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  • 101
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    Pure and applied geophysics 150 (1997), S. 341-352 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Apparent resistivity, electrode arrays, resistive target, profiling cum sounding, physical modeling, depth of investigation, maximum anomaly, pseudodepth section.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. —Resistivity sounding curves obtained by plotting (ρ a max in a profile versus its spacing (L)over an infinitely resistive vertical sheet model with Wenner, dipole-dipole and three-electrode arrays reveal that the maximum anomaly in a sounding is obtained at a spacing which when multiplied by 0.5 times the depth of investigation of the array for homogeneous ground (Roy and Apparao, 1971) gives rise to the depth of the target model. But in case of resistive horizontal cylinder and sphere models with any of the arrays, the multiplication factor is 1.5 to arrive at the target depth.¶Using the new depths of investigation of the arrays in the presence of a highly resistive target, the modified pseudodepth sections so prepared with the arrays show-up that the maximum anomaly contour falls, in the case of the Wenner array, right on the target cross section irrespective of its size and depth. This distinct feature would help an exploration geophysicist to easily locate resistive targets with the array. In the case of an axial dipole array the maximum anomaly contour falls on either side of the target. The midcenter of the two highs locates the position of the target. With three-electrode array (+IV 1  V 2 ), the maximum anomaly contour falls on one side of the target. However, with combination profiling (+IV 1  V 2 )and V 1  V 2+I) using different spacings, the position of the target could easily be located at the midcenter of the maximum anomalies.
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  • 102
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    Pure and applied geophysics 150 (1997), S. 393-414 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Induced seismicity, seismic sequence, fractal correlation dimension, source parameters, seismic moment tensor, focal mechanism.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. —An unusual swarm-like seismic sequence occurred in April 1993 at the Western Deep Levels gold mine, South Africa. Altogether 199 events with moment magnitude from −0.5 to 3.1 were recorded and located by the mine seismic network. The sequence lasted 12 days and was composed in fact of four main shock-aftershocks sequences, closely following each other in space and time. The events were confined to a volume of rock extending to 670 m in the N-S, 630 m in the E-W, and 390 m in the vertical directions. The first sequence lasted 179 hours and the second only 13 hours, being interrupted by the third sequence which lasted 31 hours, being in turn interrupted by the fourth sequence. The parameter p, describing the rate of occurrence of aftershocks, ranged from 0.7 to 1. The first sequence is characterized by the lowest value of the fractal correlation dimension D = 1.75 and the second by the highest value of D = 2.4, whereas the third and fourth sequences are characterized by the middle value of D = 1.9.¶The corner frequencies of P and S waves are in close proximity and range from 14 to 220 Hz. A display of source parameters as a function of time shows that the four main shocks are most distinctly marked by their source radius. For 46 events a moment tensor inversion was performed. In most cases the double-couple component is dominant, ranging from 60 to 90 percent of the solution. The double-couple solutions correspond to the same number of normal and reverse faults and oblique-slip focal mechanisms. An analysis of space distribution of P, T and B axes reveals that the distribution of B axes is the most regular.
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  • 103
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    Pure and applied geophysics 150 (1997), S. 381-391 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Wall-rock velocities, rockbursts, slab buckling.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. —Considerable evidence has been reported for wall-rock velocities during rockbursts in deep gold mines that are substantially greater than ground velocities associated with the primary seismic events. Whereas varied evidence suggests that slip across a fault at the source of an event generates nearby particle velocities of, at most, several m/s, numerous observations, in nearby damaged tunnels, for instance, imply wall-rock velocities of the order of 10 m/s and greater. The common observation of slab buckling or breakouts in the sidewalls of damaged excavations suggests that slab flexure may be the mechanism for causing high rock ejection velocities. Following its formation, a sidewall slab buckles, causing the flexure to increase until the stress generated by flexure reaches the limit S that can be supported by the sidewall rock. I assume here that S is the uniaxial compressive strength. Once the flexural stress exceeds S, presumably due to the additional load imposed by a nearby seismic event, the slab fractures and unflexes violently. The peak wall-rock velocity v thereby generated is given by ¶¶ v = (3 + (1 - v²)/2)½ S/(ρE)½¶¶for rock of density ρ, Young's modulus E, and Poisson's ratio ν. Typical values of these rock properties for the deep gold mines of South Africa yield v = 26 m/s and for especially strong quartzites encountered in these same mines, v 〉 50 m/s. Even though this slab buckling process leads to remarkably high ejection velocities and violent damage in excavations, the energy released during this failure is only a tiny fraction of that released in the primary seismic event, typically of magnitude 2 or greater.
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  • 104
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    Pure and applied geophysics 150 (1997), S. 627-646 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Hydraulic fracturing, acoustic emission, fault plane solution, fracturing mechanism.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. —In order to investigate the effects of injected water in hydraulic fracturing, experiments were conducted on cubic granite specimens, comparing fracturings induced by conventional water injection with those induced by pressurization of a urethane sleeve, thereby realizing "hydraulic fracturing" without the use of fracturing fluid. In both experiments, a shear type mechanism was found to be dominant in fault plane solutions of AE events. However, in the case of water injection, cracks extended rapidly with large drops in hole water pressure and bursts of AE, whereas in pressurization by the urethane sleeve, cracks extended stepwise with no such large drops in hole pressure and no bursts of AE. The difference in crack extension in the two experiments can be analyzed by comparing relations between crack length and stress intensity factor of mode I at a crack tip. The observation and analysis indicate that existence of fracturing fluid like water helps initiated cracks to extend rapidly and widely in hydraulic fracturing in actual HDR fields.
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  • 105
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Seismic testing, nondestructive testing, Impact-Echo, acoustic emissions, sonic tomography, concrete slabs, cement grout injection.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. —A long term research program to determine the effectiveness of cement grouts injected in concrete dams was initiated by the Institute of Research in Electricity of Hydro-Quebec (IREQ) in 1986. To investigate the effectiveness of the grouts, three nondestructive methods based on seismic wave propagation were recently applied to various concrete slabs. The Impact-Echo method was used to determine the crack profile before the injection process began in one of the slabs. This method was used successfully and the detected internal crack depths agreed well with crack depths measured on the sides of the concrete slab. Acoustic Emission was used to monitor the penetration of the grout inside the crack. This method also allowed the researchers to determine at which moment, during the injection test, the cement grout mixture needed to be changed. Sonic Tomography was used to produce a tomographic image of the internal seismic wave velocities which traveled through the slab before and after the injection tests. Two different transmitter and receiver arrangements were used to determine the best measurement configuration. This paper illustrates the usefulness of combining various seismic wave based nondestructive methods to obtain a better knowledge of fracture detection and cement grout propagation, which can eventually lead to practical applications on concrete structures and hence on concrete dams.
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  • 106
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    Pure and applied geophysics 150 (1997), S. 435-450 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Focal region origin, induced seismicity, geomechanics, Ostrava-Karviná Coal Basin.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. —Mining-induced seismicity associated with longwall face operations in the Ostrava- Karviná coal mines, Czech Republic, has been investigated in order to establish the conditions leading to a focal zone generation. The study, based on macroseismic and instrumental observations, proved that seismicity is influenced by natural as well as mining conditions. The first group includes the influence of faults, washouts and red beds, while the second one is represented by shaft and/or crosscut safety pillars and various types of remnant pillars. All the cases discussed show that many focal zones are generated in overstressed strata as a consequence of interaction of natural conditions and/or old workings with the active coal face.
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  • 107
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    Pure and applied geophysics 150 (1997), S. 647-659 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Damage detection, signal processing, Volterra series, nonlinear analysis.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. —An algorithm is described which enables us to evaluate the Volterra kernels and the corresponding transfer functions. This method is then used to detect the cracking threshold of the geomaterials under loading. The responses of a sample of sandstone under axial leading and subjected to ultrasonic excitation are analyzed. The occurrence of microcracking is characterized by the changes in the linear and nonlinear parts of the measured signal energy.
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  • 108
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    Pure and applied geophysics 150 (1997), S. 473-492 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Mechanism of reservoir-induced seismicity, Koyna, Monticello Reservoir, Lake Mead.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. —In most cases of reservoir-induced seismicity, seismicity follows the impoundment, large lake-level changes, or filling at a later time above the highest water level achieved until then. We classify this as initial seismicity. This "initial seismicity" is ascribable to the coupled poroelastic response of the reservoir to initial filling or water level changes. It is characterized by an increase in seismicity above preimpoundment levels, large event(s), general stabilization and (usually) a lack of seismicity beneath the deepest part of the reservoir, widespread seismicity on the periphery, migrating outwards in one or more directions. With time, there is a decrease in both the number and magnitudes of earthquakes, with the seismicity returning to preimpoundment levels. However, after several years some reservoirs continue to be active; whereas, there is no seismicity at others. Preliminary results of two-dimensional (similar to those by Roeloffs, 1988) calculations suggest that, this "protracted seismicity" depends on the frequency and amplitude of lake-level changes, reservoir dimensions and hydromechanical properties of the substratum. Strength changes show delays with respect to lake-level changes. Longer period water level changes (∼1 year) are more likely to cause deeper and larger earthquakes than short period water level changes. Earthquakes occur at reservoirs where the lake-level changes are comparable or a large fraction of the least depth of water. The seismicity is likely to be more widespread and deeper for a larger reservoir than for a smaller one. The induced seismicity is observed both beneath the deepest part of the reservoir and in the surrounding areas. The location of the seismicity is governed by the nature of faulting below and near the reservoir.
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  • 109
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    Pure and applied geophysics 150 (1997), S. 585-603 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Salt leaching, induced seismicity, seismic monitoring, closure of brine production cavern.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. —Elf-Atochem has been solution mining a salt formation in southern France for the last twenty years and the problem arises of the disposition of deep caverns once brine production ceases. The regulatory authorities have required procedures for sealing off the caverns to make them environmen tally safe and to monitor the post sealing behaviour of the caverns.¶This paper describes the deep downhole seismic monitoring carried out during the experimental studies conducted to determine the appropriate means of monitoring and to validate closure safety criteria. The results confirm the accuracy of downhole permanent seismo-acoustic technology to monitor the sealing processing, even in strong conditions (2000 meter depth and 100°C). The microseismicity has been characterised and located using triaxial hodogram analysis, however the microseismicity shows many clusters of seismic "doublet" events allowing the use of relative analysis.¶The system has been installed before sealing and displays a high sensitivity. Under these conditions, the microseismicity has yielded useful data on the geomechanical behaviour of the site with respect to the final objectives. The seismicity is associated with the brine flow. The seismicity induced by the salt leaching process is a means to emphasize weak zones (fractures) that could again become active after closure. A closure test reveals that a direct relationship exists between the seismicity and the bleeding off brine from the caverns. Microseismic monitoring results combined with field observations advance the development of the closure procedure.
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  • 110
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    Pure and applied geophysics 150 (1997), S. 661-676 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Reflected AE, coda, linearity of three-dimensional hodogram, polarization.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. —We investigate the deep subsurface structure below the artificial reservoir at the Soultz Hot Dry Rock (HDR) site in France by a reflection method which uses acoustic emission (AE) as a wave source. In this method, we can detect reflected waves by examining the linearity of a three-dimensional hodogram. Additionally for imaging a deep subsurface structure, we employ a three-dimensional inversion with a restriction of wave polarization angles and with a compensation for a heterogeneous source distribution.¶We analyzed 101 AE wave forms observed at the Soultz site during the hydraulic testing in 1993. Some deep reflectors were revealed by this method. The bottom of the artificial reservoir that is presumed from all of the AE locations in 1993 was delineated at the depth of about 3900 m as a reflector. Other deeper reflectors were detected below the reservoir, which would not have been detected using conventional methods. Furthermore these reflectors agreed with the results of the tri-axial drill-bit VSP (Asanuma et al., 1996).
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  • 111
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    Pure and applied geophysics 150 (1997), S. 451-459 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Mining tremors, rockburst, seismic network, mining operations.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. —Within the Provence colliery (France), seismic remote monitoring is integrated in a research strategy on areas subject to rockburst. The purpose of this study is to characterise and analyse the induced microseismic events during the mining operations, in order to identify or establish criteria for the zones likely to generate rockburst. The detailed study of the space distribution of microseismic events enables consistent correlations to be demonstrated between the location of events, the changes in the state of stress in the massif during the mining operations and the configuration of exploitation. The results have opened interesting perspectives into the analysis of the spatial distribution of mining tremors and their relations to rockburst hazard.
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  • 112
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    Pure and applied geophysics 150 (1997), S. 693-704 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: High frequency, induced seismicity, Creighton Mine.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. —This research involved monitoring for high frequency (HF) microseismic activity, in the effective frequency range of 100 to 400 kHz, at an underground hardrock mine. An HF monitor was installed to record activity in and near a pillar at a depth of 2100 m near active mining stopes. Analysis of the recorded events was done in light of production blasting records, the mine-wide microseismic data set for events below a depth of 1800 m and laboratory studies conducted to assist with a general HF data analysis. Data analysis indicated that there were two types of periods of increased activity the first associated with the passage of the direct seismic waves from the blast through the local area, and the second associated with the arrival of the transient stress change induced by the blast in the local area. Indications of locally increased stress levels towards the end of the monitoring period agreed with the occurrence of two nearby strong seismic events.
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  • 113
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    Pure and applied geophysics 150 (1997), S. 415-434 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Scaling laws, rockburst, induced seismicity, ground motion, peak particle velocity.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. —The dynamic loads imposed by rockbursts initiated by remote seismic events are directly related to the resultant ground motions. Consequently, the first step in the design of systems for the support of openings subject to such loading is to assess the ground motion characteristics; i.e., to evaluate the peak particle velocity ppv in the design region. Design scaling laws, relating seismic source intensity (event magnitude, radiated energy or a combination of seismic moment and stress drop at the source) to the peak ground motion characteristics at a target (e.g., a development drift or a stope) some distance from the source, are developed, based upon theoretical considerations and supported by a world-wide database. These scaling laws reflect the most relevant, critical conditions for engineering design.
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  • 114
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    Pure and applied geophysics 150 (1997), S. 511-550 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Reservoir-induced seismicity - case history, seismotectonics, Koyna-Warna earthquakes.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. —Reservoir-induced seismicity has been observed near Koyna Dam, India since the early 1960s. In order to understand the seismotectonics of the region we analyzed available seismicity data from 1963 to 1995. Over 300 earthquakes with M ≥ 3.0 were relocated using revised location parameters (station locations, velocity model, station delays and V p  /V s ratio). The spatial pattern of earthquakes was integrated with available geological, geophysical, geomorphological data and observations following the M 6.3 earthquake in December 1967, to delineate and identify the geometry of seismogenic structures. From this integration we conclude that the area lying between Koyna and Warna Rivers can be divided into several seismogenic crustal blocks, underlain by a fluid-filled fracture zone. This zone lies between ∼6 and 13 km and is the location of the larger events (M ≥ 3.0). The seismicity is bounded to the west by the Koyna River fault zone (KRFZ) which dips steeply to the west. KRFZ lies along the N–S portion of the Koyna River and extends S10°W for at least 40 km. It was the location of the 1967 Koyna earthquake. The seismicity is bounded to the east by NE–SW trending Patan fault, which extends from Patan on the Koyna River, SW to near Ambole on the Warna River. Patan fault dips ∼45° to the NW and was the location of the M 5.4 earthquake in February 1994. The bounding KRFZ and Patan fault are intersected by several NW–SE fractures which extend from near surface to hypocentral depths. They form steep boundaries of the crustal blocks and provide conduits for fluid pressure flow to hypocentral depths. Sharp bends in the Koyna and Warna rivers (6 km south of Koyna Dam and near Sonarli, respectively) are locations of stress build-up and the observed seismicity.
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  • 115
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    Pure and applied geophysics 150 (1997), S. 677-691 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Concrete tunnel and shaft lining, seismic reflection, nondestructive testing, MSR system, wave propagation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. —The study presented in this paper demonstrates the application of a miniature seismic reflection (MSR) system as a nondestructive testing tool for evaluation of concrete shaft and tunnel linings. First, the principles of the system are described. Then, results obtained from experimental studies on a concrete shaft lining are presented. Various sections of a shaft lining at different elevations are investigated and their elastic properties at each point are calculated. In another field study, the thickness of the tunnel lining is computed using this system. In both cases, the MSR values are in agreement with results obtained by independent laboratory testing of core samples extracted from the linings.
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  • 116
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    Mineralogy and petrology 60 (1997), S. 185-229 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Zeit gibt es 96 von der IMA genehmigte PG-(Platingruppen)-Minerale (PGM) und mehr als 500 nicht identifizierte PGE-Phasen. Außerdem enthalten mehr als 20 Nicht-PG-Minerale Konzentrationen von einem oder dem anderen der 6 Platingruppenelemente. Die PG-Minerale haben weithin kubische Symmetrie. Das spezifische Gewicht liegt meist zwischen 10 bis 11/cm3. Außerdem gibt es eine deutlich positive Kombination zwischen der relativen Dichte und dem Reflexionsvermögen. Alle PG-Minerale und PG-Phasen sind Nicht-Silikate und ein großer Teil davon sind Sulfide, Arsenide und Telluride. Die Elemente Sb und Bi sind auch wichtige Bestandteile von PG-Mineralen. Diese Übersicht der Literatur bis zum April 1996 evaluiert ungefähr 1500 veröffentlichte chemische Analysen von PG-Mineralen, die von der IMA als definierte Mineralspezies akzeptiert worden sind und von nicht benannten PG-Phasen, wie in der Literatur erwähnt, aber nicht als Minerale definiert worden sind. Die Datenbasis läßt einige chemische Trends erkennen, die sowohl die PG-Elemente, wie auch die wesentlichen Nicht-PG-Komponenten betreffen. Letztere wird in einer separaten Publikation (Daltry und Wilson, 1996) diskutiert. PG-dominante Verbindungen sind am weitesten verbreitet, während Os-dominante Verbindungen am seltensten vorkommen. Auf einer Inter-PG-Element-Basis zeigt sich, daß Ir-Os, Pt-Rh und Ru-dominanten Minerale und Phasen jeweils wechselnde Konzentrationen der anderen fünf PG Elemente enthalten können. In diesem Zusammenhang werden sympathetische und antipathetische Trends sichtbar. Palladium zeigt die deutlichste Antipathie gegenüber anderen PG-Elementen, während Platin am deutlichsten ausgebildete sympathetische Tendenzen gegenüber den anderen PG-Elementen erkennen läßt.
    Notes: Summary There are 96 approved PG (platinum group) — mineral species and more than 500 unidentified PG-phases on record. In addition, over 20 non-PG-minerals contain varying concentrations of one or more of the six platinum group elements. The PG-minerals commonly have cubic symmetry and density values mostly between 10–11 g/cm3 but within the range 5–22 g/cm3. Furthermore, there is a tangible positive correlation between relative density and reflectance data. On a chemical basis, all PG-minerals and PG-phases are non-silicates and a large proportion are sulphides, arsenides and tellurides. The elements Sb and Bi are also important constituents of PG-minerals. This review of the published literature up to April, 1996, provides an evaluation of approximately 1500 published chemical analyses of PG-minerals which have been accepted by the IMA as discrete mineral species and unidentified PG-phases reported in the literature but not proven to be discrete minerals. Revealed by the database are a number of chemically-related trends which concern both the PG-elements themselves and the essential non-PG-element constituents. The latter grouping of elements is discussed as a separate publication (Daltry andWilson, 1997). Pd-dominant compounds are the most abundant of the PG-minerals and PG-phases and the Os-dominant compounds are the least abundant. On an inter-PG-element basis, the Ir-, Os-, Pd-, Pt-, Rh- and Ru-dominant minerals and phases may each contain varying concentrations of all the remaining five PG-elements. In this context, there are discernable sympathetic and antipathetic trends. Palladium exhibits the most pronounced antipathy with other PG-elements, whereas platinum exhibits the most marked sympathetic tendencies towards the other PG-elements.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 60 (1997), S. 231-243 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Chemischer Sektorzonenbau ist eine verbreitete Eigenschaft bei Arsenkies. Diese Arbeit zeigt qualitative und quantitative Zusammenhänge zwischen den Zusam mensetzungen verschiedener Kristallbereiche und Abhängigkeiten zwischen der Zusammensetzung und der Morphologie auf. Insoweit diese Eigenschaften die Umgebungsbedingungen während des Kristallwachstums widerspiegeln, werden sie in Beziehung zur Problematik des Arsenkies-Geothermometers diskutiert. Die Hauptergebnisse dieser Studie sind: 1. Das Verhältnis As/S kann als einzigartiger Parameter, der die Zusammensetzung eines gesonderten Punktes kennzeichnet, genutzt werden; 2. Es bestehen lineare, oder fast lineare Abhängigkeiten der Zusammensetzungen einzelner Sektoren. Folglich sind die Zusammensetzungen sämtlicher Kristallbereiche aus der Zusammensetzung eines Sektors ableitbar; 3. Gemeinsam mit kinetischen Phänomenen kann der Zonenbau auch bedeutende Änderungen während des Wachstums widerspiegeln. Daher sollte eine anatomische Untersuchung immer der geothermometrischen vorangehen; 4. Die Morphologie des Arsenkieses kann als ein Indiz für eine Zusammensetzung dienen. Sie kann somit als ein vorläufiges alternatives auch im Felde nutzbares Geothermometer verwendet werden.
    Notes: Summary Chemical sector zoning is an almost universal feature in arsenopyrite. The present study reveals distinct relations between different crystal area compositions on both the qualitative and quantitative levels. Composition-morphology dependencies are also established. As far as these features reflect environmental conditions during crystal growth, they are considered in the context of the problems of the arsenopyrite geothermometer. The main results of this investigation are: (1) As/S ratio can be used as a unique parameter characterising the composition at a single point; (2) Linear or almost linear relations link the compositions of the different sectors, hence the compositions of all the crystal areas can be derived from the composition of only one sector; (3) Along with kinetic phenomena, zoning may reflect significant environmental changes during growth, hence anatomic investigation should always precede geothermometry; (4) The morphology of arsenopyrite can be used as an approach to its composition, so it can serve as an approximate alternative geothermometric tool in the field.
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  • 118
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Erdmantel - Xenolithe in Alkali-Basalten des Somoncure Massivs, Nord-Patagonien, Argentinien, führen drei Generationen von Fluid-Einschlüssen. Die erste (“frühe”, “primäre”) Generation besteht aus dichten CO2-Einschlüssen, welche offenbar in der Mantel-Kruste Grenzzone (22–36 km Minimum-Tiefe) eingeschlossen wurden. CO2-Einschlüsse sind kogenetisch mit Silikat-Schmelzeinschlüssen. Dies erlaubt die Abschätzung der Einschließ-Temperatur mit minimal 1200°C, was auf ein Hochtemperatur-Ereignis in einer deutlich kühleren Umgebung hinweist. Die “späten” (“pseudosekundäre” und „sekundäre”) CO2- Fluid-Einschlüsse bilden zwei Generationen von denen die eine in die flüssige (L1), die andere in die Dampfphase (L2) homogenisieren. Die minimale Einschließ-Tiefe für die L1 Generation ist etwa 16 km. Dies bedeutet - auch bei Berücksichtigung der mit diesem Wert verbundenen Ungenauigkeit - daß diese Erdmantel-Gesteine einige Zeit in der mittleren Erdkruste verbrachten und ein metasomatisches Ereignis erlebten, bevor sie von den Basalten zur Erdoberfläche gebracht wurden. Die Tatsache, daß dieses Ereignis die frühen Einschlüsse nicht zerstörte, kann nur bedeuten, daß es von kurzer Dauer war. Die L2-Generation besteht aus Niedrigdruck CO2-Einschlüssen mit einer Minimum-Einschließtiefe von nur 2 km. Dies könnte in einer seichten Magmakammer des Wirt Basaltes geschehen sein. Die Abfolge von Fluid-Einschlüssen deutet auf einen relativ schnell aufsteigenden oberen Erdmantel unterhalb von Patagonien hin. Die Petrologie und Mineralchemie der peridotitischen Xenolithe unterstützen das. Die Vorherrschaft von Harzburgiten im Erdmantel unterhalb von Nord-Patagonien deutet auf umfangreiche Bildung partieller Schmelzen und deren Abfuhr hin — eine für einen kontinentalen Mantel ungewöhnliche Situation. Sowohl die Verarmungsereignisse, als auch die metasomatischen Veränderungen (einschließlich jene, welche Spuren in Form von Fluid Einschlüssen hinterließen) machen das Vorhandensein eines schnell aufsteigenden Daipirs im oberen Erdmantel dieser Gegend wahrscheinlich. Der Aufstieg kann vom Stabilitätsbereich der Granat-Peridotite bis in die mittlere Kruste verfolgt werden und muß daher relativ schnell erfolgt sein. Unterschiede in Gesteins-, Mineral und Fluid-Eigenschaften zwischen verschiedenen Lokalitäten legen einen diffusen und differenziellen Diapirismus nahe. Zukünftige Studien sollten es ermöglichen, das Gesamtausmaß und die unterschiedlichen Aufstiegshöhen des Diapirs zu kartieren und Hinweise auf seine Entstehung und zukünftige Entwicklung zu erhalten.
    Notes: Summary Three generations of fluid inclusions can be recognized in upper mantle xenoliths from alkali basalts of the Somoncura Massif, Northern Patagonia, Argentina. The first (“early”, “primary”) one consists of dense CO2 inclusions which were trapped in the mantle-crust boundary zone (22–36 km minimum trapping depth). Their co-genetic relationship with silicate melt inclusions enables us to constrain their minimum trapping temperature at 1200°C, indicating a high temperature event in a cooler environment. The “late” (“pseudosecondary” and “secondary”) generations of fluid inclusions were classified in accordance with their homogenization temperature to liquid CO2 (L1) and vapor CO2 (L2) phase. The minimum trapping depth for the first of the late inclusions (L1) is about 16 km. In spite of the uncertainties related to this value, L1 inclusions indicate that the upper mantle rocks, of which samples were delivered by the basalts, had some residence time in the middle crust where they experienced a metasomatic event. The fact that this event did not destroy the earlier inclusions, places severe constraints on its duration. The second late inclusions (L2) are low-pressure CO2 inclusions with a minimum trapping depth of only 2 km, presumably a shallow magma chamber of the host basalts. The succession of fluid inclusions strongly points toward a fairly fast uprising upper mantle underneath Northern Patagonia. The petrology and mineral chemistry of the peridotitic xenoliths support this view. Extensive partial melting and loss of these melts is indicated by the preponderance of harzburgites in the upper mantle underneath Northern Patagonia, a fairly unusual feature for a continental upper mantle. That depletion event as well as several metasomatic events — including those which left traces of fluid inclusions — are possibly related to a high-speed diapiric uprise of the upper mantle in this area. The path can be traced from the garnet peridotite stability field into the middle crust, a journey which must have been unusually fast. Differences in rock, mineral, and fluid inclusion properties between geographic locations suggest a diffuse and differential type of diapirism. Future studies will hopefully help to map the full extent and the highs and lows of this diapir and elucidate questions related to its origin and future.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 60 (1997), S. 289-289 
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    Mineralogy and petrology 60 (1997), S. 267-287 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Amphibolite sind in der Böhmischen Masse, östlich des Südböhmischen Plutons weit verbreitet. Ausgehend von ihrer geologischen Position, ihrer metamorphen Entwick lung und ihrer Geochemie lassen sie sich in drei genetisch unterschiedliche Einheiten teilen: den Rehberg Ophiolith, den Buschandlwand Amphibolit und die Raabser Gruppe. Der metamorphe Rehberg Ophiolith besteht aus einer ultramatischen bis mafischen plutonischen Abfolge, die von einem Gabbro/Gangkomplex überlagert wird und einer vulkanischen Folge mit Basalten, Andesiten and Rhyoliten, die mit tonigen und sandigen Sedimenten verknüpft sind. Der gesamte Ophiolithkörper wurde unter amphibolitfaziellen Bedingungen metamorph überprägt. Rock/MORB Diagramme und andere Elementdarstellungen, wie z.B. das Ti vs. V, oder das Ta/Yb vs. Th/Yb Diagramm sprechen für eine Entstehung des Rehberg Ophioliths in einer Suprasubduction Zone. Der Letovice Ophiolith in Mähren weist eine ähnliche Struktur auf. Geochemisch zeigt er stärkere Ähnlichkeiten mit MORB, enthält aber auch Elemente von tholeiitischen Inselbogenbasalten. Auch wenn es für beide Ophiolithe noch keine Protolith-Altersdaten gibt, scheint es dennoch wahrscheinlich, daß sie in einem Ozeanbecken, das den Brunovistulisch-Moravischen Kontinentalblock im Osten vom Moldanubischen Kontinent im Westen trennt, gebildet wurden. Die mögliche Fortsetzung beider Ophiolithe könnten im Norden der Stare Mesto Ophiolith und die Ophiolithe rund um den Sowie Gory Block in den Sudeten darstellen.
    Notes: Summary Amphibolites are widespread in the eastern part of the Bohemian Massif, east of the South Bohemian Pluton. Based on their geological situation, their metamorphic evolution and their geochemistry, they were separated into three genetically different units: the Rehberg ophiolite, the Buschandlwand amphibolite and the Raabs group. The metamorphic Rehberg ophiolite consists of a ultramafic to mafic plutonic sequence overlain by a gabbro/dike complex and a volcanic section with basaltic, andesitic and rhyolitic volcanics associated with pelitic to psammitic sediments. The entire ophiolite underwent amphibolite facies metamorphism. Rock/MORB normalisation plots and other element ratio plots, such as Ti vs. V or Ta/Yb vs. Th/Yb argue for a supra-subduction zone environment as site of the origin of the Rehberg ophiolite. The Letovice ophiolite in Moravia is structured in a similar way. Geochemically it shows a more MORB like composition but also a distinct tholeiitic island arc group. Although there is no age data for the protolith of both ophiolites, it is believed that they have formed in an oceanic basin separating the Brunovistulian-Moravian block to the east and the Moldanubian block to the west. Possible traces of the continuation of the ophiolites towards the north can be found in the Stare Mesto ophiolites and the ophiolites surrounding the Sowie Gory block in the Sudetes.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 60 (1997), S. 245-265 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Pyroxengranulite intermediärer bis saurer Zusammensetzung bilden einen Hauptbe standteil des präkambrischen Terrains im südlichen Sri Lanka. Chemische Untersuchungen und Feldbeziehungen ermöglichen die Unterscheidung von zwei räumlich eng assoziierten Gruppen von Granitoiden, die beide lagenförmig oder in Form deformierter Körper auftreten. Granitisch-adamellitische Gesteine sind häufiger und sind von tonalitisch-tronhjemitischen Gesteinen zu unterscheiden. Diese Granitoide und untergeordnet vorkommende Metabasalte und Metadiorite/Metaandesite wurden von hochgradiger Metamorphose erfaßt und als Charnockite bzw. charnokitische Gesteine kartiert. Gesteine granitischer Zusammensetzung sind meist metaluminös und fallen im AFM Diagramm ins Feld der Tholeiite. Es sind A-Typ Granite des an Ce und Y angereicherten A2-Subtyps mit hohem K2O/Na2O, FeO/MgO und hohen Gehalten an Zr, Nb und LREE. Tonalitische Gesteine sind met-bis peraluminös und folgen einem kalk-alkalischen Trend. Sie werden als I-Typ Granite klassifiziert, obwohl einige Proben sehr niedrige K2O und REE Gehalte aufweisen. Die Tonalite und Granite sind nicht die Produkte eines cogenetischen Fraktionie rungsprozesses und sind, trotz ihrer räumlichen Assoziation, polygenetischen Ursprungs. Die Ausgangsmagmen der A-Typ Granite scheinen differentierte Schmelzen saurer krustaler Herkunft zu sein, die in normal dicker oder verdünnter Kruste in einem nicht kompressionellen tektonischen Regime (ex- oder transtensional) intrudierten. Die Tonalite sind wahrscheinlich in einem Kompressionsregime enstandene Granitoide eines Vulkanbogens. Das heutige Nebeneinander dieser polygnetischen, in unterschiedlichen geotektonischen Bereichen gebildeten, Granitoide ist das Ergebnis komplexer tektonischer Aktivität vor oder während der panafrikanischen (550–610 Ma) granulitfaziellen Metamorphose.
    Notes: Summary Pyroxene granulites of intermediate to felsic composition comprise a major part of the Precambrian terrain exposed in southern Sri Lanka. Chemical characteristics and field relations reveal that there are two closely associated groups of granitoids both occurring as discrete layers or deformed bodies. Granitic-adamellitic rocks are more common and can be distinguished from tonalitic-trondhjemitic rocks. Granitoids of these two groups and minor metabasalt and metadiorite/meta-andesite have been subjected to high-grade metamorphism and were mapped as charnockite or charnockitic rocks. Rocks of granitic composition are mostly meta-aluminous and, in the AFM diagram, fall in the tholeiitic field. These rocks are mainly A-type granites characterized by high K2O/Na2O, FeO/MgO and high Zr, Nb and LREE contents, most belonging to the relatively Ce- and Y-enriched A2-type. Tonalitic rocks are meta-aluminous to per-aluminous and display a calc-alkaline trend. These rocks are classified as I-type, although some of them have very low K2O and REE contents. Tonalites and granites are not products of a consanguineous fractionation process. In spite of their close field association, they appear to be polygenetic. The parent magmas of the A-type granites seem to have been differentiated melts derived from felsic continental crust. They were emplaced into normal or attenuated continental crust in a non-Compressive (extensional or trans-tensional) tectonic regime. Tonalites most probably represent volcanic arc granitoids emplaced in a compressive tectonic setting. Present intercalation of these polygenetic granitoids, generated in different tectonic environments, is a result of the complex tectonic activity which prevailed before or during Pali-African (550–610 Ma) granulite facies metamorphism.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 61 (1997), S. 27-45 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine eingehende mineralogische Untersuchung eines Lagerganges von Pian di Celle, der als Melilitolit klassifiziert and mit Venanzit and karbonatitischen Pyroklasten assoziiert ist, ergab neue and seltene Mineral-Paragenesen, die als charakteristisch für die Kamafugit-Karbonatit-Assoziation gelten. Diese bestehen aus verschiedenen akzessorischen Mineralien, darunter Perovskit, Cuspidin, Götzenit, Khibinskit, Delhayelit, Macdonaldit, Bardonit and (Fe, Ni, Co) Monoarsenit; diese werden in Flüssigkeitseinschlüssen mit optischen and chemischen Methoden identifiziert. Die chemische Zusammensetzung dieser Minerale and ihre wahrscheinliche Kristallisationsabfolge, aus texturellen Beziehungen abgeleitet, zeigt extensive Substitutionen, vor allem für Ca, Ti, Mg and Alkelien, die im wesentlichen hohe Gehalte an SEE, Sr, Ba, Mb and Zr andeuten, die während der Kristallisation beträchtlichen Schwankungen unterlagen. Molekularer Alkali überschuß über Al in (H2O, F, CO2)-reichen Si-untersättigten Fluiden werden als wichtigste Faktoren für die Stabilität von Mineralen des DisilikatTyps gesehen. Trennung des Karbonatites vom Silikat, die durch texturelle und Flüssigkeitseinschluß-Daten genau fixiert werden konnte, war wichtig für die Verschiebung des Residuums auf einen deutlich peralkalinen Trend, welcher die Sulfide unter veränderten Redox-Bedingungen stabilisieren konnte.
    Notes: Summary A detailed mineralogical investigation of a Pian di Celle sill rock (San Venanzo, Italy), classified asmelilitolite and associated withvenanzite and carbonatitic pyroclasts, revealed new and rare mineral parageneses, considered as characteristic of thekamafugite-carbonatite association. These are formed by several accessory minerals, including minerals of the cuspidine family, götzenite, khibinskite, minerals of the rhodesite- delhayelite- macdonaldite family, pyrrhotite, bartonite and (Fe, Ni, Co) monoarsenide, mostly optically and chemically identified also in fluid inclusions. The chemical composition of these minerals and their probable crystallisation succession, deduced from textural relationships, demonstrates extensive atomic substitutions, notably for Ca, Ti, Mg and alkali, essentially reflecting high concentrations of REE, Sr, Ba, Nb and Zr, which significantly varied during crystallisation. Molecular alkali excess over Al and high Ca content in (H2O, F, CO2)-rich, Siundersaturated liquid(s) are considered the dominant factors in controlling the stability of disilicate-type minerals. Separation of the carbonatite liquid from the silicate magma, constrained by textural and fluid inclusion data, was fundamental in moving the residuum onto a strongly peralkaline trend which stabilised the sulphides under changed redox conditions.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 61 (1997), S. 47-66 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Ambadungar (Amba Dongar) Alkalikarbonatit-Komplex liegt in der magmatischen Deccan Provinz. Er umfaßt eine Vielzahl von karbonatitischen und alkalischen Gesteinen, die in der Umgebung von Ambadungar aufgeschlossen sind. Die Alkaligesteine sind als Tinguaite, Phonolite und/oder Phononephelinite, Melanephelinite, Syenite und/oder Nephelinsyenite zu klassifizieren, die Karbonatite als Calcio-, bis Ferro- and Silicokarbonatite. Die Anreicherung an LIL-Elementen und Seltenen Erden in den Karbonatiten werden als das Ergebnis der Fraktionierung von Mantelschmelzen, i.e. eines nephelinitisches Magmas, infolge von Nichtmischbarkeit interpretiert. Melanephelinite und/oder Phononephelinite and hohe Gehalte an HFS-Elementen (Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn) in der alkalisch-silikatischen Schmelzfraktion sind ebenfalls das Ergebnis dieser Prozesse. Die La/Lu-Verhältnisse sind typisch für magmatische Karbonatite and variieren zwischen 590 and 1945. Die δ13C Konzentrationen variieren zwischen -2 and -8 %o, die δ18O Werte zwischen 7.7 and 26.8 %0. Während die δ13C Konzentration typisch für primär magmatische Karbonatite ist, ist die δ18O-Anreicherung mit postmagmatischen Prozessen, wie etwa die Interaktion mit meteorischen Wässern and die Reequilibration mit niedrig temperierten wäßrigen Fluiden, erklärbar.
    Notes: Summary The Ambadungar (Amba Dongar) alkaline carbonatite complex is emplaced in the Deccan traps igneous province. A wide range of carbonatites and alkaline rocks are exposed around Ambadungar. The alkaline rocks have been classified as tinguaite, phonolite and/or phononephelinite, melanephelinite, and syenite and/or nepheline syenite whereas carbonatites vary from calcio-carbonatites to ferro- and silicocarbonatites. The enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements (LILE), P, and rare-earth elements (REE) in carbonatites is considered to result from fractionation of a mantle derived magmatic liquid, i.e. nephelinitic magma, by liquid immiscibility which also produced melanephelinite and/or phononephelinite with high field strength elements (HFSE) such as Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn in the alkaline silicate liquid fraction. The La:Lu ratios of the carbonatites are typical of igneous rocks and vary between 590 and 1945, similar to many known magmatic carbonatites. The δ13C concentration varies between −2 and −8 ‰ whereas δ18O-values vary between 7.7 and 26.8‰. The δ13C concentration is typical of primary igneous carbonatites but δ18O enrichment is thought to be the result of post-magmatic processes such as interaction with meteoric water and re-equilibration with hydrous fluids at low temperatures.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe von ultramafischen Xenolithen (Spinell-Peridotite, ein Olivin-KlinopyroxenHornblendit und ein Spinell-Pyroxenit) aus tertiären Basalten der Rhön wurde petrologisch and geochemisch untersucht. Zwei Gruppen von Peridotiten können hinsichtlich ihrer Äquilibrierungstemperaturen unterschieden werden: (I) Spinell-Lherzolithe and -Wehrlite mit niedrigen und mittleren Temperaturen von 840–1050 °C bei Drucken von 11-24 kbar zeigen zumeist granulare Gefüge. Die große Schwankungsbreite dieser P-T-Abschätzungen ist durch mineralchemische Ungleichgewichte und unterschiedliche Schließungstemperaturen der Geothermometer und Geobarometer bedingt. Spinell-Pyroxen-Symplektite, die in einigen dieser Xenolithe auftreten, weisen auf eine vormalige Position im Stabilitätsfeld von GranatLherzolith hin. Diese Xenolithe sind durch partielle Schmelzextraktion unterschiedlich stark depletiert. Häufig zeigen she eine Anreicherung der leichten and mittleren Seltenerdelemente, was durch eine spätere kryptometasomatische Überprägung bedingt ist. (II) Eine Gruppe hochtemperierter, vorwiegend porphyroklastischer und untergeordnet granularer Spinell-Lherzolithe und -Harzburgite wurde unter Temperaturen von 1190–1270 °C bei Drucken von 19–26 kbar überprägt. Die P-T Werte für diese Xenolithe liegen auf einem geothermischen Gradienten von über 90 mW/m2, was auf intensive Aufheizprozesse im Mantel hinweist. Oftmals wurde these Aufheizung von einer duktilen Deformation begleitet, deren Ursache eine Dehnung der Mantellithosphäre war. Aufgrund der fehlenden Gleichgewichtstexturen, der Abwesenheit von retrograden Mineralzonierungen und partieller Schmelzprozesse bei den Klinopyroxenen dieser Xenolithe müssen ihre Deformation and Hochtemperaturüberprägung während des tertiären Magmatismus stattgefunden haben. Die porphyroklastischen, hochtemperierten Xenolithe zeigen die stärkste Abreicherung an basaltischer Komponente, den schweren Seltenerdelementen sowie an Y and Sc. Bei dem Olivin-Klinopyroxen-Hornblendit handelt es sich um ein basaltisches Kumulat, welches aufgrund seiner P-T Abschätzung (um 1150 °C bei 9 kbar) aus dem Übergangsbereich von unterer Kruste zu oberem Mantel stammt. Eine40Ar-39Ar Datierung von Kaersutiten dieser Probe weist auf ein Alter von etwa 25 Ma, was in Übereinstimmung mit dem Beginn des tertiären Vulkanismus in dieser Region ist. Diese Untersuchungen verdeutlichen, daß ein Teil des lithosphärischen Mantels unter der Rhön eine thermische Äquilibrierung während des tertiären magmatischen Ereignisses erfuhr. Dagegen zeigen andere Teile noch Relikte einer älteren Geschichte, speziell eine kryptische Metasomatose and den Übergang vom Stabilitätsfeld des Granat-Lherzoliths zum Spinell-Lherzolith. Ein mögliches geotektonisches Szenario für diesen Transfer könnte die postvariscische Krustenreäquilibrierung sein.
    Notes: Summary A suite of ultramafic xenoliths (spinel peridotites, one olivine-clinopyroxene hornblendite, and one spinel pyroxenite) from Tertiary basalt vents and lava flows of the Rhön area (Central Germany) were investigated petrologically and geochemically. With regard to P-T estimates two distinct groups of peridotite xenoliths can be discriminated: (I) A low- to intermediate-temperature group of spinel lherzolites and wehrlites mainly displaying coarse equant textures yielded temperature estimates in the range of 840–1050 °C at rather variable pressures of 11–24 kbar. The strong variability of the P-T estimates is attributed to mineral chemical disequilibria and different diffusion rates of the elements used for geothermometry and geobarometry. Spinel-pyroxene symplectites within part of these xenoliths point to a former position in the stability field of garnet lherzolite. These xenoliths are variably depleted in the basaltic component by partial melt extraction. They often show an enrichment in LREE and MREE which is due to a later overprinting by cryptic metasomatism. (II) A high-temperature group of xenoliths, which mainly consists of porphyroclastic and subordinate coarse equant spinel lherzolites and harzburgites, experienced temperatures of 1190–1270 °C at 19–26 kbar. The P-T values for these xenoliths fall close to a geothermal gradient of about 90 mW/m2 and illustrate intense heating processes in the mantle which were often coupled with ductile deformation caused by lithospheric stretching. The thermal disturbance which led to the reequilibration of these peridotites must have occurred during the Tertiary magmatic event as indicated by the absence of retrograde mineral zoning, missing textural reequilibration, and the presence of partial melting phenomena in clinopyroxene. Unlike sheared xenoliths from other locations, the porphyroclastic high-temperature peridotites from the Rhön are depleted in basaltic component, in HREE, Y, and Sc. An olivine-clinopyroxene hornblendite is classified as some kind of basaltic cumulate which - according to its P-T estimate of about 1150 °C at 9 kbar - originates from hte transition zone between the lower crust and the upper mantle.40Ar-39Ar dating of kaersutite from this sample indicates an age of about 25 Ma which is in accordance with the beginning of Tertiary volcanism in the Rhön area. These investigations show that part of the lithospheric mantle underneath the Rhön area experienced a thermal reequilibration during the Tertiary magmatic event while other parts give evidence of an older history, i.e. a cryptic metasomatism and a transition from the garnet- to the spinel-lherzolite field. A possible geotectonic scenario for the transition could be the post-Variscan crustal reequilibration.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 61 (1997), S. 163-180 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Gebiet um Cazadero, Nordkalifornien, kommen Lawsonit-führende eklogitische Metabasite in Assoziation mit Glaukophanschiefern vor. Den grobkörnigen Lawsonitführenden Metabasiten fehlt charakteristischerweise Albit. Repräsentative Mineralparagenesen sind: (1) Granat + Omphacit + Lawsonit + Epidot + Glaukophan + Chlorit + Quarz, (2) Granat + Omphacit + Lawsonit + Pumpellyit + Glaukophan + Aktinolith + Quarz, (3) Granat + Omphacit +Lawsonit + Pumpellyit + Epidot + Glaukophan + Quarz. Sie lassen sich in einem A12O3-Fe2O3-MgO-Na2O Diagramm, in dem alle Minerale von Quarz, Lawsonit, Almandin-reichem Granat und einem H2O-dominierten Fluid projiziert werden, darstellen. Die Metamorphosebedingungen der Lawsonitführenden eklogitischen Metabasite werden auf Grund von Granat-Klinopyroxenthermometrie und der Phasenbeziehungen mit 360-445°C und mehr als 9 ± 1 kbar abgeschätzt. Die Lawsonit-führenden eklogitischen Metabasite bildeten sich nahe der univarianten Reaktion Albit = Jadeit +Quarz. Ein petrogenetisches Netz, konstruiert nach der Schreinemakers Methode, zeigt, daß die P-T Bedingungen der Lawsonitführenden eklogitischen Metabasite im Gebiet von Cazadero im übergangsbereich zwischen jenen von Granat-führenden Glaukophanschiefern in Neukaledonien und Lawsonit-führenden eklogitischen Metabasiten in Korsika liegen.
    Notes: Summary In the Cazadero area, northern California, Lawsonite-bearing eclogitic metabasites occur in association with glaucophane schists. Lawsonite-bearing eclogitic metabasites are coarse-grained, and characteristically lack albite. Representative mineral assemblages are; (1) garnet + omphacite + Lawsonite + epidote + glaucophane + chlorite + quartz, (2) garnet -F- omphacite + Lawsonite + pumpellyite + glaucophane + actinolite + quartz, (3) garnet + omphacite + Lawsonite + pumpellyite + epidote + glaucophane + quartz. They can be represented on an A12O3-Fe2O3-MgO-Na2O diagram in which all minerals are projected from quartz, Lawsonite, almandine garnet, and H2O-predominant fluid. On the basis of the garnet-clinopyroxene geothermometry and phase relations, the metamorphic conditions for the formation of Lawsonite-bearing eclogitic metabasites are estimated at 360-445 °C and more than 9 ± 1 kbar. Lawsonite-bearing eclogitic metabasites formed near the univariant curve albite = jadeite +quartz. A petrogenetic grid constructed by Schreinemakers' method shows that the Lawsonite-bearing eclogitic metabasites in the Cazadero area formed under transitional P-T conditions between those of the garnet-bearing glaucophane schists in New Caledonia and lawsonitebearing eclogitic metabasites in Corsica.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ni-, Co- und Fe-Arsenminerale sind verbreitete akzessorische Phasen, sowohl in den Nickel-Kupfer-Vererzungen, als auch in den Sulfiden der Nebengesteine des PechengaKomplexes. Der Großteil der Arsenminerale ist zur Cobaltit-Gersdorffit-Serie zu stellen. Arsenkies, Nickelin und Maucherit sind in geringeren Mengen vorhanden. Diese Minerale sind zwischen den verschiedenen Vererzungstypen gleichmäßig verteilt. Nickelin, Maucherit und Gersdorffit kommen hauptsächlich in hydrothermal veränderten Ni-Cu-Sulfiderzen vor, besonders in Sulfiden der „Stringer-Zone” und in mineralisierten Talk-Karbonat-Gesteinen. Arsenkies kommt nur in Pentlandit-freien Paragenesen in den schiefrigen Nebengesteinen, vor allem in einer remobilisierten Eisensulfidvererzung, vor. Die Konzentrationen von Ni, Fe und Co in Arsenkies nehmen mit zunehmender Entfernung von den Ni-Cu-führenden Intrusionen ab. Cobaltit ist ein verbreitetes Mineral, wobei nickelreicher Cobaltit jedoch hauptsächlich in den Nickel-Kupfererzen vorkommt. Im allgemeinen wird der übergang von NickelKupfererzen zu Nebengesteinen durch den übergang von Nickelarseniden zu NickelKobalt-Sulpharseniden und schließlich zu Eisensulpharseniden markiert. Sedimentärer Pyrit in den schiefrigen Nebengesteinen enthält bis zu 1,8 Gew% As, wobei die Arsenanreicherung während der Sedimentation und Diagenese erfolgten. Metamorphe Rekristallisation authigener As-führenden Pyrite zu As-freiem Magnetkies führte zu signifikanter Freisetzung von Arsen während der Metamorphose. Das mobilisierte Arsen dürfte durch metamorphe Fluide transportiert worden sein, die an der niedriggradigen Alteration der ultramafischen Gesteine und der assoziierten NickelKupfererze beteiligt waren.
    Notes: Summary Ni, Co, Fe arsenic minerals are common accessory phases associated with both the Ni-Cu mineralization and country rock sulphides of the Pechenga complex. The majority of the arsenic minerals fall in the cobaltite-gersdorffite series, with minor arsenopyrite, nickeline and maucherite. These minerals are regularly distributed between different types of mineralization. Nickeline, maucherite and gersdorffite occur mainly in hydrothermally altered Ni-Cu sulphide ores, in particular stringer zone sulphides and mineralized talc-carbonate rocks. Arsenopyrite occurs only in pentlandite-free assemblages of the host shales, mainly in remobilized iron sulphide mineralization. The concentrations of Ni and Co in arsenopyrite decrease with the distance from the Ni-Cu bearing intrusions. Cobaltite is an ubiquitous mineral, but Ni-rich cobaltite occurs mainly in the Ni-Cu ores. In general, the transition from Ni-Cu ores to country rocks is marked by the change from Ni-arsenides to Ni-Co sulpharsenides and, finally, to Fe sulpharsenides. Sedimentary pyrite in sulphidic shales contains up to 1.8 wt.% As and was initially enriched in arsenic during sedimentation and diagenesis. Metamorphic recrystallization of authigenic As-bearing pyrite to As-free pyrrhotite led to significant liberation of arsenic during metamorphism. The mobilized arsenic could have been carried by associated metamorphic fluids and then participated in the low-grade alteration of the ultramafic rocks and associated Ni-Cu sulphide ores.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 61 (1997), S. 181-198 
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Fe- und Mn-Verteilung in Mineralen der Pumpellyit-Gruppe (W 8 X 4 Y 8 Z 12O56-n (OH)n) wurde mittels Mössbauer-Spektroskopie studiert. Die untersuchten Fe-Pumpellyite der Pumpellyit-Julgoldit-Serie stammen von zwei verschiedenen japanischen Lokalitäten: von Metabasiten des Tokoro-Gürtels, Hokkaido, und von Gabbro-Sills der Shimane Halbinsel. Okhotskit, ein Mn3+-dominiertes Mineral der Pumpellyit-Gruppe, wurde aus Erzen einer Mn-führenden Eisenerzlagerstätte des Tokoro-Gürtels separiert. Das57Fe Mössbauer-Spektrum der Tokoro Fe-Pumpellyite zeigt zwei Fe2+- und zwei Fe3+-Doubletten. Auf Grund bisher publizierter verfeinerter Einkristall-Strukturuntersuchungen von Al-Pumpellyiten werden diese Doubletten folgendermaßen zugeordnet: Fe W 2+ (IS = 1.01 undQS = 2.73 mm/s), Fe X 2+ (IS = 0.97 undQS = 3.18 mm/s), Fe X 3+ (IS = 0.29 undQS =1.37 mm/s) und Fe Y 3+ (IS = 0.36 undQS = 2.09 mm/s).IS bezeichnet dabei die Isomer-Shift relativ zu einem metallischen Eisenabsorbenten,QS das Quadrupole-Splitting. Diese Zuordnungen belegen den bevorzugten Einbau von Fe3+ in die X-Position. Das Mössbauer-Spektrum von Okhotskit zeigt zwei Doubletten bei Fe X 3+ (IS = 0.37 undQS = 1.13 mm/s) und Fe Y 3+ (IS = 0.42 undQS = 2.18 mm/s). Das Flächenverhältnis zeigt, daß das Verhältnis Fe X 3+ :Fe Y 3+ 94:6 ist. Auf Grund der chemischen und der Mössbauer-Analysen wird das Mn X 3+ :Mn Y 3+ Verhältnis mit 19:81 angegeben. Mn3+ zeigt somit eine stärkere Präferenz für die Y-Position als Fe3+, ein Resultat, das mit der Jahn-Teller-Theorie konsistent ist. Der bevorzugte Einbau in die Y-Position ist, in dieser Reihenfolge, Al〉Mn3+〉Fe3+.
    Notes: Summary Fe and Mn distribution in the pumpellyite group minerals (W 8 X 4 Y 8 Z 12056-n (OH) n ) has been studied by using57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. The studied Fe-pumpellyites, belonging to the pumpellyite-julgoldite series, were collected from two localities; metabasites in the Tokoro belt, Hokkaido, and gabbroic sills in the Shimane Peninsula, Japan. Okhotskite, an Mn3+-dominant pumpellyite group mineral, was separated from the ores of metamorphosed manganiferous iron ore deposits in the Tokoro belt.57Fe Mössbauer spectrum of Tokoro Fe-pumpellyite is composed of two Fe2+- and two Fe3+-doublets. On the basis of the single crystal structure refinements of Al-pumpellyites published so far, doublets were assigned to Fe W 2+ (IS= 1.01 andQS = 2.73 mm/s), Fe X 2+ (IS = 0.97 andQS = 3.18 mm/s), Fe X 3+ (IS = 0.29 andQS =1.37 mm/s) and Fe Y 3+ (IS = 0.36 andQS = 2.09 mm/s), whereIS is isomer shift relative to a metallic iron absorber andQS is quadrupole splitting. The Mössbauer spectrum of the Mitsu Fepumpellyite is composed of three doublets assigned to Fe X 2+ (IS= 1.14 andQS = 3.20 mm/s), Fe X 3+ (IS = 0.36 andQS =1.13 mm/s) and Fe Y 3+ (IS = 0.37 andQS= 1.93 mm/s). These assignments show strong preference of Fe3+ in the X-site. The Mössbauer spectrum of the okhotskite is composed of two doublets by Fe X 3+ (IS= 0.37 andQS = 1.13 mm/s) and Fe Y 3+ (IS = 0.42 andQS = 2.18 mm/s). The area ratio shows that Fe X 3+ :Fe Y 3+ ratio is 94:6. On the basis of chemical and Mössbauer analyses, Mn X 3+ :Mn Y 3+ ratio is given as 19:81, indicating stronger Y-site preference of Mn3+ than Fe3+, what is consistent with Jahn-Teller theory. Al, Mn3+ and Fe3+ prefer the Y-site in this order.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 61 (1997), S. 223-235 
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung FTIR Spektroskopie wurde zur Untersuchung des Schwingungsverhaltens des Wasserstoff-Brückenbindungssystems der H302 Gruppe herangezogen, die mit stark variierenden O-H... 0 Abständen in Verbindungen des Natrochalcit-Typs, MeCu2(H3O2)(ZO4)2 (Me = Na, K; Z = S, Se) auftritt. Absorptionsbanden von Pulverund polarisierten Einkristallspektren nicht deuterierter und teilweise deuterierter Natrochalcit-Phasen, werden den Streck- und Knickschwingungen klar getrennter OH− und H2O Gruppen zugeordnet. Diese Ergebnisse weisen auf einen nichtzentrosymmetrischen Aufbau der H3O 2 − -Gruppe hin und bestätigen das Auftreten einer sehr starken Wasserstoffbrücke mit einer aufgespaltenen Position des Wasserstoffatoms.
    Notes: Summary FTIR spectroscopy was used to study the vibrational behaviour of the hydrogen bond system of the H3O2 unit, present with widely varying O-H...O distances in natrochalcite-type compounds, MeCu2(H3O2)(ZO4)2 (Me = Na, K; Z=S, Se). Absorption bands of powder and polarized single-crystal spectra of non-deuterated and partially deuterated natrochalcite phases are assigned to stretching and bending modes of clearly divided OH− and H2O groups. These results are indicative for a not centro-symmetric configuration of the H3O2 unit and confirm the presence of a very strong hydrogen bond with a split hydrogen atom position.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 61 (1997), S. 199-209 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Neubestimmung der Kristallstruktur an Zeophyllit, idealisiert Ca13Si{ion10}O28F10· .6H20 [a=9.377(2), c=36.57(2) Å; Z=3], Raumgruppe R3 (No. 148), ergab R = 0.033 für 2238 beobachtete Röntgeneinkristalldaten (Fo 〉 3σFo). Die Koordinaten der Atome in Verbindung mit den Parametern der anisotropen thermischen Schwingung sowie der interne R-Wert nach Mittelung äquivalenter Intensitäten ergaben keinen Anhaltspunkt für eine Verletzung der trigonalen Symmetrie. Die Struktur ist charakterisiert durch SiO4-Tetraeder, verknüpft zu “open branched vierer single layers”, die normal zur dreizähligen Achse angeordnet sind. Diese Schichten werden über die Ca(O,F)x Polyeder und Wasserstoffbrücken zu einem Gerüst mit ausgeprägter Spaltbarkeit parallel (00.1) verbunden. In der Struktur statistisch auftretende Si-OH-Gruppen konnten durch IR-Untersuchungen belegt werden.
    Notes: Summary A redetermination of the crystal structure of zeophyllite, idealized Ca13Si10O28F10.6H2O [a=9.377(2), c=36.57(2) Å; Z=3], space group R3 (No. 148) yielded R = 0.033 for 2238 observed single crystal X-ray data (Fo 〉 3σFo). The atomic coordinates in combination with the anisotropic thermal displacement parameters as well as the internal R-value from merging equivalent intensities gave no evidence for a violation of trigonal symmetry. The structure is characterized by SiO4 tetrahedra combined to open branched vierer single layers in an arrangement normal to the threefold axes. These layers are connected via the Ca(O,F)x polyhedra and hydrogen bridges to a framework with a pronounced cleavage parallel to (00.1). The statistic . occurrence of Si-OH groups in parts of the structure was confirmed by IR-investigations.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Stabilitätsfeld von Skorzalith (FeAl2[OH/PO4]2) wurde im P-T-Bereich zwischen 487 und 684 °C und zwischen 0.1 und 0.3 GPa in Hydrothermalexperimenten unter der Sauerstoffugazität des Ni/NiO-Puffers untersucht. Skorzalith zerfällt unter diesen Bedingungen gemäß der Reaktion: FeAl2[OH/PO4]2) → FeAlPO5 + AlPO4 (Berlinit) + H2O. Die Reaktionsenthalpie und -entropie für Standardbedingungen wurden zu ΔH R 0 = 94(13) kJ und ASR = 180(16) JK−1 bestimmt.57 Fe-Mößbaueruntersuchungen ergaben, daß ungefähr 4% des Gesamteisens in Skorzalith dreiwertig vorliegen.
    Notes: Summary The stability field of scorzalite (FeAl2[OH/PO4]2) was investigated in the P-T range from 487 to 684 °C and 0.1 to 0.3 GPa. in hydrothermal experiments. The oxygen fugacity was fixed by the Ni/NiO buffer. Scorzalite shows a decomposition according to the reaction: FeAl2[OH/PO4]2) → FeAlPO5 + AlPO4 (berlinite) + H2O. The mean standard enthalpy and standard entropy of reaction were determined as ΔH R 0 = 94(13) kJ, ASR = 180(16) JK−1. A57Fe-Mößbauer spectroscopic examination showed that about 4 atomic % of the total Fe in scorzalite is trivalent.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 59 (1997), S. 21-41 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse wurden in Quarz, Beryll, Apatit und Triplit von Rand-, Zwischen- und Kernzonen in Pegmatiten des proterozoischen Olary Blocks, Südaustralien, untersucht. Drei Typen von Flüssigkeitseinschlüssen mit verschiedenen Zusammensetzungen wurden erkannt: reine CO2 Einschlüsse, gemischte H2O-CO2 Einschlüsse und wässerige Einschlüsse, wobei einige von diesen feste Einschlüsse aufweisen. Drei Fluid Ereignisse sind den Stadien der Pegmatitbildung und Subsolidus-Alteration zuzuordnen. Die erste Fluidgeneration ist durch geringe bis intermediäre Salinität(4.1 bis 23.4 Gewichts% NaCI Äquivalent) und eine Zusammensetzung von ungefähr 10 Mol % CO2, 4.2 Mol% NaCl Äquivalent und 85.6 Mol% H2O charakterisiert. Diese Fluide wurden als homogene H2O-CO2 Phasen eingeschlossen. Der zweite Puls von Fluiden war von intermediärer bis hoher Salinität (11 bis 33 Gewichts.% NaCI Äquivalent). Diese Fluide wurden wahrscheinlich als entmischte H2O und CO2 Phasen eingeschlossen. Zum Schluß wurden Fluide postpegmatitischen Ursprungs mit intermediärer bis hoher Salinität zugeführt (15 bis 30 Gewichts% NaCI Äquivalent). Der P-T Bereich für die drei Fluid-Ereignisse ist mit 520° bis 〉 650 °C und 2 bis 5 kbar, 400° bis 650 °C und 1.8 bis 3.3 kbar, und 380° bis 480°C und 2.0 bis 2.6 kbar abgeschätzt worden. Dies weist auf abnehmenden Druck hin und deutet damit eine tektonische Hebung des Olary Blocks während sukkzessiver Fluid-Platznahmen an.
    Notes: Summary Fluid inclusions were investigated in quartz, beryl, apatite and triplite from the border and intermediate zones and core of pegmatites within the Proterozoic Olary Block, South Australia. Three compositionally distinct types of inclusions were recognized including pure CO2 inclusions, mixed H2O-CO2 inclusions, and aqueous inclusions with some of them containing a solid phase. Three fluid events occurred during pegmatite formation and subsolidus alteration. Initial fluids are characterised by a low to intermediate salinity (4.1 to 23.4wt% NaCl equivalent), and a composition of about 10 mole% CO2, 4.2 mole% NaCl equivalent, and 85.6 mole% H2O. Fluids were trapped as homogeneous H2O-CO2 phases. The second pulse of fluids was of intermediate to high salinity at 11 to 33 wt% NaCl equivalent. These fluids were most likely trapped as separated CO2 and H2O phases. Finally, intermediate to high salinity fluids of post-pegmatite origin with approximately 15 to 30 wt % NaCl equivalent were introduced. The P-T regime for the three fluid events has been estimated at 520° to 〉 650 °C and 2 to 5 kbars, 400° to 650 °C and 1.8 to 3.3 kbars, and 380° to 480°C and 2.0 to 2.6 kbars, respectively. These conditions indicate a declining pressure path implying a tectonic uplift of the Olary Block during successive fluid emplacements.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 59 (1997), S. 43-67 
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über bereits veröffentlichte Ergebnisse und bringt neue Daten zu den vier Karbonatitvorkommen, die in Italien seit 1990 nachgewiesen wurden. Alle sind rezenten Alters. Drei davon sind extrusiv und umfassen Tuffe und Brekzien, während das vierte subvulkanisch ist und aus Tuffisiten besteht. Sie bilden Diatreme mit Tuff-Ringen, wobei drei von ihneneng mit melilithischen Tuffen und Laven assoziiert sind. Zwei der Vorkommen umfassen Karbonatite sensu strictu, i.e. Calcit 〉 50% Vol.%, während die anderen zwei “karbonatitisch” sind und nur 20–40% primären magmatischeu Calcit enthalten; dünne Aschenlagen bestehen aber aus echten Karbonatiten. Die Tuffe und Brekzien stellen Mischungen von karbonatitischen und melilithischen Lapilli und Bomben in einer Calcit-reichen Asche dar. Alle Vorkommen führen Reste von Mantelgesteinen in der Form kleiner Xenolithe, Xeno-Kristalle und als Kerne von kozentrischen Lapilli; hier liegt Olivin, Pyroxen und Phlogopit mit hohem Mg#, Ni, und Cr vor. In einem Vorkommen werden konzentrische Lapilli aus scharf begrenzten Lagen von Melilitit, Karbonat-führendem Melilitit und Calcit-phyrischem Karbonatit um Wehrlit-Kerne aufgebaut. Neue Gesamtgesteinsanalysen von allen vier Lokalitäten, sowie Mikrosondenanalysen von Calciten, lassen die Anwesenheit von beachtlichen Gehalten an Sr, Ba, und REE erkennen, was typisch für karbonatitische Calcite ist. Die Melilithite und Karbonatite sind gleichen Ursprungs und haben sich während raschen Transportes an die Oberfläche durch Magmenentmischung gebildet. Die frühere Verfestigung des Mililithites führte dann zur Bildung von karbonatitischen Schmelzen. Die Anwesenheit von Karbonatiten und Melilithiten in Zentralitalien wird als Hinweis darauf gesehen, daß diese magmatische Provinz nicht Subduktions-bezogen ist, die räumliche Verteilung dieser Gesteine in einer Zone östlich der römischen magmatischen Provinz wird vielmehr als Hinweis auf eine mächtigere Lithosphäre gesehen.
    Notes: Summary The paper reviews the published work, and presents new data, on the four occurrences of carbonatite that have been recognised in Italy since 1990. All are Recent in age. Three are extrusive and comprise tuffs and breccias while the fourth is high level and consists of tuffisites. They form diatremes with tuff rings, three of them being intimately associated with melilititic tuffs and lavas. Two of the occurrences include carbonatitessensu stricto i.e. calcite is 〉 50% by volume, while the other two are `‘carbonatitic'’, primary igneous calcite generally being 20-40%, but thin ash layers are true carbonatites. The tuffs and breccias are mixtures of carbonatitic and melilitic lapilli and bombs set in calcite-rich ash. All occurrences contain mantle debris in the form of small xenoliths, xenocrysts and cores to concentric lapilli, of olivine, pyroxene and phlogopite characterised by high Mg#, Ni and Cr. In one occurrence concentric lapilli are built of sharply bounded layers of melilitite, carbonate-bearing melilitite and calcite-phyric carbonatite around wehrlitic cores. New whole rock analyses for all four localities are given and electron microprobe analyses of calcite indicate the presence of significant Sr, Ba and REE, which is typical of carbonatitic calcite. The melilitites and carbonatites are taken to be consanguineous and to have separated immiscibly during rapid transport to the surface, earlier solidification of the melilitite producing final carbonatitic liquids. The presence of the carbonatites and melilitites in central Italy is taken as evidence that this igneous province is unlikely to be subduction related; instead the spatial distribution of these rocks in a zone east of the Roman Igneous Province is considered to reflect thicker underlying lithosphere.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 59 (1997), S. 189-205 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Palampur Metavulkanite (PV), im nordwestlichen Himalaya, gehören zur spätarchaiischen (2.5 Ga) Rampur Plateau-Basalt-Provinz (RFBP), die einen der ältesten, weltweiten Phasen von mafischem Magmatismus manifestiert. Die Vulkanite treten als mafische Lavaströme auf und zeigen zwei Phasen von Deformation. Die erste resultierte in einer Rekristallisation, die nahezu den gesamten primären Mineralbestand überprägt hat. Die zweite Phase ist durch schwache Kataklase repräsentiert. Immobile Spurenelementverhältnisse, wie auch die Kationenprozent von Al- (Fe- (-Ti) -Mg, deuten eine tholeiitische Zusammensetzung der Vulkanite an. Die chemischen Charakteristika, die im unterschiedlichen Verhalten der HFS und LIL Elemente deutlich werden, deutlich negative Sr, Nb und Ti Anomalien in den zweifach normalisierten Spiderdiagrammen, niedrige Ti/Y und Zr/Y Verhältnisse, bezeugen, dass es sich um Ti-arme, kontinentale Plateaubasalte handelt. Die chemischen Unterschiede innerhalb der Vulkanite können auf unterschiedliche Grade von Aufschmelzung des (der) Mantelmaterials(e), gefolgt von fraktionierter Kristallisation (vor allem Olivin und Klinopyroxen, untergeordnet Plagioklas), zurückgeführt werden. Positive Korrelation der LREE mit Fe, wie auch die Ce-Nd und Y/Nd-Zr/Y Daten schließen eine signifikante Rolle von Krustenkontamination in der Evolution der Gesteinschemie aus. Die REE Daten und die /Mg/-/Fe/ Verhältnisse lassen eher vermuten, dass das Ausgangsmagma der PV von einem nicht-pyrolitischen Material stammt, welches bezüglich Anreicherung an Zr, LREE und Fe/Mg Verhältnis heterogen gewesen ist. Mantelmetasomatose scheint der Hauptprozeß für diese Anreicherng des Ausgangsmaterials gewesen zu sein, die möglicherweise durch Zufuhr einer silikatischen Schmelzphase, reich an flüchtigen Bestandteilen, hervorgerufen wurde.[/ p]
    Notes: Summary The Palampur metavolcanics (PV) in the northwest Himalaya are part of the Late Archaean (2.5 Ga) Rampur flood basalt province (RFBP) which represents one of the oldest manifestation of worldwide mafic magmatism. The volcanics occur as mafic lava flows with evidence of two phases of deformation. The first phase resulted in recrystallisation which almost completely obliterated the primary mineralogy, and the second phase was of weak cataclasis. Immobile trace element ratios as well as cation percent Al - (Fe - Ti) - Mg indicate that the volcanics are tholeiitic in composition. The chemical characteristics, such as the decoupling between HFS and LIL elements i.e., distinct negative Sr, Nb and Ti anomalies in the double normalisation ratios spiderdiagram together with low Ti/Y and Zr/Y ratios, testify the rocks as low-Ti continental flood basalts. The chemical variations in the volcanics can be related to varying extents of partial melting of the mantle source(s), followed by fractional crystallisation (predominantly olivine and clinopyroxene over plagioclase). Positive correlation between LREE and Fe abundances, Ce-Nd and Y/Nd-Zr/Y data preclude any significant role of crustal contamination in the evolution of their bulk chemistry. The REE data and [Mg]-[Fe] relations rather suggest that the parental magma of the PV derived from non-pyrolitic source(s) which was heterogeneous with respect to enrichment in Zr, LREE and Fe/Mg ratios. Mantle metasomatism appears to be the main process of such source enrichment, possibly caused by the addition of a volatilerich silicate melt phase.[/ p]
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le massif de Guéret est situé dans la partie nord-orientale du Massif central français. I1 est formé principalement de granitoïdes, datés de 356 ± 10 Ma, qui définissent une association alumino-potassique. L'origine de cette association serait purement crustale pour certains auteurs alors que pour d' autres, la présence de roches mafiques en enclaves microgrenues et en stocks et filons fait envisager une éventuelle contribution mantellique. Les données de terrain ainsi que les données radiométriques disponibles s' accordent avec une intrusion quasiment simultanée des roches mafiques et des granitoïdes. Les caractéristiques texturales, minéralogiques et géochimiques de ces roches mafiques sont comparables à celles des vaugnérites à teneur faible en potassium ou à des redwitzites. Certaines textures de ces roches témoignent de la contamination d'un magma basique par une source crustale. Cependant, des processus tels que le mélange magmatique on l'assimilation par cristallisation fractionnée entre un pôle basique et les granitoïdes de Guéret ne s'accordent pas avec l'évolution géochimique de ces roches. Les corrélations positives existant entre le M index [100 * MgO/ (MgO + FeOt)] et SiO2, entre le K index [100 * K2O/(K2O + Na2O]) et SiO2, ainsi que entre certains éléments compatibles et incompatibles, sont plutôt en accord avec un processus de contamination par assimilation thérmique de I'encaissant. Dans ce type de processus, la contamination du magma basique serait par érosion thérmique de telle sorte que les magmas basiques les moins différenciés sont les plus contaminés. Or, l'évolution divergente des granitoïdes par rapport aux. vaugnérites ne permet pas d'évaluer la contribution des magmas basiques à la composition chimique des granitoïdes.
    Notes: Summary The Guéret massif (Massif Central, France) is mainly composed of granitoids that define an alumino-potassic association. An age of 356 ± 10 Ma is accepted for the intrusion of these granitoids for which a pure crustal origin has been suggested. However, the presence of mafic magmatic enclaves and of scattered stocks and dykes of amphibole-biotite mafic rocks also point to contribution of mantle-derived magmas in their genesis. From field relationships and radiometric data, the intrusion of the basic magmas is deduced to be quasi-simultaneous with the emplacement of granitoids. Petrologic, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the mafic rocks correspond to low-potassium vaugnerites or redwitzites. They are derived from a basic magma evolving by contamination with crustal components. However, pure magma mixing or assimilation by fractional crystallisation between mafic magmas and Guéret granitoids does not fit with the geochemical trends observed in both types of rocks. The positive correlation of M index [100 * MgO/(MgO +FeOt)] and K index [100 * K2O/(K2O + Na2O)] with respect to SiO2 in vaugnerites together with the positive correlation between compatible and incompatible trace-elements, rather favour the contamination of the basic magma by a wall rock assimilation process. However, dissimilar trends of vaugnerites and Guéret granitoids prevent to ascertain the role of basic magmas in granitoid genesis.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 61 (1997), S. 261-261 
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  • 136
    ISSN: 1438-1168
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die geochemischen Charakteristika von frühkretazischen Karbonatitproben aus Ostparaguay (Rio Alpa, Amambay und Zentrale Provinzen) wurden untersucht. Die Daten belegen, daß alle Vorkommen eine isotopische Anreicherungssignatur zeigen und daß ihnen eine entsprechende Krustensignatur fehlt. Ein Petrologisches Modell (Ausgangsschmelze, fraktionierte Kristallisation, hydrothermale Interaktion und Verwitterung) wird auf Grund der Verteilung der inkompatiblen Spurenelemente, der stabilen (C-O) und radiogenen (Sr-Nd) Isotope vorgeschlagen. Es versucht die Bedeutung der Karbonatitkomplexe als „Markerhorizonte” des metasomatischen subkontinentalen Mantels zu überprüfen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Karbonatite und die primären Karbonate in Ostparaguay, und jene aus dem Paraná Becken SüdostBrasiliens durch zeitlich und zusammensetzungsmäßig unterschiedliche metasomatische Prozesse erfaßt wurden.
    Notes: Summary Geochemical characteristics were systematically determined for Early Cretaceous samples of carbonatitic rocks from Eastern Paraguay (Rio Apa, Amambay and Central Provinces). The data show that all the occurrences have an enriched isotopic signature and that the carbonatites have negligible or absent crustal signature. A petrogenetic model (parent liquids, fractional crystallization, hydrothermal interactions and weathering) is proposed as a function of incompatible trace element, stable (O-C) and radiogenic (Sr-Nd) isotope variations with the aim to test the significance of carbonatitic complexes as a marker of the metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle. The results indicate that the carbonatites and primary carbonates from eastern Paraguay, and those from the north eastern Paraná Basin (SE Brazil), were affected by metasomatic events distinct in time and composition.
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  • 137
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    Mineralogy and petrology 59 (1997), S. 1-19 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Seltenelementpegmatite im Proterozoischen Olary Block sind vom Beryl-Columbit-Phosphat Typ und stehen wahrscheinlich mit der Kristallisation von syn- bis spättektonischen, peraluminen, S-Typ Graniten in Verbindung. Die Pegmatite sind zoniert und besitzen einen inneren Quarzkern, oder eine Reihe von Kernen, eine asymmetrische Zwischenzone aus grobkörnigem Muskovit, Quarz, Mikroklin und Plagioklas, und eine äussere Randzone aus fein- bis mittelkörnigem Mikroklin, Quarz, Plagioklas und Muskovit. Die Zonen enthalten häufig Beryll, Fluorapatit, Turmalin, Ferrocolumbit, Samarskit, Niobrutil und Triplit-Zwieselit Nester. Diese Seltenelement Minerale finden sich überweigend am Kontakt der Zwischenzone und dem Quarzkern. Hydrothermale Alteration des Triplit-Zwieselit führte zu der Bildung von sekundärem, mikrokristallinen Bermanit, Leukophosphit und Phosphoferrit-Kryzhanovskit. Paragenetische Beziehungen dieser Phosphate weisen auf eine Abfolge von hydrothermalen Umwandlungen in einem oxidierenden, niedrig-Temperatur Milieu hin. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil dieser Abfolge ist eine Abnahme von Mg und Ca und eine Zunahme von Fe3+/Fe2+, Mn3+/Mn2+ und H2O. Die Assoziation mit Fluorit, Sellait und Thomsenolit/Pachnolit zeigt hohen aHF, geringen pH and Al Mobilität während der Bildung der sekundären Phosphate an. Während des hydrothermalen Endstadiums führten erhöhte Ca Aktivitäten zu der Verdrängung von bereits vorhandenem TriplitZwieselit durch zusätzlichen Fluorapatit. Schliesslich wurden während der Verwitterung Cyrilovit, Lipscombit und Crandallit-Minerale durch meteorische Wässer unter erhöhtem fO 2 gebildet.
    Notes: Summary Rare-element pegmatites within the Proterozoic Olary Block are of the berylcolumbite-phosphate type and probably related to the crystallisation of syn- to posttectonic peraluminous, S-type granitoids. The pegmatites are typically zoned and possess an inner quartz core, or a series of cores, an asymmetrical intermediate zone of coarse-grained muscovite, quartz, microcline and minor plagioclase, and an outer border zone of fine- to medium-grained microcline, quartz, plagioclase and muscovite. The zones contain abundant beryl and F-apatite, with additional species such as tourmaline, ferrocolumbite, samarskite, Nb-rutile and triplite-zwieselite nodules. These rare-element minerals occur preferentially at the contact between the intermediate zone and the quartz core. Hydrothermal alteration of triplite-zwieselite led to the development of secondary, microcrystalline bermanite, leucophosphite and phosphoferrite-kryzhanovskite. Paragenetic relationships of these phosphates suggest a sequence of hydrothermal transformations in an oxidising, low-temperature environment (〈 250°C). A prominent feature of this succession is the decrease in Mg and Ca, and an increase in Fe3+/Fe2+, Mn3+/Mn2+, and H2O. High aHF, low pH and Al mobility occurred during the development of the secondary phosphates as shown by associated fluorite, sellaite and thomsenolite/pachnolite. Increasing Ca activities at a late hydrothermal stage led to the replacement of prexisting triplitezwieselite by additional F-apatite. Finally, weathering-related cyrilovite, lipscombite and crandallite-group minerals were formed by percolating meteoric waters under increasing fo 2
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  • 138
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Kleine, dispers verteile Nester (〈 1 cm) von Chlorit + sekundärem Klinopyroxen ±Spinell kommen in Klinopyroxeniten eines mafisch/ultramafischen Komplexes in Mann Township, ca. 47 km NE von Timmins, Ontario, vor. Vor der Alteration, die in der Bildung der Chloritnester resultierte, handelte is sich bei diesen Gesteinen um homogene mittelkörnige Klinopyroxen-Adkumulate. Die Verteilung der Haupt- und lithophilen Spurenelemente und die Zusammensetzung der magmatischen Klinopyroxene (Augit, mg 84.3, σ = l. l, n = 80) sind entlang des beprobten Profils einheitlich. Die am stärksten alterierten Klinopyroxenite bestehen aus 30-40% Chlorit plus sekundärem Diopsid und Spuren von Spinell. Die Chloritnester stehen über sehr dünne Gängchen miteinander in Verbindung. Auf Grund der Texturen und des Mineralchemismus sind mehrere Chloritgenerationen zu unterschieden. In der Nähe der Chloritnester wandelt sich magmatischer Klinopyroxen fallweise in Diopsid um. Der sekundär gebildete Klinopyroxen ist zonar gebaut (Diopsid zu Salit), weist sehr geringe Gehalte an Nebenelementen auf und ist durch eine positive Korrelation von FeO mit MnO charakterisiert. Der Spinell in den Chloritnestern ist Fe-reicher Chromit. Magmatischer und Fe-reicher Chromit sind normalerweise zoniert mit Rändern von Ferrochromit oder/und Cr-Magnetit. Spuren von Cu-reichen Sulfiden, die von PGM begleitet werden, kommen vereinzelt mit der Chlorit-Klinopyroxen-Spinell Alterationsgesellschaft vor. Die vorgeschlagene paragenetische Abfolge wird durch Subsolidus-Reaktion magmatischer Klinopyroxene mit hydrothermalen Fluiden im Zuge der Abkühlung der Intrusion erklärt. Die Vergesellschaftung von sekundärem Klinopyroxen + Chlorit ± Fe-reicher Chromit läßt auf ein Fluid mit ca. 500°C Maximaltemperatur schließen.
    Notes: Summary Small dispersed patches (〈 1 cm) of chlorite + secondary clinopyroxene ± spinel occur within a unit of clinopyroxenite in a mafic/ultramafic complex located in Mann Township, approximately 47 km NE of Timmins, Ontario. Prior to hydrothermal alteration that resulted in formation of the chlorite patches, clinopyroxenite was a homogeneous, medium-grained clinopyroxene adcumulate. The abundances of major and trace lithophile elements and the compositions of magmatic clinopyroxene (augite, with average Mg number of 84.3, σ = 1.1, n = 80) are uniform across the section sampled. The most altered portions of clinopyroxenite consist of a total of 30 to 40% chlorite plus secondary diopsidic pyroxene with traces of spinel. Chlorite patches are, to some extent connected by very thin veins. Multiple generations of chlorite are inferred from cross-cutting relationships and variations in chlorite chemistry. Adjacent to chlorite patches, the magmatic clinopyroxene is occasionally converted to diopside. The secondary clinopyroxene is typically zoned from diopside to salite, and is characterized by very low minor element concentrations and a positive MnO-FeO correlation. Spinel in chlorite patches is iron-rich chromite. Magmatic chromite and iron-rich chromite are commonly zoned with outer rims of either ferrochromite or Cr magnetite or both. Occasionally trace amounts of copper-rich sulphides accompanied by platinum-group minerals occur only with the chlorite-clinopyroxene-spinel alteration assemblage. A proposed paragenetic sequence for the secondary minerals is based on reaction of magmatic clinopyroxene with a hydrothermal fluid during subsolidus cooling of the intrusion. The assemblage secondary clinopyroxene + chlorite ± iron-rich chromite suggests a fluid with maximum temperature of approximately 500°C.
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  • 139
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    Mineralogy and petrology 59 (1997), S. 141-141 
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  • 140
    ISSN: 1438-1168
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In früheren Arbeiten habenGunter et al. (1993) Wasser-Gesteinsreaktionen in tiefen Aquiferen in Sedimentbecken vorgeschlagen, die injiziertes CO2 aus industriellen Abgasen aufnehmen, und damit die Treibhausgasemissionen reduzieren könnten. Experimente wurden bei 105°C und 90 bar CO2-Druck durchgeführt, um die Anwendbarkeit dieser mineralischen Fallen für CO2 zu testen; wegen der langsamen Reaktions-Kinetik waren diese nicht erfolgreich. Die markanteste Änderung, die diese Experimente in den Reaktionsprodukten hervorriefen, war eine beträchtliche Zunahme der Alkalinität, die auf geringfügige Wasser-Mineralreaktionen zurückgehen dürfte. Ein Computermodell, PATHARC 94, wurde benützt, um diese Änderungen der Alkalinität zu interpretieren und die erforderlichen Zeiten und Pfade vorherzusagen, die notwendig sind, um Gleichgewicht zu erreichen. Signifikanter Einbau von CO2 durch Bildung von Siderit, Calcit und Bikarbonat-tonen sollte dementsprechend in 6 bis 40 Jahren stattfinden. Mögliche Fehler, die bis in zwei Größenordnungen gehen können, wurden aufgrund einer sorgfältigen Überprüfung der kinetischen Daten, die hier benützt wurden, ermittelt. Um sinnvolle Zeitmaßstäbe zu erreichen, wurden im Computermodell “reaktive” Ober flächen durch 100 Mikron große kugelförmige Körner repräsentiert. Dies stellt eine kleinere Gesamtoberfläche dar, als die, die tatsächlich im Experiment vorhanden ist. Wenn diese Ergebnisse ins Gelände extrapoliert werden, wo die Aquifere niedrigere Temperaturen aufweisen, kommenPerkins undGunter (1995a) zu dem Schluß, daß ein vollständiger Einbau von CO2 hunderte von Jahre benötigen würde. Diese Zeiträume sind ausreichend, da die Verweildauer einer Fluid-Menge in einem tief gelegenen Aquifer mit niedriger Permeabilität in einem sedimentären Becken in Größenordnungen von 10.000 bis 100.000 von Jahren gemessen wird.
    Notes: Summary In previous work,Gunter et al. (1993), suggested water-rock reactions in deep aquifers in sedimentary basins could sequester injected-CO2-waste from industry, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Experiments, carried out at 105°C and 90 bars CO2 pressure, to test the validity of this mineral-trapping of CO2 were unsuccessful due to sluggish kinetics of reaction. The most significant change recorded by the reaction products from these experiments was a large increase in alkalinity, which was attributed to very small amounts of water-mineral reaction. A computer model, PATHARC.94, was used to interpret this change in alkalinity and to predict the path and time necessary to reach equilibrium. Substantial trapping of CO2 by formation of siderite, calcite and aqueous bicarbonate ions was predicted to occur in 6 to 40 years. Potential errors as high as two orders of magnitude were estimated based on a thorough examination of the kinetic data used in the modelling. In order to achieve reasonable time estimates, “reactive” surface areas were approximated by 100 micron spherical grains in the computer model. This represents a smaller cumulative surface area than actually present in the experiment. When these results are extrapolated to the field, where the aquifers are at lower temperatures,Perkins andGunter (1995a), concluded that CO2-trapping reactions are expected to take 100s of years to complete. This is sufficient time for the trapping to occur as the residence time of a packet of fluid in a deep low-permeability aquifer in a sedimentary basin is measured in 10,000s to 100,000s of years.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 59 (1997), S. 101-120 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anhand von Haupt- und Spurenelementanalysen sowie mineralogischen Untersuchungen wird ein magmagenetisches Modell für die Abfolge der Vulkanite im östlichen Mecsek-Gebirge (Süd-Ungarn) vorgeschlagen. Spurenelementverteilungsmuster dieser Vulkanite weisen auf eine Ausgangsschmelze aus einem wiederangereicherten Mantel hin. Relativ niedrige Cr- und Ni-Gehalte und niedrige Mg#, selbst in den am wenigsten fraktionierten Olivin Clinopyroxen-Basalten, zeigen eine Fraktionierung derOlivin-Klinopyroxen-basaltischen Magmen noch vor deren Aufstieg an, was durch glomerophyrische Klinopyroxene mit Forsterit-reichen Olivinen bestätigt wird. Die folgende Fraktionierung von weiteren 35% des Olivin-Klinopyroxen-basaltischen Magmas führte zuPlagioklas-basaltischen Magmen, die Olivin-frei sind. Statt Olivin wurden Plagioklas und Erzphasen die vorherrschenden kristallisierenden Phasen. Nach etwa 60% Fraktionierung bildeten sich aus der RestschmelzeMugearite. Diese sind an Ni und Cr sowie an Fe, Ti und V verarmt, was auf die zusätzliche Fraktionierung von Fe-Ti Oxiden zurückgeführt wird.Tephriphonolith-Gänge bildeten sich durch weitere Fraktionierung (70–80%), wobei Apatit und Feldspat als fraktionierende Phasen zunehmend wichtiger wurden. DiePhonolithe repräsentieren eine Restschmelze von 15–20% bezogen auf die Olivin-Clinopyroxenbasaltische Schmelze, die den Berechnungen zugrunde liegt. Sie zeichnen sich durch eine starke Verarmung an allen kompatiblen Elementen sowie Ti and V, durch steigende Zr/Hf-Verhältnisse aufgrund von Klinopyroxen- und Fe-Ti-Oxid-Fraktionierung, durch Verarmung an P und mittleren Seltenerdelementen durch Apatit-Fraktionierung und durch eine Abnahme von Sr, Ba und Eu durch Fraktionierung von Feldspäten aus. Inkompatible Spurenelemente wie die Seltenerdelemente, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta und Rb erreichen in den Phonolithen Höchstwerte. Ihre Verteilungsmuster ähneln jedoch noch immer jenen der Olivin-Klinopyroxen-Basalte, was ihre kogenetische Beziehung bestätigt. Die ermittelte Kristallisationsfolge Olivin + Clinopyroxen → Fe - Ti - Oxide → Plagioklas spricht für Drucke 〉 5 Kbar in der Magmenkammer. Korrodierte Clinopyroxen-Phänokristalle mit Anwachssäumen, sowie der Vergleich der Anwachssäume mit Matrixmineralen, sprechen für einen schrittweisen Druckabfall durch adiabatischen Aufstieg einzelner Magmenschübe und Kristallisation unter sich ändernden Bedingungen. Diese Gesteine werden als Intraplatten-Alkalibasalte und deren Fraktionierungsprodukte klassifiziert. Wahrscheinlich wurde die Magmenbildung durch Dehnung im passiven Kontinentalrand Europas ausgelöst. Nachfolgende Kompression, angezeigt durch Hebung und Erosion der Oberfläche, verhinderte jedoch den weiteren Aufstieg der Magmen. Dies bewirkte eine Hochdruck-Fraktionierung, und nur kleine Magmenschübe konnten die Oberfläche erreichen.
    Notes: Summary This paper proposes a magmagenetic model for the Lower Cretaceous volcanic rocksuite from the Eastern Mecsek Mountains in Southern Hungary based on both major and trace element analysis as well as mineralogical investigations. Trace element patterns of these volcanic rocks refer to a parental melt that originated from a re-enriched mantle. Relatively low Cr, Ni, and Mg# even in the least fractionated olivine-clinopyroxene basalts indicate fractionation of olivine and clinopyroxene prior to the ascent ofolivine-clinopyroxene basaltic magmas which is evident by glomeroporphyritic clinoproxenes with forsterite-rich olivines. Subsequent fractionation of some more 35% of the olivine-clinopyroxene basaltic magma resulted in the formation ofplagioclase basaltic magmas which are devoid of olivine. Instead plagioclase and opaques became the dominant crystallizing phases. After about 60% fractionationmugearites formed from the residual melt. These are depleted in Ni and Cr as well as in Fe, Ti, and V indicating the fractionation of additional Fe-Ti oxides.Tephriphonolitic dike-rocks formed by further fractionation totalling 70–80%, with apatite and feldspar as additional fractionating phases. Finally, thephonolites represent 15–20% residuum of the olivine-clinopyroxene basaltic melt which these calculations started with. They are characterized by strong depletion of Ti and V and all compatible elements; Zr/Hf ratios increase due to clinopyroxene and Fe-Ti oxide fractionation, P and middle rare earth elements are depleted due to apatite fractionation, and Sr, Ba, and Eu are depleted due to feldspar fractionation. Incompatible trace elements such as rare earth elements, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, and Rb reach maximum concentrations in the phonolites, yet their distribution patterns resemble still those of olivine-clinopyroxene basalts confirming their cogenetic relationship. The suggested crystallization sequence of olivine + clinopyroxene → Fe-Ti oxides → plagioclase indicates a high-pressure regime (〉 5Kbar) in the magma chamber. Corroded and rimmed clinopyroxene-phenocrysts and the comparison of rims with matrix minerals suggest stepwise pressure release due to adiabatic ascent of magma batches and crystallization under varying conditions. The rocks are classified as within-plate alkali basalts and their fractionation products. Magma genesis is suggested to have been triggered by rifting of the passive European continental margin. Consequent compression indicated by uplift and erosion of the surface, however, prohibited the bulk magma from further ascent causing high-pressure fractionation with only small magma batches reaching the surface.
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  • 142
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Golden Sunlight Gold-Silber-Tellurid-Lagerstätte, die hauptsächlich im Brekzienschlot von Mineral Hill (Mineral Hill breccia pipe, MHBP) eingelagert ist, steht räumlich mit einem erzreichen, multi-intrusiven, alkalischen bis sub-alkalischen Porphyritsystem aus der Oberkreide in Beziehung. Erzadern und Mn-Mineralisation (Rhodochrosit) finden sich bis zu 2 km vom MHBP entfernt und sind Bestandteil einer regionalen Vererzung die genetisch zu einem erzarmen Mo-hältigen Porphyritsystem in Beziehung steht. Proterozoische Gesteine aus der LaHood-Formation und der inoffiziell benannten Bull Mountain Group umgeben den MHBP und enthalten schichtgebundene Sulfide und Sulfosalze (bis zu 50% Pyrit mit Neben- bis Spurenmengen von Kupferkies, Tennantit, Pyrrhotin, Zinkblende, Bleiglanz und Molybdänit).[▭ Der Brekzienschlot zeigt vier Phasen hypogener Mineralisation. Stufen I und IV enthalten ≈ 99% der Mineralisation: gediegen Gold (4–11 Gew.% Ag), Calaverit, Tetradymit, Tellurobismuthit, Se-hältige Bi-Sulfosalze (Aikinit, Lindströmit, Krupkait, Gladit, Bismuthinit und ?Benjaminit) Tennantit (Zn-, Fe-, Te- und Bi-Varietäten), Coloradoit, Melonit, Bleiglanz (mit bis zu 6.7 Gew.% Bi und 6.4 Gew.% Se), Zinnstein, Chalcocit, sowie das seltene Mineral Buckhornit treten in Stufe Ib auf. Geringere Mengen von Buntmetallen kommen in Stufe II vor. Gold-Silber-Telluride (Krennerit, Petzit, Sylvanit und möglicherweise die seltene “X-Phase”) sind in Stufe III ausgebildet und in Stufe IV wurden Baryt, Flusspat, Dolomit, Magnesit, Spuren von Kaolin und Serizit gebildet. Unter Verwendung der Mineralassoziationen der Stufe Ib lassen sich Werte von logf Te2 zwischen - 10.5 und - 9.7 und von logf S2 zwischen - 12.6 und - 5.5 errechnen.[▭ Die erzbildenden Komponenten (z.B. Au, Ag, Te, Cu, Bi, Mo und der Grossteil von S) stammen wahrscheinlich vom Intrusivsystem aus der Oberkreide, möglicherweise mit Beiträgen der proterozoischen Umgebung.[/ p]
    Notes: Summary The Golden Sunlight gold-silver telluride deposit, hosted primarily within the Mineral Hill breccia pipe (MHBP), is spatially related to a high-level, Late Cretaceous multiple intrusive, alkaline to subalkaline porphyry system. Base metal veins and manganese (rhodochrosite) mineralization occur up to 2km from the MHBP and form part of a regional mineral zonation pattern genetically related to a low-grade porphyry molybdenum system. Proterozoic rocks of the LaHood Formation and the informally named Bull Mountain Group host the MHBP and contain stratabound sulphides/ sulphosalts (up to 50% pyrite with minor to trace amounts of chalcopyrite, tennantite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena, and molybdenite). Four periods of hypogene mineralization occur in the breccia pipe. Stages I and IV constitute ,≈99% of the mineralization; native gold (4–11 wt.% Ag), calaverite, tetradymite, tellurobismuthite, Se-bearing Bi sulphosalts (aikinite, lindströmite, krupkaite, gladite, bismuthinite, and ?benjaminite), tennantite (Zn, Fe, Te, and Bi varieties), coloradoite, melonite, galena (up to 6.7 wt.% Bi and 6.4 wt.% Se), stannite, chalcocite, and the rare mineral buckhornite are included in stage Ib. Minor amounts of base metals are present in stage II. Gold-silver tellurides (krennerite, petzite, sylvanite, and possibly the rare “x-phase”) developed in stage III whereas barite, fluorite, dolomite, magnesite, trace kaolinite, and sericite formed during stage IV. Utilizing the mineral assemblages in stage Ib, calculated values of logf Te2 and logf S2 range from -10.5 to -9.7, and -12.6 to -5.5, respectively. Ore forming components (e.g., Au, Ag, Te, Cu, Bi, Mo, and much of the S) were likely derived from the Late Cretaceous intrusive system with possible contributions from the Proterozoic host rocks.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 59 (1997), S. 239-250 
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Karbonatit-Komplex von Nkombwa Hill kommt Bastnäsit-(Ce), (Ce-La) CO3F, als eine weitverbreitete Komponente in Xenolithen in späten Ferrokarbonatit-Lagergängen und Gängen vor. Bastnäsit-(Ce) bildet faserige gelbe Kristalle in einer Matrix aus Dolomit, die ungefähr 1 µm groß sind, Monazit verdrängen und mit Baryt assoziiert sind. Ähnlich wie Bastnäsit von anderen Lokalitäten, enthält auch dieser bis zu 70% RE2O3 fast ausschließlich als Oxide der Leichten Seltenen Erden. Der Bastnäsite-(Ce) von Nkombwa Hill ist jedoch relativ verarmt an La und an Pr und Nd angereichert.
    Notes: Summary Within the Nkombwa Hill carbonatite complex, bastnäsite-(Ce), (Ce,La)CO3F, has been identified as an abundant mineral in xenoliths hosted by late-stage ferrocarbonatite sills and dykes. Bastnäsite-(Ce) occurs as fibrous yellow crystals, about 1 µm in size, replacing monazite and in association with baryte, in a matrix of dolomite. In common with bastnäsite-(Ce) from other locations, the bastnäsite-(Ce) of Nkombwa Hill contains up to 70% RE2O3, almost entirely as light rare-earth oxides. However, Nkombwa Hill bastnäsite-(Ce) is relatively deficient in La and enriched in Pr and Nd.
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    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 66-69 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Millipede ; Yeast ; Leaf litter ; Food quality Growth ; Reproduction ; Polydesmus angustus ; Natural diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The millipedePolydesmus angustus was reared in the laboratory from hatching to maturity, reproduction and death. Two food types were used: dead leaves alone or dead leaves supplemented monthly with dry food yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at a rate not exceeding 5% of leaf dry weight. Growth, survival, adult live weight and fertility were compared between females reared on the two diets. Although the species was able to complete its life cycle on dead leaves alone, several parameters were strongly affected by the addition of yeast: growth was significantly faster, adult females became significantly larger and there was a 4.3-fold increase in fertility. Only survival was unaltered by the addition of yeast. The comparison between these laboratory results and field data on female fertility and live weight suggests that the natural diet of millipedes includes foods of higher quality than dead leaves. Possible sources of high-quality food in natural conditions are discussed.
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  • 145
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Crop rotation ; Field pea ; Mineral N ; Nitrogen fixation ; immobilisation ; Pisum sativum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of soil incorporation with cereal straw (nil, 2.5, 5 and 10 t straw ha−1) and direct drilling on the proportion and amount of pea N derived from biological N fixation were investigated in three field experiments. Fixed N was determined by15N dilution using barley as a reference plant. The three sites were on acidic, red clay-loams in the cropping zone of southeastern Australia. Seasonal plant available soil N, as determined by the N accumulated in barley, was 31, 56 and 158 kg N ha−1, for the three sites. Incorporated straw reduced soil nitrate at sowing by 10–50 kg N ha−1 (0–30 cm), and 5 or 10 t straw ha−1 reduced barley uptake of N by 10–38 kg N ha−1. However, reducing plant available soil N was generally ineffective for increasing the N fixed by pea. Fixed N increased only at the site with the least plant-available N, and only one-third of the increase could be attributed to lower soil N uptake by pea. There was no evidence that direct drilling pea increased fixed N by decreasing crop uptake of soil N. It is proposed that a lower requirement for soil N by pea as compared to barley, and availability of mineral N beneath the soil layer treated with straw, minimise the effectiveness of straw incorporation for increasing the N fixed by pea.
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    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 102-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Aporrectodea caliginosa ; Earthworm Density and biomass ; Vertical distribution Climatic and soil factors ; Juvenile population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies were conducted during the period May 1993 to April 1994 on the density, biomass and vertical distribution ofAporrectodea caliginosa, a common species of earthworm found in the Benena farms in Benghazi, Libya. The soil of the farm was a clay loam, pH 7.3, and the organic matter averaged 4.2%. Maximum density and biomass ofA. caliginosa were recorded from October to December 1993 and again during March and April 1994, and minimum values were recorded from May to July 1993. A juvenile dominant population was observed during the summer. This was followed by an increase in subadults and adults during the autumn, winter and spring seasons. A positive correlation of the moisture and an inverse correlation of soil temperature on the density and biomass of these animals were discernible. A. caliginosa mainly confined their activities to the surface organic zone (0–10 cm depth) of the soil for most of the months studied.
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  • 147
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    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 96-101 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Pyrites ; Pyrite oxidation ; Gypsum Alkali soil ; Reclamation ; Soluble sulfur Welland rice ; Wheat ; Thiobacillus thioxidans ; Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the effect of agricultural-grade (AG) pyrites (total sulfur 22%) varying in water-soluble sulfur (1–8%) and gypsum on the soil properties and yields of rice and wheat in alkali soils during the years 1993–1995 at the Gudha and Saraswati experimental farms at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India. Gypsum and pyrites were applied on the basis of gypsum requirement (GR) of the soils. Results showed that the efficiency of AG pyrites in decreasing soil pH and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and increasing crop yields was dependent on their water-soluble sulfur content at the time of application to the field. Pyrites with 5.5% and 8% soluble sulfur were as effective as gypsum. The freshly mined pyrite (water-soluble S 1%) was found to be inefficient in reclaiming alkali soils. We also explored the possibility of increasing the water-soluble sulfur content of pyrite by optimizing its storage conditions. When pyrite (1% water-soluble S) was stored under moist conditions by sprinkling water over the bags under a rain shelter, there was an enrichment of indigenous iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria of pyrite, and the water-soluble sulfur increased to 5% within a period of 6 months. However no such increase occurred when pyrite was stored dry. We conclude that the soluble sulfur content of pyrite increased during its storage under moist conditions and should be between 6% and 8% at the time of its application to the field.
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  • 148
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Salt tolerante ; N2 fixation ; 15N-labelled fertilizers ; Glomus mosseae ; Medicago sativa ; Rhizobium meliloti ; Soluble P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The rose of an isolate of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungusGlomus mosseae in the protection ofMedicago sativa (+Rhizobium meliloti) against salt stress induced by the addition of increasing levels of soluble salts was studied. The interactions between soluble P in soil (four levels), mycorrhizal inoculum and degree of salinity in relation to plant growth, nutrition and infective parameters were evaluated. Salt stress was induced by sequential irrigation with saline water having four concentrations of three salts (NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2).15N-labelled ammonium sulphate was added to provide a quantitative estimate of N2 fixation under moderate to high salinity levels. N and P concentration and nodule formation increased with the amount of plant-available P or mycorrhizal inoculum in the soil and generally declined as the salinity in the solution culture increased from a moderate to a high level. The mycorrhizal inoculation protected the plants from salt stress more efficiently than any amount of plant-available P in soil, particularly at the highest salinity level applied (43.5 dS m−1). Mycorrhizal inoculation matched the effect on dry matter and nutrition of the addition in the soil of 150 mg P kg−1. Nevertheless the highest saline solution assayed (43.5 dS m−1) affected more severely plants supplemented with phosphorus than those with the addition of mycorrhizal inoculum. Such a saline-depressing effect was 1.5 (biomass), 1.4 (N) and 1.5 (P) times higher in plants supplied with soluble phosphate than with AM inoculum. Mechanisms beyond those mediated by P must be involved in the AM-protectioe effect against salinity. The15N methodology used allowed the determination of N2 fixation as influenced by different P applications compared to mycorrhizal inoculation. A lack of correlation between nodule formation and function (N2 fixation) was evidenced in mycorrhizal-inoculated plants. In spite of the reduced activity per nodule in mycorrhizal-inoculated In spite of the reduced activity per nodule in mycorrhizal-inoculated plants, the N contents determined indicated the highest acquisition of N occurred in plants with the symbiotic status. Moreover, N and P uptake increased while Ca and Mg decreased in AM-inoculated plants. Thus P/Ca ratios and cation/anion balance in general were altered in mycorrhizal treatments. This study therefore confirms previous findings that AM-colonized plants have optional and alternative mechanisms available to satisfy their nutritive requirements and to maintain their physiological status in stress situations and in disturbed ecosystems.
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  • 149
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    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 106-110 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: 2,4-D ; Dicamba ; Microbial biomass Wetland ; Forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate relationships between microbial biomass and the dissipation of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) and dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid) in soil. We hypothesized that the size of the microbial biomass should be a strong predictor of the pesticide degradation capacity of a particular soil. Soils with a high microbial biomass should have relatively high levels of general microbial activity and should support a diversity of degradation pathways. In this study, we quantified the degradation of 2,4-D and dicamba in a range of soils with different concentrations of microbial biomass. The herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba were added to similar soils collected from five different land use types (home lawn, cornfield, upland hardwood forest, wetland forest, and aquifer material) and incubated for 80 days under laboratory conditions. Herbicide residue and microbial biomass (C and N) analyses were performed 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 days following herbicide application. Microbial biomass-C and -N and soil organic matter content were positively correlated with dissipation of 2,4-D and dicamba. The results suggest that there are relationships between the size of the soil microbial biomass and the herbicide degradation capacity of an ecosystem. These relationships may be useful for developing approaches for evaluating and predicting the fate of pesticides in different ecosystems.
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  • 150
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    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Acetylene inhibition method ; Nitrous oxide release ; Soilless plant culture ; Root growth ; Cucumis sativus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Denitrification measurements by means of the acetylene inhibition method require a continuous presence of acetylene to block the microbial reduction of N20 to N2. To examine the effect of such steady exposures on the growth of plants, roots of cucumber and tomato seedlings were treated with different acetylene concentrations. Acetylene concentrations of ≥1 vol% in the gas phase, which were necessary for complete inhibition of N2 formation, led to a significant retardation of root growth. This was partly due to trace amounts of ethylene contained in the acetylene gas which could not be removed with the usual prescrubbing through a sulfuric acid train. As a result of the growth impairment, oxygen consumption in the root zone decreased after 4 days of exposure. In order to avoid these side effects, the denitrification measurements in soilless cultures were performed on individual plants over a limited period of 2–3 days. The flow-through chamber method proved to be suitable for determining the gaseous N losses in a closed-loop system. It avoided greater air variations from the environmental conditions (substrate temperature, airflow and plant composition) and excluded errors in measurement caused by injury to roots and spatial variability of denitrification activity in the root medium. For exact estimation of the gaseous N losses, preceding 24-h acetylene fumigation was necessary. Subsequently at least three gas samples had to be taken throughout the day, because the N2O+N2 emissions were subject to a pronounced diurnal variability.
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  • 151
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    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 118-122 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Sugarcane ; Stable isotopes ; Harvest residues ; Pontoscolex corethrurus ; C4 species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The δ13C and δ15N values of sugarcane plant tissues, decomposing harvest residues, soil and the casts and body tissues of the earthwormPontoscolex corethrurus were determined. Little variation in δ13C values was found between plant parts. The δ13C values of the decomposing harvest residues declined and became more variable after 148 days of exposure in the field. In the decomposing residues, δ13C values of the neutral detergent fibre fraction were similar to those of the whole tissues while those of the proximate lignin were more negative. The δ15N values of the residues also declined over time after a short initial delay.P. corethrurus populations are more intimately associated with the roots of sugarcane than with the bulk soil. Tissue δ13C values suggest that the earthworm diet is similar to or more enriched in13C than sugarcane tissues and is substantially more enriched than the soil C. Earthworm tissues have similar levels of15N enrichment to both the soil and plant tissues. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that this earthworm derives much of its assimilated C relatively directly from organic matter associated with the roots and decomposing harvest residues.
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  • 152
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Soil inoculation N ; transformation ; Inorganic N ; Easily oxidizable N ; Hydrolysable N ; Non-hydrolysable N ; Wetland rice Farmyard manure ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted with wetland rice (Oryza sativa cv. IR-36) in a sandy clay loam soil (Entisol) to study the effect of inoculation with a soil-based mixed culture of four diazotrophic cyanobacteria,Aulosira fertilissima, Nostoc muscorum, N. commune andAnabaena spp., on the N-flux in inorganic NH4 ++NO3 −+ NO2 −), easily oxidizable, hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable forms of N in soil during vegetative growth periods of the crop. Effects on grain and straw yield and N uptake by the crop were estimated. The effects of applying urea N and N as organic sources, viz.Sesbania aculeata, Neem (Azardirachta indica) cake and FYM, each at the rate of 40 kg N ha−1, to the soil were also evaluated. Inoculation significantly increased the release of inorganic N, evidenced by its increased concentrations either in soil or in soil solution. However, such increases rarely exceeded even 4% of total N gained in different froms in the soil system by inoculation during the vegetative growth stages of the rice plant, when the nutritional requirement of the plants is at a maximum. Most of the N2 fixed by cyanobacteria remained in the soil as the hydrolysable form (about 85%) during this period. Inoculation caused an insignificant increase in grain (8%) and straw (11%) yield, which was, however, accompanied by a significant increase in N uptake by the grain (30%) and an increase in total uptake of 15.3 kg N ha 1. Such beneficial effects of inoculation varied in magnitude with the application of organic sources, with farmyard manure (FYM) being the most effective. Application of urea N, on the other hand, markedly reduced such an effect.
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  • 153
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Perionyx excavatus ; Earthworms ; Feeding activity ; Plant residues ; Mineralization ; Maturity parameters ; Vermicomposting ; C/N ratio ; Straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An outdoor study was undertaken using polyethylene containers to assess the suitability of different organic residues, soybean straw (Glycine max L. Merril.), wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.), maize stover (Zea mays L.), chickpea straw (citer arietinum L.) and city garbage, as food for the tropical epigeic earthwormPerionyx excavatus, and to assess the influence of this earthworm on the decomposition of these materials. Maize stover was found to be the most suitable of the food materials used. Population growth ofP. excavatus was enhanced by addition of these organic materials in the temperature range 24°-30°C, while the population was adversely affected above 30°C in a vermiculture system. Addition of earthworms accelerated the breakdown of residues, which ultimately resulted in a lowering of the C:N ratio, water-soluble carbon and carbohydrates, and increased ash percentage and cation exchange capacity compared with their respective controls.
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  • 154
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Fungicide ; Mancozeb ; Rhizobium ; Arachis hypogaea ; Nodulation ; Side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Information on the compatibility of Rhizobium sp. with seed-protectant chemicals is controversial because of variations in the methods used and the lack of quantitative data. The present study was conducted to determine the influence of the fungicide mancozeb (ethylenebis-dithiocarbamate), at recommended doses, on the growth, survival and symbiotic properties of Rhizobium sp. infecting peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea) under laboratory and field conditions. The results indicated that mancozeb decreased growth in pure culture by 50% of both Rhizobium sp. USDA 3187 and a strain isolated from peanut nodules. However, no differences were found in peanut seed yields under field conditions. These results suggest that the soil environment could reduce the probability of the direct, harmful effects of mancozeb on bacterial growth.
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  • 155
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    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 136-141 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Incubation ; N mineralization ; Municipal solid waste compost ; Simulation models ; N availability ; Maize ; Mineralization kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To calculate the correct nitrogen fertilizer rate for crops and the possibility of using municipal solid waste (MSW) compost as an organic amendment, nitrogen mineralization rates were studied by laboratory incubation and field measurements in a soil in central Spain. Nitrogen mineralization rates were studied in a 250-day laboratory soil incubation with two treatments: with and without compost, incubated at 28°C and a moisture content of 70% of field capacity. Three phases are described: (1) no increase in the mineral nitrogen content, (2) a linear increase in the mineral N fraction and, finally, (3) a linear, parallel increase in both mineral N and easily mineralizable organic N fractions. Incubation data were fitted to three different equations. The exponential model proposed by Stanford and Smith (1972) was selected to predict field N mineralization rates. The field experiment was performed using a crop of maize with three treatments: compost applied in February (before sowing), compost applied during sowing and a control (without compost application): sampling was carried out over 14 months. Soil water content was measured periodically. Soil with compost applied in February showed 1.9 and 1.4 times more available nitrogen than soil without compost and compost at sowing, respectively, for the month of maximum accumulation. These results suggest that compost amendments must be applied before sowing. Compost applications were shown to supply the available nitrogen for spring crops. A simulation model showed satisfactory agreement with field data, after correction for soil temperature and water content.
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  • 156
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    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 152-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words14C pulse-labelling ; Pasture fertility ; Microbial biomass ; Carbon fluxes ; Carbon budgets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Information on carbon (C) flows and transformations in the rhizosphere is vital for understanding soil organic matter dynamics and modelling its turnover. We followed the translocation of photosynthetically fixed C in three hill pastures that varied in their phosphorus (P) fertility, using a 14C-CO2 pulse-labelling chamber technique. Pasture shoot, root and soil samples were taken after 4h, 7 days and 35 days chase periods to examine the fluxes of 14C in the pasture plant-root-soil system. Shoot growth over 35 days amounted to 114, 179 and 182gm–2 at the low (LF), medium (MF) and high (HF) fertility pasture sites, respectively. The standing root biomass extracted from the soil did not differ significantly between sampling periods at any one level of fertility, but was significantly different across the three levels of fertility (1367, 1763 and 2406gm–2 at the LF, MF and HF pastures, respectively). The above- and below-ground partitioning of 14C was found to vary with the length of the chase period and fertility. Although most 14C (74%, 65% and 57% in the LF, MF and HF pastures, respectively) was in the shoot biomass after 4h, significant translocation to roots (23–39%) was also detected. By day 35, about 10% more 14C was partitioned below-ground in the LF pasture compared with the HF pasture. This is consistent with the hypothesis that, at limiting fertility, pasture plants allocate proportionally more resource below-ground for the acquisition of nutrients. In the LF site, with an annual assimilated C of 7064kgha–1, 2600kg was respired, 1861kg remained above-ground in the shoot and 2451kg was translocated to roots. In the HF pasture, of the 17313kgha–1 C assimilated, 7168kg was respired, 5298 remained in the shoot and 4432kg was translocated to the roots. This study provides, for the first time, data on the fluxes and quantities of C partitioned in a grazed pasture. Such data are critical for modelling C turnover and for constructing C budgets for grazed pasture ecosystems.
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  • 157
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Biological nitrogen fixation ; Bradyrhizobium ; Legume trees ; Plant-microbe interaction ; Sustainable ; agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phenotypic diversity was studied among 13 Rhizobium strains selected from a total of 160 Rhizobium isolates from root nodules of Leucaena leucocephala. Two strains from Acacia saligna and two strains from Sesbania sesban plants were included in the examination for host range in the greenhouse. The Rhizobium sp. (Leucaena) strains were different from the reference strains and fell into three distinct groups for the utilization of 95 different carbon sources. Four of the best symbionts constituted a group, the majority of the strains fell into a second group, and strain DS 91 was the only member of the third group. Strains were effective symbionts for their original hosts. Nine strains were tolerant to elevated temperature (〉42°C), and three strains were resistant to high salinity (〉3% NaCl). All Rhizobium sp. (Leucaena) strains effectively nodulated L. leucocephala and L. culensii, but nitrogen fixation was greater with L. leucocephala than with L. culensii. These strains failed to form effective symbioses with two other species of Leucaena (L. retusa and L. divursiflora) or with alfalfa, Medicago sativa. Rhizobium sp. (Leucaena) strains DS 65, DS 78, and DS 158 nodulated and efficiently fixed nitrogen with Phaseolus vulgaris, with DS 65 showing the highest symbiotic capability. Strain DS 65 also nodulated and fixed nitrogen with Glycine max and Vigna sinensis. Nodulation of Leucaena by two Bradyrhizobium sp. (Acacia) strains was sparse. Strain DS 101 from Sesbania formed nodules on Leucaena, whereas the other strain from Sesbania, DS 110, failed to nodulate this genus.
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  • 158
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    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 233-239 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Spatial residue distribution ; Soil compaction ; C/N ratio ; Nitrogen mineralization ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A mechanistic dynamic model (Verberne et al. 1990) was used to simulate mineralization of white-clover materials in a loam (25% clay) and a sandy loam soil (5% clay). I tested the model‘s ability to simulate the observed temporal patterns and to take account of altered physical protection as affected by soil compaction or spatial residue distribution. With default parameter values, the model greatly overestimated net N mineralization. The model was very sensitive to changes in the C/N ratio of the microbial biomass. Reducing this value from 8.0 to 6.0 improved the model performance. Nevertheless, initial N mineralization was appreciably overestimated. Two hypotheses may explain the discrepancies: (1) the C/N ratio of the microbial biomass is initially low (3–4) and gradually increases because of a succession from bacterial- to fungal-dominated biomass (H 1); (2) the C/N ratio of the substrates first attacked by microorganisms, i.e. water-soluble components such as sugars and free amino acids, is higher than the average value (6.0) assumed for the readily decomposable fraction (H 2). Conceptually, this fraction originally included N-containing polymers (proteins and nucleic acids), which in large part are water insoluble and probably attacked somewhat later than the monomers. Modification of the model, either by implementing a dynamic C/N ratio of the biomass and the effect of faunal grazing or by increasing the C/N ratio of the easily decomposable fraction, improved the model performance substantially. The two hypotheses need to be tested experimentally. The model adequately simulated measured effects of spatial residue distribution and soil compaction on N mineralization after adjustment or parameter values regulating physical protection of microbial biomass and metabolites. Moreover, there was a good agreement between simulated and measured microbial biomass N in the two soils.
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  • 159
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Ecological impact ; Genetically modified ; organisms ; Microcosm studies ; Symbiotic nitrogen ; fixation ; Plant-beneficial bacteria ; Sinorhizobium meliloti
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The impact of biocontrol strain Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 and of its genetically modified, antibiotic-overproducing derivative CHA0/pME3424 on a reconstructed population of the plant-beneficial Sinorhizobium meliloti bacteria was assessed in gnotobiotic systems. In sterile soil, the final density of the reconstructed S. meliloti population decreased by more than one order of magnitude in the presence of either of the Pseudomonas strains when compared to a control without addition of P. fluorescens. Moreover, there was a change in the proportion of each individual S. meliloti strain within the population. Plant tests also revealed changes in the nodulating S. meliloti population in the presence of strains CHA0 or CHA0/pME3424. In both treatments one S. meliloti strain, f43, was significantly reduced in its root nodule occupancy. Analysis of alfalfa yields showed a slight but statistically significant increase in shoot dry weight when strain CHA0 was added to the reconstructed S. meliloti population whereas no such effect was observed with CHA0/pME3424.
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  • 160
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    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 245-251 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Methane production ; Methane emission ; Paddy soil ; Redox potential ; Organic fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Methane production in three types of rice paddy soil was investigated under greenhouse conditions. The amount of methane produced during the first crop season (March to July) was 2–6 times higher than that in the second crop season (August to December). Application of organic fertilizer hastened the drop in redox potential and increased methane production and emission. Methane production also increased with the depth of soil with high values in soil samples from 18 to 30cm depth. Methane production in the first crop season was 18.0, 54.3 and 49.4mgcm–3 for 6tha–1 straw application for Linkou, Tzawchyau and Jiaushi soils, respectively. The value was 33.4mgcm–3 for the second crop season in Jiaushi soil. Methane emission was high during the flowering and maturity stages in the first crop season and the values were high during the tillering and flowering stages in the second crop season. Methane emission was high in Tzawchyau and Jiaushi soils in the first crop season. Methane emission rate reached a maximum from 12 noon to 3p.m. due to high temperature and a minimum at 3 to 6a.m. in both planted and unplanted soils.
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  • 161
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    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 269-273 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Carbon dioxide ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial growth ; Soil respiration ; Glucose ; mineralization rate ; Chloroform fumigation extraction method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of increasing soil CO2 concentration was studied in six different soils. The soils were incubated in ambient air (0.05 vol.% CO2) or in air enriched with CO2 (up to 5.0 vol.% CO2). Carbon dioxide evolution, microbial biomass, growth or death rate quotients and glucose decay rate were measured at 6, 12 and 24 h of CO2 exposure. The decrease in soil respiration ranged from 7% to 78% and was followed by a decrease in microbial biomass by 10–60% in most cases. High CO2 treatments did not affect glucose decay rate but the portion of Cgluc mineralized to CO2 was lowered and a larger portion of Cgluc remained in soils. This carbon was not utilized by soil microorganisms.
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  • 162
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grassland ; Denitrification ; N-fertiliser ; Nitrification ; Nitrous oxide emissions ; Global warming ; Ozone layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim was to investigate the effects of different N fertilisers on nitrous oxide (N2O) flux from agricultural grassland, with a view to suggesting fertiliser practices least likely to cause substantial N2O emissions, and to assess the influence of soil and environmental factors on the emissions. Replicate plots on a clay loam grassland were fertilised with ammonium sulphate (AS), urea (U), calcium nitrate (CN), ammonium nitrate (AN), or cattle slurry supplemented with AN on three occasions in each of 2 years. Frequent measurements were made of N2O flux and soil and environmental variables. The loss of N2O-N as a percentage of N fertiliser applied was highest from the supplemented slurry (SS) treatment and U, and lowest from AS. The temporal pattern of losses was different for the different fertilisers and between years. Losses from U were lower than those from AN and CN in the spring, but higher in the summer. The high summer fluxes were associated with high water-filled pore space (WFPS) values. Fluxes also rose steeply with temperature where WFPS or mineral N values were not limiting. Total annual loss was higher in the 2nd year, probably because of the rainfall pattern: the percentage losses were 2.2, 1.4, 1.2, 1.1 and 0.4 from SS, U, AN, CN and AS, respectively. Application of U in the spring and AN twice in the summer in the 2nd year gave an average emission factor of 0.8% – lower than from application of either individual fertiliser. We suggest that similar varied fertilisation practices, modified according to soil and crop type and climatic conditions, might be employed to minimise N2O emissions from agricultural land.
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    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 274-278 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Heavy metals ; Fluoranthene ; Combination effects ; Soil bacteria ; Ecotoxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of (1) Cd, Cu, Zn, and fluoranthene (FLA), separately applied, and (2) combinations of one of these heavy metals with FLA on the growth of bacteria were studied in agar plate experiments. The bacteria were extracted from A horizons of a Eutric Regosol and a Calcic Chernozem. Significant reductions of bacterial counts were observed for both soils at concentrations 〉 1.0 mg Cd l–1, 0.5 mg Cu l–1, and 0.5 mg Zn l–1, respectively. Additions of FLA up to 100 mg l–1 did not result in increasing reductions of bacterial growth in the Regosol. Only 0.5, 2, and 100 mg FLA l–1 caused significant reductions of 22–27%. Bacterial counts were not affected by 0.2 mg FLA l–1. Low concentrations of heavy metals which were not affective when added separately were found to reduce bacterial growth when applied in combination with 0.2 mg FLA l–1. At higher levels of heavy metals up to 2.5 mg l–1, addition of FLA also increased the toxicity of the metals. It is assumed that the enhancement of toxicity by FLA is due to an alteration of the permeability of bacterial cell membranes.
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  • 164
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grassland ; Spring barley ; Nitrification inhibitor ; Nitrous oxide emission ; Denitrification ; Global warming ; Ozone layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aims of this study were to assess the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitors dicyandiamide (DCD) and nitrapyrin on reducing emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) following application of NH4 + or NH4 +-forming fertilisers to grassland and spring barley. DCD was applied to grassland with N fertiliser applications in April and August in 1992 and 1993, inhibiting N2O emissions by varying amounts depending on the fertiliser form and the time of application. Over periods of up to 2 months following each application of DCD, emissions of N2O were reduced by 58–78% when applied with urea (U) and 41–65% when applied with ammonium sulphate (AS). Annual emissions (April to March) of N2O were reduced by up to 58% and 56% in 1992–1993 and 1993–1994, respectively. Applying DCD to ammonium nitrate (AN) fertilised grassland did not reduce emissions after the April 1993 fertilisation, but emissions following the August application were reduced. Nitrapyrin was only applied once, with the April fertiliser applications in 1992, reducing N2O emissions over the following 12 months by up to 40% when applied with U. When N fertiliser was applied in June without DCD, the DCD applied in April was still partly effective; N2O emissions were reduced 50%, 60% and 80% as effectively as the emissions following the April applications, for AS in 1993, U in 1992 and 1993, respectively. In 1992 the persistence of an inhibitory effect was greater for nitrapyrin than for DCD, increasing after the June fertiliser application as overall emissions from U increased. There was no apparent reduction in effectiveness following repeated applications of DCD over the 2 years. N2O emissions from spring barley, measured only in 1993, were lower than from grassland. DCD reduced emissions from applied U by 40% but there was no reduction with AN. The results demonstrate considerable scope for reducing emissions by applying nitrification inhibitors with NH4 + or NH4 +-forming fertilisers; this is especially so for crops such as intensively managed grass where there are several applications of fertiliser nitrogen per season, as the effect of inhibitors applied in April persists until after a second fertiliser application in June.
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  • 165
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    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 285-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Methane emission ; Wetland soils ; Greenhouse gases ; Inceptisol ; Vertisol ; Rice ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a greenhouse study, methane emissions were measured from two diverse Indian rice-growing soils planted to five rice cultivars under similar water regimes, fertilizer applications and environmental conditions. Significant variations were observed in methane emitted from soils growing different cultivars. Total methane emission varied between 8.04 and 20.92gm–2 from IARI soil (Inceptisol) and between 1.47 and 10.91gm–2 from Raipur soil (Vertisol) planted to rice. In all the cultivars, emissions from IARI soil were higher than from Raipur soil. The first methane flux peak was noticed during the reproductive phase and the second peak coincided with the grain-ripening stage of the rice cultivars.
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  • 166
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    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 279-284 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soybean nodulation ; Bradyrhizobium ; japonicum ; Competitiveness ; Immunoblot method ; Native soil rhizobia ; Co-inoculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Interstrain competitiveness is a key factor affecting the performance of rhizobium inoculant. In the present study five native strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, namely SSF 4, SSF 5, SSF 6, SSF 7 and SSF 8, were assessed for their competitiveness in nodulating soybean using serological methods. The strains were inoculated individually or with the type strain USDA 110 at a 1:1 ratio. Nodule occupancy determined by immunofluorescence and dot immunoblot assay revealed that under in vitro conditions SSF 8 is more competitive than USDA 110 whereas the others were less competitive. The competitive ability of these strains was also estimated in pot culture in the field. In red soil both SSF 8 and USDA 110 were equally competitive whereas in black soil SSF 8 competed better than USDA 110 and produced more nodules. In a black soil field trial using a randomized block design, USDA 110 or SSF 8, when inoculated alone, occupied the majority of the nodules and enhanced nodule dry weight and shoot biomass. SSF 8 was more competitive when the strains were co-inoculated.
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  • 167
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    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 13-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Barley ; Cropping histories ; Parasitic nematodes ; Pratylenchus penetrans ; Root lesion nematode density ; Stunt nematode ; Tylenchorhynchus spp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fifty sloping fields of barley with different short-term cropping histories across Prince Edward Island were examined for variations in root-zone depth and the severity of soil parasitic nematodes as part of a wider study of relationships between cropping sequence, topographic position, soil physical conditions and crop performance. Root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) density in the roots was significantly greater (13%) at foot slopes than at top slopes, and stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus spp.) was significantly greater (8%) at top slopes where the soil was drier. The density of stunt nematodes and root lesion nematodes in the soil was significantly greater (〉15%) under miscellaneous cereals-barley sequences than under potato-barley or hay-barley, attributable to level of carryover. Root lesion nematode density in the roots was significantly greater (12%) under hay-barley than either of the other two sequences. This nematode also showed a strong tendency to increase in number with increasing root-zone depth, and may be explained on the basis that increased root-zone depth provides increased host root mass (substrate). Stunt nematodes, on the other hand, increased with decreasing root-zone depth and may be explained by the known propensity of these organisms for drier, shallower soil conditions.
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  • 168
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    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 27-31 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Eudrilus eugeniae ; Toxicity ; Copper ; Zinc Growth ; Maturation ; Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth rate change in earthworms is considered to be a suitable endpoint when determining sublethal effects. In this study we evaluated growth and maturation in the vermicomposting earthworm speciesEudrilus eugeniae as marker of sublethal toxicity of copper and zinc. We also compared routes of uptake. Apart from exposing worms experimentally for 73 days to contaminated food, a series of contact filter paper tests was also performed to determine LD50 for copper and zinc. Both copper and zinc at sublethal concentrations affected growth and maturation in worms exposed to contaminated food. These worms had a copper content of 34.5 μg g−1 after 73 days and a zinc content of 184.9 μg g−1, showing a differential uptake. Copper was more toxic than zinc. Also in the contact test worms did take up more zinc than copper and the LD50 (48 h) for copper was 0.011 mg cm−2 and for zinc 0.066 mg cm−2, which translated to body burdens of 6 μg g−1 for copper and 131 μg g−1 for zinc. Indications were that a regulatory mechanism existed for both metals. Both metals were taken up through the body wall at a relatively fast rate. This study indicated that the skin was the major route of metal uptake. This study also showed a poor relation between the two types of tests for purposes of evaluating lethality of zinc and copper.
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  • 169
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    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 32-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil properties ; Minimum data set ; Soil quality ; Paired comparisons ; Cropping diversity Mineralizable N ; Zea mays L. ; Manuring histories
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study assessed differences in soil quality linked to differences in the diversity of residues returned to the soil in nine pairs of farm fields in central Michigan. To assure that management was the main difference within pairs, study sites were selected that mapped to the same soil series. Analysis of variance using subsamples as replicates for all nine comparisons revealed significantly higher maize (Zea mays L.) yield and total and mineralizable N for the high-diversity fields. Manuring history reported by farmers was difficult ro reconcile with levels of total C and extractable P. To account for uncertainty in manuring histories, comparisons were separated into four subsets on the Basis of residue diversity (DVS) and extractable P (high DVS high P, low DVS low P, high DVS low P, and low DVS high P). For these segregates, analysis of variance (ANOVA) using subsamples as replicates revealed significant improvements in 6 of 21 soil quality indices in the high-DVS-P subset. For all nine comparisons, correlation analysis revealed moderately strong relationships between total C, extractable P, as well as their ratio (Ctot/Pext), and both bulk density and log(infiltration time). When the data were segregated as before, these relationships were much stronger for the high-DVS high-P subset, and their slopes differed significantly from those of the other subsets, indicating that the data points originated from different populations. These results suggest a strong interaction between residue diversity, and P likely applied in manure, that influenced soil quality.
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  • 170
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    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 133-140 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soil bacteria ; Protozoa ; Earthworms ; Viability ; Aggregates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of incorporation of elm leaves (Ulmus glabra) into an agricultural sandy loam soil by earthworms (Lumbricus festivus) on the bacterial and protozoan populations were investigated. Three model systems consisting of soil, soil with leaves, and soil with leaves and earthworms, respectively, were compared. The total, viable, and culturable number of bacteria, the metabolic potentials of bacterial populations, and the number of protozoa and nematodes were determined in soil size fractions. Significant differences between soil fractions were shown by all assays. The highest number of microorganisms was found in microaggregates of 2–53 μm and the lowest in the 〈0.2μm fraction. A major part of the bacteria in the latter fraction was viable, but non-culturable, while a relatively higher number of culturable bacteria was found in the macroaggregates. The number of colony-forming units and 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolim chloride (CTC)-reducing bacteria explained a major part of the variation in the number of protozoa. High protozoan activity and predation thus coincided with high bacterial activity. In soil with elm leaves, fungal growth is assumed to inhibit bacterial and protozoan activity. In soil with elm leaves and earthworms, earthworm activity led to increased culturability of bacteria, activity of protozoa, number of nematodes, changed metabolic potentials of the bacteria, and decreased differences in metabolic potentials between bacterial populations in the soil fractions. The effects of earthworms can be mediated by mechanical mixing of the soil constituents and incorporation of organic matter into the soil, but as the earthworms have only consumed a minor part of the soil, priming effects are believed partly to explain the increased microbial activity.
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  • 171
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    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 429-434 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Microbial biomass C ; Basal respiration ; qCO2 ; Arid soil ; Urban organic wastes ; Compost ; Sewage sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Changes produced in the biological characteristics of an arid soil by the addition of various urban wastes (municipal solid waste, sewage sludge and compost) at different doses, were evaluated during a 360-day incubation experiment. The addition of organic materials to the soil increased the values of biomass carbon, basal respiration, biomass C/total organic C ratio and metabolic quotient (qCO2), indicating the activation of soil microorganisms. These biological parameters showed a decreasing tendency with time. Nevertheless, their values in amended soils were higher than in control soil, which clearly indicates the improvement of soil biological quality brought about by the organic amendment. This favorable effect on soil biological activity was more noticeable with the addition of fresh wastes (municipal solid waste or sewage sludge) than with compost. In turn, this effect was more permanent when the soil was amended with municipal solid waste than when it was amended with sewage sludge.
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  • 172
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    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 435-441 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Terrestrial isopods ; Porcellio scaber ; Decomposition ; Microorganisms ; Cellulase activity ; Acidification ; Population dynamics ; Leaf litter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Population parameters (mortality of females, reproductive success, longevity of juveniles) of the common woodlouse, Porcellio scaber (Isopoda, Oniscidea), were examined with respect to the influence of varying leaf litter attributes: pH level, microbial cellulase activity, microbial dehydrogenase activity, protein content, nitrogen content, water content, tannin content, total phenol content and toughness of the leaves. These attributes were combined by using Principal Component Analysis. We obtained three Principal Components (PC) that were defined as “acidification,”“microorganisms” and “tree species.” The PCs explained 85% of the variance of leaf litter attributes. The PC “acidification” mainly influenced the mortality of females (P〈0.001), while the longevity of juveniles showed significant correlation to the PC “microorganisms” (P〈0.05). The PC “tree species” showed no influence on the observed population parameters, indicating that the leaf litter species itself had no direct influence on the population parameters of P. scaber. The reproductive success of females could not be explained by either of the PCs, but was influenced by cellulolytically active microorganisms (P〈0.01). From these results, we conclude that acidification and reduced microbial activity in the field will cause a decrease in population density of P. scaber.
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  • 173
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    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 442-444 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Greenhouse effect ; Methane ; Cattle slurry ; Diurnal variations ; Arrhenius equation ; Micrometerorological CH4 emission technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Methane (CH4) emissions from stored slurry were successfully measured by a micrometeorological mass balance technique. Emissions during autumn to late winter ranged from 2 to 100kgCH4-Cha–1day–1. Diurnal variations of CH4 emissions were investigated by measuring emissions at several times during the day, correlated with slurry temperatures at 10cm depth and successfully modelled with the Arrhenius equation.
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  • 174
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    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 421-428 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Seasonal responses ; Microbial biomass C ; Microbial biomass P ; Microbial biomass S ; Nutrient cycling ; Pasture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of the soil microbial biomass to seasonal changes was investigated in the field under pastures. These studies showed that over a 9-month period, microbial biomass carbon, phosphorus and sulphur (biomass C, P, S), and their ratios (C:P, C:S, and P:S) responded differently to changes in soil moisture and to the input of fresh organic materials. From October to December (1993), when plant residues were largely incorporated into the soils, biomass C and S increased by 150–210%. Biomass P did not increase over this time, having decreased by 22–64% over the dry summer (July to September). There was no obvious correlation between biomass C, P, and S and air temperature. The largest amounts of biomass C and P (2100–2300μg and 150–190μgg–1 soil, respectively) were found in those soils receiving farmyard manure (FYM or FYM+NPK) and P fertilizer, whereas the use of ammonium sulphate decreased biomass C and P. The C:P, C:S, and P:S ratios of the biomass varied considerably (9–276:1; 50–149:1; and 0.3–14:1, respectively) with season and fertilizer regime. This reflected the potential for the biomass to release (when ratios were narrow) or to immobilize (wide ratios) P and S at different times of the year. Thus, seasonal responses in biomass C, P, and S are important in controlling the cycling of C, P, and S in pasture and ultimately in regulating plant availability of P and S. The uptake of P in the pasture was well correlated with the sum of P in the biomass and soil available pools. Thus, the simultaneous measurement of microbial biomass P and available P provide useful information on the potential plant availability of P.
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  • 175
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    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Tillage ; Soil enzymes ; Microbial biomass ; Dehydrogenase activity ; Nucleic acids ; Farming practices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Modification of soil environment by different farming practices can significantly affect crop growth. Tillage causes soil disturbance, altering the vertical distribution of soil organic matter and plant nutrient supplies in the soil surface, and it may affect the enzyme activity and microbial biomass which are responsible for transformation and cycling of organic matter and plant nutrients. In this study, the influence of three conventional tillage systems (shallow plowing, deep plowing and scarification) at different depths on the distribution and activity of enzymes, microbial biomass and nucleic acids in a cropped soil was investigated. Analysis of variance for depth and tillage showed the influence of the different tillage practices on the activity of some enzymes and on the nucleic acids. Glucosidase, galactosidase, nitrate reductase and dehydrogenase activity were significantly affected by the three tillage modalities. Activity in the upper layer (0–20 cm) was higher in the plots tilled by shallow plowing and scarification than in those tilled by deep plowing. Positive relationships were observed between the soil enzymes themselves, with the exception of urease and pyrophosphatase activity. Moreover, significant correlations were found between DNA and β-galactosidase, and between RNA and β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase. α-Glucosidase, β-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase were highly correlated with biomass C determined by the fumigation-extraction method.
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  • 176
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Aeroponic culture ; N2-fixation ; Acacia mangium ; Bradyrhizobium spp. ; Hypernodulation ; Tree saplings ; Imperata cylindrica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This work was designed to determine whether a plant culture method on non-solid media could be used as an alternative for inoculation of Acacia mangium with selected strains of Bradyrhizobium spp. A. mangium seedlings were grown and inoculated with Bradyrhizobium strain Aust13c and strain Tel2 in hydroponics, aeroponics and sand. Aeroponics was found to be the best system of the three, allowing the production of tree saplings 1 m in height after only 4 months in culture. Moreover, compared to plants grown in liquid or sand media, aeroponically grown saplings inoculated with Bradyrhizobium spp. developed a very high number of small nodules distributed all along the root system, resulting in an increase in nitrogen and chlorophyll content in plant tissues. We propose aeroponics as an alternative method to classical soil inoculation procedures for the production of hypernodulated legume tree saplings.
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  • 177
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    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 335-340 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soil remediation ; Clay minerals ; Sorption ; Starvation ; Arthrobacter crystallopoietes ; 2-Hydroxypyridine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract For bacterial inoculants to be effective in soil remediation, the bacterial strain must be capable of overcoming any negative effects of soil minerals on cellular processes. One class of minerals commonly encountered by soil bacteria is clays. Thus, the effect of commonly occurring clay minerals in soils on starvation, survival and 2-hydroxypyridine catabolism by Arthrobacter crystallopoietes was evaluated. Stationary phase A. crystallopoietes cells were suspended in 0.03M, pH7.0, phosphate buffer containing no clay or amended with 0.2% (wt/vol) montmorillonite, sodium montmorillonite or kaolinite. Marked effects of clay minerals on both survival rates and catabolic rates of 2-hydroxypyridine were noted. For example, after 14 weeks starvation, 4.6% of the initial cell population was viable with no clay present, compared to 0.8% (montmorillonite), 22.1% (kaolinite) and 54.1% (sodium montmorillonite) in the presence of the clay minerals. Acclimated and nonacclimated cell populations were used to evaluate 2-hydroxypyridine catabolism. Induction of 2-hydroxypyridine metabolism occurred in the unacclimated cells following starvation. Differential impact of the clay minerals on unacclimated cells was detected. Montmorillonite enhanced the capacity for induction of 2-hydroxypyridine catabolism and its decomposition rate after 0–3 days starvation. For acclimated cells, clay did not affect the metabolic activity prior to starvation, but the presence of clay resulted in increased activity during starvation. For example, after 3 days starvation, a nearly two fold increase in metabolism was detected in the presence of clay minerals. These data suggest that some clay minerals in soil alter the survival time and metabolic activity of soil-amended bacteria, thereby affecting the potential for bioremediation success.
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  • 178
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Legume-rhizobia symbiosis ; 15N natural abundance ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Rhizobium spp. ; Glomus spp. ; Inoculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between Phaseolus vulgaris, Rhizobium spp. strains nodulating P. vulgaris, and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were assessed under greenhouse conditions in a nonsterilized Typic Haplustalf soil from Cauca, Colombia. Our results indicate a specific involvement of AM fungal species in nitrogen acquisition by the legume plants from symbiotic nitrogen fixation and from soil. A significant specific influence of inoculation with Glomus spp. on the 15N/14N ratio in plant shoots was dependent on the inoculated rhizobial strain, but AM fungal inoculation had no significant effect on shoot dry weight or nodule occupancy in the two different rhizobial strain treatments. The results imply that in low P soils the effects of an improved mycorrhizal symbiosis may include improved symbiotic N2 fixation efficiency and/or improved soil N uptake.
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  • 179
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    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 347-352 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria ; Hydroxyapatite ; Enterobacter agglomerans ; Organic acids ; Phosphate-solubilizing genes ; Rhizosphere ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) possessing the ability to solubilize insoluble inorganic phosphate were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of wheat. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the solubilization of phosphate by a known PSB, Enterobacter agglomerans, and by a genetically manipulated bacterium, Escherichia coli. A second laboratory study investigated the release of P from E. agglomerans compared with known acids. For the first laboratory study, a cosmid (pHC79) library of phosphate-solubilizing gene(s) from E. agglomerans chromosome DNA was constructed in E. coli JM109. The clone JM109 (pKKY) showing phosphate solubilization properties was screened on standard medium containing hydroxyapatite (HY). The P concentration significantly increased at 5 and 10 days for JM109 (pKKY) compared with JM109 (pHC79), the control. Although the P concentration increased, there was no significant change in their pHs. Furthermore, an increase in colony-forming units (CFUs) was seen at 5 and 10 days for JM109 (pKKY) but not for JM109 (pHC79). Artificial acidification of the culture medium with HCl, citric acid, oxalic acid, and lactic acid was achieved by shaking for 48h. Acidification with these selected acids solubilized more HY than E. agglomerans growing for 42h at similar pHs. However, a high P concentration was measured in culture medium with E. agglomerans growing for 84h despite similar pHs. Our results suggest that acid production may play an important role in HY solubilization, but is not the sole reason for the increase in P concentration in culture medium.
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  • 180
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    Keywords: Key words Canola ; Brassica napus ; Bacillus spp. ; P-solubilizing bacteria ; PGPR ; Rock phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The ability of phosphate-solubilizing rhizobacteria to enhance the growth and phosphorus uptake of canola (Brassica napus L., cv. Legend) was studied in potted soil experiments in the growth chamber. One hundred and eleven bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of field-grown plants, and a collection of nine bacteria known to be effective plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), were screened for P-solubilization in vitro. All rhizobacteria were identified using whole-cell fatty acids methyl ester (FAME) profiles. The best P-solubilizing isolates were two Bacillus brevis strains, B. megaterium, B. polymyxa, B. sphaericus, B. thuringiensis, and Xanthomonas maltophilia (PGPR strain R85). The P-solubilizers were tested for their effects on growth and P-uptake of canola plants in a P-deficient soil amended with rock phosphate. Although some of the P-solubilizing rhizobacteria significantly increased plant height or pod yield, none increased P-uptake. The most effective inoculant was a B. thuringiensis isolate which significantly increased the number and weight of pods and seed yield without rock phosphate. Xanthomonas maltophilia increased plant height, whereas the other bacilli increased the number on weight of pods. These results demonstrate the potential use of these P-solubilizing rhizobacteria as inoculants for canola, but indicate that P-solubilization was not the main mechanism responsible for positive growth response.
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  • 181
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    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 365-371 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsGlomus clarum ; Pseudomonas spp. ; Arbuscular mycorrhizae ; Rhizobacteria ; Spore germination ; Gnotobiotic conditions ; Inoculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of interactions between pseudomonads (Pseudomonas cepacia strains R55 and R85, P. aeruginosa strain R80, P. fluorescens strain R92, and P. putida strain R104) and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus clarum (Nicol. and Schenck) isolate NT4, on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Laura), grown under gnotobiotic and nonsterile conditions, were investigated. Although plant growth responses varied, positive responses to pseudomonad inoculants generally were obtained under gnotobiotic conditions. Shoot dry weight enhancement ranged from 16 to 48%, whereas root enhancement ranged from 82 to 137%. Shoot growth in nonsterile soil, however, was unaffected by pseudomonad inoculants, or reduced by as much as 24%. Shoot growth was unaffected or depressed by G. clarum NT4 whereas early root growth was enhanced by 38%. Significant interactions between the pseudomonad inoculants and G. clarum NT4 were detected. Typically, dual inoculation influenced the magnitude of response associated with any organism applied alone. The effect of these pseudomonads on G. clarum NT4 spore germination was investigated. Germination was inhibited when spores were incubated either on membranes placed directly on bacterial lawns of strains R85 and R104 (i.e., direct assay), or on agarose blocks separated from the bacteria by membranes (i.e., diffusion assay). When the agarose blocks were physically separated from the pseudomonad (i.e., volatile assay), there was no evidence of inhibition, suggesting that a nonvolatile, diffusible substance(s) produced by both strains R85 and R104 may inhibit G. clarum NT4 spore germination.
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  • 182
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Nitrification ; Manures ; Organic farming ; Controlling factors ; Augmented nitrification assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of crop plants and farmyard or poultry manure applications on temporal variations in nitrification rates were measured in a field experiment. In order to elucidate factors which may have been governing such rates, an augmented nitrification assay was applied. The basis of the assay was to measure nitrification rates under circumstances where substrate, i.e. ammonium-ion, and water and spatial constraints had been removed. Nitrification rates showed marked temporal variation, of over one order of magnitude, throughout the growing season. Nitrification rates were also similarly increased when substrate and spatial constraints were removed, but distinct temporal variations still persisted. The pattern of such variations varied according to assay conditions in the augmented nitrification assay. Barley plants had a statistically significant effect on nitrification rates, positive early in the growing season and negative at the end. Manures stimulated nitrification, with poultry manure having a greater effect than farmyard manure, and there was evidence for a relationship between heterotrophic and autotrophic activity. Factors other than ammonium-ion concentration and water or spatial restrictions must also regulate nitrification rates in mineral soils; these could include population size or interactions.
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  • 183
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Microbial biomass ; Organic farming ; Soil respiration ; Farmyard manure ; Poultry manure ; Hordeum vulgare ; Barley ; Fumigation extraction ; technique ; Fumigation incubation technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Temporal behaviour of microbial biomass C, N and respiration was measured under barley crops in two experiments on successive years in a recently converted organic production system in Scotland. Soils were fertilised with farmyard manure or poultry manure. Control soils received no manure at the start of the growing season. The effects of plants was also investigated by maintaining fallow subplots. C-flush values approximately doubled over the growing season in both years of the trial, showing a decline to pre-sowing values between the two seasons. This occurred in all soils, whether manured or not, or planted or fallow. Manure tended to increase the C-flush in the 2nd year only. N-flush in the 2nd year showed no increase in planted control plots but did increase in fallow soils. Manures significantly increased the N-flush. Respiration rates were stimulated by the presence of plants. Respiration rates were measured from soils taken from the field at post-sowing, mid-season and post-harvest occasions and incubated under constant conditions for up to 1 year. Here there was evidence that the effects of sampling and adjusting the moisture status could be as great upon microbial activity as the addition of the manures. C-flush also showed a consistent and persistent increase in these incubated soils. This suggests that the fundamental C-supplying characteristics of these soils was such that the biomass was moving towards a new equilibrium value fuelled by the relatively recent introduction of the organic farming regime.
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  • 184
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    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 53-59 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words 2 ; 4-D ; Chlorophenols ; Bound residues ; Biotransformation ; Straw composting ; Toxic effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were carried out to study the transformation of 14C-ring-labeled 2,4-D and the two related chlorophenols 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (4-DCP) during straw composting under controlled laboratory conditions. Incubation under sterile and nonsterile conditions was done to evaluate the relative importance of the biotic and abiotic processes. Pre-composted straw was treated with the three chemicals. The availability of the different chemicals was monitored during incubations as well as their degradation. Under nonsterile conditions, the mineralization of both chlorophenols reached 20% of the applied compounds, whereas it was 52% for 2,4-D. Transitory water-soluble metabolites of 2,4-D and chlorophenols were formed but they disappeared rapidly. After 21 days, 21% of the 2,4-D and 38% of the 2,4-DCP was stabilized as nonextractable (bound) residues under nonsterile conditions. Bound residues of both chemicals were negligible under sterile conditions. Availability of chemicals as estimated by water extraction decreased during incubation proportionally to mineralization and to the formation of bound residues. The increase in immobilization of the chemical residues was stronger under nonsterile conditions than under sterile conditions. Under nonsterile conditions 71% of the 4-CP was recovered as bound residues, whereas under sterile conditions 30% of the applied 4-CP formed bound residues after formaldehyde addition and only 8% with autoclaved straw. Global microbial activity decreased in the presence of the chlorophenols probably due to their toxic effect. These data indicate that the biological activity associated with straw transformation during composting stimulates the depletion of 2,4-D and chlorophenols by mineralization and by formation of bound residues.
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  • 185
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    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 69-74 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Nutrient balance ; Bamboo plantation ; Nutrient depletion ; Bambusa bambos ; Annual turnover ; Bamboo biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The accumulation of nutrients by a bamboo plantation and their rate of uptake and release through litter fall was determined. The nutrients in the above-ground living biomass increased linearly with plant age. The balance of nutrients showed an increase in loss by litter fall, and annual nutrient accumulation and enrichment ratio were enhanced with age. Annual percentage turnover showed no consistent trend. Enrichment ratios were in the order of K〉N〉Mg〉Ca〉P. In conclusion, precautions are necessary during the exploitation of bamboo plantations on a large scale in order to prevent nutrient depletion of the soil.
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  • 186
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsAzolla microphylla ; Green manuring ; Flooding periods ; Rice soils ; Sesbania rostrata ; Zn and Cu transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fixation of Zn and Cu applied to tropical rice-growing lateritic soils rich in Fe-oxides may be reduced if the soils are kept flooded for a few days before their application. There may be a further reduction if such flooding is combined with incorporation of green manures. To investigate this effect, a laboratory experiment was conducted to study the effect of different periods (0 and 15 days) of preflooding combined with (0 and 0.50% of soil weight) Sesbania rostrata and Azolla microphylla incorporation as green manures on the transformation of applied Zn and Cu in two lateritic rice-growing soils. Recovery of added Zn/Cu in DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetate)-extractable form was always found to be higher when they were applied after the soils were maintained in a flooded state for 15 days than when applied immediately after flooding; this effect was more prominent in respect of Cu. Contrary to expectations, green manure incorporation along with preflooding caused a significant decrease in recovery of Zn/Cu; the effect, however, showed a decreasing trend as incubation progressed. The effect was more marked with A. microphylla than with S. rostrata, particularly with Cu. Possible causes of such changes and their implications on the Zn/Cu nutrition of rice are discussed.
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  • 187
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acetylene reduction assay ; Anabaena sp. ; Ammonium ; Cyanobacteria ; Nitrogen fixation ; Wetland rice fields ; Nitrogenase activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Short- and long-term experiments were conducted in the rice fields of Valencia, Spain, to determine the ecological significance of ammonium on nitrogen fixation. A significant inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium, at concentrations higher than 0.5mM, was observed after 8h of incubation in short-term experiments done with a bloom of the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. In a second set of short-term experiments for in situ assays of nitrogenase activity in the field, a significant correlation between nitrogenase activity and the number of N2-fixing cyanobacteria in soil was found. No significant inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium at concentrations up to 2mM was observed in these assays after 24h of incubation. This lack of inhibition was probably due to the rapid decrease in ammonium content in the flood water. Only 5% of the ammonium initially added remained in the water 24h later. In the long-term experiments, nitrogenase activity was assayed in plots fertilized with 0, 70 and 140kgNha–1, over the cultivation cycle, for 5 years. A partial inhibition of nitrogenase activity by deep-placed N fertilizers was observed. Differences were only significant in 2 years. Mean results from 5 years only showed significant differences between plots fertilized with 0 and 140kgNha–1. The partial inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium increased over the cultivation cycle. Inhibition was only significant in September, at the end of the cultivation cycle.
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  • 188
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Methane efflux ; Rice paddy ; Alternate ; flooding ; rainfed lowland ; Plant microbe interactions ; Greenhouse effect ; Redox potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a greenhouse study, the effect of moisture regimes (continuously flooded, continuously nonflooded, alternately flooded) on methane efflux from an alluvial soil planted to rice was studied using the closed chamber method. Methane efflux was almost 10 times more pronounced under continuously flooded conditions than under continuously nonflooded conditions. Intermittently flooded regimes (alternately flooded and nonflooded cycles of 40 or 20 days each) emitted distinctly less methane than the continuously flooded system. A significant negative correlation was found between methane emission under different water regimes and rhizosphere redox potential. Extractable Fe2+, readily mineralizable carbon (RMC) and root biomass presented a significant positive correlation with cumulative methane emission. The correlation of methane emission with other plant parameters and microbial biomass was not significant. Our results further suggest the possibility of reduced methane emissions through appropriate water management in a rainfed rice ecosystem.
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  • 189
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    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 406-412 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soil quality ; Biomass N ; Active N ; Plow tillage ; No tillage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies assessing the effects of different tillage and N fertilizer management practices on distributions and amounts of various C and N pools in soil can provide information about the influence of such management on the quality of organic matter in agricultural soils. To assess the influence of management on soil quality, we characterized the organic matter by measurements of total N, organic C, microbial biomass N and active N in the 0–20cm profiles of soil from long-term field experiments containing plots under treatments of plow or no tillage and 0, 135, or 270kgNha–1 fertilizer. Previous work had established that on the basis of the crop growth requirement of maize, these application rates of fertilizer N provide amounts of N that are deficient, sufficient, and excessive, respectively. The studies reported provide evidence that the sufficient amount of fertilizer N stimulated formation of the biologically active pools of N (biomass N and active N) in soils under no tillage treatments, but the excessive amount of fertilizer N tended to suppress these pools. The results demonstrated that these influences of excessive N fertilization were not reflected in distributions of total N or total organic C in soil profiles but became evident with the measurements of biologically active N. This suggests that such measurements can provide information related to the influence of different management practices on soil quality.
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  • 190
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Phosphorus forms ; P fractionations ; NMR spectroscopy ; Animal manures ; P esters ; Clay size separates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The solubility and forms of phosphorus (P) were investigated in manures from chicken and pigs, eight whole soil samples and clay-, silt-, and sand-size separates from an arable and a grassland soil. Total P (Pt) in liquid pig manure (16.2 g kg–1) and dry chicken manure (26.2 g kg–1) was distributed between residual P (39–41% Pt), H2SO4–P (17–27% Pt), labile resin- and NaHCO3–P (24–39% Pt), and NaOH-P (3–10% Pt). Most soils had larger proportions of NaOH-P and residual P, indicating reactions of manure-derived P compounds with pedogenic oxides and humic substances. Clay-size separates had the highest P-concentrations in all fractions and were particularly enriched in exchangeable and labile P forms. Solution 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of 0.5 M NaOH extracts from manures and some soil samples showed greater signal intensities for orthophosphate and monoester P than 0.1 M NaOH extracts. This can be explained by alkaline hydrolysis phosphate diesters at higher NaOH concentrations and/or by preferential extraction of diesters at lower concentrations. The 31P-NMR spectra showed differences between the two manures and confirmed that increasing proportions of ester-P can be expected if they are spread to soils. The NaOH extracts of soil samples were characterized by large proportions of orthophosphate-P (mean 77% of assigned P compounds), which seemed to be slightly enriched in clay fractions whereas the extracts from silt contained more ester-P. Sequential extractions and 31P-NMR spectroscopy both showed that these excessively manured soils are likely to lose large amounts of P.
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  • 191
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Crusting soils ; Available and exchangeable ; cations ; Humic substances ; Aggregate fractions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of clearing and cultivation of Rhodic Kandiustalf from Mazowe (Zimbabwe) were studied by quantifying humic substances and plant nutrients (available and exchangeable cations) in aggregate fractions. It was found that cultivation was associated with a relative depletion of plant nutrients in coarse aggregate fractions (i.e. a virtual migration of soil fertility towards microaggregate soil compartments). This effect was connected with the organic matter distribution patterns in the physical fractions: cultivation has led to a relative concentration of the colloidal fractions (humic acids and fulvic acids) in the microaggregates, accompanied by a selective depletion of the latter organic fraction. It is suggested that the increased physicochemical importance of the microaggregate fractions after cultivation may be an index for the disruption of the original soil structure leading to crust formation and it may also be related to the effect of ploughing on the humification processes and the mobility of the colloidal organic fractions.
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  • 192
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsCasuarina ; Alnus ; Frankia ; Temperature ; Soil moisture content ; Nodulation ; Inoculum storage ; Axenic cultures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Comparison of the effects of temperature on the growth in culture (increase in protein) of Frankia showed that three strains isolated from Casuarina were more tolerant of high temperature (45°C) than a strain from Alnus rubra. Optimal temperatures for growth of the Casuarina strains were in the range 25–30°C. Growth of the Alnus strain was good at 25°C but poor at 37°C. High temperatures (35–40°C) during storage for 7 months of these Frankia strains in sand, inoculated initially with liquid culture or with Frankia incorporated into alginate beads and permitted to dry, resulted in substantial loss of infectivity for the host plant species. Loss in infectivity was greater with an Alnus Frankia strain than strains from Casuarina cunninghamiana, C. equisetifolia and C. junghuniana. Three Frankia strains from C. equisetifolia were incorporated into a sand/perlite mixture with three different moisture regimes (field moisture capacity – wet: watered and maintained at field capacity; watered to field capacity but then allowed to dry – moderately wet; or watered to half field capacity and then permitted to dry – dry) and then stored for 12 weeks at 25°C and 35°C. Assessment by the most probable number (MPN) technique of the infectivity of the sand mixture for nodulation of C. equisetifolia showed significant interactions between Frankia strain, temperature and soil moisture content. The infectivity of Frankia strains ORS020607 and UGL020602q was not affected by incubation in wet sand at 25°C but fell by more than half after 12 weeks in moderate and dry conditions. Changes in infectivity were similar when incubation was at 35°C. By contrast, the infectivity of UGL020603q fell substantially under all moisture conditions and at both temperatures. The data show the importance of screening for tolerance of both temperature and moisture content when selecting strains for preparation of inoculum for use in hot climates.
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  • 193
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsRhizobium meliloti ; Genetically engineered microorganisms ; Ecological risk assessment ; Soil column model system ; Polymerase chain reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to identify potential ecological risks associated with the environmental release of two Rhizobium meliloti strains, genetically engineered with the firefly-derived luciferase gene (luc), a pre-release greenhouse investigation was conducted. The upper 4 cm of soil columns (30 cm diameter; 65 cm depth), which were filled according to the horizons of an agricultural field (loamy sand), were inoculated with seeds of Medicago sativa (alfalfa) and R. meliloti cells at approximately 5×106 cells·g–1 soil. Four treatments were tested: inoculation with a non-engineered wild type strain (2011), strain L33 (luc +), strain L1(luc +, recA–) and non-inoculated controls. The fate of the engineered strains was followed by two methods: (1) selective cultivation and subsequent detection of bioluminescent colonies and (2) PCR detection of the luc gene in DNA, directly extracted from soil. Strain R. meliloti L33 declined to 9.0×104 cfu·g–1 soil within 24 weeks and to 2.8×103 cfu·g–1 soil within 85 weeks in the upper 25 cm of the soil columns. Decline rates for R. meliloti L1 were not significantly different. Vertical distribution analysis of the recombinant cells after 37 weeks revealed that in three of four columns tested, the majority of cells (〉98%) remained above 10 cm soil depth and no recombinant cells occurred below 20 cm depth. However, in one column all horizons below 20 cm were colonized with 2.2×104 to 6.8×104 cfu g–1 soil. Ecological monitoring parameters included organic substance, total nitrogen, ammonium and nitrate, microbial biomass, culturable bacteria on four different growth media and the immediate utilization of 95 carbon sources (BiologGN) by soil-extracted microbial consortia. None of the parameters was specifically affected by the genetically engineered cells.
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  • 194
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    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 354-360 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Substrate-induced respiration ; Selective ; inhibition ; Prokaryote:eukaryote ratio ; Arable soils ; Fungi ; Bacteria ; Cycloheximide ; Streptomycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A procedure for the measurement of the fungal and bacterial contribution to substrate-induced respiration was tested in three arable soils. Glucose and different amounts of cycloheximide (eukaryote inhibitor) and streptomycin sulfate (prokaryote inhibitor) were added to soil suspensions, and respiration (CO2 evolution) was measured. Streptomycin sulfate concentrations from 10 to 120 mg ml–1 soil solution caused a stable inhibition of respiration. Amounts of cycloheximide ranging from 5 to 35 mg ml–1 showed an increasing inhibition. In a test with separate and combined addition of the antibiotics at maximum inhibitory concentrations, inhibition by streptomycin was completely overlapped by cycloheximide. This indicated non-target inhibition which may lead to overestimation of fungal respiration. Experiments with sterilized soils inoculated with either fungi or bacteria confirmed that streptomycin selectively inhibited bacteria. Cycloheximide, however, did not only inhibit fungal respiration already at 2 mg ml–1, but also increasingly inhibited bacterial respiration at increasing concentrations. Only at less than 5 mg cycloheximide ml–1 was the condition of selective fungal inhibition fulfilled. When 2 mg cycloheximide and 10 mg streptomycin sulfate ml–1 were applied, the sum of the separate inhibitions almost equalled the combined inhibition by the mix of both inhibitors in field samples. This method yielded fungal:bacterial respiration ratios of 0.50 to 0.60, and confirmed the dominance of bacteria in Dutch arable soils. The ratios obtained by the selective inhibitors were not correlated with, and were higher than, ratios of fungal:bacterial biovolume (0.19 to 0.46) as determined by microscopy and image analysis. Similar measurements in a forest soil (A-horizon) raised doubts on the reliability of the fungal inhibition by cycloheximide in this soil. It is concluded that the separate:combined inhibition ratio should always be checked, and comparison with other approaches is recommended.
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  • 195
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Microbial activity ; Forest soil ; Nutrients ; Land uplift ; Picea abies ; Substrate-induced respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Relationships between chemical, physical and microbial properties in the humus layer, soil type and crown condition of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were studied in stands located along the Finnish and Swedish coasts of the Straits of the Gulf of Bothnia. Humus layers of ferric podzols had higher basal respiration (BASAL) than those of carbic podzols and higher substrate-induced respiration (SIR) than those of both carbic podzols and dystric gleysols. BASAL and SIR correlated with environmental factors associated with humus-layer fertility; i.e. they were positively associated with pH and extractable K, Mn and P and negatively associated with organic-matter content of the humus layer. A short lag-time was associated with humus-layer fertility and a long lag-time with crown defoliation. Specific respiration increment was lowest at sites with high field moisture and discoloured crowns. The results suggest that on carbic podzols and dystric gleysols poor nutrient status, acidity and lack of oxygen due to excess moisture in the humus layer result in low microbial activity and poor condition of spruce.
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  • 196
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    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 382-388 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Biological control ; Enchytraeids ; Plant-parasitic nematodes ; Nematophagous fungi ; Microcosms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In small containers of soil in the laboratory, the enchytraeid Enchytraeus crypticus destroyed colonies of the nematophagous fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis growing from pelletized hyphae, and reduced biological control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. The enchytraeid also reduced the population densities of the nematode-trapping fungi Monacrosporium gephyropagum, Arthrobotrys thaumasia, and A. haptotyla. Because addition of pelletized hyphae caused rapid and large increases in numbers of E. crypticus, the enchytraeid apparently interfered with biological control by ingesting and consuming the fungi.
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  • 197
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    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 389-395 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Carbon transformations ; Mineralization ; Respiration ; Peat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The transformations of the indigenous 13C and the 13C from either uniformly enriched 13C-D-glucose or 13C-glycine added to an organic soil were followed during a 28-day incubation using cross polarization (CP) magic angle spinning (MAS) 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and dipolar dephased (DDP) MAS 13C NMR. The C mineralization was determined from 13C remaining by mass spectrometry and from CO2 evolution by gas chromatography. DDP MAS 13C NMR of the unamended soil indicated a transient increase in molecularly mobile 13C in the alkyl- and methyl-C over 5 days, which may be due to redistribution of 13C in the microbial biomass in response to perturbation. The added glucose-13C remaining declined to 43% after 7 days and 34% after 28 days. After 28 days the amount of added glucose-13C remaining was 6 times greater than the biomass C at the outset, while the microbial activity (CO2 production) was 38% greater, indicating that a significant proportion of added glucose-13C was not in microorganisms. Added glycine-13C declined faster, such that 29% and 8% remained after 7 and 28 days, respectively. After 28 days’ incubation with 13C-glucose, the O-alkyl-C, the acetal- and ketal-C, and the methyl- and alkyl-C resonances in CP MAS 13C NMR spectra were all enhanced compared with the unamended soil. The calculated T1ρH values of the O-alkyl-C and the acetal- and ketal-C resonances were less than those of crystalline glucose, indicating that there was no substantial reservoir of unreacted glucose. After 7 days’ incubation with 13C-glycine, none of the signals in the CP MAS 13C NMR spectra were enhanced when compared with the unamended soil, indicating that the added 13C remaining was distributed in undetectable quantities in a range of functionalities. The calculated T1ρH values indicated that glycine 13C was in O-alkyl-C, acetal- and ketal-C and carbonyl-C. T1ρH values may be more sensitive to changes in the distribution of 13C when 13C content is low. The DDP MAS 13C NMR spectra of both the 13C-glucose- and the 13C-glycine-amended soil showed that the molecularly mobile alkyl- and methyl-C increased compared with the unamended soil.
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  • 198
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    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 396-400 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Collembola ; Enchytraeidae ; Casts ; Soil ; surface roughness ; Soil tillage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the study was to quantify the alteration of soil surface roughness caused by the casting activity of mesofauna. Undisturbed soil monoliths with a surface area of 5000mm2 were taken from the upper 4cm of the Ap-horizon in agricultural land. Two tillage systems were studied: conventional tillage (CT) and conservation tillage (CS). The sampling plots were mechanically compacted by wheeling with graded loads. Sampling occurred in spring after compaction and before seeding. The soil monoliths were defaunated before inoculating one half of the monoliths with 150 individuals of Collembola (Folsomia candida) and the other half with 100 individuals of Enchytraeidae (90% Enchytraeus minutus and 10% E. lacteus). Soil surface roughness was measured using a noncontact laser scanner: before inoculation and 6 months later. Photographs show the soil surface covered with casts. Results from laser scanning show that in most cases the surface roughness increased due to mesofaunal activity. However, roughness decreased when cracks were filled with casts. The casting activity and surface roughness changes are highest in uncompacted soil. A high degree of soil compaction significantly reduced the activity at the surface. In most cases the soil surface is more altered in CT than in CS. When the content of carbon and nitrogen were determined, both elements were accumulated in the casts but more by Collembola than Enchytraeidae. The results are discussed in the context of the hemiedaphic (F. candida) and the euedaphic (Enchytraeus spp.) mode of living.
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  • 199
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    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 401-406 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Carbon mineralization ; Wheat straw ; Pig slurry ; Model fitting ; Biomass C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Carbon mineralization and microbial biomass content of wheat straw (WS), pig slurry (PS) and their mixture (WSPS), either intact or with extraction of soluble substances (–SS) or soluble substances plus hemicellulose (–SSH), added to soil, were monitored over 230 days in a laboratory incubation experiment. The WSPS showed a CO2 release of up to 23% above that predicted by summing the CO2 evolved from WS and PS. Of the several kinetic models tested to describe the mineralization process, a double exponential model best described the C mineralization of all the materials, both intact and with extractions. The extraction of the labile substances from WS, PS and WSPS lowered the values of the rapidly mineralizable C and of the amount of microbial biomass. The organic fraction of WS was found to be almost completely represented by mineralizable carbon, while PS and WSPS showed only 62% of mineralizable carbon. In spite of this, after 8 months, about half of the initial amount of the organic C in the intact residues still remained unmineralized.
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  • 200
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    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 407-415 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsBradyrhizobium japonicum ; Bradyrhizobium elkanii ; Genetic variability ; Glycine max ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several years of research have shown that there is a high genetic and physiological variability among Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains, culminating in a subdivision into two bacterial genotypes, and the description of the new species B. elkanii. In Brazil, large-scale soybean inoculation started in 1960 and today 15 million doses of inoculants are sold per year for an estimated area of 12 million ha. Efforts have been made to find strains able to fix high amounts of N2 under Brazilian soil conditions, but few laboratories cover basic studies on N2 fixation, such as strain classification into the two Bradyrhizobium species. In this study several characteristics of 40 soybean Bradyrhizobium strains, including 4 reference strains of B. japonicum (genotype I) species, 3 of B. elkanii (genotype II) and 1 of a mixed genotype were evaluated. The parameters analysed in vitro were: colony morphology, serological grouping, intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, synthesis of indole acetic acid, expression of hydrogenase activity and growth in a medium enriched with asparagine. In vivo, analyses performed included the nodulation of Rj 4 soybean cultivar Hill and the detection of symptoms caused by rhizobitoxine. These evaluations allowed a phenotypic grouping which positioned most of the strains utilized in Brazilian inoculants and studies, as well as some new strains isolated from the Cerrado region, within the species B. elkanii. However, environmental stresses and adaptation of Bradyrhizobium strains to the soil caused a large physiological and genetic variability in some isolates from the Cerrado soils in relation to the putative parental strain introduced 15 years ago, placing these isolates in an intermediate position between the two Bradyrhizobium species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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