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  • ASTROPHYSICS  (566)
  • Physics  (558)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (1,124)
  • 1980  (1,124)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glass transition in polyacrylonitrile: Analysis of dielectric relaxation data (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 18 (1980), S. 1125-1136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric relaxation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) samples, in which the presence of an amorphous phase is evidenced by x-ray diffraction, has been studied over the temperature range 30-150°C and frequency range 102-105 Hz. These data as well as those reported by other authors, reveal several points useful to the understanding of the dielectric relaxations of PAN in relation to its structure. A glass transition in PAN is evidenced by at least two of the four data sets investigated; the third shows combined effect of two relaxations, whereas the fourth clearly shows a relaxation process different from the glass transition. The glass-transition behavior of the dielectric relaxation data is confirmed by Williams-Landel-Ferry theory and a recent theory of Phillips, both of which lead to consistent conclusions.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.180180516
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dependence of the conformational parameters of polyimides on the chemical structure of the chain (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 18 (1980), S. 1175-1186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The flexibility of some polyimide chains has been studied theoretically as a function of the chemical structure of the repeat unit. It has been shown that the thermodynamic flexibility can be varied over a wide range by the choice of the unit structure. For three polyimides, as an example, the flexibility of cyclochain structures approximates that for free rotation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.180180602
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-temperature morphological transition in a styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 18 (1980), S. 1237-1242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Electron microscopy reveals a high-temperature morphological transition in a styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer of 7000 polystyrene block molecular weight and 43,000 polybutadiene block molecular weight (7S-43B-7S). Samples quenched in liquid nitrogen from temperatures above 150°C show no structure, whereas those quenched from temperatures below 140°C clearly show a multiphase structure. We previously reported that the 7S-43B-7S polymer exhibits a relatively sharp melt rheological transition in the temperature region between 140 and 150°C from highly viscoelastic and nonlinear viscous behavior to linear viscous behavior with insignificant elasticity. The dynamic viscoelastic properties are measured at different strain amplitudes in this study, and the results show that the melt rheological transition behavior is not influenced by the strain amplitude. This study clearly shows that the melt rheological transition in the 7S-43B-7S results from a morphological transition from a multiphase structure below about 140°C to a single-phase structure above about 150°C.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.180180606
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Model of sorption of simple molecules in polymers (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 18 (1980), S. 1103-1124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A model of simple molecule sorption in polymers is proposed which embraces both the glassy and rubbery regions, and incorporates the successful dual-mode model below the glass-transition temperature. Hole filling is shown to be an important sorption mechanism both above and below Tg, although saturation effects do not occur in the rubbery polymer. The model interprets the “dual-mode” Langmuir and Henry's law parameters at the molecular level, and a simple statistical mechanical analysis allows estimation of the parameter values, as well as specifying certain interrelationships between the parameters. Applications of the model to gas solubility data in five polymers are considered [polyethylene (PE), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), polystyrene (PS), polymethacrylate (PMA), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc)] and semiquantitative agreement is obtained for PE, PET, and to a lesser extent, PS. For PMA and PVAc, the agreement is qualitative only.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.180180515
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal orientation relaxation studies of polyethyleneSupported in part by grants from the National Science Foundation, the Army Research Office, and the Materials Research Laboratory of the University of Massachusetts. This research represents part of a cooperative program with Professor H. Kawai of Kyoto University supported jointly by the Office of International Programs of the National Science Foundation and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 18 (1980), S. 1065-1085 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Wide-angle x-ray relaxation studies were performed on films of low- and high-density polyethylene (PE). The samples were rapidly stretched by a pneumatic stretcher and held at a fixed length. The rate of crystal reorientation was monitored by measuring diffracted intensity changes using a count-rate meter with output displayed on a storage oscilloscope as well as a digital counter-timer. Experiments were completed at several temperatures and activation energies comparable to those reported for the α1 relaxation in PE were obtained.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.180180513
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Model reactions for stereochemistry of Ziegler-Natta polymerization: Asymmetric hydroisomerization of α-olefins by chiral titanium tetra-alkoxides/tri-isobutyl aluminum catalytic systems (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2129-2142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Homogeneous catalytic systems based on optically active low-molecular-weight and macromolecular titanium alcoholates and tri-isobutyl aluminum were used in the isomerization and hydrogenation of chiral and prochiral olefins. The reactions performed in a nitrogen and hydrogen atmosphere show a different behavior in regard to reaction rate, composition of reaction mixture, and stereochemical control. The catalyst based on macromolecular titanium alcoholate displays lower activity and a varying influence on the stereochemical pathway with respect to the catalysts based on low- molecular-weight alcoholates. The data obtained in both cases strongly support the absence of a stereocontrol by the growing chain in the stereoelective polymerization of racemic α-olefins by Ziegler-Natta catalysts based on optically active precursors. Finally evidence is provided in favor of the intermediate step responsible for asymmetric isomerization which does not occur via η-allyl complex.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180709
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stabilization at high temperatures (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2461-2470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A general detailed model of polymer oxidative degradation in the presence of a stabilizer-oxygen acceptor was considered. The motion of the degradation zone boundary and the sample lifetime were obtained for various conditions of the process. In particular, it is shown that within the given concentration immobile oxygen acceptor has the best stabilizing properties. The theoretical results are compared with the experimental data obtained by using two independent methods: polymer sample cracking and a change in the ESR signal. Good agreement between theory and experiment was obtained.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180805
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of ortho-substituents on reactivities, tacticities, and ceiling temperatures of radical polymerizations of phenyl methacrylates (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2197-2207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Radical polymerization and copolymerization of some o-alkylphenyl methacrylates were carried out and the effect of the ortho-substituents on the ability to homopolymerize, on the monomer reactivities, and on the ceiling temperatures of the monomers was studied. The effect of the substituent on tacticities and thermal stabilities of the polymers formed was also discussed. The ability to honiopolymerize and the monomer reactivity were considerably decreased by the introduction of the o-substituent. 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenyl methacrylate formed no methanol-insoluble polymer at 60°C. On the basis of the tacticity determined it was noted that the o-substituted phenyl methacrylates preferred syndiotactic addition in the propagation reaction less than did phenyl methacrylate or methyl methacrylate. The polymers formed from the o-substituted monomers were thermally less stable than poly(phenyl methacrylate), and, consistent with this finding, ceiling temperatures of the o-substituted phenyl methacrylates seemed to be lower than that of phenyl methacrylate. The effects observed were characteristic of the o-substituents conformationally close to the carbon-carbon double bond of the monomer or the carbon carrying the unpaired electron of the polymer radical.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180715
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenolic resins for solid-phase peptide synthesis. III. Copolymerization of acrylonitrile and p-acetoxystyrene and comparison of reactivity with styrene-based resins (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2239-2246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The copolymerization of acrylonitrile (r1) and p-acetoxystyrene (r2) in bulk yields reactivity ratios r1 = 0.08 and r2 = 0.42. Crosslinked resins are readily obtained by a new type of precipitation copolymerization of acrylonitrile, p-acetoxystyrene, and divinylbenzene. After deacetylation, the phenolic groups afford useful attachment sites for protected amino acids as a first stage in solid-phase peptide synthesis. Reactivity of typical 10% functionalized polyacrylonitrile-based resins is comparable to that of the more usual polystyrene-based equivalents, although swelling characteristics of the two types of resin are very different.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180718
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of unequal functional group reactivity and monomer masses on the polydispersity index in linear step polymerization (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2281-2291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Macosko-Miller approach is used to obtain an expression for the polydispersity index for AA, BB, CC linear step polymerization system in which B and C are the same type of functional group. The dependence of the polydispersity index, as a function of the extent of reaction, on the monomer masses and on the relative reactivities of B and C groups toward A, is examined in detail.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180722
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular defects of polyacrylonitrile formed in aqueous medium (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2307-2322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The various kinds of molecular defect that are related to the thermal property of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) are studied in detail in relation to the polymerization mechanism in an aqueous medium. The existence of two different kinds of polymer radical is pointed out and the significance of polarity of radical species is emphasized. It is shown that the structural irregularity along the main chain is surely present but has little effect on the thermal property of PAN. It is estimated that one of the most significant defects relating to the thermal property is the main-chian type of branching the occurs predominantly in hydrogen on a polymer backbone. The relationship between activator (i.e., NaHSO3) incorporation and branch inhibition mechanisms is discussed. The optimum polymerization condition, under which the highest thermal quality of molecules is obtained, is found empirically within a limited experimental range, for an aqueous heterogeneous system.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180724
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cationic polyelectrolytes. II. Amination of chloromethylated polystyrene with hydroxyalkylic secondary amines (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2333-2346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of chloromethylated polystyrene with methyl(2- hydroxyethyl)amine and butyle (2-hydroxyethyl)amine was studied kinetically. The reaction of benzyl chloride with these amines was also investigated for comparison. N,N-dimethylformamide and dioxane were used as solvents. The reactions of benzyl chloride with the two amines in these solvents took place according to normal kinetics of the second order. Reaction kinetics depend on the nature of the amine and solvent in Chloromethylated polystyrene reactions. In dioxane the self-accelerating effect of the reaction for β ≃ 0.5 is apparent. Steric hindrance of the reaction, beginning with a conversion degree of about 75%, wss observed for butyl(2-hydroxyethyl)amine in N,N-dimethylformamide. This self-accelerating effect is observed in dioxane at the same reaction degree. The activation energies and frequency factors were calculated for the amination of benzyl chloride and chloromethylated polystyrene with the two amines in N,N-dimethylformamide and dioxane.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180726
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photochemistry of polymeric systems. II. Photocrosslinking of polymers and copolymers containing various aromatic N-oxide groups (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2391-2410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2-Methyl-5-vinylpyridine-N-oxide, 4-vinylquinoline-N-oxide. 9-vinylacridine-N-oxide, p-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene-N-oxide units were introduced in polymeric chains as homopolymers or/and as styrene copolymers to study their photocrosslinking. The method used for characterization of photocrosslinked films was a “photoresist test” described in Part I of this series. The photosensitivity of the different chromophores bound to the different polymer has also been studied by UV, IR, and fluorescence spectrophotometries. The use of aromatic amine N-oxide groups in polymers seems to be a general means to produce their photocrosslinking by radical reactions. Among the different polymeric materials prepared, 4-vinylpyridine-N-oxide and 4-vinylquinoline-N-oxide are the most photosensitive.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180730
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solid-state polymerization of long-chain vinyl compounds. IV. Effects of chain length on the polymorphic behavior and postpolymerization of n-alkyl methacrylates (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2437-2449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polymorphic behavior and γ-ray-initiated postpolymerization of the even-numbered long-chain Methacrylates (C18-C12) have been investigated. Phase transition behaviors of octadecyl, hexadecyl, tetradecyl, and dodecyl methacrylates are respectively, which become simpler with shortening of the chain length. The methacrylate monomers with sufficiently long hydrocarbon chains, such as octadecyl and hexadecyl, can be polymerized rapidly in the α-form crystal (hexagonal packing) by a fully two-dimensional mechanism, whereas in the β-form crystal (triclinic packing), polymerization can hardly occur. In the case of dodecyl methacrylate, however, an accelerated polymerization in the β form occurs after an induction period of several hours and the resultant polymer is gel-like. This can be interpreted by the propagation reaction across the polymer chain already formed. It has been found that the solid-state post-polymerization of n-alkyl methacrylates is affected by the chain length through the packing mode of the monomer molecules and also by the aggregation state of side chains in the resultant comblike polymer.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180803
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  • 15
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    Electronic Resource
    Studies on suspension and emulsion. XXXV. Effect of epoxy groups at the surface layer of ethyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer emulsion particles on its crosslinking reactivity (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2451-2459 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of epoxy groups at the surface layer of ethyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (1) emulsion particles on its crosslinking reactivity has been investigated. For this purpose two series of I emulsions were prepared. In the Y series, of which emulsion particles have epoxy groups at the surface layer, the epoxy content in the polymerization recipe was varied. For preparing the X series, of which emulsion particles have few epoxy groups at the surface layer, the high epoxy content of a given emulsion was reduced by various degrees of cleavage reaction with HCl-CaCl2. In emulsion blend films with amine-group-containing copolymer (II) emulsion, where the crosslinking reaction was expected to proceed only at the interfacial layer of I and II emulsion particles, the Y series, compared to the X series at the equal overall epoxy content in particles, showed less swelling and higher gel fraction in dioxane, less swelling in water, and higher tensile strength and modulus. On the other hand, this difference was not observed in the next two crosslinked films in which crosslinking was expected to be homogeneous. First, blends of I and II, which were isolated from the corresponding emulsions discussed above, were cast from dioxane solutions. Second, I emulsions were cast with BF3 ether complex which was expected to penetrate into the particles. It is concluded that the response of I emulsion cleaving the epoxy groups at the surface layer of particles to subsequent interfacial crosslinking is obviously reduced. However, even such an emulsion can be crosslinked to an extent similar to that of an uncleaved emulsion with similar overall epoxy content, if the crosslinking reaction is conducted so as to give an homogeneous effect.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180804
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethylene via ammonia or methylamine dehydrochlorination. A bisphenol for the preparation of highly flame-resistant polycarbonates (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2501-2511 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ammonia used as both reactant and solvent has been shown to dehydrochlorinate 1,1,1-tri-chloro-2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane smoothly to 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylene. The reaction is complete in 1 hr at 100°C, and after two crystallizations from methanol/water affords polymerizable quality monomer for the synthesis of highly flame-resistant polycarbonates. The use of organic solvents in combination with ammonia does not offer any rate advantages over pure ammonia. Primary and secondary amines also can be used to effect the dehydrochlorination but, except for the methylamine, are significantly less reactive and lead to less pure product than amonia.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180809
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  • 17
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    Polymeric p-benzoquinone-tin derivatives as thermal stabilizers for rigid poly(vinyl chloride). I. Preparation of the stabilizers (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2513-2521 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of p-benzoquinone with tin tetrachloride in the absence of solvents was investigated by isolation and identification of the reaction products. This reaction leads to the formation of polymeric quinone-tin derivatives free from combined chlorine, chlorinated quinones, quinhydrone, and minute amounts of CI2 and HCI gases. The tin content varies accroding to the molar ratios of the reactants and reaches its maximum (72%) at the smallest SnCI4 ratio. The existence of the Sn-Sn bond in the polymeric derivatives was confirmed chemically and spectroscopically. A mechanism based on the formation of radical intermediates which can account for the reaction products was developed. In view of their quinonoid nature, high thermal stability, and the presence of Sn-Sn bonds, the polytin derivatives are to be investigated as radical traps in the stabilization of polymeric arcticles against radical degradation process.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180810
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  • 18
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    Polymeric p-benzoquinone-tin derivatives as thermal stabilizers for rigid poly(vinyl chloride). II. Evaluation of the stabilizing efficiency (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2523-2533 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polymeric p-benzoquinone-tin derivatives obtained from the reaction of p-benzoquinone with tin tetrachloride in the absence of solvent have been investigated as thermal stabilizers for rigid PVC at 200°C by measuring the rate of dehydrochlorination. The results reveal the greater stabilizing efficiency of the investigated products in relation to dibutyltin maleate and the basic lead stabilizers commonly used in industry. Evidence has been accumulated that the quinone and metallic elements (Sn—Sn bonds) of the stabilizer participate in the stabilization process by trapping the radical intermediates of degradation and blocking the odd electron sites formed on the polymer chains. Although stabilizers with high quinone content provide greater stabilization in the early stages of degradation, their efficiency sharply decreases in subsequent stages. On the other hand, stabilizers of high tin content effectively prohibit the dehydrochlorination reaction at all stages of degradation. On an equivalent basis of metal content, the results clearly demonstrate the greater stabilizing efficiency of tin atoms when found in direct contact in the stabilizer molecule. The mechanism of stabilization suggested to account for the results obtained may be considered as additional evidence in support of the radical nature of the dehydrochlorination reaction.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180811
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  • 19
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    Microstructural order in cotton fibers by relative availability of O(3)H: Never-dried fibers (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2577-2583 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Availabilities of O(3)H relative to O(2)H (that is, [O(3)H]a/[O(2)H]a) on accessible surfaces of microstructural units of cotton fibers were measured by chemical microstructural analysis (CMA). CMA involves a mild chemical reaction with N,N-diethylaziridinium chloride, determination of substituent distribution for this product and a corresponding product from decrystallized cellulose, and simple computations. Measurements for fibers in commercial cotton fabric, for field-dried fibers, and for never-dried fibers are reported. The [O(3)H]a/[O(2)H]a, an inverse measure of intact O(3)H ·· O(5′) bonds, decreased in the stated order; thus, intact O(3)H ·· O(5′) hydrogen bonding increased in this same order. Results indicate a high degree of order in intramolecular bonding in the never-dried fiber and an increasing disruption of this bonding as the never-dried fiber is dried and processed.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180816
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  • 20
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    Peel adhesion and viscoelasticity of rubber-resin blends (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2597-2608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mixtures in various proportions of natural rubber (NR) and each of two tackifier resins, a poly-β-pinene and a modified pentaerythritol rosin ester, were used as the adhesive layer in joining a flexible polyester strip to a plane glass substrate. Measurements of the force required to peel the strip from the glass at a 90° angle were made over a range of pulling rates at several temperatures. Application of time-temperature superposition enabled a master curve of (reduced) peel force versus (log) pulling rate at a standard temperature (296 K) to be obtained for each adhesive composition. The master curves showed, in increasing order of pulling rate, some or all of four different modes of peeling: (i) peeling with viscous adhesive response, (ii) peeling with rubbery response, (iii) oscillatory or slip-stick peeling, and (iv) peeling with glassy adhesive response. In general, transitions between the different peeling modes were quite abrupt. Increase in concentration of tackifier resin caused displacement of the master curve toward lower pulling rates [an effect interpreted in terms of an increasing adhesive glass temperature (Tg)], and a superimposed displacement of the transition between peeling modes (i) and (ii) toward higher pulling rates-an effect attributed to reduction in adhesive average molecular weight. The influence of the tackifier resin in modifying the viscoelastic characteristics of the adhesive was further demonstrated in a comparison of the peel force master curves with corresponding master curves of dynamic storage modulus.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Electronic Resource
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    Polymerization in water-in-oil microemulsion systems. I (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2641-2648 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Phase diagrams for monomer (methyl acrylate containing microemulsions) are shown and described. Polymerizations of a series of microemulsified monomer reveals the expected linear dependence of 1/DS vs. [S]/[M] for pentanol acting as a chain transfer agent and giving a value of 5.1 × 10-4 for Cs. No break in molecular weight behavior was shown as a result of micellization at higher water contents. A comparison of molecular weights obtained by various classical methods (solution, emulsion, bulk) are also given.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 22
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    Tricarbonylchromium-complexed phenylsiloxane polymers as stereoselective hydrogenation catalysts: Preparation and properties (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2663-2676 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Soluble tricarbonylchromium complexes were made by reacting Cr(CO)6 with a ladder polyphenylsilsesquioxane and a linear polydiphenylsiloxane. These new polymer Cr(CO)3 complexes were characterized by elemental Cr, infrared (IR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), viscosity, and thermal analyses and were evaluated as stereoselective hydrogenation catalysts. Thermogravimetry studies demonstrated that the new complexes were more stable at 180-200°C in N2 than the corresponding complex from crosslinked polystyrene. These silicone polymer complexes catalyzed stereoselective hydrogenation of methyl sorbate to cis-3-hexenoate in cyclohexane and tetrahydrofuran (THF) and could be recovered from THF for recycling by precipitation-fiItration. Catalytic activity and recyclability, however, were highly influenced by the solvent. Loss of catalytic activity associated with loss of Cr(CO)3 was observed on recycling. These results support a mechanisim that involves dissociation of Cr(CO)3, a significant portion of which cannot become reassociated with the polymer phenyl groups.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Electronic Resource
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    Phase transfer-catalyzed nitromercuration of diene polymers (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2723-2729 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A mild, efficient method of nitrating olefins was described recently by Corey and Estreicher. Application of their procedure to diene polymers failed because of the insolubility of the hydrophobic polymer in the aqueous nitromercuration regent. Use of water-immiscible organic cosolvents gave slow nitromercuration with substantial formation of nitrite esters. To overcome these problems a nonaqueous phase transfer-assisted method of rapid selective nitromercuration of diene polymers was developed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    Photochemical degradation of blends of polystyrene and poly(2,6 -dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2737-2746 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Blends of polystyrene and poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) that cover the entire compositional range have been subjected to the action of singlet oxygen from microwave discharge, dye-sensitized reaction, and photochemical oxidation. With the applied analytical technique, which consisted of infrared (IR) analysis, including ATR technique and a spectroscopic method combined with chemical analysis for hydroperoxide groups, it was not possible to detect any effect of the singlet oxygen treatment. For that reason singlet oxygen does not appear to be important to the initiation of the photooxidation of these blends. In connection with photochemical oxidation the interaction observed between the two components probably involves energy transfer from PS to PPO. This interaction results in the enhancement of reactions in PPO that lead to greater carbonyl group formation and crosslinking. Simultaneously, the probability of chain scission in the PS is lowered with increased PPO content, found by determining the changes in the molecular weights.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 25
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    The effect of solvents on the radiation-induced polymerization of ethyl and isopropyl vinyl ethers (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2773-2784 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The radiation-induced cationic polymerization of ethyl and isopropyl vinyl ethers was studied in a variety of solvents. The propagation rate constants were estimated and found to vary widely with the nature of the solvent. In particular, a good linear relationship existed between the logarithms of the rate constants and the reciprocal of the dielectric constants. The lowest rates were those of the highest dielectric constant solvents. These results have been interpreted in terms of the Laidler and Eyring theory of ion-molecule reactions. Isopropyl vinyl ether polymerizes much faster than ethyl vinvl ether, although the rates approach the same value at infinite dielectric constant. In contrast, “free” carbenium ion polymerizations initiated by stable carbenium ion salts in methylene chloride solution had similar values for both monomers. A comparison is made between the rate constants obtained with both methods of initiation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
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    Synthesis of polymer containing lipoic acid as a polymeric reagent for acyl transfer (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2793-2802 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Lipoic acid was immobilized on crosslinked polystyrene beads to generate a polymeric reagent. The acyl transfer reaction of the p-nitrobenzoyl group from the polymer-bound lipoic acid to cyclohexylamine was investigated spectrophotometrically and was compared with a monomeric model compound. The acceleration effect of silver ion on the acyl transfer reaction also was studied.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    On the rate of soapless emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2811-2821 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rate of soapless emulsion polymerization is studied experimentally and theoretically. The soapless emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in water is carried out with potassium persulfate as initiator. It is shown that the soapless emulsion polymerization of MMA gives different time-conversion and time-average molecular weight curves from those of bulk and emulsion polymerizations. Comparing the experimental results with those of the other types of polymerization, features of the rate of soapless emulsion polymerization are discussed and a kinetic model is proposed to apply the soapless emulsion polymerization of MMA in water. The experimental results can be well expressed by this model.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    A chemical study of thermally activated chromic titanate on silica ethylene polymerization catalysts (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2857-2866 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thermally activated ethylene polymerization catalysts which contain chromium and titanium on silica differ from those catalysts which contain only chromium on silica. The characteristics of chromium-titanium catalysts vary with the method of incorporating the titanium and the thermal activation procedure. Titanated catalysts of the kind examined in this article have faster initiation and a higher polymerization rate per unit catalyst weight than corresponding catalysts without titanium. High-density polyethylene produced by this type of titanium-chromium catalyst tends to have a higher melt index and a broader molecular weight distribution than polyethylene made with chromium on silica catalysts. Iodometric titration showed that reduction from the initial hexavalent chromium to trivalent occurs when the dry, catalyst starting material is treated with titanium tetraisopropoxide. A study of the reaction between chromium trioxide and titanium tetraisopropoxide in carbon tetrachloride revealed that (1) it is not necessary to have a reaction between surface silanols and titanium tetraisopropoxide for the reduction to occur, and (2) the reaction product has an absorption near 660 nm in the visible range. Comparison of spectra showed that chromium trioxide on silica reduced by isopropyl alcohol has a shifted absorption, i.e., 600 nm. These findings are interpreted to mean that titanium atoms come sufficiently close to chromium atoms to change their electron density in the starting material and remain close neighbors in the activated catalysts. The interpretation is further supported by ESCA data and leads to the proposal that in this case the activated catalysts contain titanium chromate structures.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Solvating properties of certain polymeric ethersDedicated to Professor C. G. Overberger on occasion of his 60th birthday. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 3059-3067 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The formation of two kinds of solvation complex of poly(ethylene oxide), polydimethoxyethylene, and polydioxene with some alkali derivatives of fluorene in dioxane was found, differing in the ionic species of the fluorenyl metal in the complex. Additional evidence was found for the existence of peripherally solvated ion pairs of fluorenyllithium, -sodium, and -potassium. It was shown that polydimethoxyethylene and polydioxane interact with different cations in a different manner. The complexing ability of poly(ethylene oxide) and polydioxane with respect to fluorenyllithium, -sodium, and -potassium, and of polydimethoxyethylene for fluorenyllithium, was proved to be stronger than that of their monomer analogs - dimethoxyethane and dioxane. This was explained by the effect of the polymer chain.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Configurational rules governing the stereochemical control of chiral initiators in ring-opening polymerizations of heterocyclic monomers (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 3089-3099 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Configuration rules were established for the polymerization of cyclic monomers with chiral initiators. The latter recognize in the monomer an asymmetric carbon of homochiral configuration. The chirality of the initiator is defined by the “local” asymmetry of the ligand and by the overall asymmetry of the particular arrangement of catalytic aggregates. Two types of process called “homosteric” and “antisteric,” which apply to the polymerization of resolvable monomers and achiral monomers of meso structure, are defined. These configurational rules have a general character and are verified in many examples of differently substituted three- or four-membered cyclic monomers (oxiranes, thiiranes, β-lactones). Stereoelective polymerization appears to be an original method for the determination of the absolute configuration of some monomers of unknown chirality.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    Sequence distribution of methyl acrylte-vinylidene chloride copolymers by 13C-NMR (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 3307-3310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170181116
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    Heterogeneous catalysis by polyelectrolyte. I. Polyelectrolyte influence on the solvolysis and deamination (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 3289-3296 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Heterogeneous or homogeneous polyelectrolyte influences on the solvolyses of t-butyl chloride and α-phenethyl chloride were studied. Anionic polymers enhanced the reaction rate by stabilizing the intermediate point dipole (ionic strength effect); cationic polymers with chloride ions as gegenions retarded the reaction by the mass action law (common ion salt effect), thus supporting the theory of Ingold et al. On the other hand, neutral polymer resins retarded the reaction probably because of the binding of the substrate on the resin surface. By the addition of a neutral polymer resin. Amberlite XAD-4 the net steric course of the solvolysis of α-phenethyl chloride was slightly changed from inversion to racernization, whereas anionic resins (Amberlite IR-124) showed no effect. The heterogeneous polymer resin effect on the dearnination of α-phenethyl amine was also studied. An anionic resin (IR-124) retarded the reaction slightly and a neutrai resin (XAD-4) retarded it to a great extent. A cationic resin (Dowex 1 × 8) accelerated the reaction, although slightly. The net steric course of the deamination was changed from inversion to racemization in the order XAD-4 〉 Dowex 1 × 8 〉 IR 124. The heterogeneous polymer effect of the stereochemistry depended mainly on the hydrophobicity: i.e., the ability to bind the substrate on the surface of resin.
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    Radiation-induced polymerization at high dose rate. IV. Chloroprene in bulk (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 3297-3305 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bulk polymerization of chloroprene was studied at 25°C in a wide does rate range. Variations of the rate of polymerization (Rp) and molecular weight as a function of does rate were essentially the same as those in several monomers that are capab;e of radical and cationic polymerizations. The polymerization proceeds with radical mechanism at low dose rate ans with radical and cationic mechanism concurrently at high dose rate. The number-average molecular weight of the high-dose-rate was ca. 2400. Microstructure of the polymers was mainly of trans-1,4 unit with small fraction of cis-1,4 and 3,4-vinyl unit. Fractions of the vinyl unit and the inverted unit in trans-1,4 sequence which increased at high does rate inflected the change of dominant mechanism of polymerization.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Grafting vinyl monomers onto silk fibers. XII. Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto silk using hydrogen peroxidesodium thiosulfa te redox system (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 3315-3317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170181117
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    Synthesis and metal binding properties of novel sulfur-containing functional oligomerPart 8 of “Non-Classical Urea Oligomers” series for Part 7, see ref. 1. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 3359-3368 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and metal ion binding properties of a new class of functional oligomers are described. Oligo[1-(N-phenylthiocarbamoyl)aziridine] (DP ca. 8) and its analogs are prepared by ring-opening oligomerization of the corresponding aziridine monomers in good yields. These oligomers contain sulfur groups capable of binding “soft” metal ions, and the selective binding properties of the novel oligomer for Cu(II) and Hg(II) ions are investigated by liquid-solid adsorption and liquid-liquid extraction experiments.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170181203
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    Radiation-induced polymerization at high dose rate. III. Isoprene in bulk (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 3381-3391 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Radiation-induced polymerization of isoprene in bulk state was studied at 25°C in a wide dose rate range. Variations of the rate of polymerization and molecular weight of the products were essentially the same as those observed in the monomers which were capable of both radical and cationic polymerizations. At low dose rate, 7.0-230 rad/sec, radical polymerization took place. At high dose rate, 8.8 × 103-2.2 × 105 rad/sec, radical and cationic polymerizations took place concurrently. The average molecular weight of the high-dose-rate product was about 850, independent of dose rate. The microstructure of the products at high dose rate consisted mainly of trans- 1,4 units with only about 7% of cis- 1,4 and 10% of 3,4-vinyl units. The residual unsaturation in the high-dose-rate products was 90%. Decreases in cis units and residual unsaturation at high dose rate were accounted for by the change in predominant mechanism of polymerization with dose rate.
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    The synthesis of sulfonated polymers by free radical copolymerization. Poly(butadiene-co-sodium styrene sulfonate) (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 3427-3439 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The copolymerization of butadiene with sodium styrene sulfonate was studied and the copolymer products characterized. In general these copolymers contain 0.5-4 mole% of sulfonated monomer. The effects of the following reaction variables are described: emulsifier type and concentration, monomers feed ratio, chain transfer agent concentration, and reaction conversion. The products were heterogeneous with regard to composition, molecular weight, and solubility behavior. Copolymers prepared under certain conditions exhibited strong intermolecular interactions derived from associations of the ionic species as observed in other ionomers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Kinetics of the metal-catalyzed condensations of phenols and polyflavonoid tannins with formaldehyde (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 3447-3454 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rate constants and free energies of activation of Zn2+ -accelerated and Cr3+ -retarded condensations of resorcinolic A rings of polyflavonoid wattle tannins, as well as of the model compounds resorcinol and catechol with formaldehyde, were determined. A quantitative indication of the effect of strong metallic ion catalysts on phenol/aldehyde reactions was obtained. Second-order kinetics have been found to fit these metallic ion-catalyzed reactions. The dependence of the tannin/formaldehyde reaction on the concentration of Zn2+ and Cr3+ under acid and alkaline reaction conditions has been investigated and the respective catalytic coefficients determined. In the presence of the metallic ions used the reaction proved to be considerably less sensitive to variations of OH-concentration, hence of pH.
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    Starshaped block copolymers. I. Synthesis of new A(B)2 starshaped block copolymers based on vinyl or diene hydrocarbons (A) and oxirane (B) (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 3483-3498 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Naphthalene-terminated polyvinyl aromatics and polyisoprene were obtained successfully. These functional polymers were metalated by potassium in THF at 25°C. The formation of a stable dinegative ion is observed unless the naphthalene is directly attached to the end of the polyvinyl aromatics, in which case a few isoprene units can be advantageously inserted between the naphthalene end group and the polyvinyl aromatics. The polymeric and stable dinegative ion polymerizes oxirane by both anionic sites and forms three-branched starshaped block copolymers.
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    Relationships of graft polymerization of vinyl monomers onto cellulose. Reaction kinetics and polymer structurePresented at the Fifth Conference, “Modified Polymers, Their Preparation and Properties,” Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, July 3-6, 1979. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 3369-3379 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Graft polymerization of acrylamide and sulfuric salt of 2-methyl-5 vinylpyridine onto cellulose using CO(III) salts was studied. It was shown that graft polymerisation of water-soluble polymers can be described by general relationships of radical reaction. The relation between elementary reaction constants of the formation and termination of active centers in cellulose, as well as relation between constants of the propagation, transfer and termination of chains were determined for different cellulose materials and monomers. The translational diffusion, sedimentation, viscosity, and flow birefringence of copolymers have been investigated in different solvents. Experimental data showed that the copolymers obtained are graft copolymers with two to five grafted chains onto macromolecules. The minimum distance between the branch points is 100 ± 20 glucoside units. The peculiarity of these copolymers is relatively low polydispersity. The conformation of macromolecules of such copolymers in solution depends on the compatibility of the copolymer components and the thermodynamic properties of the solvent.
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    Synthesis and polymerization of γ-alkoxy-β-hydroxypropyl acrylates (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 3403-3411 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several γ-alkoxy-β-hydroxypropyl acrylates were synthesized and polymerized. Both poly(MHPA) (IVd) and poly(MHPMA) (IVa) hydrogels possess high values of equilibrium water content, about seven and three times, respectively, that of the poly(β-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogel. These rather high values are attributed tentatively to the presence of a hydrophilic γ-methoxy-β-hydroxypropyl side group on the acrylic backbone.
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    Synthesis and radiation degradation of vinyl polymers with fluorine: Search for improved lithographic resists (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 3413-3425 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Homopolymers of methyl α-fluoroacrylate (MFA), trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEM), and hexafluoroisopropyl methacrylate (HFIM) were prepared, as were their methyl methacrylate (MMA) copolymers. Copolymers of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) with MMA were also prepared. The radiation susceptibilities of these polymers were measured by the 60Co γ-irradiation method, in which molecular weights were measured by membrane osmometry and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). All the copolymers degraded by predominant chain scission except poly(methyl α-fluoroacrylate), (PMFA), which crosslinks even at low doses (ca. 1 Mrad). The Gs - Gx and Gs values of the chain scissioning polymers and copolymers are higher than those of poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA reference. The high susceptibility of PMFA homopolymer to crosslinking is in contrast to that of poly(methyl α-chloroacrylate), as we reported earlier. This effect is interpreted as resulting from extensive hydrogen fluoride and polyenlyl radical formation, which leads to facile crosslinking. However, incorporation of the MFA monomer unit causes the (22/78) MFA/MMA copolymer to degrade with a larger value of Gs that PMMA. Apparently a second-order process leads to crosslinking in PMFA and this is retarded in the copolymer. In the hehomopolymers of HFIM and TFEM and in the HFIM-MMA and TFEM-MMA copolymers the HFIM and TFEM components facilitate degradation with negligible crosslinking. The increased degradation susceptibility of VDF and CTFE copolymers with MMA over that of PMMA is attributed to processes at the VDF or CTFE components present in smaller concentrations (3-5 mole %) than the threshold levels (25-50% necessary for significant crosslinking).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Kinetic evidence of a “matrix effect” in the bulk polymerization of acrylonitrile (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 327-333 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the γ-ray-initiated polymerization of acrylonitrile in bulk are reexamined in broad ranges of temperatures and radiation dose rates. The discussion of the results coupled with an analysis of earlier data indicate that the polymerization of acrylonitrile proceeds by different mechanisms depending on the reaction temperature. Above 60°C the precipitated growing chains recombine readily; therefore, the autoaccelerated conversion curves cannot be accounted for by an “occlusion effect.” It is suggested that autoacceleration is caused by a fast propagation taking place in oriented monomer aggregates which result from dipole-dipole association of the monomer with the polymer chains formed in the early stages of the reaction (“matrix effect”). Below 10°C the precipitated growing chains are buried in the dead polymer and monomer diffusion toward the occluded chain ends is very limited (“occlusion effect”). Between 10 and 60°C the system gradually changes from one dominated by “occlusion” to one where the “matrix effect” determines the kinetic behavior. The conclusion based on kinetic data is in agreement with results obtained from studies of the postpolymerization in these various systems.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Reactivity of N,N′-bismethylolpyromellitimide with isocyanates (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 355-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180136
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    Studies of poly-yne polymers containing transition metals in the main chain. 5. A design of metal arrangement in polymer backbone (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 349-353 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180135
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  • 46
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    Kinetics of the hydrolysis of linear poly[(acylimino)ethylenes] (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 380-380 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180143
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    Plasma polymerization. III. An ESCA investigation of polymers synthesized by excitation of inductively coupled RF plasmas in perfluorocyclohexa-1,3- and 1,4-dienes, and in perfluorocyclohexeneThis is Part XXVIII of the series “ESCA Applied to Polymers.” (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 407-425 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The plasma polymers prepared from perfluorocyclohexa-1,3-diene, perfluorocyclohexa-1,4-diene, and perfluorocyclohexene have been investigated by ESCA. The carbon-to-fluorine stoichiometries of the diene-derived polymers are similar and close to that of the starting material. The polymer prepared from perfluorocyclohexene is depleted in fluorine compared to the fluorine content of the “monomer.” The polymers prepared in nonglow regions are also studied and shown to be high in CF2 derived species. The results are compared with those for perfluorobenzene and perfluorocyclohexane, and the polymerization rates are in the order C6F6 〉 C6F8 1,3 ∼ 1,4 〉 C6F10 ∼ C6F12. The variations in composition of the plasma polymer as revealed by ESCA as a function of the polymerization conditions are discussed.
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    Copolymerization of liquid sulfur with certain olefinic systems and structure-property studies on the polymeric materialsAbstracted in part from a dissertation submitted to the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of New York, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Polymer Science and Engineering, 1979. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 383-406 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Liquid sulfur-olefinic reactions at 140°C forming crosslinked polysulfide polymers have been investigated. A systematic approach to the characterization and some structure-property studies on these new polymeric materials has been presented. The olefinic systems of interest are endo-and exo-dicyclopentadiene and an oligomeric alkenyl polysulfide. Equimolar S8-olefinic system copolymers are amorphous and they show no tendency for sulfur crystallization. A correlation has been drawn between chemical structure and glass transition temperature of the copolymers and terpolymers. Mechanical properties and, in particular, chemical stress relaxation of the crosslinked polysulfide polymers have been investigated.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Functional monomers and polymers. LXI. Photochemical reactions on the synthetic polymers containing thymine basesFor Part LX see ref. 13. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 427-439 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Photodimerization of N-2-isobutyloxyethyl thymine (T-M), bis[2-(5-methyl-1-primidinyl)-ethyl] glutarate (T-T), poly(N-2-methacryloyloxyethyl thymine) (polyMAOT), and poly(N-2-acryloyloxyethyl thymine) (poly AOT) was studied in dimethylformamide solution. The rate of intramolecular photodimerization of polyMAOT and polyAOT was 5.7 and 7.2 times faster, respectively, than that of T-T. In T-M, however, intermolecular photodimerization did not occur under the reaction condition used. Quenching studies with isoprene suggest that the photodimerization of T-T occurs predominantly in an excited triplet state, whereas that of polyMAOT and polyAOT occur in singlet and triplet states. It was concluded that the photodimers of T-T, polyMAOT, and polyAOT are two syn-fused cyclobutane-type dimers (cis-syn and trans-syn). Quantum efficiencies of thymine base disappearance were determined by ultraviolet (UV) analysis to be 0.0012 for T-T, 0.0084 for polyMAOT, and 0.010 for polyAOT.
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    Reaction of cellulose phosphonate with N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and flame-retardant properties of the product (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 441-448 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of cellulose phosphonate and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone in ethanol in the presence of sodium ethoxide was investigated and thermal stabilities and flame-retardant properties for cellulose phosphonate modified with N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone were discussed. The results in this study point out the following important aspects of flame retardation of cellulose fabrics: (1) The reaction of cellulose phosphonate and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone in the presence of sodium ethoxide results in graft polymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone at P—H sites in cellulose phosphonate; an average chain length of the graft polymer is about five units of vinylpyrrolidone. (2) The graft polymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone can improve both stabilities, especially the flame-retardant properties of cellulose fabrics. (3) Amides, whether noncyclic or cyclic, are suitable for nitrogen compounds that can effectively operate as synergists.
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    Reactions of stabilizer compounds. IV. ESR studies of the formation of stable nitroxyl radicals in the photooxidation of polypropylene containing hindered amine light stabilizers (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 533-539 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ESR studies of the formation of stable nitroxyl radicals in the photooxidation of polypropylene containing 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine (II) and the commercial light stabilizer bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)sebacate (III) are described. Spectra of the stable nitroxyl radicals in solid polymer and in solution after extraction from the polymer were obtained. The extract from photooxidized polypropylene containing the bifunctional stabilizer (III) showed only the mononitroxyl radical. The possible formation of polymer-bonded nitroxyl radicals from (III) is discussed.
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    Chemical modification of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) by chloromethylation reaction (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 729-736 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chloromethylation reaction of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) was studied. The effect of the chloromethylating agent, catalyst, temperature, and reaction time on the course of chloromethylation reaction was investigated. The optimum conditions for introducing one chloromethyl group per one monomer unit were found. Thermal studies of chloromethylated poly(N-vinylcarbazole) were carried out.
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    Polycondensation reaction of dimethyl tartrate with hexamethylenediamine in the presence of various matrices (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 939-948 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polycondensation reaction of dimethyl tartrate (DMT) with hexamethylenediamine (HMD) was carried out in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 60°C in the presence of various polymer matrices, which were expected to interact with DMT or the resulting polyamide which had pendant hydroxyl groups due to hydrogen bonding. It was found that the rate of polycondensation was enhanced by polymer matrices such as poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), Pullulan (polysaccharide) (PF), and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The rate enhancement became more pronounced with increasing molecular weight of the polymer matrix. When polycondensation in the presence of PVA was carried out in DMSO, a polymer complex was produced. The formation of the polymer complex between the resulting polyamide and PVA during polycondensation was dependent on the concentration of monomers and also on PVA; a gelation of the solution was observed at a concentration of PVA.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Organosilane polymers. II. Poly(ethylmethyl-co-dimethylsilylene) and poly(methylpropyl-co-dimethylsilylene) (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 959-965 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polydimethylsilylene is a largely crystalline, high-melting polymer that is soluble only above 200°C and does not thermoform below its decomposition temperature. Introduction of ethyl and propyl substituents into the linear silylene system by random copolymerization of dimethylsilylene with ethylmethyl- and methylpropylsilylenes leads to tractable polymers that are soluble in common solvents at normal ambient temperatures.
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    Functional monomers and polymers. LXIII. A study on the polymer-polymer interaction between nucleic acid base-substituted poly-L-lysinesFor Part LXII see ref. 1. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 949-958 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A study of polymer-polymer interaction was made on several poly-L-lysines that contained pendant nucleic acid bases substituted on the N′ position. Conformation and interaction of these polypeptides were studied in solution by spectroscopic measurement. The results obtained suggest that the high-molecular-weight polymers form polymer complexes in a helical conformation by specific adenine-thymine base pairing. On the other hand, no interaction could be observed for the low-molecular-weight polymers, which existed in a random coil structure.
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    Polymer flammability. II (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 987-1009 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The responses of a polymer flame to changes of specimen diameter, ignition position, and stability of the burning surface were determined. These extrinsic flame parameters restricted the transport of oxygen from the environment to the burning surface. With increasing restriction the oxygen demand from the environment for self-sustained combustion increased from a minimum oxygen demand at maximum access of environmental oxygen to the burning surface. This increase in oxygen demand was measured and correlated with surface oxygen concentrations estimated from the diffusion data of Part I. The minimum oxygen demand was demonstrated as characteristic for a given polymer and intrinsic in its chemical structure. This minimum oxygen demand, termed intrinsic combustibility, has been correlated with a polymer's thermooxidative stability, measured by thermogravimetric analysis at specific conditions. An intrinsic combustibility scale for polymers is given. In contrast, polymer flammability, as commonly measured in air, is interpreted as a variable property that depends on the extent of the interaction between extrinsic parameters, which are set by the testing configuration, with intrinsic combustibility.
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    Evolution of aromatic compounds in the thermal decomposition of vinyl polymers (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1147-1153 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermal decomposition products that evolve from poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(vinylbromide) (PVB), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and poly(vinylacetate) (PVAc) were analyzed by direct pyrolysis in the ion source of a mass spectrometer (MS). Our results indicate that in both stages of the decomposition process which occurred in the four vinyl polymers investigated several aromatic hydrocarbons were produced and that the relative amounts of benzene, napthalene, and anthracene were different in the two stages. This previously unreported information determines in a single scheme the thermal behavior of the title compounds.
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    Utilisation du dicyclohéxyl-18 couronne-6 en polymérisation anionique. II. Polymérisation du methacrylate de methyle amorcee par les metaux alcalins (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1155-1161 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The purpose of the present work, relative to anionic polymerization, is to describe the use of DCHE in order to prepare stable alkali metal solutions in low-dielectric-constant solvents. All these new species initiate the polymerization of methyl methacrylate avoiding the inconvenience of heterogeneous reactions. The presence of complexed ion pairs increases the syndiotactic structure. The polymerization seems to obey the Bernoullian statistics.
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    Polymérisation anionique de i'isoprene et du butadiene en presence d'agents complexants (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1163-1169 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: With the aid of DCHE and [222], solutions of sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium have been prepared in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and in benzene. All these new species initiate the polymerization of butadiene and isoprene avoiding the inconvenience of heterogeneous reactions. The presence of free ions and/or complexed ion pairs allows the increase of vinyl structures even in benzene.
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    Grafting onto wool. IV. Effect of amines upon ceric ion-initiated grafting of poly(methyl acrylate) (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1171-1176 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Grafting of poly(methyl acrylate) onto wool has been carried out in an aqueous medium at 45 ± 1°C by using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) in the presence of triethylamine, diethylamine, n-butylamine, triethanolamine, and N,N-dimethylaniline. The percentage of grafting varied with the nature and concentrations of the amines. Reactivity of the different amines toward grafting reactions followed the order: triethylamine 〉 diethylamine 〉 n-butylamine 〉 triethanolamine ≥ N,N-dimethylaniline. In the presence of N,N-dimethylaniline grafting did not occur. An attempt has been made to explain the observed reactivity of Ce4+ in various amine systems in graft copolymerization reactions.
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    Determination of initiation rate of copolymerization of acrylonitrile with p-bromophenyl acrylate carried out in N,N-dimethylformamide (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1177-1187 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Studies of the initiation rate of the copolymerization reaction of acrylonitrile with p-bromophenyl acrylate initiated by azobisisobutyronitrile in dimethylformamide at 60°C are reported. The inhibition method involved use of stable Banfield's radical (N-[1,1-dimethyl 3-(N-oxidophenylimine)butyl]-N-phenylaminyl oxide). In the case of acrylonitrile, a side reaction effect of the initiation with the stable radical was observed along with a retarding effect resulting from inhibition reaction products (2kdf)60AN = 8.2 × 10-4 min-1. During the inhibited homopolymerization of p-bromophenyl acrylate a very strong side initiation reaction effect results from the Banfield radical; the inhibition reaction products do not influence the further course of the polymerization reaction. Side initiation effects of the Banfield radical (BR) increase with increasing concentration of p-bromophenyl acrylate. The overall contribution of the side initiation reaction changes for different comonomer mixtures; with their compositions the actual changes are nonadditive. The inhibition reaction products do not influence the further course of copolymerization. The initiation rate in monomer mixtures depends on their composition and may be described by the following relation: $$ 2k_d f = (2k_d f)_{{\rm AN}} \times X_{{\rm AN}}^{1.1} + (2k_d f)_{{\rm pBrPhA}} \times X_{{\rm pBrPhA}}^{1.7} $$
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    Model for predicting the composition of copolyesters: Polymerization of terephthalic acid, 2,2′-oxydiethanol, and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1189-1202 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Copolyesters of two glycols and a dicarboxylic acid moiety are frequently made to obtain specific physical properties. In the synthesis of these polymers an excess of glycol is used in the ester-exchange reaction and then removed during the polycondensation reaction to form a high-molecular-weight product. A model has been developed to predict the final polymer composition. The derivation is based on equilibria of reaction species (free glycol, polymer chain ends, and ester links) and the relative vapor pressures of the two reacting glycols. Calculated results are compared with experimental results of poly(2,2′-oxydiethylene: 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene terephthalate)s. There is good agreement between calculated and experimental compositions. The model can be used to calculate the glycol concentrations that must be used to make a specific polymer composition. This model should also be useful in the calculation of other mole ratios of glycol to dicarboxylic acid that will make the same composition.
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    Thermal-induced conversion of maleic and fumaric acid anion radicals in poly(methyl methacrylate) (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1213-1221 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thermal-induced conversion of maleic and fumaric acid anion radicals produced by γ irradiation at 77 K in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) and optical absorption spectroscopic measurements. The ESR spectra of these acid anion radicals change into two-line spectra with a line separation of ca. 10 G by thermal annealing. This spectrum is assigned to a protonated radical of each acid anion radical. Anion radicals of the solutes are relatively stable below the γ transition point of PMMA and the conversion reaction takes place near this point. This means that the molecular motion of matrix molecule affects the radical conversion reaction.
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    Kinetics of radical polymerization. XXX. Polymerization of styrene in solution (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1223-1232 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A study was made on the AIBN-initiated polymerization of styrene in benzene and dimethyl formamide at 50°C. The overall rate and the rate of initiation of the polymerization were determined and the number-average and weight-average molecular weights of the polymers formed were measured. The decrease in the rate and degree of polymerization with the decrease in styrene concentration was caused by the corresponding decreases in the rate constants of chain propagation and initiation steps. In the systems studied no chain transfer process occurred with an experimentally measurable rate.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    An investigation of the vacuum UV spectra of inductivity coupled RF plasmas excited in inert gases as a function of some of the operating parameters (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1233-1246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The vacuum ultraviolet (UV) emission from inductively coupled radio-frequency (RF) plasmas excited in a series of inert gases has been studied as a function of the pressure and applied power of the system. The effects of discharge tube size and pulsing of the applied RF power are also considered and a comparison is made between RF and microwave excitation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Syntheses of polyethylenimine containing asymmetric nucleic acid base derivatives as grafted pendants (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1247-1265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preparations of new model polymers of polynucleotides with linear polyethylenimine (PEI) backbones and optically active nucleic acid base derivatives as pending side chains are described. (±)-2-(Thymin-1-yl)propionic acid (II) and (±)-2-(adenin-9-yl)propionic acid (IV) were synthesized. These carboxylic acid derivatives were grafted onto PEI at the imino nitrogen by the p-nitrophenyl active ester method. The enantiomeric pairs of II were optically resolved with quinine to yield (-) and (+)-2-(thymin-1-yl)propionic acid (VII and VIII). VII and VIII were grafted onto PEI through amide bond by direct coupling with diethylphosphoryl cyanide to give optically active graft polymers. The related monomer and dimer model compounds were also prepared by the same method from diethylamine and dimethylethylene diamine, respectively.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Circular dichroism of polyethylenimine containing optically active thymine derivatives as grafted pendants (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1267-1277 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Optical properties of linear polyethylenimine containing optically active (+)- or (-)-2-(thymin-1-yl)propionyl group as grafted pendant were investigated by circular dichroism (CD) and compared with those of the related monomer and dimer model compounds. CD spectra of the polymer in neutral aqueous solution were different from those of related model compounds, which suggest that the polymer exists in some ordered conformation (at least locally) to allow exciton coupling of π-π* (B2u) transition in the base chromophores along the polymer chain. This ordered conformation tends to be randomized on heating. The effects of complementary base pairing on the CD spectra have also been studied by using a linear polyethylenimine containing (±)-2-(adenin-9-yl) propionyl grafts and its related monomer and dimer models.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Determination of sulfate and similar end groups in polymers [poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene] by an improved dye interaction method (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1279-1284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It has been observed that in a benzene medium the carbinol base of a cationic dye reacts with a polymer with —SO3 Na and similar end groups that give rise to a reversible color formation of the dye cation. This reaction can be pushed to completion and consequent intensification of color by adding a benzene-insoluble acid such as citric acid. This principle has been applied to develop an improved dye interaction method of determining such end groups. The end groups values thus obtained by this method for different poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene samples were found to be in fairly good agreement with those obtained by the dye partition (extrapolation) method.
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    Molecular weight distribution in emulsion polymerizations (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1297-1323 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A mathematical formulation is given which describes the evolution of the number distribution of the molecular weight (MWD) of linear polymer chains that grow in emulsion polymerization systems. The resulting set of coupled ordinary differential equations takes into account the microscopic events of free radical entry, exit, chain annihilation, bimolecular termination (by combination and disproportionation), and chain transfer in a mono- or polydisperse system. Simple analytic solutions are presented for systems in which the number of particles, as well as the average number of free radicals per particle, is constant and in which the rate coefficients are size independent. These solutions indicate that compartmentalization of the free radicals in the latex particles results in a significant increase in the polydispersity of the polymer produced by emulsion polymerization, compared with that in bulk systems. The theory shows that significant mechanistic information may be obtained from experimental MWDs and that, in principle, experimental conditions may be prescribed to grow a desired MWD. The MWDs are presented in a novel manner that facilitates the comparison of theory with experiment.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Effect of solvent on the copolymerization of ethylene and vinyl acetate (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1347-1357 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ethylene (M1)-vinyl acetate (M2) copolymerization at 62°C and 35 kg/cm2 with α,α′-azo-bisisobutyronitrile as initiator has been studied in four different solvents, viz., tert-butyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, benzene, and N,N-dimethylformamide. The experimental method used was based on frequent measurement of the composition of the reaction mixture throughout the copolymerization reaction by means of quantitative gas chromatographic analysis. Highly accurate monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated by means of the curve-fitting I procedure. The observed dependence of the r values on the nature of the solvent is surprisingly large and can be correlated with the volume changes (= excess volumes) observed on mixing vinyl acetate (VAc) with the relevant solvent. An increased hydrogen bonding or dipole-dipole interaction through the carbonyl moiety of the acetate side group of VAc, induces a decreased electron density on the vinyl group of VAc, which in turn leads to a decreased VAc reactivity. The differences among the overall rates of copolymerization in the various solvents can be interpreted in terms of a variable chain transfer to solvent and the rate of the subsequent reinitiation by the solvent radical. In the case of benzene, complex formation is believed to play an important part.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Effect of polyion conformation on dye binding. V. Induced optical activity of acridine orange bound to a synthetic nonstereoregular polyelectrolyte (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1367-1373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that the induced Cotton effects in the visible region of the absorption bands of acridine orange in the presence of a nonstereoregular α-carboxylic polysulfonamide (PLL) can be attributed to stacked bound dye molecules, irrespective of the conformation of the polymer. The existence of an ordered structure seems to be unnecessary for such an induction.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Structure of aromatic polyimides (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1375-1385 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: With a view to understanding the structure of aromatic polyimide backbone, model compound N,N-bis(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1,2:4,5-benzenetetracarboxdiimide was synthesized by the condensation of pyromellitic dianhydride and 4-aminodiphenyl ether in solvent N,N-dimethylacetamide or N,N-dimethylformamide. Various side products formed during the reaction were isolated and identified by spectroscopical methods. This study reveals that the polymer backbone contains nearly 85% imide rings. The uncyclizable residues in the backbone are those derived by the chemical interaction of polymerization solvent or by the modification of intermediate orthoamido acid. The uncyclizable nature of the latter was explained in mass and infrared (IR) spectral studies. The role of the dipolar solvent appears to be vital to imidization.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Organometallic polymers. VI. Anchoring of arenechromium carbonyl complexes to macroreticular polymersFor Part V see ref. 1. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1387-1397 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The phenanthrenechromium dicarbonyl moiety was anchored by a photosubstitution reaction onto commercial resins substituted by diphenylphosphine groups. From scanning electron microscope photographs it was found that, whereas the chloromethylation reaction proceeded homogeneously throughout the polymer beads, the phosphination and photochemical reactions behaved differently, depending on the macrostructure and the morphology of the polymer beads. Large pore size dimensions (1300 Å) allowed the reagents (phosphine and chromium complex) to react throughout the polymer beads, whereas small pore sizes (〈 50 Å) permitted penetration of the reagent only to a limited extent.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    The study of macronet isoporous styrene polymers by gel permeation chromatography (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1399-1406 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Gel permeation chromatography was used for studying the structure of macronet isoporous styrene polymers swollen in chloroform. The polymers were obtained by crosslinking polystyrene either in a solution or in a swollen state using monochlorodimethyl ether and p-xylylenedichloride via the Friedel-Crafts reaction. It is shown that the networks obtained by structurization of concentrated polystyrene solution in a good solvent are characterized by loose structure, fine pores (ca. 10 Å), and narrow pore distribution. In poor solvents or in strong dilution of polystyrene and at the instant of net formation, the polymers that are obtained contain, in addition to fine pores, large pores with diameters up to 300 Å.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Evaluation of monomer reactivity ratios of more complex copolymerization schemes, with application to the penultimate unit effect in methyl acrylate-butadiene copolymerization (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1431-1431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180426
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    Synthesis and optical properties of polyethylenimine containing L-proline and optically active thymine derivatives (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1433-1446 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preparation and optical properties of linear polyethylenimine (PEI) containing L-(-)-N-[(-)-2-(thymin-1-yl) propionyl] prolyl group as grafting pendant, [P-(-)Pro-(-)T], and its related monomer and dimer model compounds are described. Hypochromic effects and circular dichroism of these compounds were compared with those of PEI containing (-)-2-(thymin-1-yl) propionyl group as grafting pendant, [P-(-)T], which has no L-proline ring as a spacing group. P-(-)Pro-(-)T showed no exciton coupling of B2u π-π* transition although it showed large hypochromicity in neutral aqueous solution, implying that the stacking of the bases has no screw sense.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Graft copolymerization onto jute fiber: Ceric ion-initiated graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1447-1458 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out on both defatted and bleached jute fibers using ceric ammonium sulfate (CAS) as the initiator. In order to obtain the optimum condition for grafting, the effects of initiator concentrations, temperature, time of reaction, lignin content of jute, and the monomer concentration were studied. The maximum percent grafting and grafting efficiency were found to be 132% and 0.71, respectively. Kinetic studies showed that at 0.03M CAS, the reaction appeared to obey the second-order process. The activation energies were found to be 7.74 and 5.12 kcal/mole for defatted (lignin content, 15.7%) and chlorite-bleached jute (lignin content 10%), respectively. The activation energies of graft copolymerization of MMA onto jute fiber are compared with the energies of activation of graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Electrochemical and chemical polymerization of acrylamide (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1459-1469 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electrochemical and chemical polymerization of acrylamide (AA) has been studied. The electrolysis of the monomer in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) containing (C4H9)4NClO4 as the supporting electrolyte leads to polymer formation in both anode and cathode compartments. The cathodic polymer dissolves in the reaction mixture and the anodic polymer precipitates during the course of polymerization. A plausible mechanism for the anodic and cathodic initiation reaction has been given. The chemical polymerization of acrylamide that has been initiated by HClO4 is analogous to its anodic polymerization. The polymer yield increases with an increase in concentration of the monomer and HClO4. Raising the reaction temperature also enhances the polymerization rate. The overall apparent activation energy of the polymerization was determined to be ca. 19 kcal/mole. The copolymerization of acrylamide was carried out with methyl methacrylate (MMA) in a solution of HClO4 in DMF. The reactivity ratios are r1 (AA) = 0.25 and r2 = 2.50. The polymerization with HClO4 appears to be by a free radical mechanism. When the polymerization of acrylamide is carried out with HClO4 in H2O, a crosslinked water-insoluble gel formation takes place.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Evolution of HCN by thermal oxidative degradation from nylon 66 at high temperatures including burning (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1471-1481 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Work on the evolution of HCN from nylon 66 was extended to temperatures from ca. 300 to 695°C. Below ca. 300°C the evolution of HCN is governed by chemical decomposition, and above 300°C the evolution is controlled by diffusion. Above 530°C oxidation of HCN becomes noticeable and ignition occurs at 590°C. The rate constants for all of the temperature ranges and for the oxidation of HCN are given in terms of Arrhenius equations. The activation energy for the oxidation of HCN before ignition (590°C) is reached is 47 kcal/mole, and beyond this point, the oxidation is controlled by diffusion. The rate constants increase linearly with oxygen concentration as long as HCN oxidation is negligible; however, they pass through maxima if HCN oxidation is appreciable (some HCN is evolved even in the absence of oxygen). A new flash degradation apparatus has been constructed for these high-temperature ranges and a degradation mechanism has been proposed which is in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results.
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    The effect of tin stabilizers on the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1483-1488 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Simultaneous HCl evolution and spin-generation measurements were made on poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) samples containing stabilizers of the type Rx Sn Y4-x. It was found that tetrabutyltin and tributyltin laurate were better stabilizers than dibutyltin dilaurate. On the basis of the results, a mechanism for the stabilization of PVC by this class of compounds is proposed.
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    Stereochemistry in cationic polymerization of alkenyl ethers. V. Stereochemistry of acetal additions as model reactions for the polymerization of alkenyl ethers (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1489-1498 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Acetal additions to β-substituted vinyl ethers having a variety of substituents (alkenyl ethers) were stereochemically investigated as model reactions for their cationic polymerization. The reactions catalyzed by BF3O(C2H5)2 in CH2Cl2 at O°C gave 1:1 adducts, the steric structure of which was determined by means of 13C-NMR spectroscopy. trans-Alkenyl ethers always gave adducts with a single structure stereospecifically, indicating that the intermediate carbocation attacks a trans-alkenyl ether from a definite direction independent of the bulkiness of substituents. On the other hand, cis-alkenyl ethers formed adducts with two steric structures, and the direction of cation addition was found to depend on the bulkiness of the alkoxy group involved. The above trends were in agreement with the results for poly(alkenyl ether)s and allowed detailed discussion of the stereochemistry of the propagation processes in alkenyl ether polymerizations.
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    Reaction of crotonaldehyde with various ethyl aluminum chlorides in methylene chloride. A 1H-NMR study (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1499-1509 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reactions of crotonaldehyde (CA) with ethyl aluminum chlorides have been examined using a titration technique at low temperature. The titrations were followed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Evidence for complexes of the type (Et2AlCl)2CA and (Et2AlCl-CA)2 has been obtained. Ethyl aluminum sesquichloride undergoes sequential addition of CA to the EtAlCl2 moiety, to the Et2AlCl moiety, and again to the EtAlCl2 moiety. Ethyl aluminum dichloride undergoes ligand redistribution, alternately disproportionating and reproportionating, the ultimate product being EtAlCl2-CA2.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    New processable poly(ether-keto-sulfone)s, poly(arylene sulfone)s, and polyesters curable by intramolecular cyclization. XVII (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1511-1521 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New processable polyaromatic ether-keto-sulfones were prepared from 2,2′-diiododiphenyl-4,4′-dicarbonyl dichloride (I), bis(p-phenoxybenzene)sulfone (V), isophthaloyl chloride (VI), terephthaloyl chloride (VII), and diphenylether (IX) in Friedel-Crafts-type polymerizations. By varying (VI):(VII) ratio and (V):(IX) ratio and by reducing the polymerization time, soluble, processable polymers were obtained. In these polymers, phenylacetylenyl groups were introduced by replacing the iodine. This process led to soluble and curable polymers. Transparent, tough films and fairly flexible glass fiber laminates can readily be prepared. After curing, the polymers were insoluble and showed excellent chemical and thermal resistance. The curing process increased the polymers' softening temperature by ca. 20°C and produced intersting new useful materials for laminates. Processable poly(arylene sulfone)s were prepared from I, V, and diphenylether-4,4′-disulfonylchloride (X) in a Friedel-Crafts-type polymerization. Different monomer ratios and polymerization times were used. Only low-molecular-weight polymers were obtained. The same result was shown by curable polyester formation from I, VI, VII, and 4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol (XI) in an interfacial polycondensation.
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    New telechelic polymers and sequential copolymers by polyfunctional initiator-transfer agents (inifers). II. Synthesis and characterization of α,ω-di(tert-chloro)polyisobutylenes (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1523-1537 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Detailed understanding of the mechanism of initiation and chain transfer in BCl3-coinitiated isobutylene polymerization led to the efficient synthesis of symmetric telechelic polyisobutylenes carrying ∼CH2C(CH3)2Cl groups at either end of the molecule Cl-PIB-Cl. The synthesis is based on the use of inifers, i.e., bifunctional initiator-transfer agents that effect controlled initiation and propagation in the absence of chain transfer to a monomer. Specifically, the synthesis of Cl-PIB-Cl was achieved by the p-dicumyl chloride/BCl3/isobutylene/CH2Cl2 system. According to the inifer mechanism each Cl-PIB-Cl contains two terminal tertiary chlorines and one phenyl group at the interior of the chains. The structure of this new symmetric telechelic polymer has been established by detailed characterization studies including a sensitive new gel permeation chromatography (UV plus RI) analysis method, 1H-NMR, kinetic experiments, and chemical derivatization. The Cl-PIB-Cl molecule is a key intermediate for the synthesis of hosts of new materials, e.g., triblock copolymers, α,ω-diolefins, and α,ω-difunctional polymers.
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    Polymerization of N-vinylpyrrols (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1547-1550 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The free polymerization of 2-methyl-1-vinylpyrrol (I), 2,3-dimethyl-1-vinylpyrrol (II), 1-vinyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindol (III), 1-vinyl-2-phenylpyrrol (IV), and 1-vinyl-2-phenyl-5-trifluoroacetyl pyrrol (V) in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator at 60-80°C has been studied. The polymer yield (up to 90%) and molecular weight in the range 2000-13,000 are strongly dependent on the monomer structure and the polymerization conditions. The reactivity of N-vinylpyrrols studied falls in the order: I 〉 III 〉 II 〉 V 〉 IV implying an important role of the initial radical stabilization with the participation of the ring substituents as well as the steric hindrances in the propagation stage.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180511
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    New telechelic polymers and sequential copolymers by polyfunctional initiator-transfer agents (inifers). III. Synthesis and characterization of poly(α-methylstyrene-b-isobutylene-b-α-methylstyrene) (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1539-1546 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of a new glassy-rubbery-glassy triblock copolymer poly(α-methylstyrene-b-isobutylene-b-α-methylstyrene) has been demonstrated. The key to the synthesis was the preparation by inifer method of a perfectly bifunctional polyisobutylene which carries tert-chlorine end groups Cl-PIB-Cl. In conjunction with Et2AlCl coinitiator, the telechelic Cl-PIB-Cl molecule initiates the polymerization of α-methylstyrene at both ends of the prepolymer. Triblock composition can be controlled by the judicious selection of synthesis conditions; that is, Cl-PIB-Cl molecular weight, α-methylstyrene concentration, and solvent polarity. Theoretical triblock Mn calculated from Mn of Cl-PIB-Cl and triblock overall composition is in excellent agreement with experimental Mn which indicates negligible homopolymer contamination. Extraction with a series of hydrocarbon solvents reveals broad composition distribution. The stress-strain profile of a triblock is similar to that of a poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) thermoplastic elastomer of similar composition.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180510
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  • 87
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    Monte Carlo-studium der reversiblen copolymerisation. I. Theorie, memøry-6 programm, anwendungen (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1559-1564 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The binary reversible copolymerization, taking into account the length of the terminal sequence, are studied by the Monte Carlo method. We discuss the theoretical model, the algorithm, and a FR̃RAN program. Finally, the α-methylstyrene-methyl methacrylate copolymerization is studied by means of the proposed Monte Carlo model, and the results obtained are compared with those obtained using the Markov chain model and Wittmer's equations.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180513
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  • 88
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    Polymer effect in graft polymerizations of acrolein onto imidazole-containing polymer (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1599-1608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The graft polymerizations of acrolein (AL) onto an imidazole (Im)-containing polymer, such as a homopolymer of 4(5)-vinylimidazole (VIm) and several copolymers of VIm-4-vinylpyridine (VPy), VIm-1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (VPr), and VIm-styrene (St), have been studied in ethanol at 0°C. The degree of polymerization (P̄n) of the resulting polyacrolein graft depended on the number of Im units in the Im-containing polymer which produced a decrease in P̄n of grafted polyacrolein. The P̄n of the graft polyacrolein was determined to be in the range of 5-23. The rate of polymerization (Rp) was expressed by Rp = k(PVIm) (AL)2. The graft polymerizability of the AL was influenced by the comonomer in the parent polymer, and was found to be in the order of VIm homopolymer 〉 VIm-VPr copolymer 〉 VIm-VPy copolymer 〉 VIm-St copolymer. Rp was affected by the functional group around the Im group in the Im-containing polymer. These results were discussed by assuming the conformation of the parent polymer in ethanol.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180517
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  • 89
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    A novel synthesis of α-d-acrylonitrile (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1609-1610 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180518
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  • 90
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    ESR signal of polymer prepared In Situ in xylene plasma (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1611-1613 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180519
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  • 91
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    The synthesis and reactions of polysulfites derived from 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1615-1617 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180520
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  • 92
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    Nitration-nitrosation of methyl methacrylate in the presence of nitric-acid (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1619-1626 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180521
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  • 93
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    Triphenylphosphine termination of tetrahydrofuran polymerization in the presence of silver salts (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1627-1632 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180522
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    Critical comments to two articles on “application of mass spectrometry to copolymers of ethylene and propylene oxides” by A. K. Lee and R. D. Sedgwick1,2 (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1633-1634 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180523
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Luminescence of polymers in an inert atmosphere (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1635-1637 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180524
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  • 96
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    Synthesis of polyhydrazides and poly(amide-hydrazide)s by the direct polycondensation reaction with triphenyl phosphite and LiCl (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1639-1642 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180525
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Hydrolysis of amylose in the presence of block copolymer of vinyl alcohol and styrenesulfonic acid. II. Investigation on reaction products (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1643-1646 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180526
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  • 98
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    A quick method for determining the diffusion coefficient for polymer-monomer systems from desorption data (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1647-1650 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180527
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    ESCA applied to polymers. XXVI. Investigation of a series of aliphatic, aromatic, and fluorine-containing polycarbonates (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1651-1664 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The absolute and relative binding energies for the C1s, O1s, and F1s core levels have been determined using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) for a series of aliphatic, aromatic, and fluorine-containing polycarbonates. Comparisons of these experimentally determined, core-level binding energies with theoretical calculations using the ground-state potential model in the CNDO/2 SCF MO formalism as well as model compounds have been made on the C1s and O1s core levels. The degree of polymerization for low-molecular-weight fluorine-containing polycarbonates, as determined from ESCA measurements, is compared to measurements by vapor-phase osmometry and 19F-NMR.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180601
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  • 100
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    Polyesters containing ring units in main chains. I. Preparation and stereochemistry of monomers and polyesters (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1665-1678 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cycloalkanone (C5-C8, C12, and C15) or cycloalkane (C5 and C6) ring-containing monomeric diesters and the polyesters derived from them were prepared, and their configurations were studied by 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Absolute configurations were determined for ring sizes 5, 6, and 7. Configurational change during reduction of a ketonic group of monomeric diesters with ring sizes 5 and 6 was discussed in terms of the steric effect of ring substituents on the ketonic group. In the polycondensation reaction epimerization of the ring units was observed in 5-, 6-, and 7-membered cycloalkanones and not in others, which is explained by steric hindrance by the ring substituents against attack of tetrabutyl titanate catalyst on the ketonic group.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180602
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