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  • Animals  (456)
  • Base Sequence  (143)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (533)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 1990-1994  (533)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1940-1944
  • 1992  (533)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (533)
  • Annual Reviews
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  • 1990-1994  (533)
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  • 1
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    Optical analysis of synaptic vesicle recycling at the frog neuromuscular junction (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-01-10
    Description: The fluorescent dyes FM1-43 and RH414 label motor nerve terminals in an activity-dependent fashion that involves dye uptake by synaptic vesicles that are recycling. This allows optical monitoring of vesicle recycling in living nerve terminals to determine how recycled vesicles reenter the vesicle pool. The results suggest that recycled vesicles mix with the pool morphologically and functionally. One complete cycle of release of transmitter, recycling of a vesicle, and rerelease of transmitter appears to take about 1 minute.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Betz, W J -- Bewick, G S -- NS10207/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS23466/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 10;255(5041):200-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver 80262.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553547" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Evoked Potentials ; Fluorescent Dyes ; In Vitro Techniques ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Motor Neurons/physiology ; Neuromuscular Junction/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Pyridinium Compounds ; *Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Ranidae ; Synaptic Vesicles/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Increased osteoclast development after estrogen loss: mediation by interleukin-6 (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-03
    Description: Osteoclasts, the cells that resorb bone, develop from hematopoietic precursors of the bone marrow under the control of factors produced in their microenvironment. The cytokine interleukin-6 can promote hematopoiesis and osteoclastogenesis. Interleukin-6 production by bone and marrow stromal cells is suppressed by 17 beta-estradiol in vitro. In mice, estrogen loss (ovariectomy) increased the number of colony-forming units for granulocytes and macrophages, enhanced osteoclast development in ex vivo cultures of marrow, and increased the number of osteoclasts in trabecular bone. These changes were prevented by 17 beta-estradiol or an antibody to interleukin-6. Thus, estrogen loss results in an interleukin-6-mediated stimulation of osteoclastogenesis, which suggests a mechanism for the increased bone resorption in postmenopausal osteoporosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jilka, R L -- Hangoc, G -- Girasole, G -- Passeri, G -- Williams, D C -- Abrams, J S -- Boyce, B -- Broxmeyer, H -- Manolagas, S C -- AI21761/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AR41313/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- CA36464/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 3;257(5066):88-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1621100" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Bone Marrow Cells ; Cells, Cultured ; Estradiol/*pharmacology ; Female ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology ; Immunoglobulin G ; Interleukin-6/immunology/*physiology ; Mice ; Osteoclasts/*cytology/drug effects ; *Ovariectomy ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Spleen/cytology ; Stem Cells/cytology/drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Rain forest diet: you are what you eat (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 10;255(5041):163.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Dietary Proteins ; *Food Preferences ; Humans ; South America ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    High probability opening of NMDA receptor channels by L-glutamate (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-01-24
    Description: Synaptic plasticity can be triggered by calcium flux into neurons through synaptically activated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels. The amplitude and time course of the resulting intracellular calcium transient depend on the number of open NMDA receptor channels and the kinetics of their activation. Short applications of L-glutamate to outside-out patches from hippocampal neurons in the presence and absence of MK-801 revealed that about 30 percent of L-glutamate-bound channels are open at the peak of the current. This high probability of opening suggests that very few channels are required to guarantee a large, localized postsynaptic calcium transient.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jahr, C E -- NS21419/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 24;255(5043):470-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute L474, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1346477" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Cells, Cultured ; Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology ; Glutamates/*physiology ; Glutamic Acid ; Hippocampus/physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; *Ion Channel Gating ; Rats ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Visually evoked oscillations of membrane potential in cells of cat visual cortex (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-24
    Description: In response to visual stimulation, cells of the cat visual cortex fire rhythmically at frequencies between 30 and 60 hertz. This rhythmic firing can be synchronized among cells in widespread areas of the visual cortex. The visual stimulus conditions under which this process occurs suggest that the synchronization may contribute to the integration of information across broadly displaced parts of the visual field. An intricate mechanism must control the regularity of firing and its synchronization. In vivo whole-cell patch recordings from cells in area 17 have now shown that robust oscillations of membrane potential underlie the regularity of firing seen extracellularly. In the cells studied, the characteristics of the oscillations of membrane potential suggest that such oscillations are produced by rhythmic activity in synaptic inputs. These rhythmic synaptic inputs form the most likely mechanism for the synchronization of activity in neighboring cortical cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jagadeesh, B -- Gray, C M -- Ferster, D -- R01 EY04726/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R29 EY08686/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 24;257(5069):552-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1636094" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cats ; *Evoked Potentials, Visual ; Membrane Potentials ; Photic Stimulation ; Time Factors ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; Visual Fields
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 6
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    Diverse migratory pathways in the developing cerebral cortex (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-10-09
    Description: During early development of the mammalian cerebral cortex, young neurons migrate outward from the site of their final mitosis in the ventricular zone into the cortical plate, where they form the adult cortex. Time-lapse confocal microscopy was used to observe directly the dynamic behaviors of migrating cells in living slices of developing cortex. The majority of cells migrated along a radial pathway, consistent with the view that cortical neurons migrate along radial glial fibers. A fraction of cells, however, turned within the intermediate zone and migrated orthogonal to the radial fibers. This orthogonal migration may contribute to the tangential dispersion of clonally related cortical neurons.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Rourke, N A -- Dailey, M E -- Smith, S J -- McConnell, S K -- EY06314/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- NS09027/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS28587/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 9;258(5080):299-302.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1411527" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Carbocyanines ; Cell Movement ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*growth & development ; Culture Techniques ; Ferrets ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kinetics ; Lasers ; Microscopy ; Neurons/*physiology ; Vimentin/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 7
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    Cooperativity induced by a single mutation at the subunit interface of a dimeric enzyme: glutathione reductase (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-13
    Description: When glycine418 of Escherichia coli glutathione reductase, which is in a closely packed region of the dimer interface, is replaced with a bulky tryptophan residue, the enzyme becomes highly cooperative (Hill coefficient 1.76) for glutathione binding. The cooperativity is lost when the mutant subunit is hybridized with a wild-type subunit to create a heterodimer. The mutation appears to disrupt atomic packing at the dimer interface, which induces a change of kinetic mechanism. A single mutation in a region of the protein remote from the active site can thus act as a molecular switch to confer cooperativity on an enzyme.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scrutton, N S -- Deonarain, M P -- Berry, A -- Perham, R N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 13;258(5085):1140-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1439821" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Escherichia coli/*enzymology/genetics ; Genes, Bacterial ; Glutathione/metabolism ; Glutathione Reductase/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Glycine/chemistry ; Kinetics ; Macromolecular Substances ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; *Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; NADP/metabolism ; Plasmids ; Protein Multimerization ; Tryptophan/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 8
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    Modulation of DNA binding specificity by alternative splicing of the Wilms tumor wt1 gene transcript (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-10
    Description: The technique of whole-genome polymerase chain reaction was used to study the DNA binding properties of the product of the wt1 gene. The zinc finger region of this gene is alternatively spliced such that the major transcript encodes a protein with three extra amino acids between the third and fourth fingers. The minor form of the protein binds specifically to DNA. It is now shown that the major form of wt1 messenger RNA encodes a protein that binds to DNA with a specificity that differs from that of the minor form. Therefore, alternative splicing within the DNA binding domain of a transcription factor can generate proteins with distinct DNA binding specificities and probably different physiological targets.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bickmore, W A -- Oghene, K -- Little, M H -- Seawright, A -- van Heyningen, V -- Hastie, N D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 10;257(5067):235-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1321494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites/*genetics ; Binding, Competitive ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Messenger/*metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Transcription, Genetic ; WT1 Proteins ; Wilms Tumor/*genetics ; Zinc Fingers/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    Reductase activity encoded by the HM1 disease resistance gene in maize (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-06
    Description: The HM1 gene in maize controls both race-specific resistance to the fungus Cochliobolus carbonum race 1 and expression of the NADPH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)-dependent HC toxin reductase (HCTR), which inactivates HC toxin, a cyclic tetrapeptide produced by the fungus to permit infection. Several HM1 alleles were generated and cloned by transposon-induced mutagenesis. The sequence of wild-type HM1 shares homology with dihydroflavonol-4-reductase genes from maize, petunia, and snap-dragon. Sequence homology is greatest in the beta alpha beta-dinucleotide binding fold that is conserved among NADPH- and NADH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)-dependent reductases and dehydrogenases. This indicates that HM1 encodes HCTR.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Johal, G S -- Briggs, S P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 6;258(5084):985-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biotechnology Research, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., Johnston, IA 50131.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1359642" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Blotting, Southern ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA/chemistry/genetics ; *Genes, Plant ; *Helminthosporium ; Introns ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NADP/pharmacology ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Oxidoreductases/chemistry/*genetics ; Peptides, Cyclic/antagonists & inhibitors ; *Plant Diseases ; *Plant Proteins ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; RNA Splicing ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Zea mays/enzymology/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 10
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    Centriole duplication in lysates of Spisula solidissima oocytes (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-10
    Description: A cell-free system has been developed that executes centriole duplication. Surf clam (Spisula solidissima) oocytes, arrested at late prophase of meiosis I, do not contain centrioles, centrosomes, or asters. Serial section high-voltage electron microscopy (HVEM) of asters and spindles isolated from potassium chloride-activated oocytes indicates that within 4 minutes oocytes assemble a single centriole that is duplicated by 15 minutes when assembly of the first meiotic spindle is complete. A mixture of lysates from unactivated oocytes and potassium chloride-activated oocytes induces centriole formation and duplication. Astral microtubule content in these lysate mixtures increases with time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palazzo, R E -- Vaisberg, E -- Cole, R W -- Rieder, C L -- R01-40198/PHS HHS/ -- R01-43264/PHS HHS/ -- RR 01219/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 10;256(5054):219-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566068" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bivalvia ; Cell-Free System ; Centrioles/*ultrastructure ; Female ; Meiosis ; Microscopy, Electron ; Oocytes/cytology/*ultrastructure ; Prophase ; Tubulin/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 11
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    Diacylglycerol-stimulated formation of actin nucleation sites at plasma membranes (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-10
    Description: Diacylglycerols, which are generated during phospholipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipids, stimulated actin polymerization in the presence of highly purified plasma membranes from the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. The increased rate of actin polymerization apparently resulted from de novo formation of actin nucleation sites rather than uncapping of existing filament ends, because the membranes lacked detectable endogenous actin. The increased actin nucleation was mediated by a peripheral membrane component other than protein kinase C, the classical target of diacylglycerol action. These results indicate that diacylglycerols increase actin nucleation at plasma membranes and suggest a mechanism whereby signal transduction pathways may control cytoskeletal assembly.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shariff, A -- Luna, E J -- GM-33048/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM033048/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 10;256(5054):245-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell Biology Group, Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Shresbury, MA 01545.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1373523" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/*metabolism ; Alkaloids/pharmacology ; Animals ; Calcium/pharmacology ; Cell Membrane/drug effects/*metabolism ; Dictyostelium/*metabolism ; Diglycerides/*pharmacology ; Kinetics ; Macromolecular Substances ; *Naphthalenes ; Polycyclic Compounds/pharmacology ; Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors ; Staurosporine ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 12
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    Behavioral hypothermia and survival of hypoxic protozoans Paramecium caudatum (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-03-13
    Description: Hypoxia has been shown to elicit behavioral hypothermia in a number of different metazoan species, all with nervous systems. The protozoan, Paramecium caudatum, has no nervous system and was not expected to display behavioral hypothermia. However, this species was also found to select a lower temperature in a thermal gradient under hypoxic conditions. This response proved to be beneficial as survival of hypoxic paramecia was greatly increased at lower temperatures. This unicellular species may provide a useful model to investigate the cellular and molecular basis of adaptive thermoregulatory behavior.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malvin, G M -- Wood, S C -- HL-38942/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL-40537/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Mar 13;255(5050):1423-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Oxygen Transport Program, Lovelace Medical Foundation, Albuquerque, NM 87108.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1542790" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Body Temperature Regulation/physiology ; Oxygen/physiology ; Paramecium/*physiology
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  • 13
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    Some anthropological aspects of the prehistoric Tyrolean ice man (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-10-16
    Description: The corpse of a Late Neolithic individual found in a glacier in Oetztal is unusual because of the intact nature of all body parts that resulted from the characteristics of its mummification process and its protected geographical position with regard to glacier flow. Anthropological data indicate that the man was 25 to 40 years old, was between 156 and 160 centimeters in stature, had a cranial capacity of between 1500 and 1560 cubic centimeters, and likely died of exhaustion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seidler, H -- Bernhard, W -- Teschler-Nicola, M -- Platzer, W -- zur Nedden, D -- Henn, R -- Oberhauser, A -- Sjovold, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 16;258(5081):455-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Humanbiologie, Universitat Wien, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1411539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Austria ; Ear/anatomy & histology ; Freezing ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Italy ; Male ; *Mummies ; Skull/anatomy & histology
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  • 14
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    Molecular epidemiology of HIV transmission in a dental practice (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-22
    Description: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission from infected patients to health-care workers has been well documented, but transmission from an infected health-care worker to a patient has not been reported. After identification of an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patient who had no known risk factors for HIV infection but who had undergone an invasive procedure performed by a dentist with AIDS, six other patients of this dentist were found to be HIV-infected. Molecular biologic studies were conducted to complement the epidemiologic investigation. Portions of the HIV proviral envelope gene from each of the seven patients, the dentist, and 35 HIV-infected persons from the local geographic area were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Three separate comparative genetic analyses--genetic distance measurements, phylogenetic tree analysis, and amino acid signature pattern analysis--showed that the viruses from the dentist and five dental patients were closely related. These data, together with the epidemiologic investigation, indicated that these patients became infected with HIV while receiving care from a dentist with AIDS.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ou, C Y -- Ciesielski, C A -- Myers, G -- Bandea, C I -- Luo, C C -- Korber, B T -- Mullins, J I -- Schochetman, G -- Berkelman, R L -- Economou, A N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 22;256(5060):1165-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1589796" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/blood/microbiology/*transmission ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Viral/blood/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Dentistry ; Female ; Florida ; Genetic Variation ; HIV Infections/microbiology/*transmission ; HIV-1/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monocytes/physiology ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; *Patients ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Viral Envelope Proteins/*genetics
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  • 15
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    Syntaxin: a synaptic protein implicated in docking of synaptic vesicles at presynaptic active zones (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-10
    Description: Synaptic vesicles store neurotransmitters that are released during calcium-regulated exocytosis. The specificity of neurotransmitter release requires the localization of both synaptic vesicles and calcium channels to the presynaptic active zone. Two 35-kilodalton proteins (p35 or syntaxins) were identified that interact with the synaptic vesicle protein p65 (synaptotagmin). The p35 proteins are expressed only in the nervous system, are 84 percent identical, include carboxyl-terminal membrane anchors, and are concentrated on the plasma membrane at synaptic sites. An antibody to p35 immunoprecipitated solubilized N-type calcium channels. The p35 proteins may function in docking synaptic vesicles near calcium channels at presynaptic active zones.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bennett, M K -- Calakos, N -- Scheller, R H -- 2T32G07365/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 10;257(5067):255-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical Center, CA 94305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1321498" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Antigens, Surface ; *Calcium-Binding Proteins ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Immunoblotting ; Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/isolation & purification/*physiology ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Rats ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Synaptic Transmission/physiology ; Synaptic Vesicles/*physiology ; Synaptotagmin I ; Synaptotagmins ; Syntaxin 1
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  • 16
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    Requirement for the adenovirus type 9 E4 region in production of mammary tumors (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-09-07
    Description: Oncogenic viruses demonstrating a strict tropism for the mammary gland provide special opportunities to study the susceptibility of this tissue to neoplasia. In rats, human adenovirus type 9 (Ad9) elicits mammary fibroadenomas that are similar to common breast tumors in women, as well as phyllodes-like tumors and mammary sarcomas. By constructing recombinant adenoviruses between Ad9 and Ad26 (a related nontumorigenic virus), it was shown that the Ad9 E4 region was absolutely required to produce these mammary tumors. This indicates that an adenovirus gene located outside the classic transforming region (E1) can significantly influence the in vivo oncogenicity of an adenovirus. Consistent with a direct role in mammary gland oncogenesis, the Ad9 E4 region also exhibited transforming properties in vitro. Therefore, the Ad9 E4 region is a viral oncogene specifically involved in mammary gland tumorigenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Javier, R -- Raska, K Jr -- Shenk, T -- CA 21196/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 41086/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA09528/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 28;257(5074):1267-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1519063" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoviridae/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/*genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; Female ; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/*genetics/*microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Open Reading Frames/genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred WF ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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  • 17
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    Planar induction of anteroposterior pattern in the developing central nervous system of Xenopus laevis (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-07-24
    Description: It has long been thought that anteroposterior (A-P) pattern in the vertebrate central nervous system is induced in the embryo's dorsal ectoderm exclusively by signals passing vertically from underlying, patterned dorsal mesoderm. Explants from early gastrulae of the frog Xenopus laevis were prepared in which vertical contact between dorsal ectoderm and mesoderm was prevented but planar contact was maintained. In these, four position-specific neural markers (engrailed-2, Krox-20, XlHbox 1, and XlHbox 6) were expressed in the ectoderm in the same A-P order as in the embryo. Thus, planar signals alone, following a path available in the normal embryo, can induce A-P neural pattern.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Doniach, T -- Phillips, C R -- Gerhart, J C -- GM19363/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 24;257(5069):542-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1636091" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomarkers ; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/analysis ; Central Nervous System/*embryology ; Ectoderm/physiology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology/physiology ; Gastrula/physiology ; Gene Expression ; Mesoderm/physiology ; Organ Culture Techniques ; Xenopus laevis/*embryology
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  • 18
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    The Son of sevenless gene product: a putative activator of Ras (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-01-31
    Description: The Son of sevenless (Sos) gene functions in signaling pathways initiated by the sevenless and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. The Sos gene has now been isolated and sequenced. Its product is a 1595-amino acid protein similar to the CDC25 protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that activates Ras. These results imply a role for the ras pathway in Drosophila neuronal development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonfini, L -- Karlovich, C A -- Dasgupta, C -- Banerjee, U -- 1 R01 EY08152-01A1/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- GM-07104/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- RR6461/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 31;255(5044):603-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1736363" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Fungal Proteins/genetics ; Gene Library ; *Genes, ras ; Genotype ; Membrane Proteins/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neurons/physiology ; Restriction Mapping ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Son of Sevenless Proteins ; *ras-GRF1
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  • 19
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    Identification of ras oncogene mutations in the stool of patients with curable colorectal tumors (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-03
    Description: Colorectal (CR) tumors are usually curable if detected before metastasis. Because genetic alterations are associated with the development of these tumors, mutant genes may be found in the stool of individuals with CR neoplasms. The stools of nine patients whose tumors contained mutations of K-ras were analyzed. In eight of the nine cases, the ras mutations were detectable in DNA purified from the stool. These patients included those with benign and malignant neoplasms from proximal and distal colonic epithelium. Thus, colorectal tumors can be detected by a noninvasive method based on the molecular pathogenesis of the disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sidransky, D -- Tokino, T -- Hamilton, S R -- Kinzler, K W -- Levin, B -- Frost, P -- Vogelstein, B -- CA06973/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA35494/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 3;256(5053):102-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566048" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Blotting, Southern ; Carcinoma/diagnosis/*genetics/pathology ; Colonic Neoplasms/diagnosis/*genetics/pathology ; DNA, Neoplasm/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Feces/chemistry ; Female ; *Genes, ras ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prognosis ; Rectal Neoplasms/diagnosis/*genetics/pathology
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  • 20
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    Exaggerated carcinogenicity of chemicals (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-06-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abelson, P H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jun 19;256(5064):1609.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1609271" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Butadienes/*toxicity ; *Carcinogenicity Tests ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Mice ; Neoplasms/*chemically induced ; Rats ; Risk
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  • 21
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    Cerebral cortical mechanisms of reaching movements (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-03-20
    Description: Because reaching movements have a clear objective--to bring the hand to the spatial location of an object--they are well suited to study how the central nervous system plans a purposeful act from sensory input to motor output. Most models of movement planning propose a serial hierarchy of analytic steps. However, the central nervous system is organized into densely interconnected populations of neurons. This paradox between the apparent serial order of central nervous system function and its complex internal organization is strikingly demonstrated by recent behavioral, modeling, and neurophysiological studies of reaching movements.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kalaska, J F -- Crammond, D J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Mar 20;255(5051):1517-23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departement de Physiologie, Faculte de Medecine, Universite de Montreal, Quebec, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1549781" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Motor Activity/physiology ; Movement/*physiology ; Neurons/physiology
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  • 22
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    Regulation of plasma membrane recycling by CFTR (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-04-24
    Description: The gene that encodes the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is defective in patients with cystic fibrosis. Although the protein product of the CFTR gene has been proposed to function as a chloride ion channel, certain aspects of its function remain unclear. The role of CFTR in the adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent regulation of plasma membrane recycling was examined. Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate is known to regulate endocytosis and exocytosis in chloride-secreting epithelial cells that express CFTR. However, mutant epithelial cells derived from a patient with cystic fibrosis exhibited no cAMP-dependent regulation of endocytosis and exocytosis until they were transfected with complementary DNA encoding wild-type CFTR. Thus, CFTR is critical for cAMP-dependent regulation of membrane recycling in epithelial tissues, and this function of CFTR could explain in part the pleiotropic nature of cystic fibrosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bradbury, N A -- Jilling, T -- Berta, G -- Sorscher, E J -- Bridges, R J -- Kirk, K L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 24;256(5056):530-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1373908" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Cell Membrane/*physiology ; Chlorides/metabolism ; Colforsin/pharmacology ; Cyclic AMP/pharmacology ; Cystic Fibrosis/*physiopathology ; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ; DNA/genetics ; Endocytosis/drug effects/physiology ; Epithelium/secretion ; Exocytosis/drug effects/physiology ; Gene Expression ; Horseradish Peroxidase/metabolism ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Wheat Germ Agglutinins/metabolism
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  • 23
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    Repression of the insulin-like growth factor II gene by the Wilms tumor suppressor WT1 (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-31
    Description: The Wilms tumor suppressor gene wt1 encodes a zinc finger DNA binding protein, WT1, that functions as a transcriptional repressor. The fetal mitogen insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is overexpressed in Wilms tumors and may have autocrine effects in tumor progression. The major fetal IGF-II promoter was defined in transient transfection assays as a region spanning from nucleotides -295 to +135, relative to the transcription start site. WT1 bound to multiple sites in this region and functioned as a potent repressor of IGF-II transcription in vivo. Maximal repression was dependent on the presence of WT1 binding sites on each side of the transcriptional initiation site. These findings provide a molecular basis for overexpression of IGF-II in Wilms tumors and suggest that WT1 negatively regulates blastemal cell proliferation by limiting the production of a fetal growth factor in the developing vertebrate kidney.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Drummond, I A -- Madden, S L -- Rohwer-Nutter, P -- Bell, G I -- Sukhatme, V P -- Rauscher, F J 3rd -- CA 10817/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 47983/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 52009/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 31;257(5070):674-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, IL 60637.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1323141" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Blotting, Northern ; DNA/chemistry/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Deoxyribonuclease I/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Genes, Wilms Tumor/*physiology ; Humans ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/*genetics ; Kidney/embryology/metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Rats ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Transfection ; WT1 Proteins ; Wilms Tumor/genetics/metabolism ; Zinc Fingers
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  • 24
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    The fms-like tyrosine kinase, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-02-21
    Description: The fms-like tyrosine kinase (Flt) is a transmembrane receptor in the tyrosine kinase family. Expression of flt complementary DNA in COS cells conferred specific, high-affinity binding of vascular endothelial growth factor, also known as vascular permeability factor (VEGF-VPF), a factor that induces vascular permeability when injected in the guinea pig skin and stimulates endothelial cell proliferation. Expression of Flt in Xenopus laevis oocytes caused the oocytes to release calcium in response to VEGF-VPF. These findings show that flt encodes a receptor for VEGF-VPF.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de Vries, C -- Escobedo, J A -- Ueno, H -- Houck, K -- Ferrara, N -- Williams, L T -- P01 HL-43821/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL-32898/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Feb 21;255(5047):989-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1312256" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cross-Linking Reagents ; Endothelial Growth Factors/*physiology ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lymphokines/*physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*genetics ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors ; Xenopus laevis
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  • 25
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    Enhanced degradation of the ferritin repressor protein during induction of ferritin messenger RNA translation (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-01
    Description: Induction of ferritin synthesis in cultured cells by heme or iron is accompanied by degradation of the ferritin repressor protein (FRP). Intermediates in the degradative pathway apparently include FRP covalently linked in larger aggregates. The effect of iron on FRP degradation is enhanced by porphyrin precursors but is decreased by inhibitors of porphyrin synthesis, which implies that heme is an active agent. These results suggest that translational induction in this system may be caused by enhanced repressor degradation. While unique among translational regulatory systems, this process is common to a variety of other biosynthetic control mechanisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goessling, L S -- Daniels-McQueen, S -- Bhattacharyya-Pakrasi, M -- Lin, J J -- Thach, R E -- AI 20484/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 1;256(5057):670-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1316633" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase/genetics ; Aminolevulinic Acid/pharmacology ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Ferritins/biosynthesis/*genetics ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; Iron/pharmacology ; Iron Regulatory Protein 1 ; Iron-Regulatory Proteins ; Mice ; Papillomaviridae ; Porphobilinogen/pharmacology ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Messenger/*genetics ; RNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Rabbits
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  • 26
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    Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase by v-Raf in NIH 3T3 cells and in vitro (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-09-04
    Description: Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are 42- and 44-kD serine-threonine protein kinases that are activated by tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation in cells stimulated with mitogens and growth factors. MAP kinase and the protein kinase that activates it (MAP kinase kinase) were constitutively activated in NIH 3T3 cells infected with viruses containing either of two oncogenic forms (p35EC12, p3722W) of the c-Raf-1 protein kinase. The v-Raf proteins purified from cells infected with EC12 or 22W viruses activated MAP kinase kinase from skeletal muscle in vitro. Furthermore, a bacterially expressed v-Raf fusion protein (glutathione S-transferase-p3722W) also activated MAP kinase kinase in vitro. These findings suggest that one function of c-Raf-1 in mitogenic signaling is to phosphorylate and activate MAP kinase kinase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dent, P -- Haser, W -- Haystead, T A -- Vincent, L A -- Roberts, T M -- Sturgill, T W -- CA50661/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK41077/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HD24926/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Sep 4;257(5075):1404-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1326789" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Immunosorbent Techniques ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases ; Muscles/enzymology ; Oncogene Proteins v-raf ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/pharmacology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology ; Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/genetics/*pharmacology
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  • 27
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    Evidence for a computational distinction between proximal and distal neuronal inhibition (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-03-27
    Description: Most neurons have inhibitory synapses both "proximally" near the spike-initiating zone and "distally" on dendrites. Although distal inhibition is thought to be an adaptation for selective inhibition of particular dendritic branches, another important distinction exists between proximal and distal inhibition. Proximal inhibition can attenuate excitatory input absolutely so that no amount of excitation causes firing. Distal inhibition, however, inhibits relatively; any amount of it can be overcome by sufficient excitation. These properties are used as predicted in the circuit-mediating crayfish escape behavior. Many neuronal computations require relative inhibition. This could partly account for the ubiquity of distal inhibition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vu, E T -- Krasne, F B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Mar 27;255(5052):1710-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553559" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Escape Reaction/physiology ; *Nervous System Physiological Phenomena ; *Neural Inhibition
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    The medfly in California (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-01-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Voss, H J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 31;255(5044):514-5; author reply 515-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1736350" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; Animals ; California ; *Diptera ; Fruit ; Government Agencies ; United States ; United States Department of Agriculture
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    Sequence discrimination by alternatively spliced isoforms of a DNA binding zinc finger domain (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-09-25
    Description: Two major developmentally regulated isoforms of the Drosophila chorion transcription factor CF2 differ by an extra zinc finger within the DNA binding domain. The preferred DNA binding sites were determined and are distinguished by an internal duplication of TAT in the site recognized by the isoform with the extra finger. The results are consistent with modular interactions between zinc fingers and trinucleotides and also suggest rules for recognition of AT-rich DNA sites by zinc finger proteins. The results show how modular finger interactions with trinucleotides can be used, in conjunction with alternative splicing, to alter the binding specificity and increase the spectrum of sites recognized by a DNA binding domain. Thus, CF2 may potentially regulate distinct sets of target genes during development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gogos, J A -- Hsu, T -- Bolton, J -- Kafatos, F C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Sep 25;257(5078):1951-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1290524" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alternative Splicing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; *Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; *Zinc Fingers
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    New horizons for RNA catalysis (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-06-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pace, N R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jun 5;256(5062):1402-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1376496" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Catalysis ; Chromosome Deletion ; Escherichia coli/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Proteins/genetics ; RNA/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics/*metabolism ; Ribosomes/*metabolism
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    Role of CD8+ T cells in murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-22
    Description: The course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis, is affected by immunoregulatory T lymphocytes. When animals are immunized with encephalitogenic peptide of myelin basic protein and recover from the first episode of EAE, they become resistant to a second induction of this disease. Animals depleted of CD8+ T cells by antibody-mediated clearance were used to examine the role of CD8+ T cells in EAE. These cells were found to be major participants in the resistance to a second induction of EAE but were not essential for spontaneous recovery from the first episode of the disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jiang, H -- Zhang, S I -- Pernis, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 22;256(5060):1213-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1375398" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Antigens, CD4/immunology ; Antigens, CD8/*immunology ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/*immunology/physiopathology/therapy ; Immunization ; Lymphocyte Depletion ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Myelin Basic Protein/immunology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Actin constitution: guaranteeing the right to assemble (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-10-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wertman, K F -- Drubin, D G -- GM42759/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 30;258(5083):759-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1439782" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Structure ; Mutation ; Rabbits ; Tetrahymena/chemistry
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    Regulation of arterial tone by activation of calcium-dependent potassium channels (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-24
    Description: Blood pressure and tissue perfusion are controlled in part by the level of intrinsic (myogenic) vascular tone. However, many of the molecular determinants of this response are unknown. Evidence is now presented that the degree of myogenic tone is regulated in part by the activation of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in arterial smooth muscle. Tetraethylammonium ion (TEA+) and charybdotoxin (CTX), at concentrations that block calcium-activated potassium channels in smooth muscle cells isolated from cerebral arteries, depolarized and constricted pressurized cerebral arteries with myogenic tone. Both TEA+ and CTX had little effect on arteries when intracellular calcium was reduced by lowering intravascular pressure or by blocking calcium channels. Elevation of intravascular pressure through membrane depolarization and an increase in intracellular calcium may activate calcium-activated potassium channels. Thus, these channels may serve as a negative feedback pathway to control the degree of membrane depolarization and vasoconstriction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brayden, J E -- Nelson, M T -- HL 35911/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL 44455/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 24;256(5056):532-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Colchester 05446.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1373909" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arteries/*physiology ; Calcium/*pharmacology ; Cerebral Arteries/physiology ; Charybdotoxin ; Dihydropyridines/pharmacology ; Electric Conductivity ; Membrane Potentials/physiology ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/*physiology ; Nimodipine/pharmacology ; Peptides/pharmacology ; Potassium Channels/drug effects/*physiology ; Rabbits ; Scorpion Venoms/pharmacology ; Tetraethylammonium ; Tetraethylammonium Compounds/pharmacology ; Vasoconstriction/drug effects
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    Chance and statistical significance in protein and DNA sequence analysis (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-03
    Description: Statistical approaches help in the determination of significant configurations in protein and nucleic acid sequence data. Three recent statistical methods are discussed: (i) score-based sequence analysis that provides a means for characterizing anomalies in local sequence text and for evaluating sequence comparisons; (ii) quantile distributions of amino acid usage that reveal general compositional biases in proteins and evolutionary relations; and (iii) r-scan statistics that can be applied to the analysis of spacings of sequence markers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Karlin, S -- Brendel, V -- GM10452-29/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HG00335-04/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 3;257(5066):39-49.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Mathematics, Stanford University, CA 94305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1621093" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacillus subtilis/genetics ; *Base Sequence ; DNA/chemistry/*genetics ; Drosophila/genetics ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Humans ; Mathematics ; *Models, Genetic ; *Models, Statistical ; Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Viruses/genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Homobatrachotoxin in the genus Pitohui: chemical defense in birds? (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-10-30
    Description: Three passerine species in the genus Pitohui, endemic to the New Guinea subregion, contain the steroidal alkaloid homobatrachotoxin, apparently as a chemical defense. Toxin concentrations varied among species but were always highest in the skin and feathers. Homobatrachotoxin is a member of a class of compounds collectively called batrachotoxins that were previously considered to be restricted to neotropical poison-dart frogs of the genus Phyllobates. The occurrence of homobatrachotoxin in pitohuis suggests that birds and frogs independently evolved this class of alkaloids.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dumbacher, J P -- Beehler, B M -- Spande, T F -- Garraffo, H M -- Daly, J W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 30;258(5083):799-801.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, IL 60637.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1439786" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anura ; Batrachotoxins/*analysis ; Biological Assay ; Biological Evolution ; *Birds ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Feathers/*chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Mass Spectrometry ; Mice ; Muscles/*chemistry ; Skin/*chemistry
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    Genome research: fulfilling the public's expectations for knowledge and commercialization (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-14
    Description: This article provides a historical perspective for the patenting of gene sequences and describes the fundamentals and evolution of patent law. It summarizes federal technology transfer law and policy and assesses the impacts of patenting on academic research. The patentability of gene sequences is then considered along with potential impacts that published sequence data may have on obtaining patent protection for downstream products. Industry's position on gene patenting is summarized and perspectives from the emerging public record on these issues are presented. The article discussing points at which the filing of patent applications and the licensing of patents may be appropriate. It concludes that technology transfer policies for genome research must be adopted carefully so that they remain viable in a time of rapid technological change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adler, R G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 14;257(5072):908-14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1502557" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Biomedical Research ; Biotechnology/*legislation & jurisprudence ; DNA/*genetics ; Federal Government ; *Genome ; Genome, Human ; Government Regulation ; Humans ; Hybridomas ; Information Dissemination ; *Patents as Topic ; *Research ; United States
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    Establishment of stable, cell-mediated immunity that makes "susceptible" mice resistant to Leishmania major (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-24
    Description: Cell-mediated, but not antibody-mediated, immune responses protect humans against certain pathogens that produce chronic diseases such as leishmaniasis. Effective vaccination against such pathogens must therefore produce an immunological "imprint" so that stable, cell-mediated immunity is induced in all individuals after natural infection. BALB/c mice "innately susceptible" to Leishmania major produce antibodies after substantial infection. In the present study, "susceptible" mice injected with a small number of parasites mounted a cell-mediated response and acquired resistance to a larger, normally pathogenic, challenge. This vaccination strategy may be applicable in diseases in which protection is dependent on cell-mediated immunity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bretscher, P A -- Wei, G -- Menon, J N -- Bielefeldt-Ohmann, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 24;257(5069):539-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1636090" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Protozoan/analysis ; Disease Susceptibility ; *Immunity, Cellular ; Immunity, Innate ; Immunoglobulin G/analysis/classification ; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred CBA ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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    Infection of Macaca nemestrina by human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-03
    Description: After observations that Macaca nemestrina were exceptionally susceptible to simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (HIV-2), studies of HIV-1 replication were initiated. Several strains of HIV-1, including a recent patient isolate, replicated in vitro in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in CD4-positive M. nemestrina lymphocytes in a CD4-dependent fashion. Eight animals were subsequently inoculated with either cell-associated or cell-free suspensions of HIV-1. All animals had HIV-1 isolated by cocultivation, had HIV-1 DNA in their PBMCs as shown by polymerase chain reaction, and experienced sustained seroconversion to a broad spectrum of HIV-1 proteins. Macaca nemestrina is an animal model of HIV-1 infections that provides opportunities for evaluating the pathogenesis of acute HIV-1 replication and candidate vaccines and therapies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Agy, M B -- Frumkin, L R -- Corey, L -- Coombs, R W -- Wolinsky, S M -- Koehler, J -- Morton, W R -- Katze, M G -- AI26503/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI27757/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR00166/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 3;257(5066):103-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1621083" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD4/physiology ; Base Sequence ; Cysteine/metabolism ; Databases, Factual ; *Genes, gag ; HIV Infections/*physiopathology ; HIV Seropositivity ; HIV-1/isolation & purification/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Humans ; Lymphocytes/immunology/physiology ; Macaca nemestrina/*microbiology ; Methionine/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Viral Proteins/biosynthesis/isolation & purification ; *Virus Replication
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    Pseudo--half-knot formation with RNA (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-14
    Description: A pseudo--half-knot can be formed by binding an oligonucleotide asymmetrically to an RNA hairpin loop. This binding motif was used to target the human immunodeficiency virus TAR element, an important viral RNA structure that is the receptor for Tat, the major viral transactivator protein. Oligonucleotides complementary to different halves of the TAR structure bound with greater affinity than molecules designed to bind symmetrically around the hairpin. The pseudo--half-knot--forming oligonucleotides altered the TAR structure so that specific recognition and binding of a Tat-derived peptide was disrupted. This general binding motif may be used to disrupt the structure of regulatory RNA hairpins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ecker, D J -- Vickers, T A -- Bruice, T W -- Freier, S M -- Jenison, R D -- Manoharan, M -- Zounes, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 14;257(5072):958-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92008.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1502560" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; DNA, Viral/metabolism ; Gene Products, tat/metabolism ; HIV/*genetics ; Kinetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Oligoribonucleotides/*chemistry ; RNA, Viral/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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    Smithsonian Institution: bracing for bad news (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 29;256(5061):1270.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1598563" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Government Agencies/*economics ; Humans ; *Museums ; United States
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  • 41
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    Conodonts: a major extinct group added to the vertebrates (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Briggs, D E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 29;256(5061):1285-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1598571" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Fossils ; *Phylogeny ; Seawater ; Tooth ; Vertebrates/*classification
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  • 42
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    Intercellular communication and cell-cell adhesion (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-03-27
    Description: In developmental biology, binary cell-cell interactions often determine the fate of one or both cell partners. The two cells must adhere to one another to allow chemical signals to be transmitted in one or both directions across the regions of cell-cell contact. The molecular mechanisms of cell-cell adhesion and intercellular communication, even if they are mediated by different cell surface components, may be functionally integrated in several different ways. Studies of helper T cells with antigen-presenting B cells in culture have illuminated such binary interactions. The possible application of similar mechanisms to other binary developmental systems is briefly explored.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Singer, S J -- GM-15971/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Mar 27;255(5052):1671-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1313187" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells ; *Cell Adhesion ; *Cell Communication ; Humans ; Receptor Aggregation ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*physiology ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/physiology
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    Expression of intra-MHC transporter (Ham) genes and class I antigens in diabetes-susceptible NOD mice (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wicker, L S -- Podolin, P L -- Fischer, P -- Sirotina, A -- Boltz, R C Jr -- Peterson, L B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jun 26;256(5065):1828-30; author reply 1830-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1319611" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD27 ; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/*biosynthesis ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Blotting, Northern ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*immunology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Flow Cytometry ; H-2 Antigens/*biosynthesis ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 44
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    Spatial control of the gap gene knirps in the Drosophila embryo by posterior morphogen system (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-02-21
    Description: The gap genes of Drosophila are the first zygotic genes to respond to the maternal positional signals and establish the body pattern along the anterior-posterior axis. The gap gene knirps, required for patterning in the posterior region of the embryo, can be activated throughout the wild-type embryo and is normally repressed from the anterior and posterior sides. These results provide direct molecular evidence that the posterior morphogen system interacts in a fundamentally different manner than do hunchback and bicoid, which are responsible for anterior pattern formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pankratz, M J -- Busch, M -- Hoch, M -- Seifert, E -- Jackle, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Feb 21;255(5047):986-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck Institut fur Biophysikalische Chemie, Abteilung Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Gottingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1546296" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Cloning, Molecular ; Drosophila melanogaster/embryology/*genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Morphogenesis ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
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  • 45
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    Dependence of cortical plasticity on correlated activity of single neurons and on behavioral context (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-09-04
    Description: It has not been possible to analyze the cellular mechanisms underlying learning in behaving mammals because of the difficulties in recording intracellularly from awake animals. Therefore, in the present study of neuronal plasticity in behaving monkeys, the net effect of a single neuron on another neuron (the "functional connection") was evaluated by cross-correlating the times of firing of the two neurons. When two neurons were induced to fire together within a short time window, the functional connection between them was potentiated, and when simultaneous firing was prevented, the connection was depressed. These modifications were strongly dependent on the behavioral context of the stimuli that induced them. The results indicate that changes in the temporal contingency between neurons are often necessary, but not sufficient, for cortical plasticity in the adult monkey: behavioral relevance is required.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ahissar, E -- Vaadia, E -- Ahissar, M -- Bergman, H -- Arieli, A -- Abeles, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Sep 4;257(5075):1412-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1529342" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acoustic Stimulation ; Action Potentials ; Animals ; Auditory Cortex/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Macaca fascicularis ; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Synapses/physiology
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  • 46
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    Immunoglobulin A-induced shift of Epstein-Barr virus tissue tropism (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-03-20
    Description: Increased immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) appear months to years before the clinical onset of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and define populations at high risk for this EBV-associated epithelial cancer common in south China. In the human HT-29 epithelial cell line, polymeric IgA (pIgA) specific for EBV promoted infection of the otherwise refractory epithelial cells. When bound to pIgA, EBV entered epithelial cells through secretory component-mediated IgA transport but no longer infected B lymphocytes. Such an immune-induced shift in EBV tissue tropism provides a paradigm for endogenous spread of EBV in the immune host that predicts infectious sequelae of epithelium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sixbey, J W -- Yao, Q Y -- CA21765/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA38877/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA52258/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Mar 20;255(5051):1578-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, TN 38101-0318.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1312750" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: B-Lymphocytes/immunology/microbiology ; Base Sequence ; Epithelium/*microbiology ; Gene Products, env ; Herpesvirus 4, Human/*pathogenicity ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A/*immunology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Infectious Mononucleosis/immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation/immunology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/immunology ; Secretory Component/physiology
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  • 47
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    Cholecystokinin antianalgesia: safety cues abolish morphine analgesia (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-08
    Description: Environmental stimuli that signal the occurrence of aversive or dangerous events activate endogenous opiate analgesia systems. Signals for safety (the nonoccurrence of aversive events) produce the opposite and inhibit environmentally produced analgesia. Stimuli that signal safety are now shown to abolish the analgesic effect of morphine, even when morphine is applied directly to spinal cord. Further, this antiopiate effect occurs because the environmental stimulus leads to release of the neuropeptide cholecystokinin in the spinal cord. This process may contribute to the regulation of pain and the development of opiate tolerance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wiertelak, E P -- Maier, S F -- Watkins, L R -- 5T32MH14617-15/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 8;256(5058):830-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1589765" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Analgesia ; Animals ; Benzodiazepinones/pharmacology ; Cholecystokinin/*pharmacology ; Injections, Spinal ; Morphine/administration & dosage/antagonists & inhibitors/*pharmacology ; Pain/physiopathology ; *Phenylurea Compounds ; Rats ; Receptors, Cholecystokinin/antagonists & inhibitors/*physiology ; Safety ; Spinal Cord/drug effects/*physiology
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  • 48
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    Acetylcholine receptor channel structure probed in cysteine-substitution mutants (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-10-09
    Description: In order to understand the structural bases of ion conduction, ion selectivity, and gating in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, mutagenesis and covalent modification were combined to identify the amino acid residues that line the channel. The side chains of alternate residues--Ser248, Leu250, Ser252, and Thr254--in M2, a membrane-spanning segment of the alpha subunit, are exposed in the closed channel. Thus alpha 248-254 probably forms a beta strand, and the gate is closer to the cytoplasmic end of the channel than any of these residues. On channel opening, Leu251 is also exposed. These results lead to a revised view of the closed and open channel structures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Akabas, M H -- Stauffer, D A -- Xu, M -- Karlin, A -- NS07065/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS07258/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 9;258(5080):307-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1384130" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/metabolism/pharmacology ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cysteine/*chemistry ; Gene Expression ; Ion Channel Gating ; Ion Channels/*chemistry/physiology ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscles/chemistry ; *Mutagenesis ; Oocytes/metabolism ; Receptors, Cholinergic/*chemistry/genetics ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Sulfhydryl Reagents/pharmacology ; Thermodynamics ; Transfection ; Xenopus
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    Carnivorous plants: phylogeny and structural evolution (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-09-11
    Description: The carnivorous habit in flowering plants represents a grade of structural organization. Different morphological features associated with the attraction, trapping, and digestion of prey characterize a diversity of specialized forms, including the familiar pitcher and flypaper traps. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequence data from the plastic rbcL gene indicates that both carnivory and stereotyped trap forms have arisen independently in different lineages of angiosperms. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that flypaper traps share close common ancestry with all other trap forms. Recognition of these patterns of diversification may provide ideal, naturally occurring systems for studies of developmental processes underlying macromorphological evolution in angiosperms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Albert, V A -- Williams, S E -- Chase, M W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Sep 11;257(5076):1491-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1523408" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; *Biological Evolution ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*classification/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Restriction Mapping
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    Chondroitin sulfate as a regulator of neuronal patterning in the retina (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-02-07
    Description: Highly sulfated proteoglycans are correlated with axon boundaries in the developing central nervous system which suggests that these molecules affect neural pattern formation. In the developing mammalian retina, gradual regression of chondroitin sulfate may help control the onset of ganglion cell differentiation and initial direction of their axons. Changes induced by the removal of chondroitin sulfate from intact retinas in culture confirm the function of chondroitin sulfate in retinal histogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brittis, P A -- Canning, D R -- Silver, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Feb 7;255(5045):733-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1738848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Chondroitin Lyases/pharmacology ; Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/pharmacology ; Chondroitin Sulfates/analysis/*physiology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rats ; Retina/chemistry/cytology/*embryology ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/chemistry/*cytology ; Tubulin/analysis
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    Targeted degradation of c-Fos, but not v-Fos, by a phosphorylation-dependent signal on c-Jun (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-12-18
    Description: The proto-oncogene products c-Fos and c-Jun heterodimerize through their leucine zippers to form the AP-1 transcription factor. The transcriptional activity of the heterodimer is regulated by signal-dependent phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. The stability of c-Fos was found to also be controlled by intracellular signal transduction. In transient expression and in vitro degradation experiments, the stability of c-Fos was decreased when the protein was dimerized with phosphorylated c-Jun. c-Jun protein isolated from phorbol ester-induced cells did not target c-Fos for degradation, which suggests that c-Fos is transiently stabilized after stimulation of cell growth. v-Fos protein, the retroviral counterpart of c-Fos, was not susceptible to degradation targeted by c-Jun.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Papavassiliou, A G -- Treier, M -- Chavrier, C -- Bohmann, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Dec 18;258(5090):1941-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Differentiation Program, Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1470918" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Codon/genetics ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oncogene Proteins v-fos/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/genetics/*metabolism ; Rabbits ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Reticulocytes/metabolism ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection
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    Early humans in North America (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-04-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Emslie, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 24;256(5056):426-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1570501" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; North America ; *Paleontology
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    Form-cue invariant motion processing in primate visual cortex (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-02-28
    Description: The direction and rate at which an object moves are normally not correlated with the manifold physical cues (for example, brightness and texture) that enable it to be seen. As befits its goals, human perception of visual motion largely evades this diversity of cues for image form; direction and rate of motion are perceived (with few exceptions) in a fashion that does not depend on the physical characteristics of the object. The middle temporal visual area of the primate cerebral cortex contains many neurons that respond selectively to motion in a particular direction and is an integral part of the neural substrate for perception of motion. When stimulated with moving patterns characterized by one of three very diverse cues for form, many middle temporal neurons exhibited similar directional tuning. This lack of sensitivity for figural cue characteristics may allow the uniform perception of motion of objects having a broad spectrum of physical cues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Albright, T D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Feb 28;255(5048):1141-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92186.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1546317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Macaca mulatta ; Motion Perception/*physiology ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; Visual Perception/*physiology
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    Changes in the sensory processing of olfactory signals induced by birth in sheep (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-08
    Description: After giving birth, sheep and many other species form a selective bond with their offspring based on the sense of smell. Processing of olfactory signals is altered to allow the animals to perform this selective recognition. Lamb odors have little effect on either neurotransmitter release or electrical activity of neurons in the olfactory bulb before birth. However, after birth there is an increase in the number of mitral cells, the principal cells of the olfactory bulb, that respond to lamb odors, which is associated with increased cholinergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter release. Selective recognition of lambs is accompanied by increased activity of a subset of mitral cells and release of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from the dendrodendritic synapses between the mitral and granule cells. The relation between the release of each transmitter after birth also suggests an increased efficacy of glutamate-evoked GABA release.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kendrick, K M -- Levy, F -- Keverne, E B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 8;256(5058):833-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Agricultural and Food Research Council, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge, United Kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1589766" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Female ; Glutamates/secretion ; Labor, Obstetric ; *Maternal Behavior ; Models, Neurological ; Neurons/physiology ; Odors ; Olfactory Bulb/*physiology ; Olfactory Nerve/physiology ; Pregnancy ; Regression Analysis ; Sheep ; *Smell ; Time Factors ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/secretion
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    Inactivation of the p34cdc2-cyclin B complex by the human WEE1 tyrosine kinase (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-09-25
    Description: Entry into mitosis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is negatively regulated by the wee1+ gene, which encodes a protein kinase with serine-, theonine-, and tyrosine-phosphorylating activities. The wee1+ kinase negatively regulates mitosis by phosphorylating p34cdc2 on tyrosine 15, thereby inactivating the p34cdc2-cyclin B complex. The human homolog of the wee1+ gene (WEE1Hu) was overproduced in bacteria and assayed in an in vitro system. Unlike its fission yeast homolog, the product of the WEE1Hu gene encoded a tyrosine-specific protein kinase. The human WEE1 kinase phosphorylated the p34cdc2-cyclin B complex on tyrosine 15 but not on threonine 14 in vitro and inactivated the p34cdc2-cyclin B kinase. This inhibition was reversed by the human Cdc25C protein, which catalyzed the dephosphorylation of p34cdc2. These results indicate that the product of the WEE1Hu gene directly regulates the p34cdc2-cyclin B complex in human cells and that a kinase other than that encoded by WEE1Hu phosphorylates p34cdc2 on threonine 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parker, L L -- Piwnica-Worms, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Sep 25;257(5078):1955-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1384126" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; *Cell Cycle ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cyclins/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Humans ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine ; Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins ; Tyrosine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism
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    PCR amplification of specific alleles (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-01-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sommer, S S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 31;255(5044):514.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1736349" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alleles ; Base Sequence ; DNA/*genetics ; *Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Restriction Mapping
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    Selection of drug-resistant bone marrow cells in vivo after retroviral transfer of human MDR1 (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-07-03
    Description: Experiments were performed to determine if retroviral-mediated transfer of the human multidrug resistance 1 gene (MDR1) into murine bone marrow cells would confer drug resistance to the cells and whether the MDR1 gene could be used as a dominant selectable marker in vivo. When mice transplanted with bone marrow cells containing a transferred MDR1 gene were treated with the cytotoxic drug taxol, a substantial enrichment for transduced bone marrow cells was observed. This demonstration of positive selection establishes the ability to amplify clones of transduced hematopoietic cells in vivo and suggests possible applications in human therapy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sorrentino, B P -- Brandt, S J -- Bodine, D -- Gottesman, M -- Pastan, I -- Cline, A -- Nienhuis, A W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 3;257(5066):99-103.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1352414" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkaloids/*pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/*pharmacology ; Base Sequence ; Bone Marrow/*physiology ; Bone Marrow Transplantation/*physiology ; DNA/genetics/isolation & purification ; Drug Resistance/*genetics ; Erythrocytes/physiology ; Genetic Vectors ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/*cytology/drug effects ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Paclitaxel ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Proviruses/genetics ; Retroviridae/genetics ; *Transfection
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    Early stages of motor neuron differentiation revealed by expression of homeobox gene Islet-1 (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-06-12
    Description: Motor neurons in the embryonic chick spinal cord express a homeobox gene, Islet-1, soon after their final mitotic division and before the appearance of other differentiated motor neuron properties. The expression of Islet-1 by neural cells is regulated by inductive signals from the floor plate and notochord. These results establish Islet-1 as the earliest marker of developing motor neurons. The molecular nature of the Islet-1 protein suggests that it may be involved in the establishment of motor neuron fate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ericson, J -- Thor, S -- Edlund, T -- Jessell, T M -- Yamada, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jun 12;256(5063):1555-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, Umea University, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1350865" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Chick Embryo ; Embryonic Induction ; Gene Expression ; *Genes, Homeobox ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Motor Neurons/cytology/*physiology ; Notochord/physiology ; Spinal Cord/*embryology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Selective transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 variants from mothers to infants (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-02-28
    Description: Multiple human immunodeficiency virus type-1 sequences from the V3 and V4-V5 regions of the envelope gene were analyzed from three mother-infant pairs. The infants' viral sequences were less diverse than those of their mothers. In two pairs, a proviral form infrequently found in the mother predominated in her infant. A conserved N-linked glycosylation site within the V3 region, present in each mother's sequence set, was absent in all of the infants' sequence sets. These findings demonstrate that a minor subset of maternal virus is transmitted to the infant.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wolinsky, S M -- Wike, C M -- Korber, B T -- Hutto, C -- Parks, W P -- Rosenblum, L L -- Kunstman, K J -- Furtado, M R -- Munoz, J L -- AI-32535/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HD26619-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P01-25569/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Feb 28;255(5048):1134-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1546316" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/congenital/microbiology/*transmission ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Female ; Genotype ; Glycosylation ; HIV Antigens/genetics ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120/genetics/immunology ; HIV-1/*genetics/immunology ; Humans ; Infant ; Maternal-Fetal Exchange ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pregnancy ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment
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    Protein oxidation and aging (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-28
    Description: A number of systems that generate oxygen free radicals catalyze the oxidative modification of proteins. Such modifications mark enzymes for degradation by cytosolic neutral alkaline proteases. Protein oxidation contributes to the pool of damaged enzymes, which increases in size during aging and in various pathological states. The age-related increase in amounts of oxidized protein may reflect the age-dependent accumulation of unrepaired DNA damage that, in a random manner, affects the concentrations or activities of numerous factors that govern the rates of protein oxidation and the degradation of oxidized protein.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stadtman, E R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 28;257(5074):1220-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1355616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/*physiology ; Animals ; Enzymes/physiology ; Gerbillinae ; Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase ; Humans ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Proteins/*metabolism
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    A freeze-frame view of eukaryotic transcription during elongation and capping of nascent mRNA (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-02-21
    Description: Ribonuclease footprinting of nascent messenger RNA within ternary complexes of vaccinia RNA polymerase revealed an RNA binding site that encompasses an 18-nucleotide RNA segment. The dimensions of the binding site did not change as the polymerase moved along the template. Capping of the 5' end of the RNA was cotranscriptional and was confined to nascent chains 31 nucleotides or greater in length. Purified capping enzyme formed a binary complex with RNA polymerase in solution in the absence of nucleic acid. These findings suggest a mechanism for cotranscriptional establishment of messenger RNA identity in eukaryotes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hagler, J -- Shuman, S -- GM42498/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Feb 21;255(5047):983-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Molecular Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10021.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1546295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Cell-Free System ; DNA/chemistry ; Eukaryotic Cells ; In Vitro Techniques ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *RNA Caps ; RNA Polymerase II/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/*biosynthesis ; Templates, Genetic ; Terminator Regions, Genetic ; Transcription Factors/physiology ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Vaccinia virus
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Overlapping but nonidentical binding sites on CD2 for CD58 and a second ligand CD59 (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-06-26
    Description: The interaction of the T cell glycoprotein CD2 with one ligand, CD58, contributes to T cell function. We have identified CD59, a glycoprotein with complement-inhibitory function, as a second physiological ligand for CD2. Antibodies to CD59 inhibit CD2-dependent T cell activation in murine T cell hybridomas expressing human CD2. In an in vitro binding assay with purified CD58 and CD59, CD2+ cells bind not only immobilized CD58 but also CD59. With two complementary approaches, it was demonstrated that the binding sites on CD2 for CD58 and CD59 are overlapping but nonidentical. These observations suggest that direct interactions between CD2 and both CD58 and CD59 contribute to T cell activation and adhesion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hahn, W C -- Menu, E -- Bothwell, A L -- Sims, P J -- Bierer, B E -- AI28554/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HL36061/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jun 26;256(5065):1805-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1377404" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/*metabolism ; Antigens, CD2 ; Antigens, CD58 ; Antigens, CD59 ; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Hybridomas ; Immunity, Cellular ; In Vitro Techniques ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*physiology ; Receptors, Immunologic/*metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Predicted structural similarities of the DNA binding domains of c-Myc and endonuclease Eco RI (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-01-24
    Description: The c-Myc oncoprotein belongs to a family of proteins whose DNA binding domains contain a basic region-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) motif. Systematic mutagenesis of c-Myc revealed that dimerized bHLH motifs formed a parallel four-helix bundle with the amino termini of helices 1 and 2 directed toward the inner and outer nucleotides of the DNA binding site, respectively. Both the basic region and the carboxyl-terminal end of the loop contributed to DNA binding specificity. The DNA binding domain of c-Myc may therefore be structurally similar to that of restriction endonuclease Eco RI.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Halazonetis, T D -- Kandil, A N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 24;255(5043):464-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cancer Research, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1734524" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry ; Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI/*chemistry ; Humans ; Macromolecular Substances ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Conformation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/*chemistry ; Sequence Alignment ; Transcription Factors/chemistry
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    The Autographa californica baculovirus genome: evidence for multiple replication origins (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-09-04
    Description: The Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV), which is used for the overexpression of eukaryotic genes and is being engineered for possible use as a viral insecticide, has a circular, supercoiled genome of approximately 128 kilobases. Despite its widespread use, little is known about the mechanism by which AcMNPV replicates. Evidence is presented in this report that AcMNPV origins of DNA replication are repeated sequences each containing several closely related imperfect palindromes that are present in six regions distributed around the genome. Although AcMNPV infection-dependent plasmid replication was initiated by a single complete palindrome, the amount of replication was substantially increased in plasmids containing six or eight palindromes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pearson, M -- Bjornson, R -- Pearson, G -- Rohrmann, G -- AI21973/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Sep 4;257(5075):1382-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1529337" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Baculoviridae/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; *DNA Replication ; DNA, Superhelical/chemistry/*genetics ; DNA, Viral/chemistry/*genetics ; Genes, Viral/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Plasmids ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Transfection ; *Virus Replication
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    Lyme disease in California: a novel enzootic transmission cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-06-05
    Description: Knowledge of zoonotic transmission cycles is essential for the development of effective strategies for disease prevention. The enzootiology of Lyme disease in California differs fundamentally from that reported from the eastern United States. Woodrats, not mice, serve as reservoir hosts, and Ixodes neotomae, a nonhuman-biting tick, maintains the agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, in enzootic cycles. The western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus, is the primary vector to humans, but it appears to be an inefficient maintenance vector. Isolates of B. burgdorferi from California exhibit considerable antigenic heterogeneity, and some isolates differ strikingly from isolates recovered from this and other geographic regions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, R N -- Lane, R S -- AI22501/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U50/CCU906594/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jun 5;256(5062):1439-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomological Sciences, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1604318" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Bacterial Proteins/analysis ; Borrelia/isolation & purification ; Borrelia burgdorferi Group/isolation & purification/*pathogenicity ; California ; Dipodomys/parasitology ; Disease Reservoirs ; Larva ; Lyme Disease/*transmission ; Mice/parasitology ; Rodentia/*parasitology ; Ticks/*parasitology ; United States
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    Activity-dependent decrease in NMDA receptor responses during development of the visual cortex (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-06
    Description: Plasticity of the developing visual system has been regarded as the best model for changes of neuronal connections under the influence of the environment. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are crucial for experience-dependent synaptic modifications that occur in the developing visual cortex. NMDA-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in layer IV neurons of the visual cortex lasted longer in young rats than in adult rats, and the duration of the EPSCs became progressively shorter, in parallel with the developmental reduction in synaptic plasticity. This decrease in NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC duration is delayed when the animals are reared in the dark, a condition that prolongs developmental plasticity, and is prevented by treatment with tetrodotoxin, a procedure that inhibits neural activity. Application of L-glutamate to outside-out patches excised from layer IV neurons of young, but not of adult, rats activated prolonged bursts of NMDA channel openings. A modification of the NMDA receptor gating properties may therefore account for the age-dependent decline of visual cortical plasticity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carmignoto, G -- Vicini, S -- P01 NS 28130-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 6;258(5084):1007-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉FIDIA Georgetown Institute for the Neurosciences, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1279803" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Aging/physiology ; Animals ; Electric Conductivity ; Glutamates/pharmacology ; Glutamic Acid ; Ion Channel Gating/physiology ; Ion Channels/physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology ; Neurons/drug effects/physiology ; Rats ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*physiology ; Synapses/physiology ; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology ; Visual Cortex/*growth & development/physiology
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    Dimerization of a specific DNA-binding protein on the DNA (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-01-10
    Description: Many specific DNA-binding proteins bind to sites with dyad symmetry, and the bound form of the protein is a dimer. For some proteins, dimers form in solution and bind to DNA. LexA repressor of Escherichia coli has been used to test an alternative binding model in which two monomers bind sequentially. This model predicts that a repressor monomer should bind with high specificity to an isolated operator half-site. Monomer binding to a half-site was observed. A second monomer bound to an intact operator far more tightly than the first monomer; this cooperativity arose from protein-protein contacts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, B -- Little, J W -- GM24178/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 10;255(5041):203-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553548" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; DNA, Bacterial/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Deoxyribonucleases ; Escherichia coli/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Macromolecular Substances ; Models, Structural ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/metabolism ; Operon ; Rec A Recombinases/genetics ; Repressor Proteins/metabolism ; *Serine Endopeptidases
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    A GDP dissociation inhibitor that serves as a GTPase inhibitor for the Ras-like protein CDC42Hs (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-10-30
    Description: Members of the family of Ras-related guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding proteins appear to take part in the regulation of a number of biological processes, including cell growth and differentiation. Three different classes of proteins that regulate the GTP binding and GTP hydrolytic activities of the Ras family members have been identified. These different regulatory proteins inhibit guanosine diphosphate (GDP) dissociation (designated as GDIs), stimulate GDP dissociation and GDP-GTP exchange (designated as GDSs), or stimulate GTP hydrolysis (designated as GAPs). In the case of the Ras-like protein CDC42Hs, which is the human homolog of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell division cycle protein, the GDI protein also inhibited both the intrinsic and GAP-stimulated hydrolysis of GTP. These findings establish an additional role for the GDI protein--namely, as a guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) inhibitory protein for a Ras-like GTP binding protein.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hart, M J -- Maru, Y -- Leonard, D -- Witte, O N -- Evans, T -- Cerione, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 30;258(5083):812-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1439791" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Platelets/chemistry ; Brain Chemistry ; Cattle ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*antagonists & inhibitors ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; GTPase-Activating Proteins ; *Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors ; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/metabolism ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Hydrolysis ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; *Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Proteins/metabolism ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcr ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein ; ras GTPase-Activating Proteins ; rho-Specific Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors ; rhoB GTP-Binding Protein
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    Body-wall muscle formation in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos that lack the MyoD homolog hlh-1 (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-10
    Description: The myoD family of DNA binding proteins has been implicated in the control of myogenesis in a variety of organisms. Searches for homologs in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans yielded only one gene, designated hlh-1, expressed in body-wall muscle cells and their precursors. To assess the role of hlh-1 in C. elegans myogenesis, genetic deficiencies spanning the hlh-1 locus were isolated after gamma irradiation. Embryos homozygous for these deficiencies exhibited extensive body-wall muscle differentiation, including expression of several characteristic myofilament proteins and weak contracile behavior. Thus, zygotic hlh-1 expression was not required for body-wall muscle precursors to adopt muscle cell fates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, L -- Krause, M -- Draper, B -- Weintraub, H -- Fire, A -- R01 GM037706/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 10;256(5054):240-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21210.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1314423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Caenorhabditis/embryology/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Differentiation ; *Chromosome Deletion ; Chromosome Mapping ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA/genetics/isolation & purification ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology/physiology/radiation effects ; Gamma Rays ; Homozygote ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multigene Family ; Muscle Proteins/*genetics ; Muscles/*embryology/physiology/radiation effects ; MyoD Protein ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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    Dual-target inhibition of HIV-1 in vitro by means of an adeno-associated virus antisense vector (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-12-07
    Description: An adeno-associated virus vector encoding an antisense RNA was used to transduce stable intracellular resistance to human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in human hemopoietic and non-hemopoietic cell lines. The antisense targets are present in all HIV-1 transcripts and include the TAR sequence, which is critical for transcription and virus replication, and the polyadenylation signal. Cell lines expressing antisense RNA showed up to 95 percent inhibition of gene expression directed by the HIV-1 long terminal repeat and greater than 99 percent reduction in infectious HIV-1 production, with no detectable cellular toxicity. Because of their efficient transcription and inability to recombine with HIV-1, adeno-associated virus vectors represent a promising form of anti-retroviral gene therapy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chatterjee, S -- Johnson, P R -- Wong, K K Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 27;258(5087):1485-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1359646" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology ; Cell Line ; Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase/genetics ; Dependovirus/*genetics ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; Gene Products, tat/genetics ; Genetic Vectors/*genetics ; HIV Long Terminal Repeat/genetics ; HIV-1/*genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neomycin/pharmacology ; RNA, Antisense/*genetics ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Transfection ; Virus Replication/genetics ; tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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    A multifunctional aqueous channel formed by CFTR (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-27
    Description: The cystic fibrosis gene product (CFTR) is a complex protein that functions as an adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (cAMP)-stimulated ion channel and possibly as a regulator of intracellular processes. In order to determine whether the CFTR molecule contains a functional aqueous pathway, anion, water, and urea transport were measured in Xenopus oocytes expressing CFTR. Cyclic AMP agonists induced a Cl- conductance of 94 microsiemens and an increase in water permeability of 4 x 10(-4) centimeter per second that was inhibited by a Cl- channel blocker and was dependent on anion composition. CFTR has a calculated single channel water conductance of 9 x 10(-13) cubic centimeter per second, suggesting a pore-like aqueous pathway. Oocytes expressing CFTR also showed cAMP-stimulated transport of urea but not the larger solute sucrose. Thus CFTR contains a cAMP-stimulated aqueous pore that can transport anions, water, and small solutes. The results also provide functional evidence for water movement through an ion channel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hasegawa, H -- Skach, W -- Baker, O -- Calayag, M C -- Lingappa, V -- Verkman, A S -- DK35124/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK43840/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HL42368/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 27;258(5087):1477-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0532.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1279809" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Biological Transport/physiology ; Chlorides/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP/physiology ; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ; Female ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Ion Channels/*physiology ; Membrane Proteins/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oocytes ; Urea/metabolism ; Water/metabolism ; Xenopus
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    Appearance of water channels in Xenopus oocytes expressing red cell CHIP28 protein (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-17
    Description: Water rapidly crosses the plasma membrane of red blood cells (RBCs) and renal tubules through specialized channels. Although selective for water, the molecular structure of these channels is unknown. The CHIP28 protein is an abundant integral membrane protein in mammalian RBCs and renal proximal tubules and belongs to a family of membrane proteins with unknown functions. Oocytes from Xenopus laevis microinjected with in vitro-transcribed CHIP28 RNA exhibited increased osmotic water permeability; this was reversibly inhibited by mercuric chloride, a known inhibitor of water channels. Therefore it is likely that CHIP28 is a functional unit of membrane water channels.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Preston, G M -- Carroll, T P -- Guggino, W B -- Agre, P -- DK32753/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HL33991/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL48268/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 17;256(5055):385-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1373524" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquaporin 1 ; *Aquaporins ; Cell Membrane Permeability ; Electric Conductivity ; Erythrocyte Membrane/*metabolism ; Immunoblotting ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Mercuric Chloride/pharmacology ; Molecular Structure ; Oocytes/*metabolism ; Osmolar Concentration ; RNA/genetics ; Thermodynamics ; Transfection ; Water/*metabolism ; Xenopus laevis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Interleukin-8 as a macrophage-derived mediator of angiogenesis (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-12-11
    Description: Angiogenic factors produced by monocytes-macrophages are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disorders characterized by persistent angiogenesis. The possibility was tested that interleukin-8 (IL-8), which is a cytokine that is chemotactic for lymphocytes and neutrophils, is also angiogenic. Human recombinant IL-8 was potently angiogenic when implanted in the rat cornea and induced proliferation and chemotaxis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Angiogenic activity present in the conditioned media of inflamed human rheumatoid synovial tissue macrophages or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated blood monocytes was equally blocked by antibodies to either IL-8 or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. An IL-8 antisense oligonucleotide specifically blocked the production of monocyte-induced angiogenic activity. These data suggest a function for macrophage-derived IL-8 in angiogenesis-dependent disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, tumor growth, and wound repair.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koch, A E -- Polverini, P J -- Kunkel, S L -- Harlow, L A -- DiPietro, L A -- Elner, V M -- Elner, S G -- Strieter, R M -- AR30692/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR41492/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- HL39926/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Dec 11;258(5089):1798-801.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1281554" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/physiopathology ; Base Sequence ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemotaxis/*drug effects ; Cornea/*drug effects/physiology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects/*physiology ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology ; Humans ; Interleukin-8/genetics/*pharmacology ; Macrophages/*physiology ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monocytes/physiology ; *Neovascularization, Pathologic ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/*pharmacology ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Synovial Fluid/physiology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics ; Umbilical Veins
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    Dendritic spines: convergence of theory and experiment (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koch, C -- Zador, A -- Brown, T H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 15;256(5059):973-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1589781" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/physiology/ultrastructure ; Calcium/metabolism ; Dendrites/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Electrophysiology ; Hippocampus/*ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron ; Rats ; Synapses/physiology
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    Animal models point the way to human clinical trials (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kolberg, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 8;256(5058):772-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1589756" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Disease Models, Animal ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics/*therapy ; *Genetic Therapy ; Humans ; Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase/deficiency/genetics ; Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome/genetics/therapy ; Research Design
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    Neutrophil recruitment by tumor necrosis factor from mast cells in immune complex peritonitis (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-12-18
    Description: During generalized immune complex-induced inflammation of the peritoneal cavity, two peaks of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were observed in the peritoneal exudate of normal mice. In mast cell-deficient mice, the first peak was undetected, and the second peak of TNF and neutrophil influx were significantly reduced. Antibody to TNF significantly inhibited neutrophil infiltration in normal but not in mast cell-deficient mice. Mast cell repletion of the latter normalized TNF, neutrophil mobilization, and the effect of the antibody to TNF. Thus, in vivo, mast cells produce the TNF that augments neutrophil emigration.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Y -- Ramos, B F -- Jakschik, B A -- HL31922/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Dec 18;258(5090):1957-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1470922" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen-Antibody Complex/*immunology ; Chickens ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-1/pharmacology ; Leukotrienes/pharmacology ; Mast Cells/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Neutrophils/drug effects/*physiology ; Ovalbumin/immunology ; Peritonitis/immunology/*physiopathology ; Rabbits ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism/pharmacology/*physiology
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    Spontaneous hypercholesterolemia and arterial lesions in mice lacking apolipoprotein E (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-10-16
    Description: Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a ligand for receptors that clear remnants of chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins. Lack of apoE is, therefore, expected to cause accumulation in plasma of cholesterol-rich remnants whose prolonged circulation should be atherogenic. ApoE-deficient mice generated by gene targeting were used to test this hypothesis and to make a mouse model for spontaneous atherosclerosis. The mutant mice had five times normal plasma cholesterol, and developed foam cell-rich depositions in their proximal aortas by age 3 months. These spontaneous lesions progressed and caused severe occlusion of the coronary artery ostium by 8 months. The severe yet viable phenotype of the mutants should make them valuable for investigating genetic and environmental factors that modify the atherogenic process.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, S H -- Reddick, R L -- Piedrahita, J A -- Maeda, N -- HL42630/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 16;258(5081):468-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7525.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1411543" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apolipoproteins E/*deficiency/genetics ; Cholesterol/blood ; Disease Models, Animal ; Hypercholesterolemia/*genetics/pathology ; Lipoproteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Triglycerides/blood
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    Cellular membranes (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, L J -- Ray, L B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 6;258(5084):871.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1439794" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Transport ; Cell Fusion ; Cell Membrane/*physiology
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    Recognition of paleobiochemicals by a combined molecular sulfur and isotope geochemical approach (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-17
    Description: Study of organic matter in immature sediments from a Messinian evaporitic basin shows that consideration of structures, modes of occurrence, and carbon isotopic compositions of free and sulfur-bound carbon skeletons allow identification of biochemical precursors. Detailed information concerning biotic communities present during deposition of sediments can be retrieved in this way. Moreover, unprecedented biochemicals were recognized; these extend the horizon of biomarker geochemistry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kohnen, M E -- Schouten, S -- Damste, J S -- de Leeuw, J W -- Merritt, D A -- Hayes, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 17;256:358-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Organic Geochemistry Unit, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11540057" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Archaea ; Carbon/chemistry ; *Carbon Radioisotopes ; Dinoflagellida ; Eukaryota ; Euryarchaeota ; Geology/*methods ; Lipids/chemistry ; Paleontology/*methods ; Plants ; Soil ; Sulfur/*chemistry
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    Ultrafast infrared spectroscopy (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-09-25
    Description: Recent advances in ultrafast infrared spectroscopy are described, including experimental details and fundamental limitations. The utility of this technique is illustrated with two recent examples.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stoutland, P O -- Dyer, R B -- Woodruff, W H -- DK36263/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM48509/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Sep 25;257(5078):1913-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Chemical and Laser Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87545.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1329200" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biophysical Phenomena ; Biophysics ; Cattle ; Electron Transport Complex IV/chemistry ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared/*instrumentation
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    Reversal of integration and DNA splicing mediated by integrase of human immunodeficiency virus (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-02-07
    Description: In retroviral integration, the viral integration protein (integrase) mediates a concerted DNA cleavage-ligation reaction in which the target DNA is cleaved and the resulting 5' ends of target DNA are joined to the 3' ends of viral DNA. Through an oligonucleotide substrate that mimics the recombination intermediate formed by this initial cleavage-ligation reaction, the purified integrase of human immunodeficiency virus was shown to promote the same reaction in reverse, a process called disintegration. Analysis of a set of structurally related substrates showed that integrase could promote a range of DNA cleavage-ligation reactions. When the viral DNA component of the disintegration substrate was single-stranded, integrase could mediate a DNA splicing reaction analogous to RNA splicing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chow, S A -- Vincent, K A -- Ellison, V -- Brown, P O -- AI27205/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Feb 7;255(5045):723-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, CA 94305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1738845" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; DNA/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA Nucleotidyltransferases/*metabolism ; DNA, Viral/chemistry/*metabolism ; Esterification ; HIV-1/*enzymology/genetics ; Integrases ; Molecular Sequence Data ; RNA Splicing
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    Identification of a protein that binds to the SH3 region of Abl and is similar to Bcr and GAP-rho (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-07
    Description: A Src homology 3 (SH3) region is a sequence of approximately 50 amino acids found in many nonreceptor tyrosine kinases and other proteins. Deletion of the SH3 region from the protein encoded by the c-abl proto-oncogene activates the protein's transforming capacity, thereby suggesting the participation of the SH3 region in the negative regulation of transformation. A complementary DNA was isolated that encoded a protein, 3BP-1, to which the SH3 region of Abl bound with high specificity and to which SH3 regions from other proteins bound differentially. The sequence of the 3BP-1 protein is similar to that of a COOH-terminal segment of Bcr and to guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein (GAP)-rho, which suggests that it might have GAP activity for Ras-related proteins. The 3BP-1 protein may therefore be a mediator of SH3 function in transformation inhibition and may link tyrosine kinases to Ras-related proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cicchetti, P -- Mayer, B J -- Thiel, G -- Baltimore, D -- A107233/PHS HHS/ -- CA 08875/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA51462/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 7;257(5071):803-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1379745" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Chimera ; Cloning, Molecular ; GTPase-Activating Proteins ; Gene Library ; *Genes, abl ; *Genes, src ; Glutathione Transferase/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oncogene Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Plasmids ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Prosencephalon/physiology ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Proteins/*metabolism ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcr ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src)/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Restriction Mapping ; Rho Factor/*metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; ras GTPase-Activating Proteins
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    Sexually antagonistic genes: experimental evidence (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-06-05
    Description: When selection differs between the sexes, a mutation beneficial to one sex may be harmful to the other (sexually antagonistic). Because the sexes share a common gene pool, selection in one sex can interfere with the other's adaptive evolution. Theory predicts that sexually antagonistic mutations should accumulate in tight linkage with a new sex-determining gene, even when the harm to benefit ratio is high. Genetic markers and artificial selection were used to make a pair of autosomal genes segregate like a new pair of sex-determining genes in a Drosophila melanogaster model system. A 29-generation study provides experimental evidence that sexually antagonistic genes may be common in nature and will accumulate in response to a new sex-determining gene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rice, W R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jun 5;256(5062):1436-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Board of Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz 95064.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1604317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics ; Eye Color/genetics ; Female ; *Genes ; Male ; Phenotype ; *Recombination, Genetic ; *Selection, Genetic ; *Sex Ratio
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    Human origins and analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hedges, S B -- Kumar, S -- Tamura, K -- Stoneking, M -- GM 20293-20/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Feb 7;255(5045):737-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1738849" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Base Sequence ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*chemistry ; Humans ; Phylogeny
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    Converting trypsin to chymotrypsin: the role of surface loops (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-03-06
    Description: Trypsin (Tr) and chymotrypsin (Ch) have similar tertiary structures, yet Tr cleaves peptides at arginine and lysine residues and Ch prefers large hydrophobic residues. Although replacement of the S1 binding site of Tr with the analogous residues of Ch is sufficient to transfer Ch specificity for ester hydrolysis, specificity for amide hydrolysis is not transferred. Trypsin is converted to a Ch-like protease when the binding pocket alterations are further modified by exchange of the Ch surface loops 185 through 188 and 221 through 225 for the analogous Tr loops. These loops are not structural components of either the S1 binding site or the extended substrate binding sites. This mutant enzyme is equivalent to Ch in its catalytic rate, but its substrate binding is impaired. Like Ch, this mutant utilizes extended substrate binding to accelerate catalysis, and substrate discrimination occurs during the acylation step rather than in substrate binding.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hedstrom, L -- Szilagyi, L -- Rutter, W J -- DK21344/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Mar 6;255(5049):1249-53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Hormone Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0534.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1546324" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acylation ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Chymotrypsin/*chemistry/metabolism ; Hydrolysis ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Protein Conformation ; Substrate Specificity ; Trypsin/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism
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    Functional specialization of olfactory glomeruli in a moth (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-29
    Description: The specific function of the glomerular structures present in the antennal lobes or olfactory bulbs of organisms ranging from insects to humans has been obscure because of limitations in neuronal marking methods. By tracing individual neurons in the moth Agrotis segetum, it was determined that physiologically distinct types of pheromone receptor neurons project axons to different regions of the macroglomerular complex (MGC). Each glomerulus making up the MGC has a specific functional identity, initially processing information about one specific pheromone component. This indicates that, at least through the first stage of synapses, olfactory information moves through labeled lines.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hansson, B S -- Ljungberg, H -- Hallberg, E -- Lofstedt, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 29;256(5061):1313-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Lund University, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1598574" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Chemoreceptor Cells/*physiology ; Electric Stimulation ; Moths/*physiology ; *Nervous System Physiological Phenomena ; Neurons/*physiology ; Olfactory Bulb/physiology ; Smell
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    Flow-dependent cytosolic acidification of vascular endothelial cells (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-10-23
    Description: Hemodynamic shear stress affects endothelial cell structure and function, but little is known about the signal transduction mechanisms involved in these processes. The effect of laminar shear stress on cytosolic pH (pHi) was examined in rat aortic endothelial cells cultured in glass capillary tubes. Shear stress forces led to a rapid decrease in pHi (maximal effect 0.09 pH unit at 13.4 dynes per square centimeter). Removal of specific ions or addition of exchange inhibitors suggests that in vascular endothelial cells shear stress forces activate both an alkali extruder, sodium ion-independent chloride-bicarbonate ion exchange, and an acid extruder, sodium-hydrogen ion exchange; the net effect in physiologic buffer with the bicarbonate ion is a decrease in pHi.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ziegelstein, R C -- Cheng, L -- Capogrossi, M C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 23;258(5082):656-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1329207" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bicarbonates/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Chloride-Bicarbonate Antiporters ; Cytosol/*physiology ; Endothelium, Vascular/*physiology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Membrane Proteins/physiology ; Rats ; Signal Transduction/physiology ; Sodium-Hydrogen Antiporter ; Stress, Mechanical
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  • 88
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    The time course of glutamate in the synaptic cleft (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-27
    Description: The peak concentration and rate of clearance of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft are important determinants of synaptic function, yet the neurotransmitter concentration time course is unknown at synapses in the brain. The time course of free glutamate in the cleft was estimated by kinetic analysis of the displacement of a rapidly dissociating competitive antagonist from N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors during synaptic transmission. Glutamate peaked at 1.1 millimolar and decayed with a time constant of 1.2 milliseconds at cultured hippocampal synapses. This time course implies that transmitter saturates postsynaptic NMDA receptors. However, glutamate dissociates much more rapidly from alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. Thus, the time course of free glutamate predicts that dissociation contributes to the decay of the AMPA receptor-mediated postsynaptic current.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clements, J D -- Lester, R A -- Tong, G -- Jahr, C E -- Westbrook, G L -- MH46613/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS21419/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS26494/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 27;258(5087):1498-501.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1359647" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2-Aminoadipic Acid/pharmacology ; Action Potentials/physiology ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Glutamates/*metabolism ; Glutamic Acid ; Hippocampus/cytology/physiology ; Models, Neurological ; Neurons/physiology ; Neurotransmitter Agents/*metabolism ; Piperazines/pharmacology ; Rats ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/drug effects/physiology ; Synapses/drug effects/*metabolism ; Time Factors
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  • 89
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    Molecular cloning of the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-03
    Description: Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) mediates a wide range of immune and inflammatory responses. The active cytokine is generated by proteolytic cleavage of an inactive precursor. A complementary DNA encoding a protease that carries out this cleavage has been cloned. Recombinant expression in COS-7 cells enabled the cells to process precursor IL-1 beta to the mature form. Sequence analysis indicated that the enzyme itself may undergo proteolytic processing. The gene encoding the protease was mapped to chromosomal band 11q23, a site frequently involved in rearrangement in human cancers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cerretti, D P -- Kozlosky, C J -- Mosley, B -- Nelson, N -- Van Ness, K -- Greenstreet, T A -- March, C J -- Kronheim, S R -- Druck, T -- Cannizzaro, L A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 3;256(5053):97-100.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Immunex Corporation, Seattle, WA 98101.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1373520" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Caspase 1 ; Cell Line ; Chromosome Banding ; *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 ; Cloning, Molecular ; Enzyme Precursors/biosynthesis/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Metalloendopeptidases/biosynthesis/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neutrophils/enzymology ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Poly A/genetics/isolation & purification ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; RNA/genetics/isolation & purification ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis/isolation & purification ; Transfection
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  • 90
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    Antisense and antigene properties of peptide nucleic acids (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-27
    Description: Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are polyamide oligomers that can strand invade duplex DNA, causing displacement of one DNA strand and formation of a D-loop. Binding of either a T10 PNA or a mixed sequence 15-mer PNA to the transcribed strand of a G-free transcription cassette caused 90 to 100 percent site-specific termination of pol II transcription elongation. When a T10 PNA was bound on the nontranscribed strand, site-specific inhibition never exceeded 50 percent. Binding of PNAs to RNA resulted in site-specific termination of both reverse transcription and in vitro translation, precisely at the position of the PNA.RNA heteroduplex. Nuclear microinjection of cells constitutively expressing SV40 large T antigen (T Ag) with either a 15-mer or 20-mer PNA targeted to the T Ag messenger RNA suppressed T Ag expression. This effect was specific in that there was no reduction in beta-galactosidase expression from a coinjected expression vector and no inhibition of T Ag expression after microinjection of a 10-mer PNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hanvey, J C -- Peffer, N J -- Bisi, J E -- Thomson, S A -- Cadilla, R -- Josey, J A -- Ricca, D J -- Hassman, C F -- Bonham, M A -- Au, K G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 27;258(5087):1481-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Glaxo Inc. Research Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1279811" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics ; Base Sequence ; DNA/*metabolism ; Deoxyribonuclease HindIII/antagonists & inhibitors ; Gene Expression/drug effects ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/*metabolism/pharmacology ; *Peptide Nucleic Acids ; Plasmids ; Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects ; RNA/metabolism ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
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  • 91
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    Association of cdk2 kinase with the transcription factor E2F during S phase (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-02-28
    Description: The transcription factor E2F controls the expression of several proliferation-related genes and is a target of the adenovirus E1A oncogene. In human cells, both cyclin A and the cdk2 protein kinase were found in complexes with E2F. Although the total amounts of cdk2 were constant in the cell cycle, binding to E2F was detected only when cells entered S phase, a time when the cdk2 kinase is activated. These data suggest that the interaction between cdk2 and E2F requires an active kinase that has cyclin A as a targeting component.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pagano, M -- Draetta, G -- Jansen-Durr, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Feb 28;255(5048):1144-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1312258" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenovirus Early Proteins ; Base Sequence ; *CDC2-CDC28 Kinases ; *Carrier Proteins ; Cell Cycle ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 ; *Cyclin-Dependent Kinases ; Cyclins/*metabolism ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; E2F Transcription Factors ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry ; Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics ; Protamine Kinase/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; *Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1 ; *S Phase ; Transcription Factor DP1 ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism
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  • 92
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    Crystal structure of transforming growth factor-beta 2: an unusual fold for the superfamily (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-17
    Description: The transforming growth factors-beta (TGF-beta 1 through -beta 5) are a family of homodimeric cytokines that regulate proliferation and function in many cell types. Family members have 66 to 80% sequence identity and nine strictly conserved cysteines. A crystal structure of a member of this family, TGF-beta 2, has been determined at 2.1 angstrom (A) resolution and refined to an R factor of 0.172. The monomer lacks a well-defined hydrophobic core and displays an unusual elongated nonglobular fold with dimensions of approximately 60 A by 20 A by 15 A. Eight cysteines form four intrachain disulfide bonds, which are clustered in a core region forming a network complementary to the network of hydrogen bonds. The dimer is stabilized by the ninth cysteine, which forms an interchain disulfide bond, and by two identical hydrophobic interfaces. Sequence profile analysis of other members of the TGF-beta superfamily, including the activins, inhibins, and several developmental factors, imply that they also adopt the TGF-beta fold.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Daopin, S -- Piez, K A -- Ogawa, Y -- Davies, D R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 17;257(5068):369-73.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1631557" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Crystallography ; Drosophila ; Humans ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Conformation ; Molecular Structure ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/*chemistry ; Xenopus laevis
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  • 93
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    Reversal of diabetes insipidus in Brattleboro rats: intrahypothalamic injection of vasopressin mRNA (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-02-21
    Description: Messenger RNAs occur within the axons of magnocellular hypothalamic neurons known to secrete oxytocin and vasopressin. In Brattleboro rats, which have a genetic mutation that renders them incapable of vasopressin expression and secretion and thus causes diabetes insipidus, injection into the hypothalamus of purified mRNAs from normal rat hypothalami or of synthetic copies of the vasopressin mRNA leads to selective uptake, retrograde transport, and expression of vasopressin exclusively in the magnocellular neurons. Temporary reversal of their diabetes insipidus (for up to 5 days) can be observed within hours of the injection. Intra-axonal mRNAs may represent an additional category of chemical signals for neurons.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jirikowski, G F -- Sanna, P P -- Maciejewski-Lenoir, D -- Bloom, F E -- MH 47680/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS 22347-03/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Feb 21;255(5047):996-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuropharmacology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1546298" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arginine Vasopressin/*genetics/metabolism ; Diabetes Insipidus/*therapy ; Hypothalamus ; RNA, Messenger/administration & dosage ; Rats ; Rats, Brattleboro ; Water-Electrolyte Balance
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  • 94
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    The physiology of memory: recordings of things past (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-10-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Desimone, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 9;258(5080):245-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1411523" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/*physiology ; Humans ; Memory/*physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Sense Organs/physiology ; Temporal Lobe/physiology
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  • 95
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    Regulatory elements that control the lineage-specific expression of myoD (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-04
    Description: The molecular basis of skeletal muscle lineage determination was investigated by analyzing DNA control elements that regulate the myogenic determination gene myoD. A distal enhancer was identified that positively regulates expression of the human myoD gene. The myoD enhancer and promoter were active in myogenic and several nonmyogenic cell lines. In transgenic mouse embryos, however, the myoD enhancer and promoter together directed expression of a lacZ transgene specifically to the skeletal muscle lineage. These data suggest that during development myoD is regulated by mechanisms that restrict accessibility of myoD control elements to positive trans-acting factors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldhamer, D J -- Faerman, A -- Shani, M -- Emerson, C P Jr -- CA-06927/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HD-07796/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 24;256(5056):538-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1315077" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase/genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Muscle Proteins/*genetics ; Muscles/embryology/metabolism ; MyoD Protein ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; beta-Galactosidase/genetics
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  • 96
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    Functional transcription elongation complexes from synthetic RNA-DNA bubble duplexes (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-20
    Description: A synthetic RNA-DNA bubble duplex construct intended to mimic the nucleic acid framework of a functional transcription elongation complex was designed and assembled. The construct consisted of a double-stranded DNA duplex of variable length (the template and nontemplate strands) containing an internal noncomplementary DNA "bubble" sequence. The 3' end of an RNA oligonucleotide that is partially complementary to the template DNA strand was hybridized within the DNA bubble to form an RNA-DNA duplex with a non-complementary 5'-terminal RNA tail. The addition of either Escherichia coli or T7 RNA polymerase to this construct formed a complex that synthesized RNA with good efficiency from the hybridized RNA primer in a template-directed and processive manner, and displayed other features of a normal promoter-initiated transcription elongation complex. Other such constructs can be designed to examine many of the functional and regulatory properties of transcription systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Daube, S S -- von Hippel, P H -- GM-15792/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-29158/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 20;258(5086):1320-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1280856" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; DNA/genetics ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/enzymology/genetics ; In Vitro Techniques ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA/genetics ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Templates, Genetic ; *Transcription, Genetic
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  • 97
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    GenPharm's knockout mice (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉MacQuitty, J J -- Kay, R M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 28;257(5074):1188.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1519048" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Mice ; *Mice, Transgenic ; Patents as Topic
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  • 98
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    Cloning of a subunit of yeast RNA polymerase II transcription factor b and CTD kinase (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-09-04
    Description: Yeast RNA polymerase II initiation factor b copurifies with three polypeptides of 85, 73, and 50 kilodaltons and with a protein kinase that phosphorylates the carboxyl-terminal repeat domain (CTD) of the largest polymerase subunit. The gene that encodes the 73-kilodalton polypeptide, designated TFB1, was cloned and found to be essential for cell growth. The deduced protein sequence exhibits no similarity to those of protein kinases. However, the sequence is similar to that of the 62-kilodalton subunit of the HeLa transcription factor BFT2, suggesting that this factor is the human counterpart of yeast factor b. Immunoprecipitation experiments using antibodies to the TFB1 gene product demonstrate that the transcriptional and CTD kinase activities of factor b are closely associated with an oligomer of the three polypeptides. Photoaffinity labeling with 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl-ATP (adenosine triphosphate) identified an ATP-binding site in the 85-kilodalton polypeptide, suggesting that the 85-kilodalton subunit contains the catalytic domain of the kinase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gileadi, O -- Feaver, W J -- Kornberg, R D -- GM-36659/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Sep 4;257(5075):1389-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Sherman Fairchild Center, Stanford University Medical School, CA 94305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1445600" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Affinity Labels ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; *Cloning, Molecular ; Immunosorbent Techniques ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA Polymerase II/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*enzymology/genetics ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/*genetics ; *Transcription Factors, General ; *Transcription Factors, TFII ; *Transcriptional Elongation Factors
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  • 99
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    Awakenings ... UV light and HIV gene activation (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wallace, B M -- Lasker, J S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 28;257(5074):1211-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1519057" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA/radiation effects ; DNA Damage ; Gene Expression/*radiation effects ; Genes, Viral/*radiation effects ; HIV/*genetics ; HIV Long Terminal Repeat ; Humans ; Mice ; PUVA Therapy/adverse effects ; Sunlight/adverse effects ; Ultraviolet Rays/*adverse effects
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  • 100
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    Dividing up the neocortex (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-10-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shatz, C J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 9;258(5080):237-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1357747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Movement ; Cerebral Cortex/*anatomy & histology/growth & development/physiology ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Homeobox
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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