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  • RFLP  (99)
  • kinetics  (91)
  • Springer  (190)
  • Institute of Physics
  • 1995-1999  (104)
  • 1990-1994  (86)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1998  (104)
  • 1993  (86)
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  • 1995-1999  (104)
  • 1990-1994  (86)
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular structure of trans-[Co(NH3)4(NH2CH3)Cl](ClO4)2 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 69-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Co(III) complex ; crystal structure ; kinetics ; steric effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma, with a = 7.9209(5), b = 9.818(1), c = 16.867(2) Å, and Z = 4. The structure was solved employing 1864 independent x-ray reflections with I〉2σ(I) by Patterson and difference Fourier techniques and refined by full-matrix least-squares to R = 0.036. The trans-[CO(NH3)4(NH2CH3)Cl](ClO4)2 molecule is on a crystallographic mirror plane. The cobalt ion is in an elongated octahedral coordination with four equatorial ammonia ligands [average Co–N distance equal to 1.966(2) Å], an axial methylamine [Co–N=1.965(3)Å], and an axial chlorine ion [Co–Cl=2.2771(9)Å]. Kinetic steric effects of the complex are interpreted in terms of structural results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021786804676
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method to determine the relative value of the barriers of carbon chain growth and termination in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: elementary reaction kinetics for chain growth (1993)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 19 (1993), S. 93-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Fischer-Tropsch synthesis ; reaction activation barrier ; carbon chain growth and termination ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A method is established, by which the difference of the reaction activation barriers of carbon chain growth and termination in Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis can be determined from experiments. A FT synthesis is carried out on Fe/Zn catalyst. We apply the method to analyze the experimental result and obtain the difference of reaction activation barriers of carbon chain growth and termination of α-olefins on the catalyst.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00765205
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaction Between Copper Nitrate Hydrate and Methoxydimethyloctylsilane in Methanol (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 27 (1998), S. 1123-1138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Sol–gel processing ; hydrolysis ; condensation ; kinetics ; methoxydimethyloctylsilane ; copper nitrate hydrate ; phase diagram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The reaction rate was determined for copper nitrate hydrate with methoxydimethyloctylsilane (MDOS) in methanol. The rate constants of hydrolysis and condensation were established by quantitative measurement of the product and Karl Fischer water determination. The reaction with the hydrated copper salt resulted in the phase separation of an insoluble product from the reaction mixture. The structure of the product was determined, by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to be a dimer of the MDOS. The results showed the alcohol, producing condensation reaction was negligible in the formation of the dimer. contrary to the case for the well-known reaction by trialkoxysilanes and tetraalkoxysilanes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022662017881
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaction Kinetics for the Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Tetraphenyltetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane Using a Fast Initiator System (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials 8 (1998), S. 111-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Keywords: Organosiloxane ; kinetics ; poly(phenylmethylsiloxane) ; catalyst ; anionic ; ring-opening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It is well known that the rate of polymerization for an anionic mechanism is dependent on the ability of the bulk material or solvent system to disassociate the ion pair at the propagating chain end. In the anionic ring-opening polymerization of cyclic organosiloxanes in particular, the larger and softer the counter ion, the more rapidly the reaction proceeds. A recently developed phosphazene initiator system provides a large, soft counter ion relative to other traditional initiators used for the polymerization of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). This novel initiator system was used in this investigation for the ring-opening polymerization of tetraphenyltetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (P4) and the reaction kinetics under bulk and solution conditions were investigated. The new initiator system showed a dramatic increase in the rate of polymerization over the conventional potassium hydroxide-catalyzed system. Furthermore, this initiator was sufficiently reactive to be useful for the ring-opening polymerization of P4 at 293 K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022487906770
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High resolution NMR techniques in catalysis (1998)
    Springer
    Topics in catalysis 5 (1998), S. 133-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Keywords: NMR ; catalysis ; high pressure ; dynamic equilibria ; magnetization transfer ; sapphire tube ; gas phase ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract High resolution NMR techniques are applicable to a variety of aspects of catalysis. Methods for studying homogeneously-catalyzed systems under high gas pressure are described along with approaches for obtaining mechanistic and dynamic information. Many of the same techniques may be applied to heterogeneous catalysis by following the reaction chemistry by gas phase NMR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019133515789
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selectivity from a kinetic point of view: nonlinear behavior of logarithmic product ratios as a function of the reciprocal temperature (1998)
    Springer
    Topics in catalysis 5 (1998), S. 159-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Keywords: nonlinear temperature behavior ; Eyring plot ; modified Eyring plot ; selectivity ; selection process ; enantioselectivity ; selection level ; isoinversion principle ; isoinversion temperature ; inversion temperature ; kinetics ; catalysis ; asymmetric hydrogenation ; dihydroxylation ; cocyclization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the temperature on selectivity is described under special consideration of nonlinearities in the corresponding modified Eyring plots. Reasons for the experimentally well-known behavior are discussed. Furthermore, the conditions for nonlinear temperature behavior are quantified and a concept is described which allows the determination of the temperature dependence of a single reaction pathway in a selection process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019185532627
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The polymerization of sickle hemoglobin in solutions and cells (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 110-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Polymerization ; sickle hemoglobin ; sickle cell disease ; kinetics ; thermodynamics ; polymer domains ; nucleation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The polymerization of sickle hemoglobin occurs by the same mechanisms in solutions and in cells, and involves the formation of 14 stranded fibers from hemoglobin molecules which have assumed a deoxy quaternary structure. The fibers form via two types of highly concentration-dependent nucleation processes: homogeneous nucleation in solutions with hemoglobin activity above a critical activity, and heterogeneous nucleation in similarly supersaturated solutions which also contain hemoglobin polymers. The latter pathway is dominant, and creates polymer arrays called domains. The individual polymers bend, but also cross-link, and the resulting mass behaves as a solid. The concentration of polymerized hemoglobin increases exponentially unless clamped by rate limiting effects such as oxygen delivery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01989414
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solvent effects in the kinetics of the enantioselective hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate (1998)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 55 (1998), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: enantioselectivity ; hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate ; Pt/alumina catalyst ; solvent effects ; kinetics ; solvent polarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of solvent on the kinetics of enantioselective hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate by Pt/Al2O3/dihydrocinchonidine is reported. In a non‐polar solvent, toluene, the reaction is approximately zero order in substrate at constant hydrogen pressure, while under the same conditions and at the same substrate concentration, in the polar solvents ethanol and propylene carbonate the reaction shows a first‐order substrate concentration dependence. Fits to a Michaelis–Menten rate expression show that these differences are the expression of the relative magnitudes of the adsorption term in the rate expression, which in turn reflects the influence of the solvent on the adsorption–desorption processes which take place at the catalyst surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019078727850
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative Analysis of Different DNA Extraction Protocols: A Fast, Universal Maxi-Preparation of High Quality Plant DNA for Genetic Evaluation and Phylogenetic Studies (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 69-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: cpDNA ; DNA extraction ; fingerprinting ; forest trees ; M13 fingerprinting ; method ; PCR ; rDNA ; RFLP ; rhododendron ; plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four DNA extraction protocols were compared for ability to produce DNA from the leaves or needles of several species: oak, elm, pine, fir, poplar and maize (fresh materials) and rhododendron (silica dried or frozen material). With the exception of maize and poplar, the species are known to be difficult for DNA extraction. Two protocols represented classical procedures for lysis and purification, and the other two were a combination of classical lysis followed by anion exchange chromatography. The DNA obtained from all procedures was quantified and tested by PCR and Southern hybridisation.Test results indicated superiority of one of the four protocols; a combination of CTAB lysis followed by anion exchange chromatography which enabled DNA extraction from all seven species. A second protocol also produced DNA from leaves or needles of all species investigated and was well suited for PCR applications but not Southern hybridisations. The remaining protocols produced DNA from some but not all species tested. Abbreviations: CTAB, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide; EtOH, Ethanol; TBE, tris-borate-EDTA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007428009556
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of mineral nutrients on the kinetics of methane utilization by methanotrophs (1993)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 4 (1993), S. 163-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: factorial analysis ; kinetics ; methane ; methanotrophs ; nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of different mineral nutrients on the kinetics of methane biodegradation by a mixed culture of methanotrophic bacteria was studied. The substrate factors examined were ammonia, iron, copper, manganese, phosphate, and sulphide. The presence of iron in the growth medium had a strong effect on the yield coefficient. Yield coefficients up to 0.49 mg protein per mg methane were observed when iron was added at concentrations of 0.10–5.0 mg/l. Iron addition also increased the maximum methane utilization rate. The same effect was observed after addition of ammonium to a medium where nitrate was the only nitrogen source. The observed Monod constant for methane utilization increased with increasing concentration of ammonia. This shows that ammonia is a weak competitive inhibitor as observed by other researchers. Relatively high levels of both ammonia (70 mg/l) and copper (300 µg/l) inhibited the methane degradation, probably due to the toxic effect of copper-amine complexes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695118
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformation kinetics and potential availability of specifically-sorbed phosphate in soils (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 51 (1998), S. 209-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Desorption ; kinetics ; microbial transformation ; phosphate ; soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The improvement of P management in agriculture and environment requires a good understanding of residual effect of applied P in soils. The specific adsorption of P on variable charge minerals has been considered as the major mechanism that leads to a very low utilization of P fertilizer by crops within a growing season in Chinese red soils. Soil incubation and isotope tracing analysis were carried out to examine the transformation kinetics and potential availability of added specifically sorbed 32P in two pH contrasting light textured soils. The 32P recovered by 0.5 M NaHCO3 extraction and microbial biomass-P measurement from the added specifically sorbed 32P in the soils was well described by a first-order reaction and a Langmuir-type kinetic model, with correlation coefficients (R) being, on average, 0.938 and 0.959, respectively. The half-life (t1/2, from the first-order model) of the four tested mineral-P complexes ranged from 29 to 47 d in the acid sandy soil and 33 to 105 d in the neutral silty soil. Goethite-P was the most stable among the four tested mineral-P complexes. The potential availability of the mineral complex P (q m , in percent of total 32P added) obtained from the Langmuir equation ranged from 43.7 to 90.9% for the four mineral-P complexes, and decreased in the order: Al oxide-P (90.9%) 〉 montmorillonite-P (86.2%) 〉 kaolinite-P (77.5%) 〉 goethite-P (60.2%) in the acid sandy soil, whereas the order was Al oxide-P (89.3%) 〉 kaolinite-P (86.2%) 〉 montmorillonite-P (82.6%) 〉 goethite-P (43.7%) in the neutral silty soil. Based on the release rate and potential availability, kaolinite-P and Al oxide-P could be important sources for residual effect of applied P in variable-charge soils. The goethite-P has the lowest release rate and potential availability among the mineral-P complexes, implying that iron oxides may be the most important variable-charge mineral responsible for P fixation in the Chinese red soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009749619865
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Rapid DNA Extraction Method for RFLP and PCR Analysis from a Single Dry Seed (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 90-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: DNA extration ; DNA fingerprint ; half seed ; PCR ; RFLP ; target gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A single-seed DNA extraction method was developed for rapid identification of plant genotype. The method was applied to 12 plant species, including the oil seeds sesame and soybean. The results were comparable to those obtained for oil-less seeds such as rice. This method will be useful for genotypic selection which requires rapid screening of large populations. It can also be used to identify varietal purity of seed stocks by PCR and RFLP analysis. The method includes two major steps, (i) treatment by proteinase K in an SDS extraction buffer, and (ii) grinding of a single half seed in the buffer after incubation. About 1.5–2 µg of DNA per half seed (the endosperm part) of rice was obtained and more than 200 half seed samples could be handled by one person in a day. The DNA could be used for fingerprinting and detection of target genes in a transgenic plant by PCR. The amplified PCR products from the half seed DNA exhibited the same banding patterns as those from leaf DNA. Yield and quality of DNA extracted from half seeds of rice was also sufficient for RFLP analysis. The remnant half seeds containing the embryo can be maintained for later germination of selected genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007418606098
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of redox cycling of iron coupled with fulvic acid (1993)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 55 (1993), S. 103-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: iron(III) (hydr)oxide ; fulvic acid ; iron redox cycling ; dissolution ; surface reactivity ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of conversion of iron(III) (hydr)oxides to ferrous iron mediated by fulvic acid have been investigated in order to improve the understanding of the redox cycling of iron at the oxic-anoxic boundary in natural waters. Under the conditions similar to natural waters, fulvic acid is able to reduce the iron(III) (hydr)oxide. The kinetics of the reaction depend on the reactivity of iron(III) (hydr)oxides and the reducing power of the fulvic acid. The rate of reaction is 60 nm/h obtained under following conditions: total concentration of Fe(III) 1.0 × 10−4 M, pH 7.5, fulvic acid 5 mg/L. The rate is considered as a net result of reduction and oxidation in the 〉 FeIII-OH/Fe(II) “wheel” coupled with fulvic acid. In a real natural water system, reductants other than fulvic acid may be of importance. The results obtained in the laboratory, however, provide evidence that the Fe(OH)3(s)/Fe(II) redox couple is able to act as an electron-transfer mediator for the oxidation of natural organic substances, such as fulvic acid by molecular oxygen either in the absence of microorganisms or as a supplement to microbial activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877439
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new polymorphism in the promoter of the Interleukin 5 receptor alpha subunit (IL-5RA) gene (1998)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 65-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words IL-5Rα ; Promoter ; Polymorphism ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050402
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RAPD markers for constructing intraspecific tomato genetic maps (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 293-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; Genetic marker ; Intraspecific genetic map ; DNA polymorphism ; Isozyme ; RFLP ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The existing molecular genetic maps of the tomato, Lycopersicon spp, are constructed based on isozyme and RFLP polymorphisms between tomato species. These maps are useful for certain applications but have few markers that exhibit sufficient polymorphisms for intraspecific analysis and manipulations within the cultivated tomato. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative potential of RAPD technology, as compared to isozymes and RFLPs, to generate polymorphic DNA markers within cultivated tomatoes. Sixteen isozymes and 25 RFLP clones that were known to detect polymorphism between L. esculentum and L. pennellii, and 313 random oligonucleotide primers were examined. None of the isozymes and only four of the RFLP clones (i.e., 16%) revealed polymorphism between the cultivated varieties whereas up to 63% of the RAPD primers detected one or more polymorphic DNA fragments between these varieties. All RAPD primers detected polymorphism between L. esculentum and L. pennellii genotypes. These results clearly indicate that RAPD technology can generate sufficient genetic markers exploiting sequence differences within cultivated tomatoes to facilitate construction of intraspecific genetic maps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237139
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural and molecular study of plastid inheritance in Abies alba and some Abies hybrids (1998)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 11 (1998), S. 284-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Abies ; Egg cell ; Plastid inheritance ; RFLP ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ultrastructure of egg cells in Abies alba was examined to elucidate the lack of maternal inheritance of plastids. Before fertilization, maternal plastids are absent in the perinuclar zone containing mainly mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. During egg cell development the maternal plastids are transformed into large inclusions which are situated mostly towards the periphery of the egg cell, and finally disintegrate. As a consequence, they do not participate in zygote formation. RFLP analysis of cpDNA of parental trees and their F1 interspecific hybrids (A. alba×A. numidica, A. alba×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. Alba) using HindIII and BamHI showed a paternal mode of cpDNA inheritance. Paternal inheritance has also been found with PCR/RFLP analysis of cpDNA from parental trees and their hybrids (A. alba×A. pinsapo, A. pinsapo×A. alba, A. pinsapo×A. numidica) using ApaI and HaeIII digests, as well as in the crosses of A. cephalonica×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. cephalonica, A. cephalonica×A. numidica using TagI digests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004970050155
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alignment of molecular and classical linkage maps of rice, Oryza sativa (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 457-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Rice (Oryza sativa) ; Genetic Marker ; Genetic Map ; Integrated Linkage Map ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Application of genetic linkage maps in plant genetics and breeding can be greatly facilitated by integrating the available classical and molecular genetic linkage maps. In rice, Oryza sativa L., the classical linkage map includes about 300 genes which correspond to various important morphological, physiological, biochemical and agronomic characteristics. The molecular maps consist of more than 500 DNA markers which cover most of the genome within relatively short intervals. Little effort has been made to integrate these two genetic maps. In this paper we report preliminary results of an ongoing research project aimed at the complete integration and alignment of the two linkage maps of rice. Six different F2 populations segregating for various phenotypic and RFLP markers were used and a total of 12 morphological and physiological markers (Table 1) were mapped onto our recently constructed molecular map. Six linkage groups (i.e., chr. 1, 3, 7, 9, 11 and 12) on our RFLP map were aligned with the corresponding linkage groups on the classical map, and the previous alignment for chromosome 6 was further confirmed by RFLP mapping of an additional physiological marker on this chromosome. Results from this study, combined with our previous results, indicate that, for most chromosomes in rice, the RFLP map encompasses the classical map. The usefulness of an integrated genetic linkage map for rice genetics and breeding is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234712
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability of controlled release carbamazepine estimated by mixed effect modelling (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 44 (1993), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Carbamazepine ; kinetics ; population pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; controlled release ; non-linear model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absorption properties of a conventional tablet of carbamazepine (T) and a controlled release form of carbamazepine (TCR) have been compared using a nonlinear mixed effect model (NONMEM). Plasma carbamazepine concentration data were obtained from an open, steady-state, crossover bioavailability study in which 494 measurements were obtained from 13 patients, with an equal number of samples per patient for each dosage form. The pharmacokinetic model used was a one-compartment open model with first-order absorption and elimination. The objective function was used as a measure of the goodness of fit of the model to the data. Body weight was an important determinant of carbamazepine clearance (CL) but not volume of distribution (V). Accounting for the interindividual variability in volume of distribution did not significantly influence the objective function. Including different rates of absorption (ka) for the two dosage forms resulted in a significant improvement in the objective function, as well as reducing the interindividual variability in the rate of absorption. Adding a parameter for relative bioavailability (f) of TCR improved the objective function statistically, but an unrealistic value for V was obtained, and the absorption and elimination rates appeared to be transposed in the classical “flip-flop” manner. Fixing V to the value obtained before introducing f did not change the objective function and permitted estimation of f without the confounding influence of excessive parameters. The final population parameter estimates (standard error of estimate) were: CL, 0.0522 (0.0019) l·h−1·kg−1; V, 63.7 (FIXED)l; kaT, 0.312 (0.064) h−1; kaTCR, 0.149 (0.016) h−1; f, 1.01 (0.0326); variance (additive) in CL, 0.291 (0.083) (l·h−1·kg−1)2; residual intrasubject error variance (additive), 0.572 (0.082) (mg·l−1)2. The 95% confidence interval of the extent of absorption (f) of 93.6%–107.4% was well within the generally accepted range of ±20%, while the rate of absorption of Tegretol CR was significantly slower than that of Tegretol, as expected for a controlled release product.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00271363
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new thermobalance for studies of the high-temperature sulphidation of metals and alloys (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 39 (1993), S. 15-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: alloys ; high-temperature sulphidation ; kinetics ; new thermobalane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein neue Apparat zur Untersuchung der Hochtemperatur-Sulfidierung von Metallen in H2/H2S Atmosphare beschrieben. Der Unterschied zwischen diesem Apparat und dem fruher benutzten, besteht im Gasdosierungsystem. Wasserstoff reagiert teilweise mit Schwefel, was eine stabile Zusammensetzung des Gasgemisches beim niedrigen Schwefeldampfdruck sichert. Gewichtsmessungen von Metallen und Legierungen konnen in diesem System bei Temperaturen von 1073 bis 1473 K mit einer Genauigkeit von 10−6 g ausgefuhrt werden.
    Notes: Abstract A new thermogravimetric apparatus for studying the kinetics of metal sulphidation in a H2/H2S gas mixture is described. The main difference between this device and other equipment is the application of hydrogen to obtain a H2/H2S mixture at suitable sulphur partial pressures at a total mixture pressure of 1 atm. The use of the carrier gas allows the measurement of sulphidation kinetics under dynamic conditions and consequently over a much wider pressure range of sulphur vapour, down to 10−12 atm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02235442
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal and temperature dependence of electrical conductivity studies on Zn, Cd and Hg hydrazone complexes (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 39 (1993), S. 65-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: electrical conductivity ; hydrazone complexes ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei zwei verschiedenenpH-Werten wurden die Zn-, Cd- und Hg-Komplexe von Isatinisonicotinoylhydrazon hergestellt. Diese wurden thermisch untersucht (TG, DTG, DTA) und die Gleichstromleitfähigkeit von gepreßten Pulverproben als eine Funktion der Temperatur untersucht. Sowohl für die Liganden als auch für die Komplexe wurden die Aktivierungsenergien (ΔE) berechnet, wobei sich für die Liganden niedrigere Werte ergaben. Man fand, daß die Größe von ΔE durch die Art des Metalles und denpH-Wert bei der Herstellung beeinflußt wird.
    Notes: Abstract The complexes of Zn, Cd and Hg of isatin isonicotinoyl hydrazone were prepared at two differentpHs. Their thermal studies (TG, DTG and DTA) have been made and the DC electrical conductivity of compressed powder samples as a function of temperature was investigated. The activation energies (ΔE) were calculated for the ligand and the complexes which showed that the ligand has a lower value of ΔE than the complexes. The magnitude of ΔE was found to be affected by the nature of the metal and thepH of preparation.
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    Effect of alkali additives on the kinetics of WO3+CCl4 reaction (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 39 (1993), S. 75-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: chlorination ; kinetics ; WO3+CCl4 reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mittels Thermogravimetrie wurde die Chlorierungskinetik von alkaliversetztem (K und Li) Wolframtrioxid untersucht, wobei CCl4 als Chlorierungsreagens fungierte. Die Reaktivität der modifizierten Proben wurden mit der von reinem WO3 verglichen. Für die reinen und für die alkaliversetzten Proben wurden ähnliche scheinbare Aktivierungsenergien gefunden. Der Zusatz von Kalium verursacht jedoch eine starke Abnahme der ursprünglichen Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit, während oberflächiges Lithium keinen Effekt zeigt. Während der Chlorierung wurde eine ständige Senkung der linearen Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit für beide Proben festgestellt, was mit Rückhalteeffekten von oberflächigen Nebenprodukten und Alkalizusätzen erklärt wird. Zur Beschreibung der isothermen TG-Kurven wurde ein entsprechendes kinetisches Modell angenommen, welches auf einer monoton steigenden Inhibition dieser Proben basiert. Die auf der Grundlage dieses Modelles berechnete Kurve stimmt recht gut mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen überein.
    Notes: Abstract The chlorination kinetics of alkali-added (K and Li) tungsten trioxide were studied by thermogravimetry, using gaseous CCl4 as chlorinating agent. The reactivity of the modified samples was compared to the results on the chlorination of pure WO3. Similar apparent activation energies were found for the pure and alkali-added samples. However, potassium additive resulted in a strong decrease of the initial reaction rate, while surface lithium has no influence on it. During the chlorination a continuous decrease of the linear reaction rate was observed for both samples, which was explained by retarding effects of surface by-products and alkali additives. For describing the isothermal TG curves an appropriate kinetic model, based on the monotonously increasing inhibition of these species was assumed. The curve calculated with this model fits well to the experimental results.
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    Comparative studies on the curing kinetics and thermal stability of tetrafunctional epoxy resins using various amines as curing agents (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 39 (1993), S. 229-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: epoxy resins ; kinetics ; thermal stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Vernetzungsreaktionen der Epoxidharze Tetraglycidyl-diamino-diphenyl-methan (TGDDM) und Tetraglycidyl-methylen-bis(o-toluidin) (TGMBT) unter Verwendung von Diaminodiphenylsulfon (DDS), Diaminodiphenylmethan (DDM) und Diethylentriamin (DETA) als Vernetzungsmittel wurden kinetisch mittels DSC untersucht. Die dynamischen Scans im Temperaturbereich 20°–300°C wurden analysiert, um unter Anwendung einiger empirischer Gleichungen die Aktivierungsenergie und die Reaktionsordnung des Vernetzungsprozesses zu ermitteln. Die Aktivierungsenergie der einzelnen Epoxy-Systeme liegt im Bereich 71.9–110.2 kJ·mol−1. An der ausgehärteten Harze wurde mittels TG in einer statischen Luftatmosphäre un deiner Aufheizgeschwindigkeit von 10 Grad/min die Kinetik des termischen Abbaues untersucht. Man fand, daß die thermiscehn Abbaureaktionen in einem Schritt ablaufen und ihre Aktivierungsenergie im Intervall 27.6–51.4 kJ·mol−1 liegt.
    Notes: Abstract The curing reactions of the epoxy resins tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM) and tetraglycidyl methylenebis (o-toluidine) (TGMBT) using diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS), diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) and diethylenetriamine (DETA) as curing agents were studied kinetically by differential scanning calorimetry. The dynamic scans in the temperature range 20°–300°C were analyzed to estimate the activation energy and the order of reaction for the curing process using some empirical relations. The activation energy for the various epoxy systems is observed in the range 71.9–110.2 kJ·mol−1. The cured epoxy resins were studied for kinetics of thermal degradation by thermogravimetry in a static air atmosphere at a heating rate of 10 deg·min−1. The thermal degradation reactions were found to proceed in a single step having an activation energy in the range 27.6–51.4 kJ·mol−1.
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    Thermoxidative Decomposition of Some Polysulfones under Dynamic Conditions of Heating (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 569-579 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: bromomethylated polysulfone ; carboxylated polysulfone ; kinetics ; polysulfone ; thermoxidative decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Kinetic aspects of the first step of thermoxidative decomposition, under dynamic conditions of heating, of some polysulfones have been studied. The dependence of the kinetic parameters on the heating rate and conversion degree has been established. The compensation effect and conversion function have also been discussed. Polysulfone decomposes by the breaking of the main chain, a process involving very high activation energy. Chemically modified polysulfones show the first step of thermoxidative decomposition at relatively low temperatures. This step corresponds to the elimination of functional side - groups for the bromomethylated polysulfone while in the case of the carboxylated polysolfone, the loss of the carboxyl group is probably accompanied by a crosslinking reaction.
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    Thermal Decomposition of BaC2O4·0.5H2O Studied by Stepwise Isothermal Analysis and Non-Isothermal Thermogravimetry (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 53 (1998), S. 397-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: barium oxalate ; kinetics ; non-isothermal thermogravimetry ; stepwise isothermal analysis ; thermal decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal decomposition of BaC2O4·0.5H2O in air was studied by a combination of stepwise isothermal analysis (SIA) and non-isothermal thermogravimetry. The results from both techniques show that the crystal water is released in one step and that anhydrous barium oxalate is decomposed in one step, while BaCO3 decomposes in three steps to BaO, forming two intermediate compounds with the formulas of BaCO3·(BaO)2 and (BaCO3)0.5·(BaO)2.5. Reaction mechanism analyses using the data from SIA measurements show that the controlling mechanism for all the five decomposition steps in isothermal conditions is a two-dimensional phase-boundary controlled process. Kinetic parameters are obtained for the five decomposition steps from the non-isothermal thermogravimetric data.
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    Obtaining Kinetic Parameters by Modulated Thermogravimetry (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 54 (1998), S. 695-704 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: activation energy ; decomposition ; kinetics ; modulated temperature ; thermogravimetry ; volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new technique, called modulated thermogravimetry, is introduced as a tool for obtaining continuous kinetic information for decomposition and volatilization reactions. The approach makes use of an oscillatory temperature program to obtain kinetic parameters during a mass loss. MTGA™ may be used under quasi-isothermal conditions to observe a single mass loss or may be combined with linear heating rate or Hi-Res™ controlled rate thermogravimetry to scan from one mass loss region to another. Results obtained are in agreement with those obtained by other kinetic methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010171315715
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    Kinetic Studies on the Thermal Dissociation of β-Cyclodextrin·Ethyl Benzoate Inclusion Complexes (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 54 (1998), S. 947-956 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: β-cyclodextrin ; ethyl benzoate ; inclusion complex ; kinetics ; thermal decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The stability of β-cyclodextrin·ethyl benzoate·6H2O(β-CD·C6H5COOC2H5·6H2O) was investigated by TG and DSC. The mass loss takes place in three stages: the dehydration occurs at 50-120°C; the dissociation of β-CD·C6H5COOC2H5occurs at 200-260°C; the decomposition of β-CD begins at 280°C. The kinetics of the dissociation of β-CD·C6H5COOC2H5in a dry nitrogen flow was studied by means of thermogravimetry both at constant temperature and linearly increasing temperature. The results show that the dissociation of β-CD·C6H5COOC2H5is dominated by a three-dimensional diffusion process (D3). The activation energy E is 116.19 kJ mol-1and the pre-exponential factor A 6.5358·109min-1. Cyclodextrin is able to form inclusion complexes with a great variety of guest molecules, and the studies focus on the energy of binding between cyclodextrin and the guest molecule. In this paper, the β-cyclodextrin·ethyl benzoate inclusion complex was studied by fluorescence spectrophotometry and infrared absorption spectroscopy, and the results show that the stable energy of inclusion complexes of β-CD with weakly polar guest molecules consists mainly of van der Waals interaction.
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    Positronium Conversion Reactions for Testing the Electron Delocalization in 3d Complexes Caused by Ligands (1998)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 9 (1998), S. 389-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: Positronium chemistry ; kinetics ; spin exchange reactions ; paramagnetic 3d complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The rate constants of ortho- into para-positronium conversion reactions promoted by paramagnetic 3d complexes were found to be linearly correlated with the delocalization, β of unpaired metal electrons caused by ligands. It is shown here that βs, usually obtained by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, may also be deduced from the correlations mentioned above.
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    Kinetic On-line Evaluation of Chemical Reactions (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 187-194 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: calorimetry ; kinetics ; on-line ; optimization ; software
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A computer program was developed for kinetic evaluations of calorimetric experiments to predict the further reaction run under adiabatic conditions. Kinetic modeling is based on elementary reaction steps whose rate laws form a set of differential equations. For the continuous parameter optimization time-temperature data and their derivatives are used. A special calorimeter of the ACTRON series with safety equipment was applied to investigate the kinetics of chemical reactions and to test kinetic on-line evaluations. In the paper, examples for the reaction of n-propanol with o-chlornitrobenzene and for the alcoholysis of phenyl isocyanate are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010130727481
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    The cis-trans Isomerization of Azobenzene in the Molten State: A useful test reaction for the kinetic evaluation of DSC measurements (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: azobenzene ; DSC ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Contrary to the situation in the field of temperature, heat and heat flow rate calibration, so far no generally accepted and easily practicable chemical reaction exists with regard to a kinetic evaluation. A possible reaction would be the well-known first-order cis-trans isomerization of subcooled liquid azobenzene. Surprisingly, the evaluation of measurements performed with a power compensated calorimeter yields activation parameters, which are dependent on the heating rate. The desmearing of the curves does not produce any improvements. However, constant activation parameters are obtained, if a small self-heating of the sample during the exothermic reaction is taken into account.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010178610642
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    Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Lanthanum Complexes of 1,2-(Diimino-4'-Antipyrinyl)ethane (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 475-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: complexes of lanthanum ; entropy of activation ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics and mechanism of the thermal decomposition of perchlorate, nitrate and iodide complexes of lanthanum with the Schiff base 1,2-(diimino-4'-antipyrinyl)ethane (abbreviated as GA) have been studied by TG and DTG techniques. The kinetic parameters like the activation energy, the pre-exponential factor and the entropy of activation were calculated for the major decomposition stages (Stages I and II) using Coats-Redfern equation. The rate controlling process obey ‘Mampel model’ with random nucleation with one nucleus on each particle. The kinetic parameters indicate that the ligands are loosely bound to metal ion and the activated complex formed in the decomposition reaction is more ordered than the reactants.
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    Considerations on the Thermal Behaviour and Oxidation Resistance of Cast Iron (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 425-438 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; nodular cast iron ; TG-DTG-DTA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal analysis was used to characterize the thermal behaviour and oxidation resistance of some nodular cast irons. Samples of nodular cast iron in various stages of elaboration, with different chemical compositions, were studied. The samples were heated in air, in the temperature range 291-1273 K, and the thermal (TG, DTG and DTA) curves were recorded. A group of samples with low silicon content exhibit similar behaviour: a continuous increase in mass and an exothermic effect up to 1123 K. The thermal effects correspond to iron oxide (Fe3O4, FeO, Fe2O3) formation. At high temperatures (T〉1123 K), there is a decrease in mass and an endothermic effect. A decrease in the superficial carbon content by combustion (‘decarburization’ effect) occurs in the range of high temperatures. The two effects of oxidation and decarburization depend on the structural changes which occur in cast iron at high temperatures. The decarburization process was modelled and the kinetic parameters were determined (reaction order n=0.76; activation energy E=141 kJ mol-1; pre-exponential factor A=2·102s-1). The oxidation process was studied by non-isothermal methods with regard to two mechanisms: two-dimensional transport for low temperatures, and three-dimensional transport through a sphere for high temperatures. The activation energies were calculated: 68 kJ mol-1 for low temperatures and 122 kJ mol-1 for high temperatures.
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    Mechanism and Kinetics of Thermal Dissociation of Inclusion Complex of Benzaldehyde with β-Cyclodextrin (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 53 (1998), S. 825-833 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: benzaldehyde ; β-cyclodextrin ; inclusion complex ; kinetics ; mechanism ; thermal dissociation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The inclusion complex of benzaldehyde (BA) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was prepared and was studied by thermal analysis and X-ray diffractometry. The composition of the complex was identified by TG and elemental analysis as β-CD·BA·9H2O. TG and DSC studies showed that the thermal dissociation of β-CD·BA·9H2O took place in three stages: dehydration in the range 70-120°C; dissociation of β-CD·BA in the range 235-270°C; and decomposition of β-CD above 280°C. The kinetics of dissociation of β-CD·BA in flowing dry nitrogen was studied by means of TG both at constant temperature and at linearly increasing temperature. The results showed that the dissociation of β-CD·BA was dominated by a one-dimensional random nucleation and subsequent growth process (A2). The activation energy E was 124. 8 kJ mol-1, and the pre-exponential factor A 5.04·1011 min-1.
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    The Non-Parametric Kinetics A New Method for the Kinetic Study of Thermoanalytical Data (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 933-943 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; non-parametric kinetics method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The application of the new method non-parametric kinetics for kinetic analysis is discussed. It is shown that this method is able to obtain all the kinetic information needed to reproduce accurately the experimental data. To validate this method a set of numerical simulations of the most commonly used kinetic models has been performed and analysed with the method.
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    Oxidation of Saturated Fatty Acids Esters DSC investigations (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 54 (1998), S. 211-217 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; fatty acids esters ; kinetics ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation of saturated fatty acids ethyl esters: laurate, myristate, palmitate and stearate was investigated by means of DSC techniques under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. The activation energies of isothermal oxidation were similar to each other (112–123 kJ mol−1) and no influence of carbon length on the rate of oxidative decomposition was observed. Results obtained from non-isothermal experiments were similar only for the first stage of oxidation.
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    ASTM Kinetics of Oil Shales (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 53 (1998), S. 567-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: combustion ; differential scanning calorimeter ; kinetics ; oil shale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal analysis is increasingly being used to obtain kinetic data relating to sample decomposition. In this research differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to determine the combustion kinetics of three (Çan, Himmetoglu and Mengen) oil shale samples by ASTM and Roger & Morris methods. On DSC curves two reaction regions were observed on oil shale sample studied except Çan oil shale. In DSC experiments higher heating rates resulted in higher reaction temperatures and higher heat of reactions. Distinguishing peaks shifted to higher temperatures with an increase in heating rate. Three different kinetic models (ASTM I-II and Rogers & Morris) were used to determine the kinetic parameters of the oil shale samples studied. Activation energies were in the range of 131.8-185.3 kJ mol-1 for ASTM methods and 18.5-48.8 kJ mol-1 for Rogers & Morris method.
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    Thermal Analysis and Kinetic Study of Decomposition processes of Some Commercial Pesticides I. Triazine derivatives (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 53 (1998), S. 937-956 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: enthalpy ; GC—MS measurements ; kinetics ; simultaneous TG—DSC ; thermal stability ; 1,3,5 triazine derivatives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal behaviour of some commercial pesticides was studied by means of simultaneous TG-DSC measurements. Kinetic parameters relating to liquid—gas-phase transition processes were determined via a dynamic TG technique. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to make measurements on the gaseous products. The liquid—gas-phase transition processes of these compounds seem to be influenced by the substituent groups rather than by the side-chains. A chlorine substituent destabilizes some compounds, bringing closer together the temperatures of melting and liquid—gas-phase transition processes.
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    Gamma-radiation effects on the reduction of hematite to iron in the graphite-iron(III) oxide system (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 39 (1993), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: gamma radiation effects ; graphite-hematite system ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mittels isothermer und dynamischer TG wurde im Graphit-Eisen(III)oxidsystem in Luft der Einfluß von60Co-Gammastrahlung und von verschiedenen Probenzusammensetzungen auf die Reduktion von Hämatit zu Eisen untersucht. Entsprechend verschiedener theoretischer Modelle heterogener Reaktionen wurde eine kinetische Analyse der isothermen Daten durchgeführt und die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß das dreidimensionale Phasengrenzenmodell die beste Übereinstimmung liefert. Die Analyse der dynamischen TG-Daten wurde mittels der Integralmethode von Ozawa, der Coats-Redfem-Methode und einer zusammengesetzten Methode auf der Grundlage der modifizierten Coats und Redfern Gleichung durchgeführt. Die Aktivierungsparameter wurden berechnet und die Ergebnisse der verschiedenen Methoden miteinander verglichen und diskutiert. Strahlung scheint keine Änderung des Reaktionsmodelles oder des Mechanismus hervorzurufen. Durch Bestrahlung gibt es aber ein Absinken der Aktivierungsenergie und des Frequenzfaktors sowie ein Absinken der Halbwertszeit der Reaktion, was bei höheren Temperaturen und höherer Dosis bemerkenswert groß ist.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of60Co-gamma radiation and of various sample composition on the reduction of hematite to iron in the graphite-iron(III) oxide system in air were studied using isothermal and dynamic TG techniques. Kinetic analysis of isothermal data were performed according to various theoretical models of heterogeneous reactions and the results showed that the three-dimensional phase boundary model gives the best fit of data. Analysis of dynamic TG data were made using Ozawa integral method, Coats-Redfern method and a composite method based on the modified Coats and redfern equation. The activation parameters were calculated and the results of the different methods were compared and discussed. Radiation apparently did not introduce a change in the reaction model or mechanism. However, there is a decrease in activation energy and frequency factor upon irradiation and a decrease in the half-life time of the reaction which is remarkable at the higher temperatures and higher doses.
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    Isothermal DSC investigation of the kinetics of thermooxidative decomposition of some edible oils (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 39 (1993), S. 217-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; edible oils ; isothermal method ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Unter Einsatz der isothermen Methode wurden kinetische Untersuchungen der thermooxidativen Zersetzung einiger Speiseöle durchgeführt. Zur Bestimmung des Umwandlungsgrades wurde ein DS-Kalorimeter von DuPont eingesetzt. Grundlage der Untersuchung bildeten Leinöl, Rizinusöl und Olivenöl.
    Notes: Abstract The thermooxidative decompositions of some edible oils were investigated. Isothermal measurements of convention were made with a Du Pont differential scanning calorimeter. Linseed oil, castor oil, olive oil and cod-liver oil were investigated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01981734
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    Study on curing of novolac epoxy resin (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 39 (1993), S. 351-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: epoxy resin ; kinetics ; polyamide hardener
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mittels DSC wurde die Optimierung des Einsatzverhältnisses von Epoxidnovolackharz Dobeckot E4 und Polyamidhärtungsmittel EH411 durchgeführt. Die Daten ergaben, daß ein Harz-Polyamid-Verhältnis von 100∶40 bzw. 100∶50 das Optimum zu sein scheint, bei dem die Aushärtung am größten ist. Mittels isothermer und dynamischer DSC-Methoden wurden die kinetischen Parameter für diese Ansätze ermittelt. Unter Anwendung der isothermen DSC-Methode im Temperaturbereich 70°–90°C wurde die Geschwindigkeitskonstante für den Aushärtungsprozeß dieser Ansätze ermittelt. Diese wurden mittels Extrapolation der erhaltenen Angaben für höhere Temperaturen auch für die Temperatur 201°C (Raumtemperatur) vorhergesagt. Vorhergesagte und experimentell ermittelte Werte stehen in guter Übereinstimmung zueinander.
    Notes: Abstract The optimization of proportions of novolac epoxy resin, Dobeckot E4 and polyamide hardener, EH411 has been established by DSC and the data indicates that resin-polyamide, 100∶40 and 100∶50, appear to be optimum where ‘extent of cure’ is maximum. The kinetic parameters for these formulations have been evaluated using isothermal and dynamic modes by employing DSC. The rate constants have been evaluated for curing process of these formulations using isothermal DSC mode in the temperature range of 70°–90°C. These have also been predicted at 20°±1°C (room temperature) by extrapolating the data obtained at elevated temperatures. A comparison of the predicted values with the experimental values shows that there is a good agreement between them.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01983533
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    Kinetics and Mechanism of Dehydration of Heteropolyacids (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 53 (1998), S. 235-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: decomposition ; dehydration ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics and mechanism of the dehydration and decomposition of heteropolyacids of molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium (H3+xYx+M12O40·mH2O; Y=Si, P; M=Mo, W) were studied. The data obtained on the dehydration kinetic parameters correlate with the expected structures, of these crystal hydrates, the IR data and X-ray phase analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010100611778
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    Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of Molybdenum Sulphide (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 53 (1998), S. 263-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; molybdenum sulphide ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on the results attained in the determination of the mechanism of oxidation of molybdenum sulphide under non-isothermal conditions in an air atmosphere. The mechanism of the process was determined by simultaneous DTA-TG-DTG, and the kinetic parameters of the reactions involved were obtained according to the methods of Kissinger and Ozawa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010108813595
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    Kinetics and Mechanism of the Thermal Decomposition of M(NO3)2·nH2O (M=Cu, Co, Ni) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 53 (1998), S. 617-623 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; nitrates ; thermal decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the results of simultaneous DTA-TG-DTG and DSC studies on the thermal decomposition of Cu(NO3)2·3H2O, Co(NO3)2·6H2O and Ni(NO3)2·6H2O in an air atmosphere. The mechanism and enthalpies of the investigated processes were determined, as well as the kinetic parameters of the processes run under non-isothermal conditions by means of Kissinger's method. The dependence of the activation energy on the ionic radius of the cations building up the crystal lattices of the investigated compounds was also studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010170231923
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    Pyrolysis Analysis and Kinetics of Crude Oils (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 781-788 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: crude oil ; differential scanning calorimetry ; kinetics ; pyrolysis ; thermal analysis ; thermogravimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This research presents the results of an experimental study on the determination of pyrolysis behaviour and kinetics of six crude oils by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG/DTG). Crude oil pyrolysis indicated two main temperature ranges where loss of mass was observed. The first region between ambient to 400°C was distillation. The second region between 400 and 600°C was visbreaking and thermal cracking. Arrhenius-type kinetic model is used to determine the kinetic parameters of crude oils studied. It was observed that as crude oils gets heavier (°API decreases) cracking activation energy increases. Activation energy of cracking also show a general trend with asphaltene content.
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    A Theoretical Approach to the Description of the Thermal Dissociation of N,N,N-Trimethylmethanaminium Halides (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 54 (1998), S. 189-195 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: decomposition ; kinetics ; N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium halides ; theory ; thermodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract MNDO/d and PM3 quantum chemistry methods were used to examine reaction pathways and predict thermodynamic and kinetic barriers for the thermal dissociation of isolated conglomerates of N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium cations (TMA+) and halide anions (X = Cl−, Br− and I−). Theoretically obtained changes in enthalpy and entropy for the above-mentioned process were subsequently supplemented with theoretically determined crystal lattice energies, that enabled prediction of relevant characteristics for the dissociation of crystalline phases. Data thus obtained compare only qualitatively with those available in literature and resulting predominantly from thermoanalytical investigations, although values of theoretical characteristics generally follow the same trends as experimental ones.
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    Kinetics and Mechanism of the Natural Mineral Marmatite Oxidation Process (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 54 (1998), S. 35-40 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; marmatite ; oxidation process
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Results obtained by the comparative investigations of the natural mineral marmatite (Zn,Fe)S (Stari Trg, Yugoslavia) oxidation process are presented in this paper. Determination of the oxidation process mechanism was done by thermal analysis methods: DTA-TG-DTG and DSC, while Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray and electronic microanalysis were used for phase composition determination of the products formed during the oxidation process. Kinetics of the process was defined for two temperature intervals 862–973 and 1023–1173 K, under isothermal conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010196230637
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    Determination of the Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Reactions on the Basis of Non-Isothermal Measurements A critical review (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 54 (1998), S. 399-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: activation energy ; kinetics ; non-isothermal measurements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A detailed analysis is presented of the applicability of several dependences commonly used for the determination of activation energies from non-isothermal measurements. Reactions proceeding according to different kinetic equations are simulated and the validity of the activation energy values obtained is discussed. The general conclusion is drawn that none of the examined dependences should be used to determine the activation energy. For a rough estimation of activation energy, the Kissinger equation can be applied according to Ockham's razor.
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    Tetrachlorosilane Consumption in Radio Frequency Glow Discharge (1998)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 18 (1998), S. 509-533 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: RF SiCl4 discharge ; mass spectrometry ; kinetics ; decomposition ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Time-resolved mass spectrometry was used for analysis of the plasma reactions in radio frequency (RF) SiCl 4 and SiCl 4 −O 2 discharges as functions of starting partial pressure and electrical power. Molecular concentrations of the reactants and products from SiCl 4 alone and with O 2 were obtained from the mass spectra and used for plotting the kinetic curves. The SiCl 4 and O 2 consumption rates were calculated from the kinetic curves and compared with results of theoretical simulation of the reaction. Direct electron impact decomposition was found to be the main pathway for pure SiCl 4 conversion. On the contrary, the consumption of SiCl 4 in the SiCl 4 +O 2 mixtures was largely chemical. The experimental macrokinetics are in agreement with a model in which oxidation is caused by the atomic oxygen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021811316740
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    Study of the Influence of Alkaline Ions (Li, Na and K) on the Structure of the Silicate Entities in Silico Alkaline Sol and on the Formation of the Silico-Calco-Alkaline Gel (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 353-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: silicate ; alkaline ; gelation ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The study of silico-calco-alkaline gel is essential to warn against the degradation of concrete due to the alkali-silica reaction. In the laboratory, those gels are simulated by the destabilization of a silico-alkaline sol by calcium ions. Their speed of formation depends on the alkali species. The influence of alkaline ions (Li, Na and K) on the structure of silicate entities in sol and on the gel formation has been studied. The state of polymerization of the silico-alkaline sol was determined by NMR and depends on the alkali species and the molar ratio (Rm = [SiO2]/[A2O] with A = Li, Na or K). It appears that lithium enhances the polymerization. By scattering techniques (SAXS and ELS), the evolution of size and number of scattering particles during gelation can be determined from scattering curves with Guinier approximation. The mechanism of gelation appears as a hierarchic structure composed of several discrete sizes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008644405473
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    Kinetics of Solid State Reactions With Fractal Reagent (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of materials synthesis and processing 6 (1998), S. 305-309 
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    ISSN: 1573-4870
    Keywords: Fractals ; solid state reaction ; kinetics ; nucleation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In the present research we theoretically studied the kinetics of nucleation-limited solid state reactions as influenced by the fractal properties of solid reagent. We consider the model of equal-sized primary particles assembled in fractal cluster. The geometry of such an object is assumed to be described solely by its fractal dimension D and by upper (R max) and lower (R min) cutoffs of fractality further identified with the overall size of the object and the size of the primary particle correspondingly. Depending on the ratio between R max, R min and the radius of the critical nucleus R nucl the following cases are considered: (1) R max ∼ R nucl. In this case the reaction kinetics is described by the equation: α = 1 − B{ln(k′ τ + 1)}D/(D−3), where B, k′ are constants. Numerical solution of this equation gives rise to n-order reaction kinetics with n & 1. (2) R min ≪ R nucl ≪ R max. In this case under certain conditions there can exist non-trivial critical density ρcrit ≠ 0, 1 that favors the formation of the critical nuclei of the new phase. The asymptotic kinetic equation for large times corresponds to n-order reaction with n = (D + 3)/(D + 1). (3) R min ≪ R nucl ∼ R max′. In this case the reaction follows the first-order kinetics with D-dependent rate constant.
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    The Kinetics of Pore Shape Evolution in Alumina (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of materials synthesis and processing 6 (1998), S. 161-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4870
    Keywords: Alumina ; surface ; kinetics ; diffusion ; SALK
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of shape evolution of a completely faceted crystal/internal void by surface diffusion was modeled. Arrays of micron-sized cavities were generated in sapphire substrates with known surface orientations using microlithography and ion beam etching and converted to internal intragranular pores of nonequilibrium shape by diffusion bonding of the etched substrate to an identical-orientation unetched sapphire substrate. Pore shape evolution rates during high-temperature anneals were monitored and found to be highly sensitive to the orientation of the substrate surface. The observed evolution rates were compared with the predictions of the kinetic model using diffusivity values for alumina that span the range from the highest to the lowest diffusion constants reported in the literature. The comparison suggests that surface-attachment-limited kinetics (SALK) play a major role in surface mass transport on stable low-index planes of alumina.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022665418505
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    Evidence for O-dealkylation of 7-pentoxyresorufin by cytochrome P450 2B1/2B2 isoenzymes in brain (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 189 (1998), S. 201-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: brain ; P450 ; PB ; PROD ; induction ; inhibition ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract O-dealkylation of 7-pentoxyresorufin (PR) was studied in rat brain to characterise the functional activity specific for cytochrome P450 2B1/2B2 isoenzymes in brain microsomes. Brain microsomes catalyzed the O-dealkylation of PR in the presence of NADPH. Pretreatment with phenobarbital (PB; 80 mg/kg body wt, i.p.× 5 days) resulted in 3-4 fold induction of pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (PROD) activity while 3-methylcholanthrene (MC; 30 mg/kg body wt, i.p. × 5 days) did not produce any significant increase in enzyme activity. Kinetic studies revealed that the rate of velocity (Vmax) for the O-dealkylation of PR was significantly increased to 2.9 times higher in brain microsomes isolated from PB pretreated rats. In vitro studies using metyrapone, an inhibitor of P450 2B1/2B2 catalyzed reactions and antibody for hepatic PB inducible P450s (P450 2B1/2B2) significantly inhibited the activity of PROD in cerebral microsomes prepared from PB pretreated animals. These studies suggest that PB inducible isoenzymes of P450, i.e. P450 2B1/2B2 specifically catalyze the O-dealkylation of PR in brain microsomes.
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    Kinetic Studies on the Initial Crystallization Process of Lysozyme in the Presence of D2O and H2O (1998)
    Springer
    The protein journal 17 (1998), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Lysozyme ; turbidity ; kinetics ; nucleation ; relaxation time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In the initial stages of the crystallization of egg-white lysozyme, monomeric lysozyme aggregates rapidly and forms a nucleus in the presence of high salt concentrations. The formation process of the aggregates was examined to make clear the difference between the situations in heavy water and in water at the same sodium ion concentration. The aggregation in both cases was observed at unsaturated and/or saturated lysozyme concentrations. The turbidity at 350 nm of lysozyme increased remarkably within 60 min under each experimental condition and showed no appreciable changes over 60 min. The increase of turbidity in H2O was much slower than in D2O at the same salt concentration (3%). Lysozyme showed a critical concentration for nucleus formation whose value in H2O was lower than in D2O at 3% salt concentration. There are two different aggregation models, depending on the concentration of lysozyme. However, similar results were not obtained at 3% sodium ions in H2O. The initial aggregation rate was also dependent on the concentrations of both lysozyme and NaCI. Therefore, the effect of lysozyme concentration on the aggregation process in H2O may be smaller than in D2O.
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    Hemoglobins with multiple reactive sulphydryl groups: The reaction of pigeon hemoglobin with 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (1993)
    Springer
    The protein journal 12 (1993), S. 639-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Sulphydryl groups ; multiple ; hemoglobin ; kinetics ; ionizable groups
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pigeon hemoglobin has eight reactive sulphydryl groups per (tetramer) molecule, as determined by Boyer titration with p-chloromercuribenzoate. However, only four of these are titra-table with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) under the same experimental conditions. The time course of the reaction of pigeon hemoglobin with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) is biphasic. In thepH range 6–9, the fast phase is between one and two orders of magnitude faster than the slow phase. For the fast phase,k app, the apparent second-order rate constant, increases monotonously withpH. Quantitative analysis reveals that the reactionof the sulphydryl group responsible for this phase is coupled to the ionization of two groups with pK a values of 6.15±0.1 and 8.5±0.1. These pK a values are assigned to HisHC3(146)β and to the CysF9(93)β sulphydryl group, respectively. For the slow phase thek app vs.pH profiles are bowl-shaped. Analysis reveals that the reaction of the sulphydryl group to which this phase may be attributed is coupled to the ionization of two groups with mean pK a values of 6.53±0.1 and 8.25±0.1. Examination of the structure of hemoglobin allows us to assign these values to HisG19(117)β and CysB5(23)β, respectively. The CysB5(23)β sulphydryl is in the region of the molecule where amino acid substitutions have been found to give rise to significant changes in the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin [Huanget al. (1990),Biochemistry 29, 7020–7023.
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    A family of wound-induced genes in Populus shares common features with genes encoding vegetative storage proteins (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 23 (1993), S. 135-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: bark storage protein ; gene clustering ; RFLP ; systemic response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two wound-inducible cDNAs from poplar leaves show sequence identity to vegetative storage proteins (VSP) that accumulate seasonally in poplar bark tissues. We have compared the genomic organization, cDNA sequences and expression of the genes encoding the wound-inducible cDNAs (win4) with that of a bark VSP (called bark storage protein, or BSP). There appear to be several win4 genes in the poplar genome which segregate as a single locus and are therefore likely to be clustered. The same is true of the BSP genes. The win4 locus is linked (map distance of 5 cM) to the BSP locus, consistent with a common evolutionary origin of the genes. A near full-length win4 cDNA shows 75% sequence identity to BSP cDNAs. Both win4 and BSP are systemically wound-inducible; win4 transcripts accumulate in leaves and stems, whereas BSP transcripts accumulate almost exclusively in stems. A phloem transport-dependent signaling mechanism appears to be involved in systemic win4 expression after wounding. In contrast to BSP gene expression, win4 genes are not expressed in response to short day conditions. The data indicate win4 and BSP genes are differentially regulated, and their products may play important roles in the storage and reallocation of nitrogen in perennial plants.
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    Large unidentified open reading frame in plastid DNA (ORF2280) is expressed in chloroplasts (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 99-108 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: fusion protein ; Oenothera ; plastome ; RFLP ; unidentified open reading frame
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chloroplast DNA encodes genes for components of photosynthesis and the transcription-translation machinery; a number of unidentified open reading frames (ORFs) are also present. To determine whether a large ORF in the inverted repeat of chloroplast DNA of tobacco (ORF2280) encodes a chloroplast protein, a conserved region of the ORF was expressed in Escherichia coli. An antibody against the ORF protein was prepared using the purified fusion protein as an antigen. When incubated with proteins from the soluble fraction of tobacco, spinach and Oenothera chloroplasts, the antiserum detects relatively labile polypeptides, which have apparent molecular weights of 170 to 180 kDa. The ORF in tobacco and spinach is large enough to encode a protein of 240–250 kDa, thus it is possible that post-transcriptional or post-translational processing reduces the size of the expression product. Analysis of Oenothera chloroplasts representing four different plastome types revealed endonuclease restriction fragment length polymorphisms in chloroplast DNA indicative of insertion/deletion events in a region of the chloroplast DNA that shared significant sequence similarity with ORF2280. The ORF2280 antiserum was used to demonstrate that there are qualitative differences in the ORF proteins from different Oenothera plastome types.
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    Hemoglobins with multiple reactive sulphydryl groups: The reaction of dog hemoglobin with 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoate) (1993)
    Springer
    The protein journal 12 (1993), S. 33-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Hemoglobin ; sulphydryl group ; ionizable groups ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Dog hemoglobin has four sulphydryl groups per (tetramer) molecule located at the G18(111)a and F9(93)β positions. The two sulphydryls at the G18(111)a positions are unreactive toward nonmercurial sulphydryl reagents, but those at the F9(93)β positions are reactive toward these reagents. We have studied the kinetics of the reaction of dog hemoglobin with 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) as a function ofpH. At allpH values studied, the reaction is kinetically monophasic. Quantitative analysis of thepH dependence of the apparent second-order rate constant shows that two ionizable groups are linked to the reaction of the sulphydryl group. TheirpK a values are 5.57 and 9.0. These values are assigned to HisHC3(146)β and to the CysF9(93)β sulphydryl. We find that dog carbonmonoxyhemoglobin is significantly—almost an order of magnitude—less reactive than the aquomet, azidomet, and oxy derivatives. This result may be due to a greater tendency (at acidpH) for the salt bridge between HisHC3(146)β and AspFG1(94)β to form in the carbonmonoxy than in the other derivatives. Formation of this salt bridge is known to hinder access to the CysF9(93)β sulphydryl [Perutz, M. F. (1970),Nature 228, 734–739].
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    ALASKA: A Mathematica package for two-state kinetic analysis of protein folding reactions (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of biomolecular NMR 11 (1998), S. 355-360 
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    ISSN: 1573-5001
    Keywords: dynamic NMR ; kinetics ; line shape simulation ; protein folding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A Mathematica package (ALASKA) has been developed to simplify the measurement of protein folding kinetics by analysis of 1H NMR lineshape analysis. This package reads NMR data in ASCII format and can simulate an aromatic 1 NMR spectrum with or without lineshape broadening from chemical exchange. We describe the analysis of a urea denaturation series of a fast-folding protein, the G46A/G48A variant of monomeric λ repressor.
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    Physical mapping of a region in the soybean (Glycine max) genome containing duplicated sequences (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 437-446 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: RFLP ; genome ; PFGE ; multicopy markers ; symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to study a cluster of molecular markers in the soybean genome. There were 550 kb per centimorgan (cM) in the cluster, which is close to the calculated average for the whole genome. The analysis was complicated by the presence of duplicated sequences, and some ambiguities arising from this were resolved by using second-dimension conventional electrophoresis to relate physical maps to the RFLP map of soybean. The results show that there is a high degree of conservation of ‘rare cutter’ sites between homoeologous regions. Finally, PFGE can confirm physical linkage of monomorphic copies of markers, which can aid in the study and comparison of homoeologous regions that are invisible to RFLP analysis.
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    Initial steps of αand β-d-glucose binding to intact red cell membrane (1993)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 132 (1993), S. 167-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: red cell ; glucose transport protein ; GLUT1 ; kinetics ; rapid reactions ; tryptophan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of the initial phases of d-glucose binding to the glucose transport protein (GLUT1) of the human red cell can be followed by stopped-flow measurements of the time course of tryptophan (trp) fluorescence enhancement. A number of control experiments have shown that the trp fluorescence kinetics are the result of conformational changes in GLUT1. One shows that nontransportable l-glucose has no kinetic response, in contrast to d-glucose kinetics. Other controls show that d-glucose binding is inhibited by cytochalasin B and by extracellular d-maltose. A typical time course for a transportable sugar, such as d-glucose, consists of a zero-time displacement, too fast for us to measure, followed by three rapid reactions whose exponential time courses have rate constants of0.5–100 sec+−1 at 20°C. It is suggested that the zero-time displacement represents the initial bimolecular ligand/GLUT1 association. Exponential 1 appears to be located at, or near, the external membrane face where it is involved in discriminating among the sugars. Exponential 3 is apparently controlled by events at the cytosolic face. Trp kinetics distinguish the K d of the epimer, d-galactose, from the K dfor d-glucose, with results in agreement with determinations by other methods. Trp kinetics distinguish between the binding of the α- and β-d-glucose anomers. The exponential 1 activation energy of the β-anomer, 13.6 ± 1.4 kcal mol+−1, is less than that of α-d-glucose, 18.4 ± 0.8 kcal mol+−1, and the two Arrhenius lines cross at ≈23.5°C. The temperature dependence of the kinetic response following α-d-glucose binding illustrates the interplay among the exponentials and the increasing dominance of exponential 2 as the temperature increases from 22.3 to 36.6°C. The existence of these interrelations means that previously acceptable approximations in simplified reaction schemes for sugar transport will now have to be justified on a point-to-point basis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239006
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    Characterization of ion channels from Acetabularia plasma membrane in planar lipid bilayers (1993)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 133 (1993), S. 145-160 
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    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Acetabularia ; K+ channels ; kinetics ; planar lipid bilayers ; voltage dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Plasma membrane from Acetabularia acetabulum was prepared by aqueous-polymer two-phase partitioning and incorporated into planar 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine bilayers by stirring in the presence of a (cis∶trans) 325∶100 mm KCl gradient. Under these conditions five distinct K+-selective channels were observed which had unitary chord-conductances (determined between 30 mV either side of the reversal potential) and frequencies of incorporation (in parentheses) of 1,600 pS (26%), 485 pS (21%), 259 pS (53%), 140 pS (37%) and 27 pS (37%). Two Cl−-selective channels were also observed, which had unitary chord-conductances of 8 and 48 pS and were present in 21 and 16% of bilayers, respectively. The voltage dependencies of channel open probability (P o ), open-state time constant (τ o) and closed-state time constant (τ c) were determined for the 259, 140 and 27 pS K+ channels. The P o of all three channels increased with increasingly positive membrane potentials. Thus, since these channels were oriented with their extracellular face adjacent to the cis chamber, which was grounded, all would exhibit outward rectification in vivo. Changes in P o were effected by modulation of τ c in all channels, which shortened as membrane potentials became more positive, and also of τ o in the 140 and 27pS channels, which increased as membrane potentials became more positive. Extracellular (cis) KCl concentration (and/or the KCl gradient across the bilayer) affected the P o of all three K+ channels, shifting the P o /membrane potential relationship in the direction of the change in the potassium reversal potential. In all channels this was achieved largely by changes in τ c .
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    Linkage mapping of sbm-1, a gene conferring resistance to pea seed-borne mosaic virus, using molecular markers in Pisum sativum (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 609-615 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pea ; Pea seed-borne mosaic virus ; Disease resistance ; Genome mapping ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The location of sbm-1 on the Pisum sativum genetic map was determined by linkage analysis with eight syntenic molecular markers. Analysis of the progeny of two crosses confirmed that sbm-1 is on chromosome 6 and permitted a more detailed map of this chromosome to be constructed. The inclusion of Fed-1 and Prx-3 among the markers facilitated the comparison of our map with the classical genetic map of pea. The sbm-1 gene is most closely linked to RFLP marker GS185, being separated by a distance of about 8 cM. To determine the practical value of GS185 as a marker for sbm-1 in plant breeding programs, the GS185 hybridization pattern and virus-resistance phenotype were compared in of a collection of breeding lines and cultivars. Three GS185 hybridization patterns were discerned among the lines. A strong association was found between one of these patterns and resistance to PSbMV.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220920
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    Molecular analysis of plants regenerated from embryogenic cultures of hybrid sugarcane cultivars (Saccharum spp.) (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 181-188 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sugarcane ; Gramineae ; Tissue culture ; RFLP ; Molecular analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genomic stability of tissue culture regenerants of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids, cvs ‘CP721210’, ‘CP68-1067’ and ‘B43-62’) was analyzed by DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Plants regenerated from calli, cell suspensions, cryopreserved cell suspensions and protoplasts were used. Total DNA isolated from 19 different sources was digested with EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI, BamHI, EcoRI and PstI and probed with six known maize mitochondrial genes (coxI, coxII, atpA, atp6, atp9 and rrn18-rrn5), three random maize mitochondrial cosmid clones, two random maize chloroplast cosmid clones and a wheat Nor locus clone. Hybridization patterns indicated that the variation observed was minor and appeared only in the secondcycle regenerants. No differences were observed among the three cultivars and the regenerants from calli, suspension culture, cryopreserved suspension culture and protoplasts. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) isolated from ‘CP72-1210’ plants and its embryogenic cell suspensions, and bulk samples from all ‘CP72-1210’ regenerants pooled together were digested with EcoRI, HindIII, PstI, BamHI and SalI and probed with three recombinationally active wheat mtDNA clones, K′, K3 and X2. No variation in the mtDNA restriction patterns was observed between the ‘CP72-1210’ plants and its regenerants. However, restriction pattern variation was observed only from EcoRI digestion, and hybridization patterns of K3, K′ and X2 revealed minor variations in the mtDNA of cell suspensions when compared with the DNA of the ‘CP72-1210’ plant. Except for a qualitative variation detected by the X2 probe and minor stoichiometric variations detected by the K3 probe, sugarcane DNAs were found to be stable after plant regeneration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222077
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    Molecular genetics of growth and development in Populus. I. Triploidy in hybrid poplars (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 301-307 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Polyploid ; Nondisjunction ; Interspecific hybrid ; Cottonwood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary While constructing a genetic linkage map of a hybrid poplar genome (Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides), we identified several restriction fragment length polymorphismus (RFLPs) for which the parental trees are heterozygous. Although 8 of the 11 F1 hybrid offspring inherited, as expected, single RFLP alleles from each parent, 3 F1 trees in the mapping pedigree inherited both maternal alleles along with a single paternal allele at some loci. Aneuploidy or polyploidy in these 3 F1 trees due to partial or complete nondisj unction during female gametogenesis is the simplest explanation for this finding. Of the 3 f1 offspring with supernumerary RFLP alleles 2 have triploid nuclear DNA contents as measured by fluorescence flow cytometry; the 3rd F1 with supernumerary alleles has a sub-triploid nuclear DNA content and is probably aneuploid. Among the tri/aneuploid hybrids, leaf quantitative traits either are skewed toward those values characteristic of the P. trichocarpa female parent (adaxial stomate density, petiole length: blade length ratio; abaxial color) or show transgressive variation (epidermal cell size). Abaxial leaf color was used to screen a large population of P. trichocarpa x P. deltoides hybrids for further evidence of tri/aneuploidy. In each case where a “white” abaxial leaf surface was observed and the nuclear DNA content measured, the hybrid proved to be tri/aneuploid. All sexually mature female triploids examined were sterile, although the inflorescences completed their development in the absence of embryo formation. The (probably) aneuploid F1 hybrid is a fertile female. Of 15 female P. trichocarpa parents used in crosses to P. deltoides, 10 produced one or more tri/aneuploid hybrid offspring. In an intraspecific cross using a P. trichocarpa female that had produced triploid hybrids with five different P. deltoides males, no tri/aneuploid offpsring were found.
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    Development of an RFLP map in diploid alfalfa (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 329-332 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Alfalfa ; Genetic map ; Segregation distortion ; Plant breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have developed a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage map in diploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to be used as a tool in alfalfa improvement programs. An F2 mapping population of 86 individuals was produced from a cross between a plant of the W2xiso population (M. sativa ssp. sativa) and a plant from USDA PI440501 (M. sativa ssp. coerulea). The current map contains 108 cDNA markers covering 467.5 centimorgans. The short length of the map is probably due to low recombination in this cross. Marker order may be maintained in other populations even though the distance between clones may change. About 50% of the mapped loci showed segregation distortion, mostly toward excess heterozygotes. This is circumstantial evidence supporting the maximum heterozygote theory which states that relative vigor is dependent on maximizing the number of loci with multiple alleles. The application of the map to tetraploid populations is discussed.
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    Development of synthetic Brassica amphidiploids by reciprocal hybridization and comparison to natural amphidiploids (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 811-821 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica ; Interspecific hybridization ; Amphidiploid ; RFLP ; Evolution ; Nuclear ; cytoplasmic interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a previous study we proposed that cytoplasmic genomes have played an important role in the evolution of Brassica amphidiploid species. Based on this and other studies, we hypothesized that interactions between the maternal cytoplasmic genomes and the paternal nuclear genome may cause alterations in genome structure and/or gene expression of a newly synthesized amphidiploid, which may play an important role in the evolution of natural amphidiploid species. To test this hypothesis, a series of synthetic amphidiploids, including all three analogs of the natural amphidiploids B. napus, B. juncea, and B. Carinata and their reciprocal forms, were developed. These synthetic amphidiploids were characterized for morphological traits, chromosome number, and RFLPs revealed by chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear DNA clones. The maternal transmission of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes was observed in all of the F1 hybrids examined except one hybrid plant derived from the B. rapa x B. oleracea combination, which showed a biparental transmission of organelles. However, the paternal chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes were not observed in the F2 progeny. Nuclear genomes of synthetic amphidiploids had combined RFLP patterns of their parental species for all of the nuclear DNA clones examined. A variation in fertility was observed among self-pollinated progenies of single amphidiploids that had completely homozygous genome constitutions. Comparisons between natural and synthetic amphidiploids based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns indicated that natural amphidiploids are considerably more distant from the progenitor diploid species than the synthetic amphidiploids. The utility of these synthetic amphidiploids for investigating the evolution of amphidiploidy is discussed.
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    Cultivar identification in T. aestivum using highly polymorphic RFLP probes (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 833-836 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: T. aestivum ; RFLP ; Fingerprint
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two probes, specific for HMW-glutenins and γ-gliadins have been used to identify 50 common wheat Italian cultivars, most of which are closely related, and four common wheat cultivars originating outside Italy. The probes revealed complex polymorphic patterns; three probe/enzyme combinations had the necessary sensitivity for the identification of all 54 cultivars. As already shown for potato and barley, the use of four-cutter restriction enzymes and polyacrylamide gels proved particularly useful for detecting polymorphism.
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    Inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in the conifer Larix (1993)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 383-388 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Inheritance ; RFLP ; Larix ; Conifers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction fragment length polymorphisms between Larix leptolepis and Larix decidua were identified in heterologous hybridization experiments, using wheat mitochondrial DNA probes specific for atp9, coxI, nad3/rps12, and orf25. Analysis of eight individuals of each reciprocal hybrid of these two species revealed that mitochondrial DNA was maternally inherited. Furthermore, sequences homologous to wheat orf25 were also identified in Larix gmelini, Larix siberica, Larix olgensis, and Larix laricina, as well as Ginkgo biloba, Picea mariana, Picea glauca and Pinus contorta.
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    A genetic map of soybean (Glycine max L.) using an intraspecific cross of two cultivars: ‘Minosy’ and ‘Noir 1’ (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 901-906 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA ; RFLP ; Soybean ; Genetic map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic markers were mapped in segregating progeny from a cross between two soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars: ‘Minsoy’ (PI 27.890) and ‘Noir 1’ (PI 290.136). A genetic linkage map was constructed (LOD ⩾ 3), consisting of 132 RFLP, isozyme, morphological, and biochemical markers. The map defined 1550cM of the soybean genome comprising 31 linkage groups. An additional 24 polymorphic markers remained unlinked. A family of RFLP markers, identified by a single probe (hybridizing to an interspersed repeated DNA sequence), extended the map, linking other markers and defining regions for which other markers were not available.
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    Taxonomic and population differentiation of mitochondrial diversity inPinus banksiana andPinus conforta (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 573-578 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: COXI ; COXII ; Maternal inerhitance ; mtDNA ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied two mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in 741 individuals from 16 allopatric populations ofPinus banksiana Lamb. andPinus contorta Dougl. Restriction fragments of both polymorphisms distinguished the two species qualitatively, except in aP. Banksiana population whose ancestors were involved in hybridization withP. contorta.COXI-associated restriction fragments were monomorphic within species, whileCOXII-associated restriction fragments were highly variable inP. contorta (Hes=0.68). Population differentiation was substantial inP. contorta (Fst=0.31 among subspecies; mean Fst=0.66 within subspecies) and consistent with predictions for maternally inherited markers. Plant mitochondrial markers appear to be useful for the investigation of seed migration routes, hybridization and introgression, breeding zone designation, and the development of germ plasm conservation sampling strategies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00838711
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    Microdissection and microcloning of the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) chromosome 1HS (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 629-636 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; Microdissection ; Microcloning ; Chromosome specific library ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have applied a refined microdissection procedure to create a plasmid library of the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) chromosome arm 1HS. The technical improvements involved include synchronization of meristematic root tissue, a metaphase drop-spread technique, paraffin protection of the collection drop to avoid evaporation, and a motorized and programmable microscope stage. Thirteen readily-discernible telocentric chromosomes have been excised from metaphases of synchronized root-tip mitoses. After lysis in a collection drop (2 nl), the DNA was purified, restricted withRsaI, ligated into a vector containing universal sequencing primers, and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. Finally, the amplified DNA was cloned into a standard plasmid vector. The size of the library was estimated to be approximately 44,000 recombinant plasmids, of which approximately 13% can be utilized for RFLP analysis. Tandem repetitive probes could be rapidly excluded from further analysis after colony hybridization with labelled total barley DNA. Analysis of 552 recombinant plasmids established that: (1) the insert sizes ranged between 70 and 1150 bp with a mean of 250 bp, (2) approximately 60% of the clones contained highly repetitive sequences, and (3) all single- or low-copy probes tested originate from chromosome 1HS. Four probes were genetically mapped, using an interspecificH. vulgare xH. spontaneum F2 population. One of these probes was found to be closely linked to theMla locus conferring mildew resistance.
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    Molecular and morphological evaluation of doubled haploid lines in maize. 1. Homogeneity within DH lines (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 837-842 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Androgenesis ; RFLP ; Maize ; Agronomic evaluation ; Gametoclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The homogeneity of anther culture-derived lines of maize has been evaluated by means of field observations and molecular markers. The homogeneity of the doubled haploid (DH) lines was shown by the absence of segregation for morphological oligogenic traits. The intravariance for polygenic traits for 42 DH and two conventionally derived lines was similar, which confirmed the homozygosity of the DH lines. More than 100 RFLP markers were tested on 189 DH lines derived from two crosses, DH5 x DH7 and A188 x DH7, and 60 single-seed descent (SSD, F6) lines derived from A188 x DH7. The overall rate of heterozygosity for all of the DH lines was approximatively 1% and pertained to 6 lines out of 189, while it was 8.5% for the SSD lines after four selfings. A precise description of the material used suggested that the events which led to this unexpected heterozygozity in DH lines were more likely to have occurred after rather than during the androgenetic process. Nine duplicated pairs of genotypes were found within the DH lines, indicating that a single microspore-derived structure can fragment to give two identical plantlets. Despite the extensive screening with more than 100 markers, only 2 lines showed unexpected banding profiles, and these were probably gametoclonal variants. The use of a direct regeneration system that avoids any callus phase might explain this low frequency of gametoclonal variation.
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    Determining the linkage of quantitative trait loci to RFLP markers using extreme phenotypes of recombinant inbreds of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 914-918 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA ; RFLP ; QTL ; Soybean ; Recombinant inbreds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An experimental test is described for linkages between RFLP markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL). Two hundred and eighty-four F7-derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) obtained from crossing the soybean cultivars (Glycine max L. Merr.) ‘Minsoy’ and ‘Noir 1’ were evaluated for maturity, plant height, lodging, and seed yield. RIL exhibiting an extreme phenotype for each trait (earliest and latest plants for maturity, etc.) were selected, and two bulked DNA samples were prepared for each trait. A Southern transfer of the digested bulked DNA was hybridized with restriction fragement length polymorphism (RFLP) probes, and linkages with QTL were established by quantitating the amount of radioactive probe that bound to fragments defining alternative parental RFLP alleles. When an RFLP marker was linked to a QTL, one parental allele predominated in the bulked DNA from a particular phenotype; the other allele was associated with the opposite phenotype. When linkage was absent, radioactivity was associated equally with both alleles for a given phenotype (or with both phenotypes for a given allele). These results confirmed RFLP-QTL associations previously discovered by interval mapping on a smaller segregating population from the same cross. New linkages to QTL were also verified.
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    Molecular and morphological evaluation of doubled-haploid lines in maize. 2. Comparison with single-seed-descent lines (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 278-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maize ; RFLP ; Recombination ; Disturbed segregation ; DH/SSD lines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Doubled-haploid (DH) and single-seed-descent (SSD) lines in maize have been compared for quantitatively inherited traits and for RFLP markers. The comparisons of the distributions for agromorphological traits do not allow definite conclusions to be drawn on the similarity of the two reproductive systems. We have used more than 100 RFLP markers to provide a precise description of the parental allele frequency and the recombination fractions. A comparison of two DH populations shows that non-random meiotic reassortment is influenced by differences in the anther culture capacities of the two parental lines. For the DH lines derived from the cross DH5 x DH7, involving two responsive lines in anther culture, the distortion in segregation (P 〈 0.05) affected less than 20% of the genome with half of the deviations towards each parent. DH lines derived from the cross A188 x DH7, where A188 is a non-responsive line, showed more than twice this level of distortion and an excess of DH7 alleles was found for almost all of the skewed loci. The recombination fractions were homogeneous between the two DH populations for most of the genome. The genome sizes calculated with the DH and the SSD lines derived from the same cross, A188 x DH7, were also similar, which suggests that no selection against recombinant gametes occurs during anther culture. The observed recombination fraction after five meioses (SSD) is on average twice as large as after one meiosis (DH). No difference is observed for recombination fractions greater than 20%. Despite a precise description of the material at the molecular level, it has not been possible to make a definite conclusion as to whether or not the differences in some morphological characters are the consequences of differences in the segregation ratio and/or the recombination frequency. However, the agromorphological evaluation shows a narrow range in differences between the two types of lines and suggests that the use of DH lines is possible in breeding programmes.
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    Comparative QTL mapping of resistance to Ustilago maydis across four populations of European flint-maize (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1321-1330 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Maize ; Ustilago maydis ; QTL mapping ; RFLP ; Resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We mapped and characterized quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to Ustilago maydis and investigated their consistency across different flint-maize populations. Four independent populations, comprising 280 F3 lines (A×BI), 120 F5 lines (A×BII), 131 F4 lines (A×C) and 133 F4 lines (C×D), were produced from four European elite flint inbreds (A, B, C, D) and genotyped at 89, 151, 104, and 122 RFLP marker loci, respectively. All Fn lines were evaluated in field trials with two replications in five German environments. Genotypic variances were highly significant for the percentage of U. maydis infected plants (UST) in all populations, and heritabilities exceeded 0.69. Between five and ten QTLs were detected in individual populations by composite interval mapping, explaining between 39% and 58% of the phenotypic variance. These 19 different QTLs were distributed over all ten chromosomes without any clustering on certain chromosomes. In most cases, gene action was dominant or overdominant. Fourteen pairs of the detected QTLs for UST displayed significant digenic epistatic interactions, but only two of them did so after arcsin √UST/100 transformation. Significant QTL× environment interactions occurred frequently. Between two to four QTLs were common between pairs of populations. Population C×D was also grown in Chartres, a location with a high U. maydis incidence. Two out of six QTLs identified for Chartres were in common with QTLs detected across five German environments for C×D. Consequently, marker-assisted or phenotypic selection based on results from natural infection seem to be suitable breeding strategies for improving the resistance of maize to U. maydis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051025
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    Construction of RFLP-based maps of foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 31-36 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Foxtail millet ; Genetic map ; Primary trisomics ; RFLP ; Setaria italica ; Setaria viridis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  An RFLP-based map consisting of 160 loci was constructed in an intervarietal cross of foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.], Longgu 25×Pagoda Flower Green. The map comprises nine linkage groups, which were aligned with the nine foxtail millet chromosomes using trisomic lines, and spans 964 cM. The intraspecific map was compared to an interspecific map, constructed in a S. italica×S. viridis cross. Both the order of the markers and the genetic distances between the loci were highly conserved. Deviations from the expected 1 : 2 : 1 Mendelian segregation ratios were observed in both the intra- and inter-specific populations. The segregation data indicate that chromosome VIII in the Longgu 25×Pagoda Flower Green cross carries a gene that strongly affects gamete fertility.
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    Organization of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene cluster on chromosome 4 including the RPS2 gene, in the Brassica nigra genome (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 468-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Microsynteny ; Genome ; Gene cluster ; RFLP ; PFGE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Genetic and physical maps, consisting of a large number of DNA markers for Arabidopsis thaliana chromosomes, represent excellent tools to determine the organization of related genomes such as those of Brassica. In this paper we report the chromosomal localization and physical analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of a well-defined gene complex of A. thaliana in the Brassica nigra genome (B genome n=8). This complex is approximately 30 kb in length in A. thaliana and contains a cluster of six genes including ABI1 (ABA-responsive), RPS2 (resistance against Pseudomonas syringae, a bacterial disease), CK1 (casein kinase I), NAP (nucleosome-assembly protein), X9 and X14 (both of unknown function). The Arabidopsis chromosomal complex was found to be duplicated and conserved in gene number at different levels in the Brassica genome. Linkage group B1 had the most-conserved arrangement carrying all six genes tightly linked. Group B4 had an almost complete complex except for the absence of RPS2. Other partial complexes of fewer members were found on three other chromosomes. Our studies demonstrate that by this approach it is possible to identify ancestrally related chromosome segments in a complex and duplicated genome, such as the genome of B. nigra, permitting one to draw conclusions as to its origin and evolution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050763
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    Molecular phylogeny of mangroves V. Analysis of genome relationships in mangrove species using RAPD and RFLP markers (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 617-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Mangroves ; Genome relationship ; Phylogeny ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  DNA from pooled leaf samples of 11 true major mangrove, three true minor mangrove, two mangrove associate, two mangrove parasite, three terrestrial and one cultivated species were isolated for the present study. In total, 198 random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) and 180 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci were scored by using ten primers and 14 enzyme-probe combinations respectively. The polymorphism observed for these markers revealed a high degree of genetic diversity in mangroves at both inter-specific or inter-generic levels. A dendrogram, constructed after pooling both RAPD and RFLP data, using a similarity index was analysed for genome relationships among these species. The dendrogram showed clustering of all the major mangroves, except for Nypa fruticans (Arecaceae), into one group. All species under the tribe Rhizophorae formed a sub-cluster, to which Xylocarpus granatum was found to be the most closesly related species. The clustering pattern implied that Excoecaria agallocha and Acanthus ilicifolius should be considered as true minor mangroves. The present study also provided molecular data favouring the separation of Avicennia spp. from the Verbenaceae to create a monotypic family the Avicenniaceae. The separation of Viscum orientale into the Viscaceae was also favoured.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050937
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    A genetic linkage map of durum wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 721-728 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Durum wheat ; Mapping ; Linkage map ; RFLP ; Morphological markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A genetic linkage map of tetraploid wheat [Triticum turgidum (L.) Thell.] was constructed using segregation data from a population of 65 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between the durum wheat cultivar Messapia and accession MG4343 of T. turgidum (L.) Thell. ssp dicoccoides (Korn.) Thell. A total of 259 loci were analysed, including 244 restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), one PCR (polymerase chain reaction) marker (a sequence coding for a LMW (low-molecular-weight) glutenin subunit gene located at the Glu-B3 locus), seven biochemical (six seed-storage protein loci and one isozyme locus) and seven morphological markers. A total of 213 loci were mapped at a LOD≥3 on all 14 chromosomes of the A and B genomes. The total length of the map is 1352 cM and the average distance between adjacent markers is 6.3 cM. Forty six loci could not be mapped at a LOD≥3. A fraction (18.6%) of the markers deviated significantly from the expected Mendelian ratios; clusters of loci showing distorted segregation were found on chromosomes 1B, 3AL, 4AL, 6AL and 7AL. The durum wheat map was compared with the published maps of bread wheat using several common RFLP markers and general features are discussed. The markers detected the known structural rearrangements involving chromosomes 4A, 5A and 7B as well as the translocation between 2B-6B, but not the deletion on 2BS. This map provides a useful tool for analysing and breeding economically important quantitative traits and for marker-assisted selection, as well as for studies of genome organisation in small grain cereal species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050948
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    A molecular genetic map of the long arm of chromosome 6R of rye incorporating the cereal cyst nematode resistance gene, CreR (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1000-1012 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words CCN ; RFLP ; PCR ; Heterodera avenae ; Genetic mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A genetic map of the long arm of chromosome 6R of rye was constructed using eight homoeologous group-6 RFLP clones and five PCR markers derived from the rye-specific dispersed repetitive DNA family, R173. The map was developed using a novel test-cross F1 (TC-F1) population segregating for resistance to the cereal cyst nematode. Comparisons were made between the map generated with other rye and wheat group-6 chromosome maps by the inclusion of RFLP clones previously mapped in those species. Co-linearity was observed for common loci. This comparison confirmed a dramatic reduction in recombination for chromosome 6R in the TC-F1 population. The CreR locus was included in the linkage map via progeny testing of informative TC-F1 individuals. CreR mapped 3.7 cM distal from the RFLP locus, XksuF37. Comparative mapping should allow the identification of additional RFLP markers more closely linked to the CreR locus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050984
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    Comparative RFLP maps of the homoeologous group-2 chromosomes of wheat, rye and barley (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 784-792 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Rye ; Barley ; RFLP ; Biochemical markers ; Genetic maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic maps of the homoeologous group-2 chromosomes were constructed, comprising 114 loci in wheat and 34 loci in rye. These include the genes coding for sucrose synthase, sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, a bZIP protein (EmBP-1), a peroxidase and an abscisic acid-induced protein (#7). Overall, gene orders are highly conserved in the genomes of wheat, barley and rye, except for the distal ends of chromosome arms 2BS and 2RS, which are involved in interchromosomal, probably evolutionary, translocations. Clustering of loci in the centromeric regions of the maps, resulting from the concentration of recombination events in the distal chromosomal regions, is observed in wheat and rye, but not in barley. Furthermore, loci for which homoeoloci can be detected in rye and barley tend to lie in the centromeric regions of the maps, while non-homoeologous and wheat-specific loci tend to be more evenly distributed over the genetic maps. Mapping of the group-2 chromosomes in the intervarietal ‘Timgalen’ x ‘RL4137’ cross revealed that the T. timopheevi chromosome segment introgressed into chromosome 2B in ‘Timgalen’ is preferentially transmitted. Recombination is also greatly reduced in that segment.
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    Chromosomal rearrangements in the rye genome relative to that of wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 673-680 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Translocations ; Rye ; RFLP ; Genetic maps ; Comparative mapping ; Co-linearity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An RFLP-based genetic map of Secale Cereale has provided evidence for multiple evolutionary translocations in the rye genome relative to that of hexaploid wheat. DNA clones which have previously been mapped in wheat indicated that chromosome arms 2RS, 3RL, 4RL, 5RL, 6RS, 6RL, 7RS and 7RL have all been involved in at least one translocation. A possible evolutionary pathway, which accounts for the present day R genome relative to the A, B and D genomes of wheat, is presented. The relevance of these results for strategies designed to transfer useful genes from rye, and probably other related species, to wheat is discussed.
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    Molecular taxonomic relationships in the genus Vigna based on RFLP analysis (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 97-104 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Vigna ; Numerical taxonomy ; RFLP ; Asiatic grams ; Cowpea ; Bambara groundnut
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The taxonomy of the genus Vigna has been primarily based on morphological attributes. We have used 27 genomic clones from soybean, common bean, mungbean and cowpea to examine restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) among 44 accessions of different species belonging to four subgenera of the genus Vigna. One accession each of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and soybean (Glycine max) was included in the study. Total DNA from the various genotypes was digested with one restriction enzyme (Eco RV). Results of a numerical taxonomic analysis showed a high level of genetic variation within the genus with a remarkably higher amount of variation associated with Vigna sp. from Africa relative to those from Asia. The distinctness of the Asiatic grams in subgenus Ceratotropis, cowpea in section Catiang, bambara groundnut (V. subterranean) and members of the subgenus Plectotropis was elucidated by this study. Members of the subgenus Plectotropis were closer in genome homology to those of subgenus Vigna section Catiang than to those of subgenus Ceratotropis. The relative positions of some genotypes to one another on the dendrogram and minimum spanning tree were discussed in regard to hybridisations aimed generating well-saturated genomic maps and interspecies transfer of desirable genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223813
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    Molecular markers for plant breeding: comparisons of RFLP and RAPD genotyping costs (1993)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 975-984 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Chemiluminescence ; Genotyping costs ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three molecular marker protocols, chemiluminescent restriction fragment length polymorphisms (c-RFLPs), radioactivity-based restriction fragment length polymorphisms (r-RFLPs), and randomly amplified DNA polymorphisms (RAPDs) were compared in terms of cost and time efficiency. Estimates of cost of supplies and time requirements were obtained from simulations of maize (Zea mays L.) genotyping experiments utilizing protocols currently in use. The increase in total cost with increasing numbers of individuals genotyped and markers analyzed is higher for RAPDs than for RFLPs. RAPDs were generally found to be more cost and time efficient for studies involving small sample sizes, while RFLPs have the advantage for larger sample sizes. Because of the shorter exposure times involved, c-RFLPs require less time than r-RFLPs to obtain a given amount of information. Variations in the protocols, such as number of re-uses of Southern blots or cost of Taq DNA polymerase per reaction of amplification, also affect the relative merits of RAPDs and RFLPs. Two examples were analyzed where molecular markers are used: a germ plasm survey and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in a segregating population. No protocol was found to be the most cost and time efficient over the entire range of sample sizes and number of marker loci studied.
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    Chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA diversity in Theobroma cacao (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 81-88 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; RFLP ; Mitochondrial genome ; Chloroplast genome ; Diversity study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The variability of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) cytoplasmic genomes has been investigated. A total of 177 cocoa clones was surveyed for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in chloroplast DNA and in mitochondrial DNA using two restriction endonucleases and various heterologous cytoplasmic probes. A high level of polymorphism was found for the mitochondrial genome. This study points up a structuring of the species that fits with the distinction between the Criollo and Forastero populations. In contrast to all previous analyses, a higher level of polymorphism is found among the Criollo clones while the Forastero clones form quite a homogeneous group.
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    The distribution of RFLP markers on chromosome 2(2H) of barley in relation to the physical and genetic location of 5S rDNA (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 177-183 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Barley ; RFLP ; 5S rDNA ; Genetic mapping ; Physical mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 5S rDNA locus on the long arm of barley chromosome 2(2H) was genetically mapped in two crosses in relation to 30 other RFLP loci. Comparison of the genetic maps with the previously published physical position of the 5S rDNA, determined by in-situ hybridization, showed that there was a marked discrepancy between physical and genetic distance in both crosses, with recombination being less frequent in the proximal part of the arm. Pooled information from the present study and other published genetic maps showed that at least 26 of the 44 (59%) RFLPs that have been mapped on 2(2H)L lie distal to the 5S rDNA locus even though this region is only 27% of the physical length of the arm. The distribution of RFLP markers is significantly different from expected (P 〈 0.01), implying that the low-copy sequences used for RFLP analysis occur more frequently in distal regions of the arm and, or, that sequences in distal regions are more polymorphic.
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    Mapping of loci involved in quantitatively inherited resistance to the potato cyst-nematode Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1 (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 464-470 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Solanum spegazzinii ; Globodera rostochi ensis ; Nematode resistance ; QTL ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report the identification and mapping of two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of Solanum spegazzinii BGRC, accession 8218-15, involved in resistance to the potato cyst-nematode Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1, by means of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). For this purpose we crossed a susceptible diploid S. tuberosum with the resistant S. spegazzinii, and tested the F1 population for resistance to the Ro1 pathotype. Since the F1 segregated for the resistance, the S. spegazzinii parent was concluded to be heterozygous at the nematode resistance loci. For the mapping of the resistance loci we made use of RFLP markers segregating for S. spegazzinii alleles in the F1. One hundred and seven RFLP markers were tested in combination with four different restriction enzymes; 29 of these displayed a heterozygous RFLP pattern within S. spegazzinii and were used for mapping. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to test the association of the RFLP patterns of these markers with nematode resistance. Two QTLs involved in disease resistance to Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1 were identified and mapped to chromosomes 10 and 11 respectively.
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    Somatic hybrids and cybrids of Senecio fuchsii Gmel. (x) jacobaea L. (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 561-567 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Senecio ; Somatic hybrid ; Cybrid ; RFLP ; Isozyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty fusants of S. Jacobaea L. (chlorophyll deficient) (x) fuchsii Gmel. (wild-type) were investigated by studying chromosome number, isozymes, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Sublines were established from primary shoots, and clones were grown from isolated protoplasts. Out of the 12 hybrid lines 9 had the amphidiploid chromosome number of 80 (2x = 40) as concluded from each one subline. Three hybrid lines showed reduced chromosome numbers between 60 and 76, indicating karyotypic instability. Additive isozyme complements with peroxidase, esterase, malate dehydrogenase, and glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase activities were found. In the RFLP analyses, three ptDNA probes were able to demonstrate the origin of plastomes from either one or both parents, but singular chondriomes from either parent were traced with a mtDNA probe. The results of detailed studies with sublines and clones of two hybrid lines revealed that the chlorophylldeficiency mutation of one parental S. jacobaea clone is located in the genome and that of the other one is located in the plastome. Eight fusant lines were putative cybrids. Mutant plastids were not transmitted into the regenerated putative cybrid shoots. The mtDNA of S. jacobaea alone was detected with a mtDNA probe in seven putative cybrid lines; in one line mtDNA fragments of both the parents were traced. In three lines, the nucleus and the plastids only showed S. fuchsii characters, but the mtDNA was of S. jacobaea.
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    Identification of molecular markers linked to quantitative trait loci for soybean resistance to corn earworm (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 786-790 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Soybean ; Glycine max ; QTL ; RFLP ; Antixenosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  One hundred and thirty nine restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were used to construct a soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) genetic linkage map and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with resistance to corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) in a population of 103 F2-derived lines from a cross of ‘Cobb’ (susceptible) and PI229358 (resistant). The genetic linkage map consisted of 128 markers which converged onto 30 linkage groups covering approximately 1325 cM. There were 11 unlinked markers. The F2-derived lines and the two parents were grown in the field under a plastic mesh cage near Athens, Ga., in 1995. The plants were artificially infested with corn earworm and evaluated for the amount of defoliation. Using interval-mapping analysis for linked markers and single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), markers were tested for an association with resistance. One major and two minor QTLs for resistance were identified in this population. The PI229358 allele contributed insect resistance at all three QTLs. The major QTL is linked to the RFLP marker A584 on linkage group (LG) ‘M’ of the USDA/Iowa State University public soybean genetic map. It accounts for 37% of the total variation for resistance in this cross. The minor QTLs are linked to the RFLP markers R249 (LG ‘H’) and Bng047 (LG ‘D1’). These markers explain 16% and 10% of variation, respectively. The heritability (h2) for resistance was estimated as 64% in this population.
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    RFLP analysis and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) in somatic hybrids and their progeny between Lycopersicon esculentum and Solanum lycopersicoides (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 719-726 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Tomato and Solanum lycopersicoides intergeneric hybrid ; Chloroplast DNA ; Nuclear genome ; RFLP ; GISH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) and GISH (genomic in situ hybridization) analyses were employed to identify the chloroplast and nuclear genomes of the somatic hybrids and progeny between tomato ‘Ohgata zuiko’ and Solanum lycopersicoides (‘LA 2386’). A random distribution of the chloroplast genotype was determined using a cloned 19.6-kb BamHI fragment (Ba1) of tobacco chloroplast DNA. Eight selected hybrids were analyzed for their chromosomal compositions; 4 were tetraploids (2n=48) with an equal number of chromosomes derived from each parent as accurately determined by GISH, and the other 4 were hexaploids, containing an average of two sets of tomato chromosomes and one set from the wild parent. RFLP analysis with six tomato nuclear probes of known chromosomal locations revealed no major variation among the 44 hybrid plants surveyed. However, it also showed the presence of both parent-specific alleles and the loss of some and the presence of a few non-parental alleles, indicating rearrangement and/or recombination of the nuclear DNA. The relevance of the molecular and cytological methods and the potential use of somatic hybrids for plant breeding are demonstrated.
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    Molecular examination of a chromosome region that controls resistance to potato Y and A potyviruses in potato (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 1036-1043 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Potato virus A ; Potato virus Y ; Resistance gene ; RFLP ; Diploid potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The gene Ry adg that confers resistance to potato Y potyvirus (PVY) in the cultivated potato [Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena, line 2x(v-2)7] is located on chromosome XI in a segment that contains three other known resistance genes in other syntenic solanaceous species. One of them is the gene N that controls resistance to tobacco mosaic tobamovirus in tobacco and has previously been isolated and sequenced. Three sequence-related, resistance gene-like (RGL) DNA fragments (354–369 bp) highly homologous to the gene N were PCR-amplified from the potato line 2x(v-2)7. Two RGL fragments (79 and 81% homologous to the N gene) co-segregated with Ry adg among the 77 F1 progeny tested. These RGLs may originate from a resistance gene family on chromosome XI. The potato line 2x(v-2)7 also expressed resistance to potato A potyvirus (PVA), which was controlled by another locus on chromosome XI mapped ca. 6.8 cM distal to Ry adg .
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    Characterisation of the radish introgression carrying the Rfo restorer gene for the Ogu-INRA cytoplasmic male sterility in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 129-134 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Brassica napus ; Raphanus sativus ; Restorer gene ; Introgression ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Genetic mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Bulked segregant analysis and comparative mapping were applied to identify molecular markers linked to the Rfo restorer gene used for the Ogu-INRA cytoplasmic male-sterility system in rapeseed. These markers were then used to localise the radish introgression on the B. napus genetic map constructed from the cross ‘Darmor.bzh’ x ’Yudal’. The introgression mapped on the DY15 linkage group. From the comparison of this latter group to the linkage group constructed on a F2 progeny segregating for the radish introgression, it was concluded that the introgression had occurred through homoeologous recombination, that it was not distal and that it had replaced a B. napus region of around 50 cM. A QTL involved in aliphatic seed glucosinolate content was located on the DY15 linkage group at a position corresponding to one end of the introgression. The DNA markers identified in this study are being used in map-based cloning of the Rfo gene and in marker-assisted selection.
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    Mapping of three self-fertility mutations in rye (Secale cereale L.) using RFLP, isozyme and morphological markers (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Genetic mapping ; Isozyme ; RFLP ; Secale cereale L. ; Self-fertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Three mutations determining self-fertility at the S, Z and S5 self-incompatibility loci on chromosomes 1R, 2R and 5R of rye, respectively, were mapped using three different F2 populations. There was a close linkage of one isozyme and four RFLP markers, and no recombinant plants were detected. These markers are Prx7, Xiag249 and Xpsr634 for the S locus (1R), Xbcd266 for the Z locus (2R) and Xpsr100 for the S5 locus (5R). Linkage data for markers associated to the self-fertility mutations at the S, Z and S5 loci were calculated and compared with genetic maps computed by MAPMAKER multipoint analysis.
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    Mapping loci associated with flour colour in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 238-245 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Wheat ; Flour colour ; QTL mapping ; RFLP ; AFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  An RFLP map constructed using 150 single seed descent (SSD) lines from a cross between two hexaploid wheat varieties (‘Schomburgk’בYarralinka’) was used to identify loci controlling flour colour. Flour colour data were obtained from field trials conducted over two seasons at different sites. The estimated heritability of this trait was calculated as 0.67. Two regions identified in the preliminary analysis on chromosomes 3A and 7A, accounted for 13% and 60% of the genetic variation respectively. A detailed analysis of the major locus on 7A was conducted through fine mapping of AFLP markers identified using bulked segregant analysis (BSA). Seven additional markers were identified by the BSA and mapped to the region of the 7A locus. The applicability of these markers to identify wheat lines with enhanced flour colour is discussed.
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    Molecular mapping of the photoperiod response gene ea7 in barley (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 797-800 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Genetic mapping ; RFLP ; Flowering time ; Photoperiod response ; Barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The gene ea 7 determining photoperiod insensitivity under short day length was mapped on the short arm of chromosome 6H near the centromere. The gene was linked to the two flanking markers Xmwg2264 and Xmwg916 by 6.7 and 13.0 cM, respectively. Compared to Ppd-H1 (chromosome 2H) and Ppd-H2 (chromosome 1H), ea 7 determines the strongest effect on flowering time with 55 and 18 days difference compared to photoperiod sensitive genotypes grown under short and long photoperiods, respectively. Allelic and homoeologous relationships to major genes and quantitative trait loci controlling flowering time in barley and wheat are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050958
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  • 95
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    Molecular mapping of the py-1 gene for resistance to corky root rot (Pyrenochaeta lycopersici) in tomato (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 784-788 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words CAP ; py-1 ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We report the molecular mapping of the py-1 gene for resistance to corky root rot [Pyrenochaeta lycopersici (Schneider and Gerlach)] in tomato using RAPD and RFLP marker analysis. DNA from near-isogenic lines (NILs) of tomato differing in corky root rot resistance was screened with 575 random oligonucleotide primers to detect polymorphic DNAs linked to py-1. Three primers (OPW-04, OPC-02, OPG-19) revealed polymorphisms between the NILs. Twelve resistant and eight susceptible DNA pools derived from segregating F3 families were used to confirm that the RAPD markers were linked to the py-1 gene. Two of the linked amplified fragments, corresponding to OPW-04 and OPC-02, were subsequently cloned and mapped on the tomato molecular linkage map as RFLPs. These clones were located between TG40 and CT31 on the short arm of chromosome 3. Further analysis with selected RFLP markers showed that 7% (8.8 cM) of chromosome 3 of the resistant line ‘Moboglan’ was introgressed from the L. peruvianum donor parent. Three RFLP markers (TG40, TG324, and TG479) from the introgressed part of chromosome 3 were converted to cleaved amplified polymorphism (CAP) markers for use in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. These PCR markers will allow rapid large-scale screening of tomato populations for corky root rot resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050956
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    QTLs conditioning early growth in a soybean population segregating for growth habit (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1210-1216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Soybean ; Glycine max ; RFLP ; QTL ; Plant height ; Canopy width
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  There are both economic and environmental reasons for reducing the use of herbicides for weed control in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields. Optimizing crop competitiveness can reduce reliance on chemical weed control. Fast and vigorous early growth and rapid canopy development can be effective in suppressing weed infestation of crop plants. The purposes of this study were to identify and molecularly map the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conditioning soybean plant height and canopy width during the early vegetative stages of soybean growth. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage map was created using 142 markers and 116 F2-derived lines from a cross of ‘S100’בTokyo’. The parents and the 116 F2-derived lines were evaluated in the greenhouse and in the field at Athens, Ga., in 1996 and 1997. Combined over environments, Tokyo averaged 41 and 17% taller plants than S100 at the V7 and V10 stages of development. Transgressive segregation was observed among the progeny at both stages. Based on single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), three and four independent RFLP loci were associated with plant height at the V7 and V10 stages, respectively. All three loci detected [on linkage groups (LGs) C2 and F, and unlinked] at the V7 stage were also detected at the V10 stage along with one additional independent locus on LG E. The Tokyo allele contributed to increased plant height at all loci except at the unlinked locus. Three QTLs (on LGs C2, E, and F) were consistent across environments, three (on LGs C2 and F, and unlinked) were consistent across stages of plant development, and two (on LGs C2 and F) were consistent both across environments and stages of plant development. Within each stage of development, there was no interaction among the independent loci, and the respective loci together explained most of the variation in the traits. Three independent RFLP loci were associated with canopy width at the V10 stage, of which one was unique to the trait, while the remaining loci (on LGs C2 and F) were in common with the independent loci for plant height. Canopy width had a strong correlation (r=0.87) with plant height at the V10 stage. However, mature plant height, lodging, or seed weight had no phenotypic or QTL association with early plant height or canopy width.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051012
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  • 97
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    A consensus linkage map of rye (Secale cereale L.) including 374 RFLPs, 24 isozymes and 15 gene loci (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1279-1288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Consensus map ; Isozymes ; RFLP ; Rye ; Secale cereale L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Consensus linkage maps were constructed for all seven rye chromosomes using 12 basic RFLP maps. The maps presented contain a total of 413 markers. The number of markers per chromosome varies from 41 (chromosome 3R) to 83 (chromosome 1R). In addition to 374 RFLP and 24 isozyme markers 15 gene loci were incorporated, determining the traits reduced plant height, self fertility, male sterility restoration, vernalization response, resistance against powdery mildew, chlorophyll deficiency, hairy leaf sheath, hairy peduncle, waxy endosperm, waxless plant and absence of ligules. The maps presented allow the selection of markers for the fine mapping of certain regions of the rye genome. In terms of the known chromosomal rearrangements within the Triticeae its utilization can also be extended for mapping in wheat and barley.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051020
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic linkage map of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] using morphological and molecular markers (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 888-895 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Prunus persica ; Linkage map ; RFLP ; RAPD ; AFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A genetic linkage map of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batch] was constructed in order to identify molecular markers linked to economically important agronomic traits that would be particularly useful for long-lived perennial species. An intraspecific F2 population was generated from self-pollinating a single F1 plant from a cross between a flat non-acid peach, ‘Ferjalou Jalousia®’ and an acid round nectarine ‘Fantasia’. Mendelian segregations were observed for 270 markers including four agronomic characters (peach/nectarine, flat/round fruit, acid/non-acid fruit, and pollen sterility) and 1 isoenzyme, 50 RFLP, 92 RAPD, 8 inter-microsatellite amplification (IMA), and 115 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Two hundred and forty-nine markers were mapped to 11 linkage groups covering 712 centiMorgans (cM). The average density between pairs of markers is 4.5 cM. For the four agronomic characters studied, molecular markers were identified. This map will be used for the detection of QTL controlling fruit quality in peach and, particularly, the acid and sugar content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050969
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative RFLP mapping of Triticum monococcum genes controlling vernalization requirement (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 968-975 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Triticum monococcum ; Vernalization genes ; Vrn-1 ; Vrn-2 ; RFLP ; Comparative maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The adaptability of Triticum aestivum to a large range of environments is partially due to genetic differences in sensitivity to vernalization. The most potent gene reducing the vernalization requirement in hexaploid wheat is Vrn-A1. An orthologous vernalization gene, designated Vrn-A m 1, was mapped in the diploid wheat Triticum monococcum between RFLP markers Xwg908 and Xabg702 on the long arm of chromosome 5AmL. The orthology of VrnA m 1 with Vrn-A1 (5A wheat, originally Vrn1), Vrn-D1 (5D wheat, originally Vrn3), Vrn-R1 (5R rye, originally Sp1) and Vrn-H1 (5H barley, originally Sh2) was shown by mapping RFLP markers linked to these vernalization genes on the T. monococcum linkage map. A second vernalization gene, designated Vrn-A m 2, was found in the distal region of chromosome 5AmL within a segment translocated from homoeologous group 4. This gene is completely linked to RFLP marker Xbcd402 and located between the same RFLP markers (Xβ-Amy-1 and Xmwg616) as the Vrn-H2 (originally Sh) locus in Hordeum vulgare.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050978
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Identification of RFLP markers closely linked to the H1 gene conferring resistance to Globodera rostochiensis in potato (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 541-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Potato ; G. Rostochiensis ; RFLP ; Marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Resistance to the root cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis is an agronomic trait that is at present incorporated into most new potato varieties. Major dominant genes are available that originate from wild and cultivated Solanum species closely related to the cultivated European potato (Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum). One of those genes, H1, from S. Tuberosum ssp. andigena, was mapped to a distal position on potato chromosome V using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. The H1 locus segregates independently from Gro1, a second dominant gene presumably from S. Spegazzinii that confers resistance to G. Rostochiensis and which has been mapped to chromosome VII. One marker, CP113, was linked without recombination to the H1 locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220911
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