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  • Articles  (102)
  • wheat  (60)
  • Zea mays  (43)
  • Springer  (102)
  • 1990-1994  (102)
  • 1992  (102)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequential development of pathogens in the maize tarspot disease complex (1992)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 117 (1992), S. 157-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Phyllachora maydis ; Monographella maydis ; Coniothyrium phyllachorae ; Zea mays ; tarspot complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The tarspot complex is caused by the interaction of Phyllachora maydis and Monographella maydis. Coniothyrium phyllachorae, possibly a mycoparasite, is found in older ascostromata of P. maydis, which always appears first causing tarspot. M. maydis follows and is responsible for the damaging “fisheye” symptom. The fisheye symptom is always associated with a tarspot in the center of the lesion, whereas 12 to 20% of the Phyllachora ascostromata remained free of M. maydis. Inoculations of maize leaves with the Microdochium anamorph of the Monographella (usually produced in lesions) failed to produce infections. Some infections with M. maydis were, however, obtained under unusual conditions in the field. Inoculations onto tarspots in the laboratory were unsuccessful, but in field experiments inoculations with conidia of M. maydis enhanced severity of the tarspot complex. Fisheye symptoms of the complex naturally appear 2 to 7 days after the manifestation of P. maydis. This is followed a week later by the appearance of M. maydis which became predominant in the lesions and is associated with empty perithecia of P. maydis. In the early stages of the tarspots pycnidia of the anamorph of P. maydis, Linochora sp., could occasionally be observed. Ascomata of M. maydis were rare in the field. Of the 36 genetic materials of CIMMYT tested, 30 developed the fisheye symptom, 4 tarspots only and 2 remained free of symptoms
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442777
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of aflatoxin B1 on immature germinating maize (Zea mays) embryos (1992)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 119 (1992), S. 181-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: aflatoxin B1 ; electron microscopy ; in vitro ; immature maize embryo ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immature maize (Zea mays L.) embryos were treated with aflatoxin B1 concentrations, ranging from 0.1 μg ml−1 to 25 μg ml−1. Below 5 μg ml−1 aflatoxin B1, root and shoot elongation was not significantly inhibited. Ultrastructurally, root tip cells showed little deterioration, except a possible diffused clearing in mitochondria and plastids. As the toxin concentration was increased above 5 μgml−1, shoot, and particularly root elongation, was progressively inhibited. Associated with this, there was an apparent decrease in the ribosome population. Furthermore, membranes, particularly the vacuolar membrane, became abnormal and vacuolar distension occurred. At 20 and 25 μg ml−1, these effects were exacerbated, and mitochondria and plastid structure was disrupted. At these concentrations, there was evidence of a disruption in lipid metabolism. The results are discussed in the context of known aflatoxin effects on cellular control mechanisms and ultrastructure in animal systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00448817
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The current and residual value of superphosphate for lupins grown in rotation with oats and wheat on a deep sandy soil (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 319-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; fertilizer effectiveness ; residual value ; lupins ; oats ; wheat ; grain production ; bicarbonate-extractable soil phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on a deep pale-yellow sand in a 600 mm per annum rainfall Mediterranean environment of south-western Australia, six levels of phosphorus (P) as superphosphate (O up to 546 kg P ha−1) were applied once only, to the soil surface, before sowing lupins (Lupinus angustifolius). The lupins were grown in a continuous arable cropping rotation with, in successive years, oats (Avena sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), lupins. Five such rotations were started in the experiment from 1985 to 1989. The experiment continued until the end of 1990. The relationship between lupin seed (grain) yields and the level of P applied was measured in the year of P application for five successive years (1985 to 1989). The relationship had the same general form but it varied between years, largely due to different maximum yields (yield plateaux) in each year. The residual value of superphosphate applied three years previously was measured for lupins on two occasions (1988 and 1989) relative to superphosphate applied in the current year. The residual values was different in the two years. The superphosphate applied three years previously was about 30% as effective as freshly applied superphosphate in 1988, and 12% as effective in 1989. At each harvest, the relationship between grain yield and the P concentration in the grain differed for different species. However, for each species at each harvest, the relationship was similar regardless of when the P was applied in the previous years. Thus each species had the same internal efficiency of P use curve, and yields varied only with P concentration in tissue. Bicarbonate-extractable soil P was determined on soil samples taken in mid-July of 1989 and 1990. These soil test values were related to grain yields at harvest. The relationship between yield and soil test values had the same general form but varied for different species within years and for each species between years. It also varied for each species within years depending on the year the P was applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051283
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residual value of superphosphate for wheat and lupin grain production on a uniform yellow sandplain soil (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 331-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; residual value ; wheat ; lupins ; soil test for phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on a sandplain soil in a low rainfall (326 mm per annum) Mediterranean environment of south-western Australia, the effectiveness of superphosphate applied in 1986 was measured in three subsequent years relative to freshly-applied superphosphate each year, using grain (seed) yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and lupins (Lupinus angustifolius). The wheat and lupins were grown in rotation and both crops were grown each year starting in 1986. Bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus was determined on soil samples taken in mid June from where the P treatment was applied in 1986 only. These soil test values were related to the grain yields produced that year. For each level of superphosphate applied in 1986, soil test values decreased with increasing time from application. The relationship between grain yield and soil test values had the same general form within each year for both plant species, but varied between years. For both species, the effectiveness of superphosphate decreased by about 70–80% between the year of application and the first and second years after application, and by a further approximate 10% in the third year. The relationship between grain yield and the level of superphosphate applied became sigmoidal by 1989.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051284
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between electroultrafiltration (EUF) extractable nitrogen, grain yield, and optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates for winter wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen fertilizer rate ; electroultrafiltration ; wheat ; soil test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of the investigation was to examine whether there exist relationships between the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate for winter wheat and soil nitrogen fractions extracted by electroultrafiltration (EUF) from autumn samples of the upper soil layer (0–30 cm). Optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates were derived from grain yield curves of field trials carried out with increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates on 19 different sites in 1985/86 and 1986/87. Most soils were luvisols derived from loess, two soils were brown earths and one a pararendzina. Total Nitrogen fertilizer rates were 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N/ha applied twice before ear emergence. The final nitrogen rate at ear emergence was the same for all treatments, namely 60 kg N/ha. Optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates were derived from the grain yield curve fitted to a modified Mitscherlich equation. The optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates were correlated with the nitrogen fractions extracted by EUF. The regression equation thus obtained showed that NO 3 - , the organic N fraction (EUF Norg), and the EUF Norg-quotient each had a highly significant impact on the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate. The higher the amounts of EUF-N extracted the lower the optimum nitrogen rate. Substituting the EUF Norg-fraction for total nitrogen concentration in the upper soil layer gave a poorer relationship between the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate and the soil data. In absolute terms the EUF Norg-fraction had by far the greatest impact on calculating the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate. The investigation shows that the EUF method is a suitable technique for the determination of available soil nitrogen from which optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates can be derived for winter wheat cultivated under soil and climatic conditions typical for cereal growing areas in central Europe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054392
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of superphosphate and nitrogen on yield and take-all of wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 43-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; nitrogen fertilizer ; take-all ; (Gaeumannomyces graminis) ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat was grown continuously in soil amended with 5 levels of superphosphate and with 4 levels of urea at 3 sites. The incidence and severity of take-all, caused byGaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici, declined with increasing rates of application of both superphosphate and urea. In both years, the severity of take-all on plants receiving neither superphosphate nor urea was about 40% while at the highest level of superphosphate and urea supply the take-all severity was approximately halved at 22%. There was an increase in grain yield in response to applied superphosphate and urea to the highest level of each nutrient. There was also an increase in the 1,000-kernal weights with superphosphate and urea fertilizer application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064226
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The phosphorus requirement of different crop species compared with wheat on lateritic soils (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 27-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Phosphorus requirement ; wheat ; oats ; barley ; lupins ; triticale ; superphosphate ; grain yield ; phosphorus in grain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The phosphorus (P) requirement for grain production of different crop species (oats (Avena sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare), triticale (xTriticosecale), narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius), and sandplain lupins (L. cosentinii) was compared with wheat (Triticum aestivum) in five field experiments on different lateritic soils in south-western Australia. Seven or eight levels of superphosphate were applied at the start of each experiment. The amount of P required to produce 70% (four experiments) or 90% (one experiment) of the maximum yield was used to compare P requirements. Large differences in the P requirements of the species were obtained. On P deficient soil in 3 experiments, oats required from 50 to 70% less P than wheat, but required 40% more P on a soil with a long history of superphosphate applications. Compared with wheat, in the year of P application, barley required 50% less P in one experiment, had similar P requirements in two experiments, and required 80% more P in another experiment. In the years after P application, barley required 20% less P in two experiments. On an acidic soil triticale required from 50% to 70% less P than wheat, but on less acidic soil it required 100% more P. In the year of P application, narrow-leafed lupins required 800% more P than wheat in one experiment, and 30% more P in the other experiment. In the year of P application, sandplain lupins required 70% less P than wheat in one experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054391
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus effectiveness in fertilized soils evaluated by chemical solutions and residual value for wheat growth (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 185-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Residual P ; P fixation ; Bray P ; Olsen P ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nineteen soils from the south east of the Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina) that had been fertilized with moderate amounts of P (10–40 kgP/ha) during the last 10 years were used to investigate the effect of time on the decline of P availability as measured by three soil tests (Bray 1, Bray 2, Olsen) and the null-point method. Differences in rates of P decline among soils and chemical methods were characterized by an exponential coefficient for time (b 2) in equations which describe the changes of the added P retained by the soil (Pr =ac b1 t b2). The rate of decline of P for the nineteen soils calculated for the soil test methods was ordered decreasingly as: null-point 〉 Olsen 〉 Bray 1 〉 Bray 2. The ability of the chemical methods for assessing the residual value of P for wheat growth (RV) was tested in a pot experiment on seven of the soils that differed in their individual rates of reaction with P. Differences between soils in the rate of reaction with P as measured in the laboratory by the null-point method and by the Olsen test were reflected in different residual values for P fertilizer for wheat plants. Thus the value ofb 2 for these methods was well correlated with the observed residual values. The soil properties commonly associated with the retention of P were not related to the value ofb 2 suggesting that more than one soil property may be involved in the measure ofb 2. The exponent for timeb 2 may be used as an index of the ability of the soil test to reflect the decline of P availability with time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048781
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electroporation and PEG delivery of DNA into maize microspores (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 11 (1992), S. 567-570 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Microspore ; Electroporation ; Transformation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ability to deliver and detect reporter gene activity in maize microspores was tested. Tested expression vectors contained the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene and one of the following promoter-intron combinations: 1) cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV 35S), 2) CaMV 35S + maize alcohol dehydrogenase 1 intron 6 (Adh1-I6), 3) maize alcohol dehydrogenase 1 + intron 1 (Adh1-I1), or 4) maize ubiquitin 1 + intron 1 (Ubiq 1-I1) promoter + intron. The expression vectors were delivered into maize microspores using electroporation or polyethylene glycol (PEG). Both methods were effective for delivering free DNA into microspores. Although all four promoters were active in maize protoplasts, only two promoters were active in maize microspores. The CaMV 35S and the Adh1 promoters did not promote gene expression in maize microspore. The CaMV 35S + Adh1-I6 and Ubiq1-I1 promoters produced high levels of CAT activity in maize microspores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233094
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cleavage polyembryony in maize (1992)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 224-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Maize ; Polyembryony
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two types of cleavage polyembryony are described in the inbred line VIR 17 of maize. Suspensorial embryony was observed to occur spontaneously. Typical cleavage of the zygotic proembryo occurred spontaneously, but could also be induced by treating the developing caryopses with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on the second day after pollination. 2,4-D was active as a decorelative factor also evoking the expression of totipotency in individual proembryonal cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189815
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of pollen-tube growth in cultured maize silks (1992)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 227-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Maize ; Pollen-tube growth regulation ; In vitro pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In vitro pollen-tube growth in maize was studied using an in vitro pollination system. In the ‘cut-silk’ method, ovaries with silks were placed on medium in vitro, whereafter the silk was cut and the upper part of the silk was pollinated. Pollen tubes were not able to bridge the space between the two silk parts. Even when silk parts were tightly connected, pollen tubes still were not able to pass the cut ends and reach the lower silk part. Pollen-tube growth rates and the direction of tube growth were not influenced by the presence or absence of an ovary. Prepollination did not have any influence on pollen-tube growth rate. Measurements of pollen-tube growth rate also showed that there was no ‘population effect’, i.e. growth rate was not stimulated by pollination with an excess of pollen grains. We found that the direction in which maize pollen grew was determined only by the positioning of the silk hairs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189816
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maturation of maize pollen in vitro (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 11 (1992), S. 535-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Zea mays ; in vitro culture ; in vitro pollen ; pollen germination ; fertilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Maturation of maize pollen was obtained in male reproductive structures cultured in vitro. Immature tassels containing microspores at the mid-uninucleate to late-binucleate stage of development were excised and spikelets, anthers, and/or isolated microspores were cultured on a medium capable of supporting pollen maturation. Microspore mitosis, culminating in the production of starch-filled, trinucleate pollen capable of germination, was observed after 7–15 days, depending on the genotype and stage at which the cultures were initiated. Up to 100%, 70%, and 20% of the cultured spikelets, anthers, and isolated microspores, respectively, produced mature pollen, which germinated, however, at different frequencies (i.e., spikelets, 50–70%; anthers, 5–10%; microspores, 〈1%). Mature kernels were produced following fertilization with pollen from cultured spikelets and anthers. These procedures provide methods for the in vitro manipulation of a significant phase of the maize life cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236273
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Matrix-associated DNA from maize is enriched in repetitive sequences (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 11 (1992), S. 355-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Matrix-associated ; DNA ; repetitive sequences ; DNA loops
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to elucidate some features of the topological organization of DNA within the plant nucleus, DNA fragments involved in the attachment of the DNA loops to the nuclear matrix in maize were studied. The matrix-associated DNA from dry embryo and meristematic cells after extensive digestion with DNase I and high salt treatment was about 2% of the total DNA, sized within the range of 50 and 250 bp. This DNA was found to be enriched in repetitive DNA sequences, both for nuclei from dry embryo and meristematic cells. The loop size of the DNA in cells of Zea mays appeared to be between 5 and 25 kbp.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233365
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field evaluation of N2 fixation and N partitioning in climbing bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) using 15N (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 142-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: A value ; Common bean ; N remobilization ; Soil N balance ; Atom% 15N excess ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is generally regarded as a poor N2 fixer. This study assessed the sources of N (fertilizer, soil, and fixed N), N partitioning and mobilization, and soil N balance under field conditions in an indeterminate-type climbing bean (P. vulgaris L. cv. Cipro) at the vegetative, early pod-filling, and physiological maturity stages, using the A-value approach. This involved the application of 10 and 100 kg N ha-1 of 15N-labelled ammonium sulphate to the climbing bean and a reference crop, maize (Zea mays L.). At the late pod-filling stage (75 days after planting) the climbing bean had accumulated 119 kg N ha-1, 84% being derived from fixation, 16% from soil, and only 0.2% from the 15N fertilizer. N2 fixation was generally high at all stages of plant growth, but the maximum fixation (74% of the total N2 fixed) occurred during the interval between early (55 days after planting) and late podfilling. The N2 fixed between 55 and 75 days after planting bas a major source (88%) of the N demand of the developing pod, and only about 11% was contributed from the soil. There was essentially no mobilization of N from the shoots or roots for pod development. The cultivation of common bean cultivars that maintain a high N2-fixing capacity especially during pod filling, satisfying almost all the N needs of the developing pod and thus requiring little or no mobilization of N from the shoots for pod development, may lead to a net positive soil N balance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336269
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  • 15
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    Allelopathic activity in wheat-conventional and wheat-no-till soils: Development of soil extract bioassays (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2191-2221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cover crops ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; soybean ; Glycine max ; soil extracts ; germination bioassays ; phenolic acids ; hydroxamic acids ; allelopathy ; slope analysis ; ivy-leaved morning glory ; Ipomoea hederacea ; crimson clover ; Trifolium incarnalum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The primary objective of this research was to determine if soil extracts could be used directly in bioassays for the detection of allelopathic activity. Here we describe: (1) a way to estimate levels of allelopathic compounds in soil; (2) how pH, solute potential, and/or ion content of extracts may modify the action of allelopathic compounds on germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ivyleaved morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea L. Jacquin.); and (3) how biological activity of soil extracts may be determined. A water-autoclave extraction procedure was chosen over the immediate-water and 5-hr EDTA extraction procedures, because the autoclave procedure was effective in extracting solution and reversibly bound ferulic acid as well as phenolic acids from wheat debris. The resulting soil extracts were used directly in germination bioassays. A mixture of phenolic acids similar to that obtained from wheat-no-till soils did not affect germination of clover or morning glory and radicle and hypocotyl length of morning glory. The mixture did, however, reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of clover. Individual phenolic acids also did not inhibit germination, but did reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of both species. 6-MBOA (6-methoxy-2,3-benzoxazolinone), a conversion product of 2-o-glucosyl-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, a hydroxamic acid in living wheat plants, inhibited germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. 6-MBOA, however, was not detected in wheat debris, stubble, or soil extracts. Total phenolic acids (FC) in extracts were determined with Folin and Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. Levels of FC in wheat-conventionaltill soil extracts were not related to germination or radicle and hypocotyl length of either species. Levels of FC in wheat-no-till soil extracts were also not related to germination of clover or morning glory, but were inversely related to radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. FC values, solute potential, and acidity of wheat-no-till soil extracts appeared to be independent (additive) in action on clover radicle and hypocotyl length. Radicle and hypocotyl length of clover was inversely related to increasing FC and solute potential and directly related to decreasing acidity. Biological activity of extracts was determined best from slopes of radicle and hypocotyl length obtained from bioassays of extract dilutions. Thus, data derived from the water-autoclave extraction procedure, FC analysis, and slope analysis for extract activity in conjunction with data on extract pH and solute potential can be used to estimate allelopathic activity of wheat-no-till soils
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984946
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  • 16
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    Odors influence choice of oviposition sites byDiabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1227-1237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Western corn rootworm ; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; bacteria ; carbon dioxide ; pheromone ; semiochemicals ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract FemaleDiabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte were allowed to choose between oviposition substrates that were and those that were not associated with potential sources of semiochemicals. Females deposited over five times more eggs on moist towelettes that were treated with homogenates of female abdomens than on towelettes treated with distilled water. Similar results were obtained when screening separated the homogenates from the towelettes, indicating that odors alone could elicit the response. In contrast, females did not choose towelettes that had previously been used for oviposition or towelettes containing eggs over unused towelettes. Further tests with homogenates of abdomens and a bacteriostatic agent (sorbate) indicated that the females were probably responding to bacterial odors rather than an oviposition-enhancing pheromone. Four strains of bacteria were isolated from a homogenate of female abdomens; females deposited 4 to 16 times more eggs on substrates with odors of the bacteria than on substrates with odors of uninoculated nutrient agar. In no-choice tests, bacterial odors did not increase the number of eggs deposited per female beetle; however, in choice tests with dishes that tended to retain any beetles that entered, there were more eggs per female (but not more beetles) after 24 hr in dishes with bacterial odors than in those without the odors. Females also chose dishes with odors of excised maize (Zea mays L.) roots or elevated levels of carbon dioxide over “control” dishes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980076
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  • 17
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    Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA coding for the barley seed protein CMa: an inhibitor of insect α-amylase (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 423-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare L. ; CM protein ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The primary structure of the insect α-amylase inhibitor CMa of barley seeds was deduced from a full-length cDNA clone pc43F6. Analysis of RNA from barley endosperm shows high levels 15 and 20 days after flowering. The cDNA predicts an amino acid sequence of 119 residues preceded by a signal peptide of 25 amino acids. Ala and Leu account for 55% of the signal peptide. CMa is 60–85% identical with α-amylase inhibitors of wheat, but shows less than 50% identity to trypsin inhibitors of barley and wheat. The 10 Cys residues are located in identical positions compared to the cereal inhibitor family with a Pro-X-Cys motif present in all.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034972
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    Mutational analysis of the ‘conserved region’ of maize streak virus suggests its involvement in replication (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 601-610 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: geminivirus ; agroinfection ; Zea mays ; large intergenic region (LIR)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Maize streak virus as well as other geminiviruses contain a potential hairpin structure with the conserved sequence TAATATTAC in the loop. We assessed the possible involvement of this structure in replication and symptom induction of the virus. A series of insertion and deletion mutants were analyzed by agroinfection. Deletion of the hairpin or insertions in the conserved sequence abolished symptom development. Viral DNA could not be detected in the infected tissue. However, a mutant with a point mutation in the ‘conserved’ sequence, isolated after inoculation of maize plants with an insertion mutant, was able to replicate and to induce symptoms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026786
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    An mRNA that specifically accumulates in maize roots delineates a novel subset of developing cortical cells (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 821-831 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cortex ; developmental regulation ; in situ hybridization ; organ-specific gene expression ; roots ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A near full-length cDNA clone (pZRP3) corresponding to an mRNA that accumulates specifically in roots of maize was isolated. The ZRP3 mRNA is ca. 600 nucleotides in length. The amino acid sequence of the predicted polypeptide is rich in leucine (16%), proline (11%), and cysteine (8.5%). The zrp3 gene appears to be expressed exclusively in roots, whereas other ZRP3-related genes are expressed in additional organs of the maize plant. In situ hybridization shows that ZRP3 mRNA accumulation is largely confined to the cells of the cortical ground meristem. Furthermore, accumulation of this mRNA occurs within a distinct subset of cortical cells, the inner three to four cell layers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027153
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    Analysis of the gibberellin-responsive promoter of a cathepsin B-like gene from wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 849-856 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: GA regulation ; thiol-protease promoter ; wheat ; aleurone ; particle gun
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A wheat gene (A121) encoding a protein with sequence similarity to mammalian cathepsin B is regulated by gibberellic acid (GA) in aleurone layers of germinating grains. To analyse the mechanism of A121 regulation, its promoter was fused to the β-glucuronidase reporter gene (GUS) and introduced by micro-projectile bombardment into aleurone layers of oat. With 2.3 kb of promoter sequence, the GUS expression was enhanced by GA treatment. This effect was reversed by abscisic acid (ABA). This result showed for A121, like the α-amylase genes, that the regulation by GA and ABA was at the level of transcription. The GA responsiveness of the promoter was retained with as little as 276 bp of promoter sequence. Sequence comparison with a GA responsive promoter of an α-amylase gene identified the conserved element GCAACGGCAACGATGG which is required intact for full expression of both promoters. However, there was no identifiable similarity in the cathepsin-like promoter with the GA-responsive element of α-amylase promoters with the consensus sequence TAACAAA, suggesting that GA affects more than one mechanism of transcriptional control.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027156
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    Sequence analysis of WIS-2-1A, a retrotransposon-like element from wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 991-995 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: retrotransposon-like element ; sequence analysis ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract WIS-2-1A, a 8624 bp insertion in the Glu-1A-2 locus of chromosome 1A of wheat, consists of two 1755 bp long terminal repeats enclosing a 5114 bp internal region. No long open reading frames could be found, but inspection of the predicted amino acid sequence showed regions with homology to retrotransposon structures, including a methionine tRNA initiator binding site, a nucleotide binding domain, a protease, an integrase and a polymerase. DNA replication errors have resulted in frame-shifts in the protein coding region, suggesting that retrotransposition of WIS-2-1A, if it occurs, must be mediated by trans-acting factors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027169
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    A DNA polymerase from maize axes: its purification and possible role (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 1159-1168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: DNA polymerase ; germination ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three different DNA polymerase activities can be resolved by passing a protein extract from 24 h imbibed maize axes through DEAE-cellulose. These activities have been numbered 1, 2 and 3, according to their elution order. One of them, DNA polymerase 2, elutes at 100–120 mM phosphates. This enzyme was further purified by passing it through Heparin-Sepharose, Sephacryl S-300 and DNA cellulose. Purification was nearly 5000-fold. The enzyme needs Mg2+, is stimulated by K+, has an optimum pH of 7.0 and its optimum temperature is 30–37 °C. Specific inhibitors for different types of polymerases, such as aphidicolin, dideoxythymidine triphosphate and N-ethyl maleimide, gave intermediate values of inhibition, making impossible the definition of the type of enzyme purified by its inhibitory pattern. SDS-PAGE indicated the presence of several bands of molecular masses of 28–40, 56 and 15 kDa. Most of these bands could be visualized when proteins from crude extracts were analyzed by western blot, using an antibody against calf thymus DNA polymerase α. A high molecular mass (around 500 kDa) was calculated by western blot of native gels using the same antibody. Finally, specific activity of this enzyme increased 100-fold during maize germination whereas polymerase 3 virtually did not increase. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation experiments with the antipolymerase α-antibody showed a decrease in DNA polymerase activity by 70%. The possibility that polymerase 2 is a replicative enzyme is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028902
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    Stress responses in maize: Sequence analysis of cDNAs encoding glycine-rich proteins (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 847-849 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA ; nucleotide sequence ; glycine-rich proteins ; chemical stress ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020034
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    Multiple ocs-like elements required for efficient transcription of the mannopine synthase gene of T-DNA in maize protoplasts (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 219-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: promoter ; electroporation ; protoplasts ; transient assay ; Agrobacterium ; Ti plasmid ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Regulatory elements controlling transcriptional activity of the mannopine synthase 2′ promoter (mas 2′) were defined by analysis of deletion mutants in transient expression assays in maize protoplasts. Deletion of the region between −305 and −290 containing sequence similarity to the octopine synthase (ocs) promoter element reduced activity by 67% compared to wild type activity. Less than 1% of the activity remained in 5′ deletions downstream of −153. Inclusion of various heterologous enhancer-like sequences immediately upstream of position −325 increased activity by up to 7.5-fold. Insertion of the −325 to −275 sequence alone, or in combination with heterologous enhancer-like elements, restored activity of some of the 5′-deletion mutants. Restoration of activity was not obtained with mutants deleted past position −127. Our results suggest that a single class of nuclear proteins from maize interact with high affinity at elements designated mas b (−306 to −275; mas 1′ element), d (−127 to −108), and e (−82 to −39; mas 2′ element) as well as the 20 bp element from the ocs promoter. Although the binding site at mas d only appears to accommodate a single protein, this element has the potential to make a weak, but positive, contribution to the activity of the mas 2′ promoter. The binding of nuclear proteins could not be demonstrated at mas a and c, both of which showed limited homology to the ocs element. Mutational evidence suggested that mas a and c may also contribute to mas 2′ transcription.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014490
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    Nucleotide sequence of a region of maize chloroplast DNA containing the 3′ end of clpP, exon 1 of rps12 and rpl20 and their cotranscription (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 415-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ribosomal protein ; rps12 ; rpl20 ; clpP ; chloroplast genome ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034970
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    Nitrate reductase transcript is expressed in the primary response of maize to environmental nitrate (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 55-64 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cycloheximide ; leaf ; nitrate induction ; nitrate reductase transcript ; root ; scutellum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nitrate induction of NADH:nitrate reductase mRNA in maize roots, scutella and leaves was investigated in the presence and absence of inhibitors of protein synthesis. In the absence of inhibitors, nitrate treatment caused a fairly rapid (2 to 3 h) increase in the level of the nitrate reductase transcript in all tissues. When cytoplasmic protein synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide, nitrate reductase mRNA was induced by nitrate in all tissues to levels equal to or greater than those found with nitrate treatment alone. Treatment of maize tissues with cycloheximide in the absence of nitrate had only a small effect on the accumulation of the nitrate reductase mRNA. Inhibition of organellar protein synthesis with chloramphenicol also had little or no effect on nitrate-induced nitrate reductase mRNA accumuiation in roots and scutella, but did appear to partially inhibit appearance of transcript in leaves. Excision of scutella in the absence of nitrate was sufficient to cause some accumulation of the nitrate reductase transcript. Since cytoplasmic protein synthesis was not required for expression of nitrate reductase transcripts, induction of these transcripts by nitrate is a primary response of maize to this environmental signal. Thus, it appears that the signal transduction system mediating this response is constitutively expressed in roots, scutella and leaves of maize.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018456
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    cDNA clones encoding Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays mitochondrial chaperonin HSP60 and gene expression during seed germination and heat shock (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 873-885 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; ATPase ; cpn60 ; developmental regulation ; molecular chaperones ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria contain a nuclear-encoded heat shock protein, HSP60, which functions as a chaperonin in the post-translational assembly of multimeric proteins encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial genes. We have isolated and sequenced full-length complementary DNAs coding for this mitochondrial chaperonin in Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays. Southern-blot analysis indicates the presence of a single hsp60 gene in the genome of A. thaliana. There is a high degree of homology at the predicted amino acid levels (43 to 60%) between plant HSP60s and their homologues in prokaryotes and other eukaryotes which indicates that these proteins must have similar evolutionarily conserved functions in all organisms. Northern- and western-blot analyses indicate that the expression of the hsp60 gene is developmentally regulated during seed germination. It is also heat-inducible. Developmental regulation of the (β-subunit) of F1-ATPase, an enzyme complex that is involved in the cyanide-sensitive mitochondrial electron transport system, indicates that imbibed embryos undergo rapid mitochondrial biogenesis through the early stages of germination. Based on the functional role of HSP60 in macromolecular assembly, these data collectively suggest that the presence of higher levels of HSP60 is necessary during active mitochondrial biogenesis, when the need for this protein is greatest in assisting the rapid assembly of the oligomeric protein structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019202
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    Dissection of a pollen-specific promoter from maize by transient transformation assays (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 211-218 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: pollen-specific gene expression ; promoter analysis ; transient assays ; Tradescantia ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have previously reported the isolation and characterization of a gene (Zm 13) from Zea mays which shows a pollen-specific pattern of expression. Stably transformed tobacco plants containing a reporter gene linked to portions of the Zm 13 5′ flanking region show correct temporal and spatial expression of the gene. Here we present a more detailed analysis of the 5′ regions responsible for expression in pollen by utilizing a transient expression system. Constructs containing the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene under the control of various sized fragments of the Zm13 5′ flanking region were introduced into Tradescantia and Zea mays pollen via high-velocity microprojectile bombardment, and monitored both visually and with a fluorescence assay. The results suggest that sequences necessary for expression in pollen are present in a region from −100 to −54, while other sequences which amplify that expression reside between −260 and −100. The replacement of the normal terminator with a portion of the Zm13 3′ region containing the putative polyadenylation signal and site also increased GUS expression. While the −260 to −100 region contains sequences similar to other protein-binding domains reported for plants, the −100 to −54 region appears to contain no significant homology to other known promoter fragments which direct pollen-specific expression. The microprojectile bombardment of Tradescantia pollen appears to be a good test system for assaying maize and possibly other monocot promoter constructs for pollen expression.
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    Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding the TATA box-binding protein (TFIID) from wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 867-872 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: TATA box ; TFIID ; transcription factor ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We isolated a complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding the TATA-binding factor ‘TFIID’ from a wheat seedling cDNA library. The wheat TFIID transcript of 1.2 kb poly(A)+ RNA was expressed at a low level early in germination, but gradually increased as the seedlings developed. In vitro binding experiments showed that the bacterially expressed wheat TFIID protein could specifically bind to the TATA boxes of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S, wheat histone H3 and adenovirus major late genes with different affinity. A comparison with Arabidopsis TFIID showed the presence of a plant-specific region consisting of 13 amino acids at the divergent amino terminus and a conserved region (182 amino acids) at the carboxy terminus longer than that observed in yeasts (180 amino acids) and animals (181 amino acids).
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    Nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA in diploid wheat,Triticum speltoides L. (Tausch) Gren. ex Richter (Gramineae) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 157-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: rRNA ; PCR ; ITS ; DNA sequence ; nucleotide ; Triticum speltoides ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029158
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    Nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA in wheat,Triticum aestivum L. (Gramineae) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 159-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: rRNA ; PCR ; ITS ; DNA sequence ; nucleotide ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029159
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    Sequence and organization of a 7.2 kb region of wheat mitochondrial DNA containing the large subunit (26S) rRNA gene (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 347-352 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: mitochondrial DNA ; repeated sequences ; ribosomal RNA ; t-elements ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report the sequence of a 7.2 kilobase pair DNA fragment containing a copy of the wheat mitochondrial gene (rrn26) that encodes the mitochondrial large-subunit ribosomal RNA (26S rRNA). The mature 26S rRNA was determined by direct RNA sequencing to be 3467 nucleotides long, and to share a 5′-terminal pentanucleotide (5′-AUCAU), thought to be important in post-transcriptional processing, with the wheat mitochondrial small-subunit (18S) rRNA. Two other prominent features of the sequence were noted. First, upstream of rrn26 are located two tandem copies of a 70 base pair element containing a putative mitochondrial promoter motif (TCGTATAAAAA). Second, downstream of rrn26 is a sequence element that, if transcribed, would produce and RNA with a secondary structure resembling that of tRNAs but differing sufficiently from the latter structure to preclude any transcript from functioning normally in translation. These upstream and downstream sequence elements may play a role in the expression of rrn26 in wheat mitochondria.
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    Dynamical behavior of psb gene transcripts in greening wheat seedlings. I. Time course of accumulation of the psbA through psbN gene transcripts during light-induced greening (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 695-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast ; gene expression ; photosystem 2 ; transcription ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The time course of the accumulation of the transcripts from 13 psb genes encoding a major part of the proteins composing photosystem II during light-induced greening of dark-grown wheat seedlings was examined focusing on early stages of plastid development (0.5 h through 72 h). The 13 genes can be divided into three groups. (1) The psbA gene is transcribed as a single transcript of 1.3 kb in the dark-grown seedlings, but its level increases 5- to 7-fold in response to light due to selective increase in RNA stability as well as in transcription activity. (2) The psbE-F-L-J operon, psbM and psbN genes are transcribed as a single transcript of 1.1 kb, two transcripts of 0.5 and 0.7 kb and a single transcript of 0.3 kb, respectively, in the dark-grown seedlings. The levels of accumulation of every transcript remain unchanged or rather decrease during plastid development under illumination. (3) The psbK-I-D-C gene cluster and psbB-H operon exhibit fairly complicated northern hybridization patterns during the greening process. When a psbC or psbD gene probe was used for northern hybridization, five transcripts differing in length were detected in the etioplasts from 5-day old dark-grown seedlings. After 2 h illumination, two new transcripts of different length appeared. Light induction of new transcripts was also observed in the psbB-H operon.
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    Chromosomal and cell size analysis of cold tolerant maize (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 798-802 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Zea mays ; C-banding ; Cell size ; Chloroplast number ; Cold tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary C-band number, guard cell length, and chloroplast number per guard cell were determined for eight maize populations. These populations consisted of maize selected for cold tolerance at the University of Nebraska as well as the original unselected populations. The genome size of these populations had previously been determined. C-band number fluctuated concertedly with the changes in genome size indicating that deletions and additions of constitutive heterochromatin occurred during selection, resulting in altered genome sizes. Guard cell size of all the cold tolerant populations was greater than the cell size of the respective nonselected populations. Chloroplast number per guard cell was also higher in all the cold tolerant populations than in their parental populations, but the increases were not statistically significant. The results indicate that changes in genome size that occurred during selection for cold tolerance are the result of changes in amounts of C-band heterochromatin and that the selection process results in an increase in cell size in the cold tolerant populations.
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    Mechanical release and lectin labeling of maize root protoplasts (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 169 (1992), S. 49-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Lectin ; Plasma membrane ; Protoplast isolation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An improved method for the mechanical release of protoplasts from plant tissues is described. The historically-low yield of mechanically-released protoplasts is greatly increased by use of a simple electrically-driven tissue sheer and by optimization of various other steps in the procedure. As counted by light microscopy of a purified preparation, the number of mechanically-released protoplasts obtained is about 6×104 per gram fresh weight of cortical tissue from the primary root of maize (Zea mays L. WF9×Mo 17) seedlings. Nuclear staining of the preparation, however, shows that about half of these protoplasts lack a nucleus and thus are actually subprotoplasts. Comparison of lectin binding to the plasma membranes of mechanically-and enzymatically-released protoplasts shows that both types contain binding sites forRicinus communis agglutinin. Binding sites for peanut (Arachis hypogaea) agglutinin are not naturally present on mechanically-released protoplasts but are generated by exposure to a mixture of Cellulysin and Pectolyase Y-23, the cell wall-degrading enzymes used to prepare enzymatically-released protoplasts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01343369
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    Plant cell wall architecture is revealed by rapid-freezing and deep-etching (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 167 (1992), S. 33-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Daucus carota ; Zea mays ; Vigna radiata ; Helicoidal cell walls ; Polylamellate cell walls ; Rapid-freeze deep-etch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper reports on preliminary investigations into the structure of cell walls of varying complexity as revealed by the rapidfreeze deep-etch technique. Three cell types from different species were examined in order to compare the three-dimensional arrangement of random, polylamellate and helicoidal walls. Each cell type displayed a distinctive level of organisation with respect to the cellulose microfibrils and the matrix material. In polylamellated walls, the microfibrils within each layer were linked to each other by 16–20 nm long side chains regularly spaced along the length of the microfibril. In helicoidal walls, the shifting of the microfibrils could cleary be seen, yet no recognisable structures were observed which could mediate this movement.
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    Effect of thefloury-2 locus on protein body formation during maize endosperm development (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 171 (1992), S. 123-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Endosperm ; Floury-2 ; Immunocytochemistry ; Protein bodies ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The seed storage proteins of maize (Zea mays L.) are synthesized during endosperm development on membrane-bound polyribosomes. These proteins, collectively called zeins, are translocated into the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they assemble into protein bodies. Protein body formation in normal genotypes occurs via an ordered deposition of the various types of zeins, and leads to the formation of spherical structures with a diameter of about 1 μm. These structures consist of a central core that contains predominantly α-zein; this central region is surrounded by a peripheral layer of β- and γ-zeins, and the entire structure is bounded by rough endoplasmic reticulum. In the endosperm mutant floury-2 the levels of all classes of zeins are reduced; these kernels exhibit an opaque phenotype instead of the vitreous phenotype observed in normal genotypes. In contrast to the discrete, spherical protein bodies which are formed in normal maize endosperm, the protein bodies within floury-2 endosperm are irregular and the zeins are disorganized; patches of β- and γ-zeins occur within irregularly lobed clusters of α-zein within the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The implications of this aberrant distribution are discussed, both with respect to protein body development and kernel characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01403727
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    Increases in binding protein (BiP) accompany changes in protein body morphology in three high-lysine mutants of maize (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 171 (1992), S. 142-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Endosperm ; Zea mays ; Immunolocalization ; Rough endoplasmic reticulum ; Binding protein ; Protein bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A maize 75 kDa protein recently has been identified as a plant homolog of the mammalian binding protein (BiP). To better understand the function of BiP in protein body formation in maize endosperm, immunomicroscopy studies were conducted on three maize endosperm mutants, floury-2, Mucronate, and Defective endosperm-B 30, in which the level of BiP is highly elevated. Our results showed that protein body morphology in all three mutants was altered. In addition, BiP was localized in both the ER and peripheral regions of the abnormal protein bodies. The degree to which protein body morphology differed from normal was positively correlated with increased amounts of BiP. In addition, the accumulation of BiP in abnormal protein bodies increased with protein body maturation. In the three endosperm mutants, the arrangement of zeins within protein bodies had been perturbed, yet none of the specific zein subclasses exhibited the staining pattern found for BiP. The association of BiP with abnormal packaging of proteins in protein bodies may reflect a biological function to mediate protein folding and assembly in maize endosperm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01403729
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    Effect of cereal-legumechapati diets on absorption and retention of calcium (1992)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 42 (1992), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Calcium ; absorption ; wheat ; Bengal gram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheatchapati, wheat+Bengal gram (80∶20 and 70∶30)chapatis and casein diets, at 10 percent protein level, were fed to rats for 12 weeks to study the effect on calcium utilization. The supplementation of Bengal gram to wheat diets significantly improved the calcium absorption. The urinary calcium excretion in wheat+Bengal gramchapati diets was significantly less than that of wheatchapati diet fed group. The in vivo45Ca absorption (CPM/100 μl serum) was also less in wheatchapati group as compared to wheat+Bengal gramchapati diets fed groups. The supplementation of legumes to cereals improved the calcium utilization and it may be concluded that there will be no risk of occurance of protein induced hypercalciuria.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02196469
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    Reactivation of Mutator transposable elements of maize by ultraviolet light (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 234 (1992), S. 353-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Somatic instability ; Bronze-2 ; Genomic shock ; Pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary After epigenetic loss of Mutator activity, the family of Mu elements in Zea mays becomes immobile and highly methylated; in addition, Mu9, the presumptive autonomous regulatory element, is transcriptionally silent and its copy number decreases in successive crosses to non-Mutator lines. Spontaneous reactivation, scored as restoration of somatic instability of potentially mutable alleles of Bronze-2, of such cryptic Mutator lines is rare, occurring with a frequency of about 10−4. Irradiation of pollen with 254 nm ultraviolet light increases reactivation rate in the progeny kernels by up to 40-fold. Accompanying reactivation, the copy number of Mu9 elements increased, two-fold in one line and 20 to 40-fold in a second line. Reactivation may involve direct DNA damage or immediate physiological stress in the treated pollen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00538694
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    Regulated transcription of the maize Bronze-2 promoter in electroporated protoplasts requires the C1 and R gene products (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 233 (1992), S. 379-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Bz2 gene ; Transcriptional regulation ; Anthocyanin pathway ; Transient assay ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The putative maize transcription factor genes R and C1 are required for expression of reporter genes with promoters from the Bz1 and A1 genes, which encode enzymes required for anthocyanin biosynthesis in maize. Bz2 is another anthocyanin biosynthetic gene; we show that expression of a reporter gene from the Bz2 promoter also requires R and C1 when the fusion construct is introduced into maize kernels by particle gun bombardment. When electroporated into maize protoplasts from a suspension cell line not synthesizing anthocyanins, reporter genes with Bz2, Bz1, and A1 promoters are expressed only when both R and C1 expression plasmids are co-electroporated. Electroporation of R and C1 expression plasmids also induces the endogenous genes required for anthocyanin synthesis, resulting in pink protoplasts within 24 h. RNase protection analysis demonstrates that accumulation of mRNA from the endogenous Bzl and Bz2 genes absolutely requires introduced R and C1. In time-course experiments there is a delay of 3–6 h before the Bz2 promoter is activated, supporting the proposed role for R- and C1-encoded proteins in transcriptional control. An excess of R relative to C1 suppresses expression of A1, Bz1, and Bz2 promoters, suggesting an interaction between the R and C1 proteins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265434
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    Mechanism of Ds1 excision from the genome of maize streak virus (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 233 (1992), S. 388-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Viral vector ; Transposable element ; Zea mays ; Agroinfection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have previously shown that the maize transposable element Ds1 introduced into maize plants by agroinfection can be excised from the genome of geminivirus maize streak virus (MSV). Excision depended strictly on the presence of an active Ac element in the plants. In this study, the excision products or “footprints” left in the MSV genome after Ds1 excision were extensively characterized and the effects of flanking sequences on Ds1 excision were analysed. Most types of footprints obtained were comparable to those described for Ds1 excision in the maize genome, and could be explained by the models proposed for excision of plant transposable elements. In two revertants, however, some terminal sequences of the Ds1 element were found to have been left behind at the excision site. The finding of this novel type of Ds1 footprint indicated that gene conversion events occurred during and/or after Ds1 excision from the MSV genome. A partial deletion of one copy of the 8 by duplications flanking the Ds1 element had no effect on the frequency or on the types of footprints of Ds1 excision from the MSV genome. Thus, the duplicated 8 by sequences flanking the transposable element are not involved in Ds1 excision. These results, as well as a statistical analysis of the modifications of the bases flanking the Ds1 element after excision, are discussed in terms of excision models.
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    Functional analysis of the — 300 region of maize zein genes (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 231 (1992), S. 369-374 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Transcription ; Transformation ; Endosperm ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 43 by fragment containing the — 300 region upstream control element common to the endosperm expressed zein genes of Zea mays L. has been analyzed by in vivo and in vitro techniques. Transient transformation studies with protoplasts from a maize endosperm culture indicate that the element positively affects CaMV 35S promoter-driven gene expression, and that this effect is both orientation- and position-dependent. Band-shift and Southwestern blotting experiments demonstrate that the element is specifically bound by different sets of DNA-binding proteins from seedling and endosperm nuclei. A 2 by substitution within the most conserved region of the element both reduces the stimulatory effect on transcription and alters the binding of nuclear proteins from both tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00292705
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    Structural and functional analysis of theBz2 locus ofZea mays: characterization of overlapping transcripts (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 233 (1992), S. 269-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Bz2 locus ; Natural antisense transcripts ; Transposable elements ; Gene family
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analysis of the transcription pattern of theBz2 locus revealed that overlapping transcripts are derived from opposite DNA strands. The most abundant transcript (sense transcript) has an open reading frame coding for a protein of 241 amino acids, whilst in the antisense orientation no open reading frame has been detected; the antisense transcripts are detected only in those tissues that show high levels of sense transcript. Particle gun experiments indicate that the sense transcript is sufficient to provide theBz2 function. The promoter driving the sense transcript contains the elements usually found in front of eukaryotic genes. In addition an element with similarity to theC1 andR binding sites identified in theBz1 promoter is found. Further upstream in the promoter region a transposon-like insertion has been identified. This element has features similar to members of theAc/Ds transposable element family. The putativeBz2 protein shows similarity to various other plant proteins and to anEscherichia coli protein. All related proteins have in common the fact that they are involved in stress responses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587588
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    Effects of rainfall on the use of foliar analysis for diagnosing boron toxicity in field-grown wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 311-314 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: boron toxicity ; diagnosis ; foliar analysis ; mineral nutrition ; nutrient leaching ; rain ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of rain on foliage elemental composition, especially B, was assessed using samples of wheat collected at three harvests from a field trial conducted in soil containing excessive levels of B. Moderate rainfall substantially decreased both the B concentration and content of whole shoots and young leaves. The change in B concentration due to rain suggests that foliar analysis is unreliable for diagnosing B toxicity. For the other elements examined (Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mg, P, S, Zn), rainfall had little effect.
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    The root activity of cereals and peas when grown in pure stands and mixtures (1992)
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    Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 281-285 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; mixed-cropping ; peas ; root activity ; rooting-depth ; tracers ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lithium was used as a non-radioactive tracer to investigate the root activity of two cereals (wheat and barley), and of two contrasting cultivars of pea (leafy and semi-leafless), both in pure stands and in mixtures. The mixtures included combinations of each cereal with each pea cultivar in single rows, alternative rows and cross-drilled. Total lithium uptake (mg m-2) was higher for wheat than for barley, and higher for semi-leafless pea than for leafy peas. Growing cereals with peas reduced the total lithium uptake by peas, compared with pure stands, especially in alternate-row mixtures. Growing peas with cereals only reduced the total Li uptake by cereals when they were cross-drilled. The Li uptake by wheat, barley and peas generally decreased with soil depth in a similar manner; however, semi-leafless peas absorbed proportionately more Li from close to the soil surface than did leafy peas. Both pea cultivars absorbed more Li at 10–20 cm depth when grown in intimate mixtures with cereals, compared with less intimate mixtures or pure stands. The potential of lithium as a non-radioactive tracer in mixed-cropping studies is briefly discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010973
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    In vivo demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of soil-grown plants (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 144 (1992), S. 199-205 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acid phosphatase ; ectoenzymes ; naphthyl phosphate ; Picea abies ; rhizosphere ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract For in vivo demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of soil-grown plants filter papers were treated with a mixture of 1-naphthyl phosphate as substrate and the diazonium salt Fast Red TR as an indicator. After enzymatic hydrolysis, 1-naphthol forms a red complex with Fast Red TR. This method was applied to 8-day old maize plants and 3-year old Norway spruce plants growing in rhizoboxes in soil under non-sterile conditions. The treated filter paper is placed at the surface of roots and soil and acid phosphatase activity is visualized as a red-coloured ‘root print’ on the filter paper. The method can be used as a qualitative analysis of acid phosphatase in the rhizosphere. It also allows a rough estimate of phosphatase activity in different root zones.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012876
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    Empirical models to approximate calcium and magnesium ameliorative effects and genetic differences in aluminium tolerance in wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 144 (1992), S. 281-287 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; aluminium tolerance ; calcium ; magnesium ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The activities of inorganic, monomeric aluminium (Al) species in the root environment are important in the toxicity of Al to plant roots, which may be ameliorated by increased activities of basic cations. Additionally, it has been suggested that electro-chemical processes in walls of root cells play a role in Al tolerance. Empirical models were proposed to accomodate genetic and calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) ameliorative effects on Al toxicity. The models were tested using data from a solution culture study (with ionic strength 1.6 to 8.6 mM) in which wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cvv. Warigal (Al-sensitive) and Waalt (Al-tolerant) were grown for 28 d at 0, 10 and 20 μM Al, in factorial combination with 200, 400, 800 and 1600 μM Ca and 100, 200, 400 and 800 μM Mg. There was a poor relationship between relative total dry mass (TDM) (calculated as a percentage of the average TDM of each cultivar in the absence of added Al) and the activity of Al3+ or the sum of the activities of the monomeric Al species in solution. A model based on the ratios of activities of cations in solution, taking valency into consideration, was more successful, accounting for ca 85% of the observed variation in relative TDM. There were no systematic variations between observed values and those estimated by the model.
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    Soil conduciveness to take-all of wheat: Influence of the nitrogen fertilizers on the structure of populations of fluorescent pseudomonads (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 145 (1992), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; cyanides ; Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici ; nitrate ; nitrogen fertilizer ; pseudomonads ; soil conduciveness ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field cropped with wheat, a high and low level of soil conduciveness to take-all were induced by applying a nitrogen fertilizer with either calcium nitrate or ammonium sulphate. From these two soils, two representative populations of fluorescent pseudomonads were tested for their in situ behaviour. Take-all index and root dry weight were assessed on plants cropped in soils infested with Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici (Ggt) and each bacterized with one of the isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads. The bacteria tested can be split into three groups: antagonists which reduce take-all, deleterious isolates which aggravate the disease and neutral without evident effect on the disease. The predominance of antagonistic fluorescent pseudomonads in the NH4-treated soil and the predominance of deleterious ones in the NO3-treated soil was confirmed after statistical analysis. The microbial impact on take-all must be more considered as the resulting effect of divergent activities of both rhizobacteria types than the only consequences of the presence of antagonistic pseudomonads. All the high cyanogenic pseudomonads were antagonists in situ and were more numerous in the NH4-treated soil than in the NO3-treated soil.
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    Relationships between take-all, soil conduciveness to the disease, populations of fluorescent pseudomonads and nitrogen fertilizers (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 145 (1992), S. 17-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici ; nitrate ; nitrogen fertilizers ; fluorescent pseudomonads ; root system ; soil conduciveness ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Take-all of wheat, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici (Ggt), is reduced by ammoniacal fertilizers as compared to nitrate sources. This influence of nitrogen on the disease is only observed on nodal roots at flowering. But soil conduciveness to take-all, as measured in a soil bioassay, is modified earlier. Forty days after nitrogen application at early tillering, the NH4-treated soil became less conducive than the NO3-treated one. When nitrogen applications are done at sowing and at tillering, differences in disease propagation between the two soils are enhanced. Results from four years of experimentation show that when the level of natural soil inoculum is high, disease severity is reduced by ammonium, showing an effect on the parasitic phase of Ggt. At a low level of natural inoculum the effect of the source of nitrogen is mainly observed on the percent of infected plants, indicating that the saprophytic and preparasitic phases are affected. Rhizospheric bacterial populations increase from sowing to tillering, but differences on take-all conduciveness after tillering are not correlated with differences in the amounts of aerobic bacteria or fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from soils treated with different sources of nitrogen. Qualitative changes in fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. populations, like in vitro antagonism, are more likely to explain differences in soil conduciveness to take-all than are quantitative changes in this group. Nevertheless, the introduction of Ggt in a cropped soil leads to a greater increase in fluorescent pseudomonads populations than in total aerobic bacteria. The delay between reducing soil conduciveness and reducing disease in the field with ammonium nitrogen fertilization, the qualitative change of fluorescent pseudomonads populations and the role of necroses in rhizobacteria multiplication, provide information leading to our representation of a dynamic model based on the differentiation of the wheat root system into seminal and nodal roots.
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    A review of phosphorus efficiency in wheat (1992)
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    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 163-168 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: genetic variability ; NIR ; ploidy ; phosphorus ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract More efficient utilization of phosphorus by wheat plants is needed to extend the useful life of the phosphate reserves in the world, to reduce the cost of producing crops, and to improve the value of the grain and the straw produced. In this paper definitions of efficient use of phosphorus by wheat are reviewed, genotypic variation in phosphorus efficiency is reported, some consequences of breeding for greater efficiency are discussed, and ways to select more efficient genotypes are suggested.
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    Genetic control of a response to the segregation distortion allele, Sd-1d, in the common wheat line ‘Indis’ (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 60 (1992), S. 89-95 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cuckoo effect ; gametocidal chromosome/gene ; preferential transmission ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A translocated chromosome segment, derived from Thinopyrum distichum, carries the leaf rust resistance allele Lr19d and a segregation distorter allele, Sd-1d. In translocation heterozygotes, male and female gametophytes lacking the translocation are aborted, the severity of the effect depending on the genotype of the hybrid. The selective abortion of the gametophytes with a normal chromosome 7D appears to be based on the absence of the translocated chromosome rather than the presence of the normal chromosome. The magnitude of the gametocidal response, elicited by Sd-1d, is under multigenic control. A number of chromosomes, the individual effects of which are generally small, may act to suppress or promote the response. Chromosome arms 2AL, 2BL, 5BL and 5DL of ‘Chinese Spring’ were found to reduce sensitivity to the presence of the gametocidal chromosome. Chromosome 3B of ‘Inia 66-1’ also reduce the gametocidal response while chromosome arm 6DS of ‘Chinese Spring’ may promote the effect
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    Genetic analysis and selection for wheat yield in drought-stressed and irrigated environments (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 62 (1992), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; stress tolerance ; genetic variance ; genetic correlation ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars grown in the southern Great Plains of the U.S.A. are exposed to a wide range of moisture conditions due to large fluctuations in the amount and frequency of rainfall. Yield stability under those conditions is therefore a desirable trait for wheat breeders. Our primary objective was to quantify various genetic parameters for grain production in drought-stressed and irrigated environments. We also attempted to predict and measure yield responses when selection is practiced in either drought-stressed or irrigated environments, or both. Seventy F2-derived lines from the cross, TAM W-101/Sturdy, were evaluated at Goodwell, OK, under irrigated and naturally drought-stressed conditions in 1987 and 1988. Genetic variance and heritability estimates were higher in the irrigated environment than in the drought-stressed environment. The genetic correlation coefficient for yields in the two environments was 0.20±0.16, indicating that selection of widely adapted genotypes requires testing in both environments. Based on the genetic variance/covariance structure of this particular population, the linear index which maximized the combined expected gain in both environments was 0.66Y1 + 0.34Y2, in which Y1 and Y2 are yields in the irrigated and drought-stressed environments. This index is not expected to apply across all populations; rather, it further supports the hypothesis that testing in either environment alone (drought stressed or irrigated) may not be most effective for increasing either mean productivity or yield under drought stress.
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    Genotypic differences in wheat Al tolerance (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 62 (1992), S. 111-117 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aluminium ; root growth ; screening ; tolerance ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aluminium tolerance of 83 genotypes from Croatian and Yugoslav Triticum aestivum germplasm was evaluated in nutrient solutions having Al3+ activities of 0, 12.5 and 25 μM. Relative root length (25 μM Al3+/0 Al) of various genotypes ranged from 2 to 97% (from very sensitive to tolerant to Al). No genotype with Al tolerance close to that of very tolerant cultivar Atlas-66 was found. Soil, climatic, fertilization, and liming effects that wheat plants giving seeds for the nutrient solution Al-tolerance screening had been subjected to during their growth cycle did not influence the Al-tolerance ranking. Significant correlation was found between screening wheat for Al tolerance in nutrient solutions and in acid Pseudogley soil amended with five rates of limestone in a greenhouse experiment. Seed protein concentration was significantly related to the Al-tolerance ranking (r2 = 0.962). Such a significant correlation was not obtained in a case of rheological and other quality characteristics of seeds. Al-tolerant wheat genotypes identified in this study will be used in breeding for improved Al tolerance.
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    Relationship between cold resistance, heading traits and ear primordia development of wheat cultivars (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 123-130 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: heading time ; narrow-sense earliness ; photoperiodic response ; Triticum aestivum ; vernalization requirement ; winter hardiness ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary For breeding early heading wheat cultivars with resistance to frost damage which are well adapted to dry areas of West Asia and North Africa, the relationships between winter hardiness, ear primordia development and heading traits, i.e. veernalization requirement, photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness, were assessed using a total of 30 genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in an experiment in Syria. The results of artificial freezing tests indicated that cultivars with good winter hardiness were to be found only in the winter wheat cultivars which required 50 or more days of vernalization treatment. These winter wheat cultivars did not initiate internode elongation without vernalization even at 95 days after planting. Thus their ear primordia were still underground and were protected from frost injury at this stage. Photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness were not associated with winter hardiness and earliness of internode elongation, but were related to the number of days to heading after planting. This indicated the possibility for breeding early heading cultivars with winter hardiness and tiller frost avoidance by combining high vernalization requirement, short narrow-sense earliness and neutral response to photoperiod.
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    Past, present and future opportunities in breeding for disease resistance, with examples from wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 63 (1992), S. 3-22 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; yellow (stripe) rust ; Puccinia striiformis ; septoria ; Septoria tritici ; S. nodorum ; eyespot ; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides ; resistance genetics ; pathogen variation ; durable resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This introductory chapter contains some general comments about plant breeding and breeding for disease resistance. The use of disease resistant crop plants is an environmentally favourable method of controlling disease but the process of breeding for disease resistance is subject to several constraints. Among them is the variability of pathogens in relation to host resistance. Some parts of this variation can be resolved into gene-for-gene interactions, but the boundaries within which such interactions can be detected are not sharp. The discussion of this variation is illustrated by reference to some important diseases of wheat, especially yellow rust, septoria and eyespot. The objective of obtaining durable resistance is discussed and some contributions of new genetical and molecular techniques to breeding for resistance are considered. It is suggested that new technology will enhance breeding for disease resistance but that established techniques of plant breeding will remain relevant and important.
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    Divergent full-sib recurrent selection for germination at low temperature in a maize population (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 21-29 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cold tolerance ; correlated responses ; germination ; kernel type ; kernel weight ; recurrent selection ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four cycles of divergent full-sib recurrent selection for the ability to germinate at low temperature were conducted in a maize (Zea mays L.) F2 population. The selection criterion was the high (H) or the low (L) value in algebraic terms of the difference (DG) between germination percentage at 9.5°C (G9.5) detected 19 days after sowing and germination percentage at 25°C (G 25) seven days after sowing; both traits were evaluated in a controlled environment (germinator). Direct and correlated responses estimated during the course of selection were in accordance with those evaluated at the end. Selection for H led to populations with higher DG values, while the reverse was noted for L; differences between H and L populations increased in successive selection cycles, though divergence tended to level off. Selection for H also resulted in higher G 9.5 (day 19), shorter germination time and more flinty kernels, while selection for L led to responses in the opposite direction as well as to a lower G 9.5 detected 37 days after sowing (i.e. at the end of germination). In contrast, responses were negligible for G 25 and varied erratically from one cycle to another for kernel weight.
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    The effect of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation on black point incidence in soft white spring wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alternaria alternata ; black point ; fertilization ; irrigation ; nitrogen ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agronomic studies were conducted to examine the effect of fertilizer N on black point incidence in Fielder soft white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.). Black point incidence rose with increases in the amount of N supplied either as fertilizer applied during the growing season in irrigation water or as soil N, specifically nitrate, from fertilizer N application in previous years. A comparison of four different irrigation regimes demonstrated that black point incidence was highest under frequent irrigation (irrigate to field capacity at 75% available moisture) and lowest under conventional irrigation (irrigate to field capacity at 50% available soil moisture). In each irrigation regime, disease incidence increased as N rates were raised from 0 to 120 kg ha-1. A residual fertilizer-N study demonstrated in 1985 and 1986 that black point incidence generally rose with increasing levels of nitrogen from either preplant applications in the spring or soil nitrate from the previous year. However, additions of fertilizer N were shown to slightly reduce black point incidence at soil nitrate levels above 150 kg ha-1. A two-year fertilizer N study demonstrated that in treatments receiving the same amount (90 kg ha-1) of fertilizer N, the amount broadcast as a preplant treatment versus the amount applied in irrigation water in a fertigation treatment had no effect on black point incidence, but all fertilized treatments had significantly higher levels of disease than the unfertilized check.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012805
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    Wheat growth responses of cultivars to H+ concentration (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 55-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acid soils ; low pH ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Shoot length (cm), shoot fresh weight (g/pot), root length (cm), and root fresh weight (g/pot) were measured on six cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Saluda, C9733, Gore, Stacy, FL301, and FL302) grown at pH 6.0, 5.5, 5.0, 4.5, or 4.0 for 14 days in ‘white quartz flintshot’ sand. Plants were watered on alternate days with pH-adjusted buffer solutions. All measured plant parameters decreased as H+ concentration increased from pH 6.0 to 4.0. Decreased lengths of shoots and roots were similar among the cultivars as the pH decreased. This indicated a uniform response of wheat cultivars to excess H+ concentration in the soil solution; however, the decrease in shoot and root length was only about 50% as large as was previously reported for sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.].
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011995
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    Comparison of techniques for determining the effect of aluminium on the growth of, and the inheritance of aluminium tolerance in wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; genetics ; inheritance ; toxicity ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of Al on the growth of plants derived from the F3 generation of a cross between Al tolerant (Waalt) and Al sensitive (Warigal) wheat cultivars, grown in low ionic strength nutrient solutions, were assessed by a number of methods viz; root length and haematoxylin stain after 3 days exposure to Al and plant top and root yields, and root length and visual assessment for Al damage after 4 weeks growth. Of these methods haematoxylin stain (3 days) and visual assessment at 4 weeks identified the same plants as being sensitive or tolerant to Al and clearly segregated the 2 populations. Consequently these 2 methods were used as ‘standard’ techniques to determine the ability of the other methods to distinguish between tolerant and sensitive plants. The ratio of plant top: root yields clearly segregated the 2 populations. The 2 populations could not be clearly distinguished based on plant top or root yields, or on root length either after 3 days or 4 weeks exposure to Al. Within the population of tolerant plants, root length was significantly correlated with root weight (r2=0.86) and top weight (r2=0.71). None of these relationships were significant for the population of sensitive plants. These techniques were applied in a number of separate experiments on the F2 and F3 populations from a Waalt × Warigal cross. The results indicate that Al tolerance in wheat is inherited by a single gene and that this gene has incomplete dominance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011989
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    Preliminary results from a microscopic examination on the effects of aluminium on the root tips of wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 83-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; electron microscope ; light microscope ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root tips from aluminium (Al) tolerant (Waalt) and Al sensitive (Warigal) wheat (Triticum aestivum (L). Thell.) cultivars exposed to low concentrations of Al (10 μM) for 10, 24 and 72 hours were examined under the light and electron microscope. After fixing and embedding, longitudinal and transverse thin and ultrathin sections were cut. There was no evidence of Al damage to the root tips of the Al tolerant cultivar under both the light and electron microscope. For the Al sensitive cultivar, Al had no observable effect on the root tips 10 hours after Al addition when examined under the light microscope. When examined under an electron microscope, electron dense globular deposits were observed between the cell wall and cell membrane of the epidermal cells. There was not obvious damage to the cell cytoplasm. Two or 3 days after Al addition, light microscopy showed that the cells in the root tips had become swollen and extensively vacuolated. The tissues appeared disorganised and degenerate, particularly in the epidermis and outer cortical cells. The electron microscope also revealed a thickening of the cell wall. The cell wall was broken down, particularly in the epidermis in the region 4–6 mm from the root tip. The tissue in the meristematic area was largely intact.
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    Increasing salinity tolerance of grain crops: Is it worthwhile? (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 89-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; drought ; halophytes ; productivity ; salinity ; salt tolerance ; sunflower ; water-use efficiency ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The productivity of wheat and barley was compared in soils of different salt concentrations with a limited water supply. Productivity was assessed as total dry weight or dry weight per unit of water used (water use efficiency, WUE). Barley achieved the highest productivity because it used more of the available water and it had a greater WUE for above-ground dry weight. However, when WUE for total organic weight of roots and shoots was determined, or WUE was corrected for grain production, wheat and barley had the same productivity. In two experiments in drying soils with different salt concentrations but the same amount of soil water, wheat and barley had a higher dry weight than salt-tolerant grasses and they were more productive than C4 halophytes and non-halophytes when adjusted for water use. In one experiment, sown at a low plant density, barley and wheat used less water than some halophytes and they completed their life cycle leaving some water behind in the soil. Their higher WUE did not compensate for their lower water use. However, when all species were sown at a high density, wheat and barley were either as productive or more productive than the most salt-tolerant species, including a C4 halophyte, as they used all the available water and had the highest WUE. A sunflower cultivar was similary more productive than a salt-tolerant relative. The contribution that salt-tolerant relatives of wheat, barley and sunflower can make to genetically improving the productivity of these species in dry saline soils is questioned.
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    Physiological and genetic control of the tolerance of wheat to high concentrations of boron and implications for plant breeding (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: boron ; genetic variation ; major genes ; uptake ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Physiological and genetic studies have been undertaken to further the understanding of genetic variation in response to high concentrations of B in the soil and so facilitate the breeding of tolerant varieties for cultivation in high B regions. Genetic variation in response to high concentrations of B has been identified for a number of crop and pasture species of southern Australia, including wheat, barley, oats, field peas and annual pasture medics. The wheat variety Halberd, which was the most widely grown variety in Australia during the 1970s and early 1980s, is the most tolerant of the current Australian wheat varieties. The mechanism of tolerance for all species studied is reduced accumulation of B by tolerant genotypes in both roots and shoots. Results from experiments of uptake kinetics indicate that control of B uptake is a non-metabolic process. The response of wheat to high B supply is under the control of several major additive genes, one of which has been located to chromosome 4A.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012019
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    Evaluation of in vitro selection regimes for a mitochondrial trait (methomyl resistance) in cms-T maize (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 28 (1992), S. 129-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: cms-T ; in vitro selection ; methomyl resistance ; mitochondrial mutation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several factors affecting the success of selection in plant populations were examined for their relevance to in vitro selection. Three in vitro selection schemes and two growth assessment procedures were evaluated for effectiveness in selecting for a mitochondrial trait in maize: resistance to the insecticidal compound methomyl. Regenerable maize callus was derived from immature embryos of the three-way hybrid P39/IL766A2 x W182BN containing Texas male sterile cytoplasm (cms-T). Either low, gradually increasing, or high selection pressures were used to grow callus over a period of 3–5 months. There was no significant difference in recovery of resistant plants using these 3 methods. Growth of callus on medium containing methomyl was assessed by increase in fresh weight during the final month of selection or by increase in number of callus pieces over the course of selection. These quantitative measures of growth were unreliable indicators for gain in resistance within the callus population. A procedure for recovery of methomyl resistant and male-fertile cms-T plants is suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00055507
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    Relationship of embryogenic competence in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves to mitotic activity, cell cycle and nuclear DNA content (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 31 (1992), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: cell cycle ; DNA content ; embryogenic competence ; flow cytometry ; mitotic activity ; somatic embryogenesis ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Embryogenic competence of maize (Zea mays L.) leaf tissues was studied with regard to leaf age, distance from leaf base, mitotic activity, 2C nuclear DNA content, and the distribution of cells within the cell cycle. The highest embryogenic competence was observed in the first segment of the second innermost leaf. In a succession of 8 mm segments from the leaf base, the frequency of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and mitotic activity decreased with leaf age and with the distance from leaf base. No significant differences in 2C nuclear DNA content were found for leaf segments of different age and position. The mean 2C nuclear DNA content was 5.74 pg. The results suggested that the loss of embryogenic competence in mature maize leaf tissues is not related to changes in nuclear DNA content, and that the competence is not simply related to a certain distribution of cells within the cell cycle or to a certain level of mitotic activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036227
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    Effect of ferulic acid on growth and hydrolytic enzyme activities of germinating maize seeds (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1981-1990 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; ferulic acid ; amylase ; maltase ; invertase ; acid protease ; acid phosphatase ; Zea mays ; growth ; root ; shoot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ferulic acid was tested for its effect on the growth of root and shoot, fresh and dry weights, and hydrolytic enzyme activities of germinating maize seeds. The results showed that root growth was inhibited more than shoot growth. A significant reduction in the activities of hydrolytic enzymes was also observed, which reflects a mechanism of action for the natural growth inhibitors, which may include other phenolic compounds.
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    Foliar chemicals of wheat and related grasses influencing oviposition by Hessian fly,Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1965-1980 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hessian fly ; Mayetiola destructor ; Diptera ; Cecidomyiidae ; oviposition stimulants ; wheat ; rye ; barley ; oat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract More than twice the number of mated female Hessian flies,Mayetiola destructor (Say) entered a zone within 1 cm of a paper strip treated with one plant equivalent (PE) of a chloroform extract of wheat foliar waxes compared to a strip treated with solvent only; females also stayed six times longer and laid 10 times more eggs on the strip treated with the wheat extract. Column chromatographic fractionation of the wheat extract and application of these fractions onto filter paper strips showed four fractions elicited significant numbers of eggs to be laid. Single, binary, and tertiary combinations of three of these fractions (two of the four fractions apparently contained similar compounds) were tested. The greatest numbers of eggs were laid on strips treated with the tertiary combination or the binary combination conaining the two most active fractions (3 and 6); three times the number of eggs were laid on strips treated with this binary combination than the sum of eggs laid on strips treated with these two fractions separately. A comparison of grasses and their extracts showed female Hessian flies laid greater numbers of eggs on wheat or rye than on barley or oat. Fractionated barley and oat extracts were tested for activity as for wheat, and a similar pattern was observed, i.e., the greatest numbers of eggs were laid on fractions 3 and 6. Dose-response tests, using these two fractions of wheat, barley, or oat showed the same threshold of activity for fraction 3 for all three extracts, i.e., 2 PE. In contrast, fraction 6 of wheat was active at the lowest dosage tested, 0.25 PE, while the same fraction of either barley or oat was not active until tested at a dosage of 2 PE. It appears that (at least) two chemicals in the foliar waxes of these grasses influence ovipositional behavior of female Hessian flies. Furthermore, given the similar foliar chemistry of these grasses and the strong synergistic interaction between fractions 3 and 6 shown for wheat extract, it is likely that the ovipositional preferences exhibited by female Hessian flies towards these grasses may be explained by quantitative differences in the amount(s) of the active chemical(s) in their respective fraction 6 (most polar fraction tested).
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    Hydroxamic acid glucosides in honeydew of aphids feeding on wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 841-846 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rhopalosiphum padi ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; wheat ; maize ; DIMBOA ; hydroxamic acids ; aphid honeydew
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract DIMBOA glucoside (2-O-/gb-D-glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxy-7-meth-oxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one), the main hydroxamic acid (Hx) in intact wheat plants, was detected in the honey dew ofRhopalosiphum padi feeding on seedlings of six wheat cultivars that differed in their concentration of Hx, suggesting that the chemical circulates in the phloem. Neither the aglucone (DIMBOA) nor its main breakdown product were found in any of the honeydew samples. Honey dew production by aphids caged on seedlings of the wheat cultivars and DIMBOA glucoside concentrations in the honeydew followed biphasic curves when plotted against Hx concentration, suggesting passive ingestion of the chemical from the phloem at low Hx concentrations and limited ingestion due to feeding deterrency by Hx in mesophyll cells at high Hx concentrations. The presence of plant toxins such as Hx glucosides in the phloem sap, the main ingesta of aphids, and in the mesophyll cells, has major implications for plant defense, through a feeding deterrent effect during stylet penetration, and deterrency (antixenosis) along with antibiosis during feeding.
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    Phenylacetic acid as a phytotoxic compound of corn pollen (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 897-905 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pollen ; corn ; Zea mays ; teosinte ; Zea mexicana ; allelopathy ; phenylacetic acid ; phytotoxicity ; Amaranthus leucocarpus ; Echinochloa crusgalli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phenylacetic acid (PAA), one of the phytotoxic compounds in corn (Zea mays) pollen, was identified by GC-MS and by direct comparison with a pure commercial sample of PAA. Bioassays were carried out by testing whole pollen, methylene chloride extract of the pollen, and pure PAA on germination and radical growth ofAmaranthus leucocarpus andEchinochloa crusgalli. The effect of corn pollen was compared with that ofZea mexicana (Teosinte), one of the wild relatives of cultivated maize.
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    The influence of tillage and cropping-intensity on cereal response to nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 15-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Tillage ; crop rotation ; cereal grain ; wheat ; nitrogen ; sulfur ; phosphorus ; no-till
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Efficient fertilizer use is a prerequisite for achieving optimum crop yield while avoiding environmental contamination. Cereal response to nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P) were determined for 6 years under differing tillage [conventional-till (CT) vs. no-till (NT)] and intensity of cropping (cereal/fallow vs. cereal/cereal). Semidwarf white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) alternated yearly with either fallow or spring cereal [barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or spring wheat] on a Typic Haploxeroll soil in a 415 mm rainfall zone. Fertilizer treatments were no fertilizer (None), N only (N), N plus S (NS), and N plus S plus P (NSP). Average application rate, when applied, was 109 kg N, 18 kg S, and 11 kg P ha−1. Average cereal yield without fertilizer was 1.82 t ha−1. Nitrogen increased grain yield in 6 of 6, S in 4 of 6, and P in 3 of 6 years, with P and S response significant the remaining years at the 10% probability level. Average yield increases were 1.11 t ha−1 for N, 0.93 t ha−1 for S, and 0.47 t ha−1 for P. The NT/CT yield ratio was 0.60, 0.75, 0.93, and 0.95 with None, N, NS, and NSP addition, respectively, indicating that N and S deficiency were more severe in no-till. Limited increase in the NT/CT ratio with P addition indicated that P deficiency was less affected by tillage. Winter wheat always yielded less under NT than CT regardless of fertility, whereas spring cereals reached equality when fertilized with NSP. Annually-cropped wheat yielded 52, 67, 89, and 90% of wheat after fallow with None, N, NS, and NSP, respectively. Thus N and S, but not P, deficiency was more intense with increased frequency of cropping. Adequate fertility was a prime prerequisite for efficient yield in all systems.
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    The role of manganese and nitrogen nutrition in the susceptibility of wheat plants to take-all in Western Australia (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Manganese ; nitrogen ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum L. ; take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Five field experiments are described which measured the effect of take-all on grain yield of wheat when 5 levels of manganese fertilizer were applied in a factorial combination with 5 different types of nitrogen fertilizer. Ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, either as ammonium sulphate or ammonium chloride, lowered the severity of take-all. By contrast, sodium nitrate had no effect on the incidence and severity of take-all. Ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphate were equally effective at controlling take-all, suggesting that the chloride or sulphate ion had little or no effect on the disease. Manganese sulphate decreased take-all severity at two trial sites. Where manganese was deficient, an application of manganese lowered the severity of take-all, had no effect on the incidence and increased the dry matter and grain yields of the wheat plants. There were no beneficial effects of applied manganese if the wheat plants were adequately supplied with soil manganese. The results suggest that take-all is more severe where plants are deficient in either manganese or nitrogen. The work also suggests that manganese deficiency is not necessarily the reason why the wheat plants grown on the acid soils of south-west Western Australia are prone to take-all.
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    The effect of zinc fertilizer on take-all and the grain yield of wheat grown on zinc-deficient soils of the Esperance region, Western Australia (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 215-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Zinc fertilizer ; take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis) ; wheat ; leaf Zn concentrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat plants were grown in field experiments with five levels of zinc (Zn) fertilizer applied to plots in 1983. The plots were continuously cropped with wheat to allow the build up ofGaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici (Ggt). For experiments 1 and 2, there were high levels of Ggt in the second and third years while for experiment 3 there were high levels of Ggt incidence in the third and fourth year of continuous cropping. The Zn status of the wheat plants, grain yield, and the incidence and severity of take-all were measured for every experiment each year. The Zn-deficient wheat plants were more severely infected by Ggt. However, increasing the Zn supply beyond that required for maximum grain yield had no further effects on decreasing the severity of take-all. The Zn concentration in the youngest emerged blade (YEB) suggested that the Zn status of the wheat plant ranged from severely Zn-deficient through marginal deficiency to sufficiency. The Zn-deficient wheat plant was more susceptible to Ggt infection than Zn-adequate plants. The severity of take-all in the final year was still high in Zn-adequate plants, suggesting high levels of applied Zn (11.2 kg Zn/ha in 1983) had no fungistatic effect on Ggt.
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    Critical soil level of zinc for wheat grown in alkaline soils (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 253-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Alkaline soils ; critical level ; DTPA-Zn ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat plants were grown to study the effect of Zn application in a screen house experiment involving 19 alkaline soils having a range of DTPA extractable Zn and widely divergent physical and chemical properties. Soil Zn was positively correlated with organic carbon, clay, Olsen's P and Bray's per cent yield (r = 0.54*, 0.67**, 0.54* and 0.84**) respectively. There was a significant increase in the leaf, grain and total dry matter yield of plants due to Zn fertilization but no such effect was obvious in stem. Concentration of Zn in different plant parts increased significantly with its application in all the soils irrespective of the initial Zn status. Statistical method indicated 0.65 mg kg−1 as the critical level of Zn in alkaline soils below which responses to Zn fertilization may be expected in case of wheat.
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    Wheat cultivation in association with Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Del. field bund plantation — a case study (1992)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 17 (1992), S. 43-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Acacia nilotica var. jaquemontii ; wheat ; bund plantation ; crop yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents the results of a case study conducted to find out the influence of single row bund plantation of Acacia nilotica var. juquemontii on the growth and yield of associated wheat crop under irrigated conditions in Haryana, India. The indications are that the tree line does affect all crop parameters like height growth, shoot numbers, ear length, grain number and grain yield in the vicinity of trees upto 4 m distance from the tree line and establishes that as the distance from the tree line increases the growth and yield of wheat crop also improves. The effect on wheat crop was found more pronounced in the plots laid out towards the middle of the tree line as compared to plots towards the outer border.
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    Performance of wheat as intercrop under poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) plantations in Punjab (India) (1992)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 19 (1992), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: poplar ; wheat ; yield reduction ; GBH ; agrisilviculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In an agrisilvicultural system having poplar (Populus deltoides, clone G-3) as a tree component and wheat crop as an intercrop, wheat yield was studied under five age classes of poplar and compared to wheat yield under pure cropping. A substantial reduction in wheat yield (23.3%) under three-year-old poplar plantation was observed. Maximum MAI (GBH, 20 cm) was recorded in a three-year-old poplar planting. Pruning after the third year permitted some recovery in yield. The reduction in wheat yield was significantly correlated with MAI (GBH) of poplar and occurred even under one-and-two-year-old poplar plantings.
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    Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from protoplasts isolated from embryogenic cell suspensions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 28 (1992), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: plant regeneration ; protoplast ; somatic embryo ; suspension ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We describe the early formation of somatic embryos followed by plant regeneration from protoplasts isolated from an embryogenic wheat cell suspension, which was initiated from small granular (0.2 to 1 mm in size) embryogenic calli. These granular calli formed embryogenic cell suspensions within 20 days in liquid culture, and were selected gradually from young inflorescence-derived nodular embryogenic calli of the winter wheat cv. Kehong 1041. The division frequency of protoplasts was 11 to 16%, and the frequency of differentiation into plants was about 0.001% (number of plants formed divided by the total number of protoplasts plated). About 20% of somatic embryos present in the culture formed directly from protoplast-derived cells within 15 days of cultures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039918
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    Crossability percentages of bread wheat landraces from Sichuan Province, China with rye (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1992), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: China ; crossability ; landrace ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The crossabilities of 177 landraces of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Sichuan Basin and its adjacent mountain ranges with rye (Secale cereale L.) have been tested. 16 landraces possess a higher crossability than Chinese Spring, 34 landraces have a similar and 127 landraces have a lower crossability than Chinese Spring or are non-crossable with rye. Most landraces with high crossability occur in Qinling Mountain and Dabashan Mountain Ranges in north of Sichuan and the valleys of Minjiang River, Fujiang River and Jialinjiang River in Sichuan Basin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035540
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    The response of field-inoculated wheat cultivars to mixtures of Septoria tritici isolates (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1992), S. 25-35 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Mycosphaerella graminicola ; Septoria tritici ; septoria tritici blotch ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat cultivars of diverse genetical background and response to Septoria tritici were inoculated during 2 years in the field with single or mixtures of isolates. Significant reductions in pycnidial coverage were recorded for mixtures of 2 or 5 isolates relative to the virulent isolate ISR8036 under the moderate 1989/1990 epidemic. The interactions between cultivars and all possible combinations among ISR398A1, USR8036 and the 1:1. mixture of the 2 isolates were highly significant. Cultivars exposed to mixtures of isolates expressed differential response in pycnidial coverage compared to the single isolate response. The coverage in the mixtures was significantly less than that of the arithmetic mean between the two isolates. Under the severe 1990/1991 epidemic pycnidial coverage on cultivars inoculated with the mixture of the same 2 isolates did not differ statistically from that of ISR8036, yet, ISR398A1 differed from ISR8036 and the isolate mixture. Losses in 1000-kernel weight for 12 wheat cultivars which were repeated during the 2-trial-years were significantly lower in the isolate mixture relative to that of ISR8036. The suppression of symptoms in isolate mixture relative to the expected expression of the most virulent component may be indicative of differential aggressiveness of isolates regardless of their virulence. The phenomenon may affect screening and selection procedures in breeding for resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035543
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    Cluster analysis of RFLP data from related maize inbred lines of the BSSS and LSC heterotic groups and comparison with pedigree data (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 60 (1992), S. 139-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: coancestry coefficient ; genetic similarity ; maize ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In this study, 31 elite inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.) were analyzed with 149 clone-enzyme combinations for their respective RFLP profiles. Objectives were (1) to determine the utility of RFLPs for estimation of genetic similarties among 16 inbred lines from the Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS) and among 15 inbred lines from the Lancaster Sure Crop (LSC) heterotic groups and (2) to compare genetic similarities based on molecular markers with those based on pedigree information. Coefficients of genetic similarity (GS) and coancestry (f) between pairs of lines from the same heterotic group were calculated from RFLP and pedigree data, respectively. For lines from the BSSS heterotic group, cluster analyses based on RFLP and pedigree data revealed similar associations. GS and f values were closely correlated (r=0.70) for related BSSS lines. For lines from the LSC heterotic group, considerable discrepancies existed between the GS and f values, especially for those pairs involving inbreds Va22 and Lo924. Effect of selection and/or erroneous pedigree records are discussed as possible explanations for the low correlation of GS and f values (r=0.07) for related LSC lines. RFLPs seem useful for investigation of relationships among maize inbreds, verification of pedigree records, and quantification of the degree of relatedness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029669
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    Is somaclonal variation a reliable tool for spring wheat improvement? (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 60 (1992), S. 221-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: agronomic performance ; somaclonal variation ; tissue culture ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seed progeny of tissue culture regenerants of a spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. HY320) was evaluated for key agronomic traits for three years under field conditions. Initially, 27 regenerant families were tested in hill plots. Among-family and within-family variation was generally highly significant (p 〈 0.01) and nonsignificant, respectively. The variation observed among regenerants on the basis of hill plot testing was not duplicated in subsequent four-row plot experiments. On average, regenerant families yielded 28 and 5% less than the control in dryland and irrigated tests, respectively. Low yielding regenerants tended to produce fewer, lighter kernels per spike. Higher grain protein levels among regenerants were associated with low yields (r=0.85). This study demonstrated that putative somaclonal variation arising from tissue culture failed to produce genotypes agronomically superior to the parental cultivar, HY 320.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039402
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    The role of Lr34 in imparting durable resistance to wheat leaf rust through gene interaction (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1992), S. 9-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; leaf rust ; Puccinia recondita ; adult plant resistance ; durable resistance ; substitution lines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The leaf rust responses of wheat lines carrying the complementary genes Lr27 and Lr31 and the same genes in a Chinese Spring background which contains Lr34, indicate that Lr34 interacts with the complementary genes to give enhanced levels of field resistance to leaf rust. Lr34, particularly in combination with other genes, is considered to be an important gene for imparting a high degree of durable resistance to leaf rust. Its similarity to Sr2, an adult plant gene for resistance to stem rust and its association with adult plant resistances to stem and stripe rusts are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035541
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    Agronomical performance and breeding value of selected strains of diploid wheat, Triticum monococcum (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1992), S. 13-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum monococcum ; Einkorn ; wheat ; breeding ; agronomical performance ; threshability ; floret fertility ; celiac disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twenty-one germplasm accessions and breeding lines of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum and ssp. sinskajae) were grown at two sites in Italy and evaluated for various field and seed characteristics. Grain yields of germplasm accessions were relatively high (317–3238 kg/ha), but distinctly lower than those of four modern cultivars of tetraploid (T. turgidum ssp. durum) and hexaploid wheat (T. aestivum ssp. Aestivum) included in the experiments as controls. As expected, all Einkorns-including some substantially higher yielding crossbred lines (3415–4362 kg/ha)-were defective for one or more agronomically relevant features. However, a few of the accessions examined were found to contain, as a group, practically all the genes needed to breed monococcums having the main field attributes of a modern wheat cultivar: high yielding capacity, good threshability, large kernel size, earliness, short stature and adequate lodging resistance. Still higher yielding diploid wheats, more responsive to improved growing conditions and of better seed quality, could probably be obtained from crosses with wild monococcums bearing mostly two-seeded florets and with accessions producing less slender-shaped kernels. Some of the Einkorns examined were found to carry minor genes for easy threshing which might enhance the efficacy of the major gene for soft glumes carried by T. monococcum ssp. sinskajae, a partially free-threshing diploid wheat taxon. Seed protein percentage of monococcums was markedly higher than that of durum and bread wheat cultivars even in those cases where their grain yields surpassed those of the polyploid checks. The possibilities offered by diploid wheat in the exploitation of novel endosperm mutants and F1 hybrid vigour, as well as in the fields of celiac disease, crop diversification and resistance to agro-biological stresses are discussed. Breeding priorities and strategies are also proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035542
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    Enhanced leaf rust resistance in wheat conditioned by resistance gene pairs with Lr13 (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1992), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: rust resistance ; gene interaction ; Puccinia recondita ; Triticum aestivum ; leaf rust ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf rust resistance gene Lr13 is present in many North American hard red spring wheat cultivars that have shown durable resistance to leaf rust. Fifteen pair-wise combinations of Lr13 and seedling leaf rust resistance genes were developed by intercrossing near isogenic Thatcher lines. In both seedling and adult plant tests, homozygous paired combinations of specific resistance genes with Lr13 had enhanced resistance relative to either parent to rust isolates that had intermediate avirulent infection types to the additional genes. In field tests, homozygous lines were more resistant than either parent if the additional leaf rust gene conditioned an effective level of resistance when present singly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026802
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    Genetic analysis of resistance to bacterial leaf streak caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. undulosa in bread wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 35-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: black chaff ; Triticum aestivum ; Xanthomonas translucens ; inheritance ; resistance ; bacterial stripe ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of resistance to bacterial leaf streak or black chaff of wheat was studied under field conditions, with an artificial epidemic of Xanthomonas campestris pv. undulosa. A complete series of crosses between five parents, differing in reaction to X. c. pv. undulosa, was generated. Disease was recorded at two different stages of growth. No evidence of cytoplasmic effect was found from the comparison between reciprocal F1 crosses. The study of the F3 generations attested that five genes were involved in resistance to bacterial leaf streak. Separate analyses carried out for the two scoring dates were mutually consistent: genotypes, number of genes, and their action and relative importance were verified. The genes differed in strength of expression of resistance. One of the two strongest genes, Bls1, is present in all three superior parents, Pavon 76, Mochis T88 and Angostura F88. Resistance was not complete, and proved to be stable over the season.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023506
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    Structural observations during androgenic microspore culture of the 4c1 genotype of Zea mays L. (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 65 (1992), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: androgenesis ; in vitro culture ; maize ; microspores ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The capacity of the maize genotype 4c1 to regenerate microcalli and embryos from cultured microspores has been examined by comparing various cold pretreatments and culture media, using microspores and pollen at different stages of development. Viability of cultured cells was tested with FDA and their development was traced with light and fluorescence microscopy using DAPI as a nuclear dye. It was found that a pre-incubation of dissected flowers floating in a liquid nutrient medium at 8°C during 10–14 days was most successful for the induction of cell division. Among the developmental stages tested only the microspores appeared to regenerate. Subculture at 25°C in the same liquid medium, supplemented with 0.1 mg/l TIBA, gave highest rates of microspore division, i.e. up to 70% at 4 to 6 days of culture. All pathways described earlier for maize androgenic embryogenesis were observed within the 4c1 genotype. Symmetric divisions occurred in cultured microspores but most frequently asymmetric divisions lead to the formation of microcalli within 12 days of culture. In at least 60% of all dividing microspores cells were derived from the generative nucleus. Microcalli further developed either into loose or compact calli. Compact calli formed embryo-like structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022200
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    Dough mixing tolerance in non-1BL/1RS translocation wheats (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 187-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: dough mixing tolerance ; dough un-mixing time ; sticky dough problem ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The dough mixing tolerances of a number of non-1BL/1RS translocation wheat breeding lines and cultivars were measured using dough un-mixing time as the measure of mixing tolerance. For three different sets of wheats a large range in mixing tolerance was found. Wheats with short dough un-mixing times quickly broke down in the mixer to produce sticky doughs. Wheats with long dough un-mixing times possessed doughs which were more cohesive at optimum development, and therefore more resistant to breakdown by mechanical shear forces. Selection for dough mixing tolerance would ensure the breeding of wheat cultivars more suited for usage in high speed mechanical dough developers, and the modern food processing industry. Dough mixing tolerance, as measured by dough un-mixing time, was considerably influenced by flour protein content, and the environment. The incorporation of alien germplasms into wheat such as 1BL/1RS, and VPM-1, which produce sticky doughs, would be facilitated by selection for dough mixing tolerance, as measured by dough un-mixing time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025302
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    Manganese toxicity: The significance of magnesium for the sensitivity of wheat plants (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 139 (1992), S. 91-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: magnesium ; manganese toxicity ; tolerance ; uptake ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The tolerance of wheat to manganese was investigated in soil and solution culture. Although no critical toxicity concentration could be identified, growth was reduced when the ratio of magnesium to manganese in the shoots (Rp) fell below 20:1 (mgg−1/mgg−1). In soil, plant growth relative to unstressed plants (Y) could be described by the empirical equation: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeywaiabg2% da9iaaicdacaGGUaGaaGyoaiaaiwdacqGHsislcaaIWaGaaiOlaiaa% iMdacaaI1aGaaeyzaiaabIhacaqGWbGaaiikaiabgkHiTiaaicdaca% GGUaGaaGymaiaaiodacaaI5aGaaeOuamaaBaaaleaacaqGWbaabeaa% kiaacMcaaaa!4959!\[{\text{Y}} = 0.95 - 0.95{\text{exp}}( - 0.139{\text{R}}_{\text{p}} )\]In solution culture the value of Rp was related to the ratio of the two ions in the nutrient solution (Rs) according to the expression: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeysaiaab6% gacaqGGaGaaeOuamaaBaaaleaacaqGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaaicda% caGGUaGaaGinaiaaikdacqGHRaWkcaaIWaGaaiOlaiaaisdacaaI4a% GaaeiiaiaabMeacaqGUbGaaeiiaiaabkfadaWgaaWcbaGaae4Caaqa% baGccaGGPaaaaa!47B6!\[{\text{In R}}_{\text{p}} = 0.42 + 0.48{\text{ In R}}_{\text{s}}\]The magnesium concentration in the nutrient solution for optimum growth at a given concentration of manganese was given by: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeysaiaab6% gacaqGGaGaae4waiaab2eacaqGNbGaaeyxaiabg2da9iaaikdacaGG% UaGaaGioaiaaiMdacqGHRaWkcaaIWaGaaiOlaiaaiwdacaaI0aGaae% iiaiaabMeacaqGUbGaaeiiaiaabUfacaqGnbGaaeOBaiaab2faaaa!4A0B!\[{\text{In [Mg]}} = 2.89 + 0.54{\text{ In [Mn]}}\]Magnesium increased the tolerance of plants to high concentrations of manganese in shoot tissue and also increased the ability of the plant to discriminate against manganese ions in translocation of nutrients from roots to shoots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012846
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    Associative N2 fixation and root exudation of organic acids from wheat cultivars of different aluminium tolerance (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 139 (1992), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium tolerance ; Azospirillum brasilense ; N2 fixation ; rhizosphere ; root exudation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three wheat cultivars with different tolerances against free aluminium were grown monoxenically in association with Azospirillum brasilense. In situ nitrogen fixation, measured with the acetylene reduction assay, was higher by the aluminium-tolerant cultivars than by the sensitive cultivar. The transfer of fixed nitrogen to the host plant, determined by the 15N dilution technique, was also significantly higher in the aluminium-resistant wheat plants. The total accumulation of fixed nitrogen in the host plants due to an A. brasilense inoculation varied from approximately 13% to 17% of the total nitrogen in the root and 2.9% to 3.9% of the nitrogen in the shoot. The quantity and quality of exudates released in liquid nutrient solution were analysed separately for two of the wheat cultivars, one aluminium-tolerant and one aluminium-sensitive. After 29 days of growth the aluminium-tolerant plants exudated significantly higher total amounts of carbon than aluminium-sensitive plants. No differences between the two cultivars existed in the carbon exudation rate per gram dry root. Much higher concentrations of low molecular dicarboxylic acids i.e. succinic, malic and oxalic acid, were found in the exudates of aluminium-tolerant plants. Dicarboxylic acids are potential chelating compounds for positively charged metals such as aluminium and they may play an important role in protecting the plant against aluminium incorporation. They are also very suitable substrates for Azospirillum spp. It is therefore suggested that these factors may be causing the higher associative nitrogen fixation rates which was found in the aluminium-tolerant wheat cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009307
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    Root biomass fraction as a function of growth degree days in wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 137-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass partitioning ; model ; optimal conditions ; phenology ; relative growth degree day ; root fraction ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root, underground and above-ground biomass were measured on various wheat cultivars from 1986 to 1988 in the south-east of France. The results are expressed as root: total (f r) or underground: total (f u) biomass fractions. Observed f r and f u values are in good agreement with previous results. f r and f u decrease steadily from emergence to maturity, with an exponential tendency. When using cumulative growth degree days since emergence relative to cumulative growth degree days until ear emergence (θ✻) as time scale, f r and f u can be expressed as simple functions of θ✻% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGceaqabeaacaWGMb% addaWgaaqaaiaadkhaaeqaamaabmaabaGccqaH4oqCdaahaaWcbeqa% aiaacQcaaaaamiaawIcacaGLPaaakiabg2da9iaaicdacaGGUaGaaG% imaiaaiwdacqGHRaWkcaaIWaGaaiOlaiaaiwdacaaI4aGaamyzamaa% CaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaiaac6cacaaI0aGaaGioaiabeI7aXn% aaCaaameqabaGaaiOkaaaaaaaakeaacaWGMbaddaWgaaqaaiaadwha% aeqaamaabmaabaGccqaH4oqCdaahaaWcbeqaaiaacQcaaaaamiaawI% cacaGLPaaakiabg2da9iaaicdacaGGUaGaaGymaiaaikdacqGHRaWk% caaIWaGaaiOlaiaaiIdacaaI4aGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0% IaaGOmaiaac6cacaaIYaGaaGioaiabeI7aXnaaCaaameqabaGaaiOk% aaaaaaaaaaa!610D!\[\begin{gathered} f_r \left( {\theta ^* } \right) = 0.05 + 0.58e^{ - 1.48\theta ^* } \hfill \\ f_u \left( {\theta ^* } \right) = 0.12 + 0.88e^{ - 2.28\theta ^* } \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \] The incremental root biomass partitioning coefficient, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqySde2aaS% baaSqaaiaadkhaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaaiikaiaadsgacaWGxbWaaSba% aSqaaiaadkhaaeqaaOGaai4laiaadsgacaWG0bGaaiykaiaac+caca% GGOaGaamizaiaadEfadaWgaaWcbaGaamiDaaqabaGccaGGVaGaamiz% aiaadshacaGGPaaaaa!4834!\[\alpha _r = (dW_r /dt)/(dW_t /dt)\], which describes the net increase in root biomass dW r over time dt relative to the increase in total biomass (dW r) over the same time period, has been derived from f and the relative growth rate. Its time course is accurately represented by% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqySdegdda% WgaaqaaiaadkhaaeqaamaabmaabaGccqaH4oqCdaahaaWcbeqaaiaa% cQcaaaaamiaawIcacaGLPaaakiabg2da9iabgkHiTiaaicdacaGGUa% GaaGymaiaaiwdacqGHRaWkcaaIWaGaaiOlaiaaiAdacaaIZaGaamyz% amaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaaGimaiaac6cacaaI5aGaaGioaiabeI% 7aXnaaCaaameqabaGaaiOkaaaaaaaaaa!4D15!\[\alpha _r \left( {\theta ^* } \right) = - 0.15 + 0.63e^{ - 0.98\theta ^* } \] Under our experimental conditions, with no severe water stresses or nutrient deficiencies, and for our sampling frequency, around 2 weeks, the development scale θ✻, is the main factor governing the time courses of f r, f u and αr.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012815
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  • 90
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    Transfer of water from roots into dry soil and the effect on wheat water relations and growth (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 145 (1992), S. 141-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: drought stress ; roots ; soil moisture ; transpiration ; Triticum aestivum ; water potential ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This investigation was performed to study the effect on plant water relations and growth when some of roots grow into dry soil. Common spring water (Triticum aestivum) plants were grown from seed in soil in 1.2 m long PVC (polyvinyl chloride) tubes. Some of the tubes had a PVC partition along their center so that plants developed a split root system (SPR). Part of the roots grew in fully irrigated soil on one side of the partition while the rest of the roots grew into a very dry (-4.1 MPa) soil on the other side of the partition. Split root plants were compared with plants grown from emergence on stored soil moisture (STOR) and with plants that were fully irrigated as needed (IRR). The experiment was duplicated over two temperature regimes (10°/20°C and 15°/25°C, night/day temperatures) in growth chambers. Data were collected on root dry matter distribution, soil moisture status, midday leaf water potential (LWP), leaf relative water content (RWC) and parameters of plant growth and yield. Some roots were found in the dry side of SPR already at 21 DAE (days after emergence) at a soil depth of 15 to 25 cm. Soil water potential around these roots was -0.7 to -1.0 MPa at midday, as compared with the initial value of -4.1 MPa. Therefore, water apparently flowed from the plant into the dry soil, probably during the night. Despite having most of their roots (around 2/3 of the total) in wet soil, SPR plants developed severe plant water stress, even in comparison with STOR plants. Already at 21 DAE, SPR plants had a LWP of -1.5 to -2.0 MPa, while IRR and STOR had a LWP of -0.5 MPa or higher. As a consequence of their greater plant water stress, SPR as compared with IRR plants were lower in tiller number, ear number, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, total biomass, plant height and grain yield and had more epicuticular wax on their leaves. It was concluded that the exposure of a relatively small part of a plant root system to a dry soil may result in a plant-to-soil water potential gradient which may cause severe plant water stress, leading to reduced plant growth and yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009550
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  • 91
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    The impact of genotype x soil texture interaction on the efficiency of selection for yield in maize (Zea mays L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1992), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: population improvement ; maize ; Zea mays ; honeycumb selection ; adaptability ; stability ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study was undertaken to investigate the implications of genotype x soil texture interaction on response to selection in maize. Mass honeycomb selection for yield was applied for 11 cycles from the F2 of the single cross maize hybrid F68×NE2 in a field B with silty-clay-loam soil texture. Response to selection compared to the original single cross hybrid was estimated both in absence of competition and under solid stand in the selection field B and in a nearby field A differing in soil texture (clay-loam). A strong crossover type of interaction occurred both under solid stand and in the absence of competition in the two tests the improved population outyielded the hybrid in field B in the two densities, but lagged behing the hybrid in field A. The results suggest that interaction between genotype and soil texture might affect efficiency of selection detrimentally unless provision is taken for parallel selection early in the crop improvement program in fields differing in soil texture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035547
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  • 92
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    Somaclonal variation in winter wheat: frequency, occurrence and inheritance (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: tissue culture ; somaclonal variation ; plant breeding ; Triticum aestivum ; mutation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Plants were regenerated from immature embryo cultures of 35 winter wheat genotypes. A total of 7142 R2 spike lines from 1593 R1 plants were assessed in the field for somaclonal variants of morphological traits in 1985/86, 1986/87 and 1987/88. Selected variants were studied for their possible genetic basis. Populations of R1 plants were highly variable due mainly to the physiological disturbances resulting from the in vitro processes. Overall somaclonal variation frequencies were 14.2% on the R1 plant basis and 5.3% on the R2 spike basis. Spectra of the variants were similar in the different R2 populations with predominant variants being altered negatively in plant height, maturity, awnedness, and spike and plant types. Over 90% of the variants were observed in some spike progenies of individual regenerants, while the others appeared in all spike progenies of the regenerants and in progenies of different regenerants derived from the same explant embryos. Both uniform R2 variant families and spike lines were found in addition to the segregating variants, which constituted the majority. On average, in a variant family and line, 18 and 14% of their component lines and plants varied, respectively. Inheritability was demonstrated for the variations in both segregated and uniform variant families and spike lines. Of 134 variant selections tested, about 70% was classified inhernable. Both recessive and dominant gene mutations at one, two or three loci were evident in some of the variants as suggested by segregation data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023532
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  • 93
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    Crossability of tetraploid and hexaploid wheats with ryes for primary triticale production (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 65 (1992), S. 203-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Triticum spp. ; triticale ; x Triticosecale ; wheat-rye crossability ; primary triticale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crossability of wheat and rye was investigated during thirteen crop cycles in two contrasting locations to 1) evaluate tetraploid and hexaploid wheat parents in crosses with rye, 2) identify genotypes with high crossability and 3) assess the impact of environment on seed development. The majority of the tetraploid wheats crossed with rye had seed set around 20%, but very low embryo viability. Several wheat genotypes with seed set above 50% were identified. The hexaploid wheats crossed with rye showed poor seed set, but plant recovery was relatively high. The majority of the hexaploid wheats with highest seed set (20–30%) were from China. The results suggest differences in crossability between the rye populations, and wheat species by rye interactions. The crossability of the tetraploid and hexaploid wheats was affected by climate in the two locations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023084
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  • 94
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    Variations in the content of starch-granule bound protein among several Japanese cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 215-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; starch-granule bound (Wx) protein ; amylose content ; Japanese noodles ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The starch-granule bound proteins of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and six related species were examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. They showed almost the same molecular weight, 61 kD. The amount of the starch-granule bound protein varied among Japanese wheat cultivars although the variation was not as wide as that for rice. The amount of this protein of Kanto 107 and Kanto 79 was about 40% of that of Norin 98. In addition, wheats with lower starch-granule bound protein also possessed lower amylose content.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046051
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  • 95
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    Segregation of genetic markers among wheat doubled haploid lines derived from wheat x maize crosses (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 65 (1992), S. 145-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: doubled haploid ; genetic marker ; wheat ; wheat x maize crosses ; Triticum aestivum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat doubled haploid (DH) lines were produced from the F1 hybrid, Fukudo-komugi x Oligo Culm, through intergeneric crosses between wheat and maize. F2 plants and 203 DH lines were analyzed for the segregation of the eight genetic markers, namely, grain proteins, grain esterases, GA-insensitivity and glume traits. The segregation in the F2 plants fitted to the expected ratios. No deviation was observed among the DH lines, either, except for the glume pubescence. The result indicates the absence of correlation between the markers investigated and the efficiency of embryo formation in the DH lines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022576
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  • 96
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    Genetic improvement of cell-wall digestibility in forage maize (Zea mays L.). I. Performance of inbred lines and related hybrids (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 65 (1992), S. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: forage maize ; Zea mays ; breeding ; nutritive value ; cell-wall digestibility ; stalk quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The current study deals with genetic improvement of the nutritive value of forage maize. In separate field trials, maize inbred lines without the brown midrib trait and derived hybrids were evaluated for stalk quality as well as some other agronomic traits. The aim was to relate the performance of lines and hybrids. Quality traits studied were the contents of ash and cell walls expressed as percentage of dry matter and the digestibilities of organic matter and cell walls (stalk-dv% and stalk-dcw%, respectively). The performance of hybrids was established in a trial at two locations with three replicates per location and the performance of lines at one location in an unreplicated trial. The range for stalk-dcw% was about 10 percentage units between hybrids and 15 percentage units between inbred lines. Stalk-dcw% had of all quality traits of hybrids the highest broad-sense heritability (h 2=0.74), and determined about 80% of the variation in stalk-dv%. The only stalk quality trait where a significant correlation was found between the mean hybrid performance and the corresponding midparent value was stalk-dcw% (r=0.70, P〈0.01). In conclusion, stalk-dcw% proved to be the only stalk quality trait worth evaluating at the inbred line level in a breeding programme aimed at producing commercial hybrid varieties of forage maize.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023082
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  • 97
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    Variation among maize (Zea mays L.) accessions of Bendel State, Nigeria. Multivariate analysis of agronomic data (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 65-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cluster analysis ; principal component analysis ; accession ; landraces ; Zea mays ; maize ; dendrogram ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two multivariate techniques were used to characterize 30 maize accessions collected from three ecological zones of Bendel State, Nigeria. Differentiation of the 30 accessions into five distinct groups was achieved with the unweighted variable group method of the average linkage cluster analysis of 34 agronomic characters. Four of the taxonomic groups contained at least three accessions each, while a fifth group contained only one. The single accession contained in the fifth group was characterised by very early maturity, deeply pigmented leaves and ear husks and short statured plants. Clustering of the accessions into different phenetic groups followed substantially along geographical and traditionally trading routes. A few cases of overlapping of accessions from different geographical locations were obtained. Principal component analysis revealed that days to 50% tasseling and silking, number of nodes/plant, ear length, ear weight, leaf width, and kernel colour were the principal discriminatory characters that differentiated the accessions. Sixty-four percent of the total variation among the 34 characters were accounted for by the first five principal components while the first and second components accounted for 26 and 14 respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023509
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  • 98
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    Evaluation of Triticum aestivum germplasm from Croatia and Yugoslavia for aluminium tolerance (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 111-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Al tolerance ; Croatia ; genetic variation ; gene pool ; root growth ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Yugoslavia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aluminium tolerance of 90 genotypes of Triticum aestivum L. germplasm from the breeding programmes of eight Croatian and Yugoslav institutions was evaluated in nutrient solutions having Al3+ activities of 0, 12.5 and 25μM. Overall distribution of Al tolerance of wheat genotypes was skewed toward lower tolerance rankings. Average Al tolerance differed among gene pools created at different breeding institutions. Genotypes tolerant enough to be useful in the breeding programmes aimed at selecting cultivars with improved Al tolerance are identified in germplasm from four institutions. No correlation was found between chemical characteristics of soils used over the years by breeding institutions for their field trials and the Al-tolerance ranking of the corresponding germplasm material.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023515
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  • 99
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    Differential effect of temperature on mitrochondrial activity in shoots from freshly harvested and moderately aged kernels of maize (Zea mays L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 11 (1992), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; respiration ; seed ageing ; seed storage ; temperature ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on a study of mitochondrial activity in etiolated shoots of freshly harvested and moderately aged kernels of maize. Activity was investigated after incubation at a favourable temperature (25°C), sub-optimal temperature (13°C) and after a heat shock (46°C for 2h). Although impaired mitochondrial activity in shoots from moderately aged maize kernels was not detected at 25°C, deficiencies became evident under low temperature stress (13°C). State 3 oxygen uptake, cyanide-insensitive oxygen uptake and cytochrome oxidase activity were lower in mitochondria from these shoots at 13°C than in mitochondria from shoots of freshly harvested kernels at this temperature. After a heat shock, cyanide-insensitive oxygen uptake was higher, and cytochrome oxidase activity lower, in shoots of aged kernels than in shoots of fresh kernels. No significant differences in ADP: O ratio or succinate dehydrogenase activity occurred between mitochondria from shoots of the two seed lots in any of the temperature treatments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024565
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  • 100
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    Functional properties of ficoll and their influence on anther culture responses of wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 30 (1992), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: anther culture ; ficoll ; liquid medium ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of ficoll in liquid culture media have been contradictory in previous reports. The objective of this study was to determine the functional properties of ficoll in potato 4 (P4) liquid induction medium and their influence on anther culture responses of wheat. Ficoll addition significantly (p≤0.01) reduced callus production from the anthers of spring wheat cv. Pavon 76. The reduction was directly related to the concentration of ficoll added within the range of 50 to 200 g l-1 medium. Although the addition of ficoll significantly (p≤0.01) increased the percentage of regenerable calli and the ratio of green vs. albino plants, the final yield of green plants per 100 anthers was significantly lower. Consistent results also were obtained with four other spring wheat genotypes (Chris, Butte 86, WA 6916, and Edwall). Ficoll concentration affected the density, viscosity, and osmolality of the liquid media. The higher medium density caused by ficoll addition increased the percentage of floating calli, as well as the percentage of regenerable calli and the ratio of green vs. albino plants. However, the increased medium viscosity by ficoll addition significantly (p≤0.01) reduced callus production. Ficoll addition also increased medium osmolality, which affected callus production by interacting with the sugar concentration of the induction media. Using response functions, the estimated maltose concentration for maximum callus production was 105 g l-1 for the standard P4 media, compared with 68 g l-1 for the ficoll-containing P4 media. These results clearly demonstrate that ficoll addition to the liquid P4 induction medium containing high sucrose concentration (90 g l-1) is deleterious to the maximum production of green plants from wheat anther culture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040004
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