gave little increase in yield of reducing sugars on enzymatic hydrolysis. Treatment with saturated steam at 240°C gave essentially the same yields of glucose and of total reducing sugars, and the same yields of butanediol and ethanol on fermentation with Klebsiella pneumoniae, whether or not 80% of the steam was bled off before explosion and even if the chips remained intact, showing that explosion was unnecessary.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280604
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    Behaviors of southern red oak hemicelluloses and lignin in a mild sulfuric acid hydrolysis (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 811-817 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Removal and modification of southern red oak hemicelluloses and lignin in a 0.05%(w/v) sulfuric acid hydrolysis were investigated. The hydrolysis profile was to raise the reaction from room temperature to 150°C for in 38 min and to extend the hydrolysis at 150°C for 1 h. At the end of the hydrolysis, 25.5% of red oak components were dissolved, of which 58% was xylose and 17% lignin. As the hydrolysis proceeded from room temperature to 150°C, a part of red oak xylan was removed to yield an oligomer fraction having maximal yield and average molecular weight of 3460 at 150°C. This fraction and the bulk xylan extracted during the first 30 min at 150°C were further degraded to give a lower molecular weight oligomer fraction, of which the yield and average molecular weight (2610) were highest at the end of the bulk removal of xylan. Red oak lignin, syringyl and guaiacyl units in particular, was increasingly removed with the progress of the hydrolysis. Lignin derivatives and a part of red oak extractives soluble in the hydrolysate were identified.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280606
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    Analysis of unstable recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae population growth in selective medium (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 996-1006 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Widely applied selection strategies for plasmid-containing cells in unstable recombinant populations are based upon synthesis in those cells of an essential, selection gene product. Regular partitioning of this gene product combined with asymmetric plasmid segregation produces plasmid-free cells which retain for some time the ability to grow in selective medium. This theory is elaborated here in terms of a segregated model for an unstable recombinant population which predicts population growth characteristics and composition based upon experimental data for stable strain growth kinetics, plasmid content, and selection gene product stability. Analytical solutions from this model are compared with an unsegregated phenomenological model to evaluate the effective specific growth rate of plasmid-free cells in selective medium. Model predictions have been validated using experimental growth kinetics and flow cytometry data for Saccharomyces cerevisiae D603 populations containing one of the plasmids YCpG1ARS1, YCpG1ΔR8, YCpG1ΔR88, YCpG1ΔH103, YCpG1ΔH200, pLGARS1, and pLGSD5. The recombinant strains investigated encompass a broad range of plasmid content (from one to 18 plasmids per cell) and probability α of plasmid loss at division (0.05 ≤ α ≤ 0.42). Experimental data for all strains considered is inconsistent with the hypothesis that plasmid-free cells are unable to grow in selective medium. For a given value of a, the fraction of plasmid-containing cells in the population decreases with increasing plasmid content and increases for less stable selection gene products. This conceptual framework and mathematical model will aid in strain development for greater effective stability.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280710
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    Investigations of oxygen transfer into Penicillium chrysogenum pellets by microprobe measurements (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1024-1036 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A microcoaxial needle sensor with a tip diameter of ca. 0.7 μm was used as a microprobe to measure profiles of dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) within fixed pellets of Penicillium chrysogenum as a function of the DOT level around the pellet, in the presence and absence of bulk convective flow and turbulence. The investigations indicate that the oxygen transfer mechanism is complex. The results were interpreted by assuming the penetration convective flow into the entire pellet and penetration of turbulence into the outer range. A model was developed which was able to describe the measured DOT profiles very well. The model takes into account molecular and turbulent diffusion as well as convective flow as transfer mechanisms inside of the pellet. Structures of pellets used for microprobe measurements were evaluated by histological investigations. Considerable variations of mycelial density with radius within the pellets were found.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280713
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    Investigation of bacterial growth on mixed substrates: Experimental evaluation of cybernetic models (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1044-1055 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cybernetic models, developed earlier by the authors, have been evaluated experimentally for the growth of Klebsiella oxytoca in batch cultures using mixed substrates from glucose, xylose, arabinose, lactose, and fructose. Based entirely on information procured from batch growth on single substrates, the models accurately predict without further parameter fitting, diauxic growth on mixed substrates, automatically predicting the order in which the substrates are consumed. Even triauxic growth on a mixture of glucose, xylose, and lactose is predicted by the model based on single substrate data. Growth on glucose-fructose mixtures appears to need a slightly modified strategy for cybernetic variables.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280715
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    Operation and pressure distribution of immobilized cell hollow fiber bioreactors (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1064-1071 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been cited in the literature on hollow fiber systems that pressure gradients persist, and the transmembrane flux of the hollow fiber system is dependent on the pattern of the pressure gradients. The pattern can be used to its advantage in immobilized enzyme systems. However, with immobilized living cell systems, the pressure gradients lead to a nonuniform environment within the hollow fiber cartridge and not necessarily favorable results. This article provides pertinent pressure-drop data on hollow fiber cartridges which are in flow configurations typical of immobilized cell culture work. The results illuminate operational problems that may arise in the culture of either anchorage dependent or independent cells. Possible solutions with crossflow systems are suggested.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280717
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    Roles of the specific growth rate and the ethanol concentration in the adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to ethanol (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1443-1445 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280919
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    Heterogeneous one-dimensional model for fixed bed enzyme reactors (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1256-1260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A one-dimensional model, taking into account the diffusion of substrate between the liquid phase and the solid support, has been used to describe fixed bed enzyme reactors. The equations were solved numerically, and the values of the different parameters were calculated by a nonlinear regression method. The model was applied to different systems. The results are presented and discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280818
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    Biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids by a mixed culture of rumen microorganisms (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1268-1276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The biohydrogenation of C-18 unsaturated fatty acids was examined in a mixed culture of microorganisms prepared by inoculating a proper growth medium with a sample of rumen fluid. Some major factors influencing the hydrogenation capacity have been investigated. The age of the mixed culture, the type of inoculum used, the concentration of substrates as well as the presence of sterile rumen fluid in the growth medium were found to be important factors determining biohydrogenation behavior. It could be shown that the mixed microbial culture, which had been grown for about 24 h on a medium similar to that of Bryant and Robinson, contained sterile rumen fluid (10% v/v), and had been inoculated with a sample of the whole untreated rumen content, had the best biohydrogenation capacity. The culture was able to carry out the complete conversion of linoleic and linolenic acid to stearic acid.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280820
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    Cultivation of microorganisms in an air-solid fluidized bed fermentor with agitators (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1294-1301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The productivity of a cell mass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and enzymes of Eupenicillium javanicum increased by cultivation in anair-solid fluidized bed fermentor with agitators. The usefulness of the apparatus for the fluidized bed culture was verified. The productivity of amyiase and protease of the fungus by fluidized bed culture was twice as high as that by stationary culture, considering the dry weight of cells and the enzyme activity. Physiological properties of yeast cells were changed buy the fluidized bed culture; there was a decrease in the cell size of yeast and the changes to the aerobic properties of the yeast cells resulting from excessive supply of oxygen with a high flowrate of air.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280903
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    Measurement of interfacial areas in aerobic fermentations by ultrasonic pulse transmission (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1302-1309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The penetration of ultrasonic waves through opaque media and the large difference in the acoustic properties between air bubbles and the fermentation broth were used to measure the energy attenuation of pulsed ultrasound by the bubbles as the waves passed through the broth. This leads to an on-line determination of the specific interfacial area provided information is available about the holdup or bubble mean diameter. This article gives the principle of the method and demonstrates how the measured interfacial area may be used in evaluating the mass transfer coefficient of a fermentation system in a bubble column.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280904
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    Continuous hydrolysis of tallow with immobilized lipase in a microporous membrane (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1318-1322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Thermostable lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus was immobilized in untreated microporous membranes. Melted tallow pumped through the membrane did not wash the enzyme out. From 0.4 to 0.9% of the soluble activity remained after immobilization with half-lives of 1-2 months or more at 50°C. Membranes can be acid/base washed and reloaded with enzyme with no adverse effects. Buffer was required for a long half-life, and recycling the buffer improved the mass transfer of glycerol out of the immobilized lipase reactor. Immobilized activity was unaffected when the pH of the aqueous product changed from 5.5 to 6.5.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280906
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