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  • *Ecosystem  (215)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (215)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 2000-2004  (215)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994
  • 1950-1954
  • 2002  (132)
  • 2000  (83)
Collection
Publisher
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (215)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Meteorological Society
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  • 2000-2004  (215)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2002-11-02
    Description: The interaction of climate and the timing of low tides along the West Coast of the United States creates a complex mosaic of thermal environments, in which northern sites can be more thermally stressful than southern sites. Thus, climate change may not lead to a poleward shift in the distribution of intertidal organisms, as has been proposed, but instead will likely cause localized extinctions at a series of "hot spots." Patterns of exposure to extreme climatic conditions are temporally variable, and tidal predictions suggest that in the next 3 to 5 years "hot spots" are likely to appear at several northern sites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, Brian -- Harley, Christopher D G -- Halpin, Patricia M -- O'Donnell, Michael -- Hofmann, Gretchen E -- Blanchette, Carol A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):1015-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Sciences Program, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. helmuth@biol.sc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411702" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; *Body Temperature ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Geography ; Pacific Ocean ; Pacific States ; Seasons ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; *Water Movements
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-06-18
    Description: Hundreds of coral species coexist sympatrically on reefs, reproducing in mass-spawning events where hybridization appears common. In the Caribbean, DNA sequence data from all three sympatric Acropora corals show that mass spawning does not erode species barriers. Species A. cervicornis and A. palmata are distinct at two nuclear loci or share ancestral alleles. Morphotypes historically given the name Acropora prolifera are entirely F(1) hybrids of these two species, showing morphologies that depend on which species provides the egg for hybridization. Although selection limits the evolutionary potential of hybrids, F(1) individuals can reproduce asexually and form long-lived, potentially immortal hybrids with unique morphologies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vollmer, Steven V -- Palumbi, Stephen R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 14;296(5575):2023-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. svollmer@oeb.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065836" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; Calmodulin/genetics ; Caribbean Region ; Cnidaria/anatomy & histology/*classification/*genetics/physiology ; Collagen/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introns ; Likelihood Functions ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Reproduction ; Reproduction, Asexual ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-01-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Samyn, Yves -- Massin, Claude -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 11;295(5553):276-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11789538" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Classification ; *Ecosystem ; Invertebrates/classification ; Plants/classification ; *Publishing
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sanchez, Pedro A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 15;295(5562):2019-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉International Center for Research in Agroforestry, Post Office Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya. P.sanchez@cgiar.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11896257" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa South of the Sahara ; Agriculture/*methods ; Biomass ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; *Food Supply ; Forestry ; Humans ; Hunger ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Phosphates ; Plant Development ; Public Policy ; *Soil ; Trees/growth & development ; United Nations ; Zea mays/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-03-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 22;295(5563):2191.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Commerce/economics ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes/physiology ; *Food Supply/economics/standards ; Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; Russia
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-03-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Withgott, Jay -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 22;295(5563):2201-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910088" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Australia ; Biomass ; California ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Food Chain ; Herbicides/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Mediterranean Region ; Seawater/*parasitology ; Seaweed/drug effects/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 27;297(5590):2196.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12351768" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arizona ; *Ecosystem ; Maps as Topic ; *Pinus ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sinclair, A R -- Ludwig, D -- Clark, C W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 15;289(5486):1875.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11012354" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Residence Characteristics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2000-06-10
    Description: Globally, tropical deforestation releases 20 to 30% of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Conserving forests could reduce emissions, but the cost-effectiveness of this mechanism for mitigation depends on the associated opportunity costs. We estimated these costs from local, national, and global perspectives using a case study from Madagascar. Conservation generated significant benefits over logging and agriculture locally and globally. Nationally, however, financial benefits from industrial logging were larger than conservation benefits. Such differing economic signals across scales may exacerbate tropical deforestation. The Kyoto Protocol could potentially overcome this obstacle to conservation by creating markets for protection of tropical forests to mitigate climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kremen, C -- Niles, J O -- Dalton, M G -- Daily, G C -- Ehrlich, P R -- Fay, J P -- Grewal, D -- Guillery, R P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1828-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ckremen@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10846165" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Carbon ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; *Ecosystem ; Greenhouse Effect ; Industry ; Madagascar ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brownell, R L Jr -- Curry, B E -- Van Bonn, W -- Ridgway, S H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2319-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917829" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; California ; Communicable Diseases/transmission/*veterinary ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Seals, Earless
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Starck, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 8;289(5485):1691.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11001734" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Australia ; *Cnidaria ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Humans
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: Researchers have uncovered new evidence about the long-range, and potentially long-term, ecological damage being wrought by an invasive species of fire ant. The red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta displaces other ant species and upsets the structures of native communities of ants--disruptions that appear to be permanent, they report in the July issue of Ecology Letters. The drop in biodiversity could represent a significant loss, experts note, because of the critical role ants play in recycling nutrients and other biological material.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):231.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917841" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ants/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; United States
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  • 13
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: To halt the dramatic alteration in our climate, there must be a reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases. As Bonnie and colleagues discuss in their Perspective, conservation of forests will increase carbon sequestration and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. In this issue, a cost-benefit analysis by Kremen et al. demonstrates the benefits of forest conservation on a local and global scale.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonnie, R -- Schwartzman, S -- Oppenheimer, M -- Bloomfield, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1763-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Defense, 1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877697" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Carbon ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Developing Countries ; *Ecosystem ; Greenhouse Effect ; Industry ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-07-07
    Description: The analysis of major changes in faunal diversity through time is a central theme of analytical paleobiology. The most important sources of data are literature-based compilations of stratigraphic ranges of fossil taxa. The levels of error in these compilations and the possible effects of such error have often been discussed but never directly assessed. We compared our comprehensive database of trilobites to the equivalent portion of J. J. Sepkoski Jr.'s widely used global genus database. More than 70% of entries in the global database are inaccurate; however, as predicted, the error is randomly distributed and does not introduce bias.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adrain, J M -- Westrop, S R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 7;289(5476):110-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geoscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. jonathan-adrain@uiowa.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10884223" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arthropods/anatomy & histology/*classification ; *Classification ; *Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Paleontology/*methods ; Reproducibility of Results
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2000-07-15
    Description: A half-century policy of forest exploitation and monoculture in China has led to disastrous consequences, including degradation of forests and landscapes, loss of biodiversity, unacceptable levels of soil erosion, and catastrophic flooding. A new forest policy had been adopted in China called the Natural Forest conservation Program (NFCP), which emphasizes expansion of natural forests and increasing the productivity of forest plantations. Through locally focused management strategies, biodiversity and forest resources will be sustained, and downstream regions will be better protected from flooding. This new policy is being implemented with a new combination of policy tools, including technical training and education, land management planning, mandatory conversion of marginal farmlands to forest, resettlement and retaining of forest dwellers, share in private ownership, and expanded research. These policy tools may have wider relevance for other countries, particularly developing countries.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, P -- Shao, G -- Zhao, G -- Le Master, D C -- Parker, G R -- Dunning, J B Jr -- Li, Q -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 23;288(5474):2135-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Natural Forest Conservation and Management, State Forestry Administration (SFA), Beijing 100714, P. R. China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10896587" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Forestry/education ; *Public Policy ; Research ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lovett, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 2;288(5471):1578-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858135" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amphibians ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; Mammals ; Plant Development ; Urodela ; *Volcanic Eruptions ; Washington
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2000-11-04
    Description: Construction of four dams on the lower Snake River (in northwestern United States) between 1961 and 1975 altered salmon spawning habitat, elevated smolt and adult migration mortality, and contributed to severe declines of Snake River salmon populations. By applying a matrix model to long-term population data, we found that (i) dam passage improvements have dramatically mitigated direct mortality associated with dams; (ii) even if main stem survival were elevated to 100%, Snake River spring/summer chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) would probably continue to decline toward extinction; and (iii) modest reductions in first-year mortality or estuarine mortality would reverse current population declines.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kareiva, P -- Marvier, M -- McClure, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 3;290(5493):977-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11062128" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Fresh Water ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Northwestern United States ; Population Dynamics ; *Salmon/growth & development/physiology ; Survival Rate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 5;288(5467):785-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10809640" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; California ; *Ecosystem ; *Plant Development ; Poaceae/*growth & development ; Seeds/growth & development
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2000-05-29
    Description: Fully mapped tree census plots of large area, 25 to 52 hectares, have now been completed at six different sites in tropical forests, including dry deciduous to wet evergreen forest on two continents. One of the main goals of these plots has been to evaluate spatial patterns in tropical tree populations. Here the degree of aggregation in the distribution of 1768 tree species is examined based on the average density of conspecific trees in circular neighborhoods around each tree. When all individuals larger than 1 centimeter in stem diameter were included, nearly every species was more aggregated than a random distribution. Considering only larger trees (〉/= 10 centimeters in diameter), the pattern persisted, with most species being more aggregated than random. Rare species were more aggregated than common species. All six forests were very similar in all the particulars of these results.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Condit, R -- Ashton, P S -- Baker, P -- Bunyavejchewin, S -- Gunatilleke, S -- Gunatilleke, N -- Hubbell, S P -- Foster, R B -- Itoh, A -- LaFrankie, J V -- Lee, H S -- Losos, E -- Manokaran, N -- Sukumar, R -- Yamakura, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 26;288(5470):1414-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Unit 0948, APO AA 34002-0948, USA. ctfs@tivoli.si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10827950" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Central America ; *Ecosystem ; India ; Malaysia ; Panama ; Sri Lanka ; Statistics as Topic ; Thailand ; *Trees ; Tropical Climate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-10-14
    Description: The Kyoto protocol aims to reduce carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Part of the strategy is the active management of terrestrial carbon sinks, principally through afforestation and reforestation. In their Perspective, Schulze et al. argue that the preservation of old-growth forests may have a larger positive effect on the carbon cycle than promotion of regrowth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schulze, D E -- Wirth, C -- Heimann, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 22;289(5487):2058-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Post Office Box 100164, 07701 Jena, Germany. Detlef.Schulze@bgc-jena.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11032555" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Carbon ; *Carbon Dioxide ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Trees
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-01-22
    Description: Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) of free-living wild animals can be classified into three major groups on the basis of key epizootiological criteria: (i) EIDs associated with "spill-over" from domestic animals to wildlife populations living in proximity; (ii) EIDs related directly to human intervention, via host or parasite translocations; and (iii) EIDs with no overt human or domestic animal involvement. These phenomena have two major biological implications: first, many wildlife species are reservoirs of pathogens that threaten domestic animal and human health; second, wildlife EIDs pose a substantial threat to the conservation of global biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Daszak, P -- Cunningham, A A -- Hyatt, A D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 21;287(5452):443-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. daszak@uga.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10642539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; *Animals, Wild ; Climate ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/transmission/*veterinary ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Disease Reservoirs ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Zoonoses
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-08-19
    Description: At a press conference on 27 July, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) released a long-awaited plan to save the Columbia River's endangered salmon by restoring fish habitat, overhauling hatcheries, limiting harvest, and improving river flow. What the plan did not do, however, was call for immediate breaching of four dams on the Snake River, the Columbia's major tributary--an option that has been the subject of a nationwide environmental crusade. The NMFS will hold that option in abeyance while it sees whether the less drastic measures will do the trick. Responses from both sides were immediate and outraged.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mann, C C -- Plummer, M L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 4;289(5480):716-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10950712" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Fresh Water ; Government Agencies ; Northwestern United States ; *Salmon
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2000-03-31
    Description: Recent time-series measurements of atmospheric O2 show that the land biosphere and world oceans annually sequestered 1.4 +/- 0.8 and 2.0 +/- 0.6 gigatons of carbon, respectively, between mid-1991 and mid-1997. The rapid storage of carbon by the land biosphere from 1991 to 1997 contrasts with the 1980s, when the land biosphere was approximately neutral. Comparison with measurements of delta13CO2 implies an isotopic flux of 89 +/- 21 gigatons of carbon per mil per year, in agreement with model- and inventory-based estimates of this flux. Both the delta13C and the O2 data show significant interannual variability in carbon storage over the period of record. The general agreement of the independent estimates from O2 and delta13C is a robust signal of variable carbon uptake by both the land biosphere and the oceans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Battle, M -- Bender, M L -- Tans, P P -- White, J W -- Ellis, J T -- Conway, T -- Francey, R J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 31;287(5462):2467-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geoscience, Guyot Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10741962" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; Carbon/*analysis/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/metabolism ; Carbon Isotopes ; *Ecosystem ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen/*analysis ; Oxygen Consumption ; Photosynthesis
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Batke, C -- Haszprunar, G -- Kohler, J -- Naumann, C -- Schminke, H K -- Turkay, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 28;288(5466):617-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10798997" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Classification ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fund Raising ; Research Support as Topic ; *Terminology as Topic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-03-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davis, M A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 18;287(5456):1203.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10712150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; North America ; Terminology as Topic ; *Trees
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2002-05-23
    Description: Analysis of tetrapod footprints and skeletal material from more than 70 localities in eastern North America shows that large theropod dinosaurs appeared less than 10,000 years after the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and less than 30,000 years after the last Triassic taxa, synchronous with a terrestrial mass extinction. This extraordinary turnover is associated with an iridium anomaly (up to 285 parts per trillion, with an average maximum of 141 parts per trillion) and a fern spore spike, suggesting that a bolide impact was the cause. Eastern North American dinosaurian diversity reached a stable maximum less than 100,000 years after the boundary, marking the establishment of dinosaur-dominated communities that prevailed for the next 135 million years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Olsen, P E -- Kent, D V -- Sues, H-D -- Koeberl, C -- Huber, H -- Montanari, A -- Rainforth, E C -- Fowell, S J -- Szajna, M J -- Hartline, B W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 17;296(5571):1305-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016313" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Dinosaurs ; *Ecosystem ; Ferns ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Iridium/*analysis ; Meteoroids ; Minor Planets ; North America ; Spores ; Time
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-02-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zens, M Scot -- Webb, Campbell O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 22;295(5559):1475-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. scot.zens@dartmouth.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11859181" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Mathematics ; Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology ; Plant Roots/anatomy & histology ; Plant Stems/anatomy & histology ; Plant Structures/*anatomy & histology ; Plants/*anatomy & histology
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-12-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goklany, Indur M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1889-90; author reply 1889-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12474826" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/*methods ; Biomass ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; Edible Grain/growth & development ; *Soil
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-08-31
    Description: Geographic patterns in species richness are mainly based on wide-ranging species because their larger number of distribution records has a disproportionate contribution to the species richness counts. Here we demonstrate how this effect strongly influences our understanding of what determines species richness. Using both conventional and spatial regression models, we show that for sub-Saharan African birds, the apparent role of productivity diminishes with decreasing range size, whereas the significance of topographic heterogeneity increases. The relative importance of geometric constraints from the continental edge is moderate. Our findings highlight the failure of traditional species richness models to account for narrow-ranging species that frequently are also threatened.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jetz, Walter -- Rahbek, Carsten -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 30;297(5586):1548-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. walter.jetz@zoo.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12202829" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa South of the Sahara ; Animals ; *Birds/physiology ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Homing Behavior ; Models, Biological ; Regression Analysis
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    Publication Date: 2002-06-29
    Description: An extremely diverse lower Paleocene (64.1 million years ago) fossil leaf site from Castle Rock, Colorado, contains fossil litter that is similar to the litter of extant equatorial rainforests. The presence of a high-diversity tropical rainforest is unexpected, because other Paleocene floras are species-poor, a feature generally attributed to the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) extinction. The site occurs on the margin of the Denver Basin in synorogenic sedimentary rocks associated with the rise of the Laramide Front Range. Orographic conditions caused by local topography, combined with equable climate, appear to have allowed for the establishment of rainforests within 1.4 million years of the K-T boundary.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Johnson, Kirk R -- Ellis, Beth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 28;296(5577):2379-83.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, CO 80205, USA. kjohnson@dmns.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12089439" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Colorado ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; *Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology ; *Plants/anatomy & histology/classification ; Rain ; *Trees/classification ; *Tropical Climate
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-03-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉ten Kate, Kerry -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 29;295(5564):2371-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE UK. K.tenKate@rbgkew.org.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11923511" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Science Disciplines ; Commerce ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation & jurisprudence ; Drug Industry ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetics ; Government ; Guidelines as Topic ; *International Cooperation ; Policy Making ; Public Policy ; Research ; *Science
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    Publication Date: 2002-06-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bostanci, Adam -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 31;296(5573):1596-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12040160" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Financial Support ; International Cooperation ; Organizations/*economics ; Policy Making ; United Nations
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-01-26
    Description: The pack ice of Earth's polar oceans appears to be frozen white desert, devoid of life. However, beneath the snow lies a unique habitat for a group of bacteria and microscopic plants and animals that are encased in an ice matrix at low temperatures and light levels, with the only liquid being pockets of concentrated brines. Survival in these conditions requires a complex suite of physiological and metabolic adaptations, but sea-ice organisms thrive in the ice, and their prolific growth ensures they play a fundamental role in polar ecosystems. Apart from their ecological importance, the bacterial and algae species found in sea ice have become the focus for novel biotechnology, as well as being considered proxies for possible life forms on ice-covered extraterrestrial bodies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thomas, D N -- Dieckmann, G S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 25;295(5555):641-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales-Bangor, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK, LL59 5EY. d.thomas@bangor.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11809961" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Biotechnology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Eukaryota/*physiology ; Exobiology ; Freezing ; *Ice ; Light ; *Seawater/microbiology ; Sodium Chloride ; Temperature ; Ultraviolet Rays
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    Publication Date: 2002-10-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meegaskumbura, M -- Bossuyt, F -- Pethiyagoda, R -- Manamendra-Arachchi, K -- Bahir, M -- Milinkovitch, M C -- Schneider, C J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 11;298(5592):379.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12376694" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anura/anatomy & histology/*classification/genetics/physiology ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Embryonic Development ; Female ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oviposition ; Ovum/physiology ; *Phylogeny ; Sri Lanka ; Trees
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-08-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tickell, Crispin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 2;297(5582):737.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12161617" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollution/economics/prevention & control ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Industry/economics/legislation & jurisprudence ; International Cooperation ; Japan ; Public Policy ; *Public Relations ; South Africa ; United States ; Vehicle Emissions/prevention & control
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-12-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zoebl, Dirk -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1890-1; author reply 1890-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12474829" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/*methods ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; Soil ; Triticum/growth & development
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2002-04-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 19;296(5567):444-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964445" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Behavior, Animal ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Female ; *Petroleum ; Public Policy ; *Reindeer/physiology ; Reproduction
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):39.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364761" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cnidaria ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Financing, Government ; *Marine Biology ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Publication Date: 2002-08-10
    Description: A recently completed research program (TREES) employing the global imaging capabilities of Earth-observing satellites provides updated information on the status of the world's humid tropical forest cover. Between 1990 and 1997, 5.8 +/- 1.4 million hectares of humid tropical forest were lost each year, with a further 2.3 +/- 0.7 million hectares of forest visibly degraded. These figures indicate that the global net rate of change in forest cover for the humid tropics is 23% lower than the generally accepted rate. This result affects the calculation of carbon fluxes in the global budget and means that the terrestrial sink is smaller than previously inferred.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Achard, Frederic -- Eva, Hugh D -- Stibig, Hans-Jurgen -- Mayaux, Philippe -- Gallego, Javier -- Richards, Timothy -- Malingreau, Jean-Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 9;297(5583):999-1002.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Global Vegetation Monitoring Unit, Joint Research Centre, TP 440, 21020 Ispra, Italy. frederic.achard@jrc.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12169731" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Agriculture ; Asia, Southeastern ; Biomass ; Carbon ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humidity ; India ; Latin America ; Maps as Topic ; *Spacecraft ; *Trees/growth & development ; *Tropical Climate
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-03-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Greene, Katie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 8;295(5561):1821-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11884734" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bivalvia/genetics/*physiology ; Bone and Bones ; DNA, Mitochondrial/analysis/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; *Geologic Sediments ; Oceans and Seas ; Phylogeny ; *Seawater ; Whales
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-11-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mossman, Kenneth L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 15;298(5597):1333-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12436976" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Humans ; Radiation Dosage ; *Radiation Effects ; *Radiation Protection ; Radioactive Pollutants/adverse effects ; Radioactive Waste/adverse effects
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morgan, Jack A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1903-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉USDA-ARS Rangeland Resources Research Unit, 1701 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA. morgan@lamar.colostate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471239" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; California ; *Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Photosynthesis ; Poaceae/*growth & development/metabolism ; Soil ; Temperature
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2002-06-01
    Description: An understanding of agroecosystems is key to determining effective farming systems. Here we report results from a 21-year study of agronomic and ecological performance of biodynamic, bioorganic, and conventional farming systems in Central Europe. We found crop yields to be 20% lower in the organic systems, although input of fertilizer and energy was reduced by 34 to 53% and pesticide input by 97%. Enhanced soil fertility and higher biodiversity found in organic plots may render these systems less dependent on external inputs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mader, Paul -- Fliessbach, Andreas -- Dubois, David -- Gunst, Lucie -- Fried, Padruot -- Niggli, Urs -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 31;296(5573):1694-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Ackerstrasse, CH-5070 Frick, Switzerland. paul.maeder@fibl.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12040197" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/*methods ; Animals ; Arthropods ; Biomass ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Manure ; Pesticides ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Poaceae/growth & development ; *Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; Solanum tuberosum/growth & development ; Switzerland ; Triticum/growth & development
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wapole, M J -- Smith, R J -- Leader-Williams, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 29;298(5599):1716-7; author reply 1716-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12463175" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fertility ; *Financial Support ; Logistic Models ; *Mammals/physiology ; Russia
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  • 45
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-05-11
    Description: Thermophilic microbial inhabitants of active seafloor and continental hot springs populate the deepest branches of the universal phylogenetic tree, making hydrothermal ecosystems the most ancient continuously inhabited ecosystems on Earth. Geochemical consequences of hot water-rock interactions render these environments habitable and supply a diverse array of energy sources. Clues to the strategies for how life thrives in these dynamic ecosystems are beginning to be elucidated through a confluence of biogeochemistry, microbiology, ecology, molecular biology, and genomics. These efforts have the potential to reveal how ecosystems originate, the extent of the subsurface biosphere, and the driving forces of evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reysenbach, Anna-Louise -- Shock, Everett -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):1077-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA. reysenbacha@pdx.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Archaea/classification/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/metabolism ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Biofilms/growth & development ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Energy Metabolism ; Environmental Microbiology ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genetic Variation ; *Geologic Sediments ; *Hot Temperature ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; *Water Microbiology
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  • 46
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-01-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hector, Andy -- Hooper, Rowan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 25;295(5555):639-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK. a.hector01@ic.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11809960" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Botany/history ; *Ecosystem ; England ; History, 19th Century ; *Plant Development ; Poaceae/*growth & development ; Research Design ; Selection, Genetic
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2002-08-17
    Description: Recent data imply that for much of the Proterozoic Eon (2500 to 543 million years ago), Earth's oceans were moderately oxic at the surface and sulfidic at depth. Under these conditions, biologically important trace metals would have been scarce in most marine environments, potentially restricting the nitrogen cycle, affecting primary productivity, and limiting the ecological distribution of eukaryotic algae. Oceanic redox conditions and their bioinorganic consequences may thus help to explain observed patterns of Proterozoic evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anbar, A D -- Knoll, A H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 16;297(5584):1137-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA. anbar@earth.rochester.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12183619" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Archaea/growth & development/metabolism ; Bacteria/growth & development/metabolism ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Eukaryota/growth & development/metabolism ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Iron/analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; Nitrogen/analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; *Seawater ; Sulfides/analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; Trace Elements/chemistry/metabolism
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-05-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raffaelli, Dave -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):1035-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Department, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK. dr13@york.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004106" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Fresh Water ; Mathematics ; *Models, Biological ; Parasites ; Seawater ; Soil
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kloor, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 28;287(5453):573, 575.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Trees ; United States
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-09-29
    Description: The massive development of biodiversity-related information systems on the Internet has created much that appears exciting but chaotic, a diversity to match biodiversity itself. This richness and the arrays of new sources are counterbalanced by the maddening difficulty in knowing what is where, or of comparing like with like. But quietly, behind the first waves of exuberance, biologists and computer scientists have started to pull together in a rising tide of coherence and organization. The fledgling field of biodiversity informatics looks set to deliver major advances that could turn the Internet into a giant global biodiversity information system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bisby, F A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 29;289(5488):2309-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Plant Diversity & Systematics, School of Plant Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK. f.a.bisby@reading.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11009408" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Classification ; *Computational Biology ; Computer Communication Networks ; *Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; *Internet ; Plants ; Software ; Terminology as Topic
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Willis, K J -- Whittaker, R J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1406-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Geography, University of Oxford, U.K. kathy.willis@geography.oxford.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10722388" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cold Temperature ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; Ice ; *Plants ; Tropical Climate
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-10-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 29;289(5488):2306-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11041799" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Specimen Banks ; *Classification ; *Computational Biology ; *Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; Internet ; *Museums ; *Online Systems ; Research Support as Topic ; Software
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  • 53
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-09-19
    Description: The debate about genetically modified crops that are resistant to herbicides and their effects on the environment rages on. In their Perspective, Firbank and Forcella discuss a new model (Watkinson et al.) that seeks to calculate the impact of genetically modified herbicide-resistant sugar beet on growth of the weed Chenopodium album and on the skylark, which feeds on the seeds of this weed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Firbank, L G -- Forcella, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1481-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Merlewood, Grange-over-Sands, Cumbria LA11 6JU, UK. lgf@ceh.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10991733" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; *Chenopodiaceae/genetics/growth & development ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Genetic Engineering ; Great Britain ; Herbicides ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Seeds ; *Songbirds
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-10-20
    Description: Invading exotic plants are thought to succeed primarily because they have escaped their natural enemies, not because of novel interactions with their new neighbors. However, we find that Centaurea diffusa, a noxious weed in North America, has much stronger negative effects on grass species from North America than on closely related grass species from communities to which Centaurea is native. Centaurea's advantage against North American species appears to be due to differences in the effects of its root exudates and how these root exudates affect competition for resources. Our results may help to explain why some exotic species so successfully invade natural plant communities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Callaway, R M -- Aschehoug, E T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):521-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. callaway@selway.umt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11039934" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Analysis of Variance ; Asia ; Asteraceae/growth & development/*physiology ; Biomass ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; North America ; Phosphorus Radioisotopes/metabolism ; Plant Roots/*metabolism ; Poaceae/*growth & development/metabolism ; Soil
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2000-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huston, M A -- Aarssen, L W -- Austin, M P -- Cade, B S -- Fridley, J D -- Garnier, E -- Grime, J P -- Hodgson, J -- Lauenroth, W K -- Thompson, K -- Vandermeer, J H -- Wardle, D A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 25;289(5483):1255.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10979839" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Fabaceae/growth & development ; *Plant Development ; Plants, Medicinal
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-02-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steghaus-Kovac, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 21;287(5452):421.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10671162" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Classification ; *Ecosystem ; *Fund Raising ; Germany ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Terminology as Topic
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-10-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, E O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 29;289(5488):2279.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11041790" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Classification ; Computational Biology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; International Cooperation ; Plants/classification
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-10-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, M -- Qi, Y -- Gong, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 22;289(5487):2049-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11032553" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Forestry ; *Public Policy ; *Trees
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-04-15
    Description: The hierarchical nature of phylogenies means that random extinction of species affects a smaller fraction of higher taxa, and so the total amount of evolutionary history lost may be comparatively slight. However, current extinction risk is not phylogenetically random. We show the potentially severe implications of the clumped nature of threat for the loss of biodiversity. An additional 120 avian and mammalian genera are at risk compared with the number predicted under random extinction. We estimate that the prospective extra loss of mammalian evolutionary history alone would be equivalent to losing a monotypic phylum.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Purvis, A -- Agapow, P M -- Gittleman, J L -- Mace, G M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 14;288(5464):328-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK. a.purvis@ic.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10764644" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Birds ; Carnivora ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Mammals ; Phylogeny ; Primates ; Risk
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-10-20
    Description: Natural selection on mate recognition may often contribute to speciation, resulting in reproductive character displacement. Field populations of Drosophila serrata display reproductive character displacement in cuticular hydrocarbons when sympatric with Drosophila birchii. We exposed field sympatric and allopatric populations of D. serrata to experimental sympatry with D. birchii for nine generations. Cuticular hydrocarbons of field allopatric D. serrata populations evolved to resemble the field sympatric populations, whereas field sympatric D. serrata populations remained unchanged. Our experiment indicates that natural selection on mate recognition resulted in the field pattern of reproductive character displacement.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Higgie, M -- Chenoweth, S -- Blows, M W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):519-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia. MHiggie@zoology.uq.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11039933" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Discriminant Analysis ; Drosophila/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Hydrocarbons/analysis ; Male ; Pheromones/analysis ; Reproduction ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sexual Behavior, Animal
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-08-06
    Description: Scientists are now saying that a combination of interacting factors--including forest fragmentation, logging, and El Nino-driven drought--has altered the fire regimes of tropical forests and is changing regional climates and reconfiguring the landscape. These interactions are synergistic, they say--that is, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. The concept provides a new paradigm for understanding the dynamics of fragmented rainforests and for approaching their conservation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wuethrich, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 7;289(5476):35-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10928925" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Borneo ; Brazil ; Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Fires ; Industry ; *Trees
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-10-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 29;289(5488):web supplement.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11041778" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Computational Biology ; *Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; Internet
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saar, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1388-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10722380" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; *Birds ; Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; *Food Chain ; Oceans and Seas
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: In a California riparian system, the most diverse natural assemblages are the most invaded by exotic plants. A direct in situ manipulation of local diversity and a seed addition experiment showed that these patterns emerge despite the intrinsic negative effects of diversity on invasions. The results suggest that species loss at small scales may reduce invasion resistance. At community-wide scales, the overwhelming effects of ecological factors spatially covarying with diversity, such as propagule supply, make the most diverse communities most likely to be invaded.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levine, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 5;288(5467):852-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. levinejm@socrates.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10797006" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Asteraceae/growth & development ; California ; *Ecosystem ; *Plant Development ; Poaceae/*growth & development ; Seeds/growth & development
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: Conservation relies increasingly on biological control (BC) of organisms that invade in natural and agricultural areas throughout the world. However, some BC organisms have harmed native species. In the United States, regulations are based on old laws meant to bar agricultural pests, and these are particularly ineffective in protecting native invertebrate animals. Improved ecological safety of BC depends on recognizing that BC is not appropriate for every pest, factoring ecological safety into the selection of BC agents, and limiting the importation and dissemination of agents that can harm either native animals or plants. Reasonable reform of BC will insure the viability of this valuable tool for both agriculture and conservation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strong, D R -- Pemberton, R W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 16;288(5473):1969-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. drstrong@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877714" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Government Agencies ; Invertebrates ; *Pest Control, Biological/legislation & jurisprudence ; Plants ; Public Policy ; United States ; United States Department of Agriculture
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  • 66
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-09-09
    Description: A long-simmering debate among ecologists over the importance of biodiversity to the health of ecosystems has erupted into a full-blown war. Opposing camps are dueling over the quality of key experiments, and some are flinging barbs at meetings and in journals. The dispute pits an outspoken group of ecologists against some of the leading lights in the field.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 25;289(5483):1282-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10979851" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Plant Development ; Research Design
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 67
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-03-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 18;287(5456):1188-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10712146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Policy Making ; Politics ; *Public Policy ; United States
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  • 68
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-02-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thompson, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 14;287(5451):234-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10660420" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Consumer Participation ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Public Policy
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: Two different UK limestone grasslands were exposed to simulated climate change with the use of nonintrusive techniques to manipulate local climate over 5 years. Resistance to climate change, defined as the ability of a community to maintain its composition and biomass in response to environmental stress, could be explained by reference to the functional composition and successional status of the grasslands. The more fertile, early-successional grassland was much more responsive to climate change. Resistance could not be explained by the particular climates experienced by the two grasslands. Productive, disturbed landscapes created by modern human activity may prove more vulnerable to climate change than older, traditional landscapes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grime, J P -- Brown, V K -- Thompson, K -- Masters, G J -- Hillier, S H -- Clarke, I P -- Askew, A P -- Corker, D -- Kielty, J P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 4;289(5480):762-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Unit of Comparative Plant Ecology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10926535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomass ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Great Britain ; *Plant Development ; Poaceae/*growth & development ; Rain ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2000-03-17
    Description: The effects of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) and climate on net carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems of the conterminous United States for the period 1895-1993 were modeled with new, detailed historical climate information. For the period 1980-1993, results from an ensemble of three models agree within 25%, simulating a land carbon sink from CO2 and climate effects of 0.08 gigaton of carbon per year. The best estimates of the total sink from inventory data are about three times larger, suggesting that processes such as regrowth on abandoned agricultural land or in forests harvested before 1980 have effects as large as or larger than the direct effects of CO2 and climate. The modeled sink varies by about 100% from year to year as a result of climate variability.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schimel, D -- Melillo, J -- Tian, H -- McGuire, A D -- Kicklighter, D -- Kittel, T -- Rosenbloom, N -- Running, S -- Thornton, P -- Ojima, D -- Parton, W -- Kelly, R -- Sykes, M -- Neilson, R -- Rizzo, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 17;287(5460):2004-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Postfach 10 01 64, D-07701 Jena, Germany. dschimel@bgc-jena.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10720324" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Atmosphere ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; *Climate ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Trees ; United States
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  • 71
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-12-02
    Description: Natural enemy-victim interactions are of major applied importance and of fundamental interest to ecologists. A key question is what stabilizes these interactions, allowing the long-term coexistence of the two species. Three main theoretical explanations have been proposed: behavioral responses, time-dependent factors such as delayed density dependence, and spatial heterogeneity. Here, using the powerful moment-closure technique, we show a fundamental equivalence between these three elements. Limited movement by organisms is a ubiquitous feature of ecological systems, allowing spatial structure to develop; we show that the effects of this can be naturally described in terms of time lags or within-generation functional responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keeling, M J -- Wilson, H B -- Pacala, S W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 1;290(5497):1758-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. matt@zoo.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11099413" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Mathematics ; *Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Movement ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Stochastic Processes ; Time Factors
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  • 72
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-02-05
    Description: Most marine populations are thought to be well connected via long-distance dispersal of larval stages. Eulerian and Lagrangian flow models, coupled with linear mortality estimates, were used to examine this assumption. The findings show that when simple advection models are used, larval exchange rates may be overestimated; such simplistic models fail to account for a decrease of up to nine orders of magnitude in larval concentrations resulting from diffusion and mortality. The alternative process of larval retention near local populations is shown to exist and may be of great importance in the maintenance of marine population structure and management of coastal marine resources.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cowen, R K -- Lwiza, K M -- Sponaugle, S -- Paris, C B -- Olson, D B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 4;287(5454):857-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA. rcowen@rsmas.miami.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10657300" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Barbados ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; Geography ; Larva/physiology ; Marine Biology ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; *Seawater
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  • 73
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-09-01
    Description: The existence of a general relation between population density and body size in animal assemblages has been debated because of known biases and ambiguities in the published data and data handling. Using new comprehensive data sets from two geographically separated stream communities that encompass 448 and 260 invertebrate taxa with a wide range of body sizes, we show that an inverse proportionality between density and body size is a consistent feature in these communities. The scaling across taxa is not statistically different between the two systems, indicating a convergent pattern of communities. Variation in the regression slope among different taxonomic groups indicates that these communities are not governed universally by a single ecological or energetic rule.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schmid, P E -- Tokeshi, M -- Schmid-Araya, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1557-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary & Westfield College, University of London, London E1 4NS, UK. p.e.schmid@qmw.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10968792" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Austria ; Body Constitution ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Invertebrates/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Mathematics ; Population Density ; Regression Analysis ; Wales
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-06-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 12;288(5468):941-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10841705" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Climate ; Cnidaria/*growth & development/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/physiology ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Indian Ocean ; Pacific Ocean ; Symbiosis ; Temperature
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 2;288(5471):1575-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858133" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; International Cooperation ; Internet ; Invertebrates ; *Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; Plankton ; *Research Support as Topic
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: Ecosystems are capital assets: When properly managed, they yield a flow of vital goods and services. Relative to other forms of capital, however, ecosystems are poorly understood, scarcely monitored, and--in many important cases--undergoing rapid degradation. The process of economic valuation could greatly improve stewardship. This potential is now being realized with innovative financial instruments and institutional arrangements.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Daily, G C -- Soderqvist, T -- Aniyar, S -- Arrow, K -- Dasgupta, P -- Ehrlich, P R -- Folke, C -- Jansson, A -- Jansson, B -- Kautsky, N -- Levin, S -- Lubchenco, J -- Maler, K G -- Simpson, D -- Starrett, D -- Tilman, D -- Walker, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 21;289(5478):395-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. gdaily@leland.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939949" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Australia ; Commerce ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; Costa Rica ; *Ecosystem ; Industry ; Investments
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  • 77
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-09-19
    Description: There has been much debate about scaling laws in nature. It is believed that as body size increases the number of individuals in the population decreases. As Marquet explains in his Perspective, an elegant new study in two totally separate stream communities (Schmid et al.) confirms that this scaling law holds across more than 400 species of invertebrates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marquet, P A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1487-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departamento de Ecologia, P. Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. pmarquet@genes.bio.puc.cl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10991735" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Austria ; Body Constitution ; *Ecosystem ; Invertebrates/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Mathematics ; Population Density ; Regression Analysis ; Wales
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Di Leva, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1471-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10991731" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/legislation & jurisprudence ; Developing Countries ; *Ecosystem ; Greenhouse Effect ; Industry/economics ; Madagascar ; *Trees
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2002-06-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Neill, Brian C -- Oppenheimer, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 14;296(5575):1971-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Watson Institute for International Studies and the Center for Environmental Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 USA. bconeill@brown.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065820" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate ; *Cnidaria ; Developed Countries ; *Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Ice ; *International Cooperation ; Oceans and Seas ; Policy Making ; Probability ; Time Factors ; United Nations
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  • 80
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-10-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 11;298(5592):339-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12376674" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anura/anatomy & histology/*classification/genetics/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Male ; Oviposition ; Sri Lanka ; Trees
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2002-12-14
    Description: In a decade-long soil warming experiment in a mid-latitude hardwood forest, we documented changes in soil carbon and nitrogen cycling in order to investigate the consequences of these changes for the climate system. Here we show that whereas soil warming accelerates soil organic matter decay and carbon dioxide fluxes to the atmosphere, this response is small and short-lived for a mid-latitude forest, because of the limited size of the labile soil carbon pool. We also show that warming increases the availability of mineral nitrogen to plants. Because plant growth in many mid-latitude forests is nitrogen-limited, warming has the potential to indirectly stimulate enough carbon storage in plants to at least compensate for the carbon losses from soils. Our results challenge assumptions made in some climate models that lead to projections of large long-term releases of soil carbon in response to warming of forest ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Melillo, J M -- Steudler, P A -- Aber, J D -- Newkirk, K -- Lux, H -- Bowles, F P -- Catricala, C -- Magill, A -- Ahrens, T -- Morrisseau, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 13;298(5601):2173-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. jmelillo@mbl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12481133" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodegradation, Environmental ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; Massachusetts ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Plants/*metabolism ; *Soil ; Temperature ; *Trees/metabolism
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-06-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haberl, Helmut -- Krausmann, Fridolin -- Erb, Karl-Heinz -- Schulz, Niels B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 14;296(5575):1968-9; author reply 1968-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12066820" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Humans ; *Plant Development ; Trees/growth & development
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2002-02-16
    Description: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps are submarine springs where nutrient-rich fluids emanate from the sea floor. Vent and seep ecosystems occur in a variety of geological settings throughout the global ocean and support food webs based on chemoautotrophic primary production. Most vent and seep invertebrates arrive at suitable habitats as larvae dispersed by deep-ocean currents. The recent evolution of many vent and seep invertebrate species (〈100 million years ago) suggests that Cenozoic tectonic history and oceanic circulation patterns have been important in defining contemporary biogeographic patterns.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Dover, C L -- German, C R -- Speer, K G -- Parson, L M -- Vrijenhoek, R C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 15;295(5558):1253-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA. cindy_vandover@wm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11847331" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Food Chain ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Geologic Sediments ; *Invertebrates/classification/genetics/physiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phylogeny ; *Seawater ; Temperature
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2002-05-11
    Description: There are probably millions of species in the microorganismal domains Bacteria and Archaea (the prokaryotes), and we are only just beginning to work out the basic principles governing their distribution and abundance in natural environments. One characteristic that has become clear is that prokaryote diversity in aquatic environments is orders of magnitude less than in sediments and soils. Hypotheses and models explaining such differences are under development and are beginning to offer promising insights into the mechanisms governing prokaryote diversity and ecosystem function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Torsvik, Vigdis -- Ovreas, Lise -- Thingstad, Tron Frede -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):1064-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, University of Bergen, Jahnebakken 5, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. vigdis.torsvik@im.uib.no〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004116" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Archaea/genetics/*physiology ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Eukaryota/physiology ; Genome, Archaeal ; Genome, Bacterial ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Phytoplankton/physiology ; Soil Microbiology ; Water Microbiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2002-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Domokos, Gabor -- Scheuring, Istvan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 27;297(5590):2163; discussion 2163.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cornell University, Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Ithaca, NY 14853-1503, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12351754" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Mathematics ; Models, Theoretical ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Population Density ; *Population Dynamics ; Stochastic Processes
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 86
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-09-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arim, Matias -- Barbosa, Olga -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 13;297(5588):1763; discussion 1763.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile. marim@genes.bio.puc.cl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12228686" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Artifacts ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Biological ; *Trees ; Tropical Climate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 87
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-08-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raven, Peter H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 9;297(5583):954-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO 63166, USA. praven@nas.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12169719" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Global Health ; Humans ; *International Cooperation ; *Science ; Technology ; Technology Transfer ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: Simulated global changes, including warming, increased precipitation, and nitrogen deposition, alone and in concert, increased net primary production (NPP) in the third year of ecosystem-scale manipulations in a California annual grassland. Elevated carbon dioxide also increased NPP, but only as a single-factor treatment. Across all multifactor manipulations, elevated carbon dioxide suppressed root allocation, decreasing the positive effects of increased temperature, precipitation, and nitrogen deposition on NPP. The NPP responses to interacting global changes differed greatly from simple combinations of single-factor responses. These findings indicate the importance of a multifactor experimental approach to understanding ecosystem responses to global change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shaw, M Rebecca -- Zavaleta, Erika S -- Chiariello, Nona R -- Cleland, Elsa E -- Mooney, Harold A -- Field, Christopher B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1987-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. shaw@globalecology.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471257" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; California ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Geraniaceae/*growth & development ; Poaceae/*growth & development ; Soil ; Temperature ; Weather
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 89
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-02-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 22;295(5559):1445-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11859166" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Dinosaurs ; Dust ; *Ecosystem ; Fires ; *Minor Planets ; Photosynthesis ; Smoke
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-10-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Radny, Marian W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):59; author reply 59.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12365438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Constitution ; Body Weight ; *Carnivora/anatomy & histology/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; *Food ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Population Density
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2002-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baird, Andrew H -- Bellwood, David R -- Connell, Joseph H -- Cornell, Howard V -- Hughes, Terry P -- Karlson, Ronald H -- Rosen, Brian R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):1026-8; author reply 1026-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004903" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Climate ; *Cnidaria ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Nephropidae ; Seawater ; Snails
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-08-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pimentel, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 11;289(5481):869.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10960315" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Plants ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-12-16
    Description: Discussions of the environmental risks and benefits of adopting genetically engineered organisms are highly polarized between pro- and anti-biotechnology groups, but the current state of our knowledge is frequently overlooked in this debate. A review of existing scientific literature reveals that key experiments on both the environmental risks and benefits are lacking. The complexity of ecological systems presents considerable challenges for experiments to assess the risks and benefits and inevitable uncertainties of genetically engineered plants. Collectively, existing studies emphasize that these can vary spatially, temporally, and according to the trait and cultivar modified.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wolfenbarger, L L -- Phifer, P R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 15;290(5499):2088-93.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉AAAS Environmental Fellow, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (8601D), Washington, DC 20460, USA. wolfenbarger.lareesa@epa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11118136" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; Animals ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Genes, Plant ; *Genetic Engineering ; Pesticides ; Plant Diseases ; Plants/*genetics ; *Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics/physiology ; Reproduction ; Risk ; Soil ; Transgenes
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-11-18
    Description: A principal aim of current conservation policy is to reduce the impact of habitat fragmentation. Conservation corridors may achieve this goal by facilitating movement among isolated patches, but there is a risk that increased connectivity could synchronize local population fluctuations (causing coherent oscillations) and thereby increase the danger of global extinction. We identify general conditions under which populations can or cannot undergo coherent oscillations, and we relate these conditions to local and global extinction probabilities. We suggest a simple method to explore the potential success of conservation corridors and, more generally, any manipulations of dispersal patterns that aim to protect threatened species or control pests.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Earn, D J -- Levin, S A -- Rohani, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 17;290(5495):1360-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4K1. earn@math.mcmaster.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11082064" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Logistic Models ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Probability ; Reproduction
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2000-10-29
    Description: The effects of climate variability on Pacific salmon abundance are uncertain because historical records are short and are complicated by commercial harvesting and habitat alteration. We use lake sediment records of delta15N and biological indicators to reconstruct sockeye salmon abundance in the Bristol Bay and Kodiak Island regions of Alaska over the past 300 years. Marked shifts in populations occurred over decades during this period, and some pronounced changes appear to be related to climatic change. Variations in salmon returns due to climate or harvesting can have strong impacts on sockeye nursery lake productivity in systems where adult salmon carcasses are important nutrient sources.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finney, B P -- Gregory-Eaves, I -- Sweetman, J -- Douglas, M S -- Smol, J P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):795-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. finney@ims.uaf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11052941" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; *Climate ; Diatoms ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Fresh Water ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Industry ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Pacific Ocean ; Plankton ; Salmon/*physiology ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-03-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Minelli, A -- Kraus, O -- Tubbs, P K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 18;287(5456):1203-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10712151" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Classification ; *Ecosystem ; Fees and Charges ; Fund Raising ; *Terminology as Topic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: There has been increasing concern over the decline in many migratory bird species. As Saether discusses in his Perspective, evidence is accumulating (Sillett et al.) that climate change resulting from the El Nino Southern Oscillation affects both the survival rate of adult birds at tropical wintering sites and their reproductive rate at summer breeding grounds in the Northern Hemisphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saether, B E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 16;288(5473):1975-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Zoological Institute, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway. bernt-erik.sather@chembio.ntnu.no〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877716" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Fertility ; Flight, Animal ; Greenhouse Effect ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Songbirds/*physiology ; Weather
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-04-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alcoze, T A -- Covington, W W -- Fule, P Z -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2159.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10744534" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Trees ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rogers, C S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 21;289(5478):391.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939946" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cnidaria ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Humans
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-10-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sugden, A -- Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 29;289(5488):2305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11041798" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Computational Biology ; *Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; Internet
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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