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  • Immunocytochemistry  (121)
  • Springer  (121)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Springer Nature
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (121)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1994  (77)
  • 1991  (44)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (121)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Springer Nature
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (8)
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (121)
  • 1940-1944
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of aflatoxin B1 on in vitro cultures ofNicotiana tabacum var. Samsun (1994)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 125 (1994), S. 107-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Aflatoxin B1 ; Immunocytochemistry ; Regeneration ; Tissue culture ; Tobacco plantlets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of aflatoxin B1, (0.5–25 µg ml−1) on in vitro root and shoot development in young tobacco explants were investigated. Despite an initial apparent stimulatory effect on most measured parameters at 0.5 µg ml−1 AFB1, the number of leaves, root and leaf mass per plantlet were progressively inhibited with increasing AFB1 concentration. The number of explants developing roots was reduced to 34% at the highest (25 µg ml−1) AFB1 concentration, following 3 weeks exposure to the toxin. Leaf chlorophyll content at this toxin concentration was significantly lower than that measured for control plantlets. Thin layer chromatography confirmed the absorption of AFB1 by the plantlets. Using immunocytochemical techniques, AFB1 was immunolocated predominantly in the vacuoles, the nucleus and the cytoplasm (possibly intravesicularly). The results are discussed in terms of this immunolocation within the cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01371099
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal variations in the production of the egg-jelly macromolecule, a fucose sulphate glycoconjugate, by the accessory cells in the ovary of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus (1994)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 203 (1994), S. 402-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Sea urchin ; Egg jelly ; Ovary ; Development ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, the egg-jelly macromolecule, a fucose sulphate glycoconjugate (FSG) that induces the acrosome reaction in spermatozoa, originates from the accessory cells in the ovary. In the present study we examined the seasonal variations in the distribution of FSG in the ovary by immunocytochemistry with a polyclonal antibody. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that FSG was present in supernatants of extracts of ovaries throughout the development of the ovary. However, the immunohistochemical study showed that there are marked seasonal changes in the distribution of FSG in ovaries. The polyclonal antibody reacted strongly with globules of accessory cells before the beginning of the breeding season (August to December). During the breeding season (February to April), the immunohistochemical reaction was found on the surface of oocytes but was weak in the accessory cells. At the ultrastructural level, the antibody reacted with globules of variable density in accessory cells. Intense immunolabelling was observed in the vacuole-like structures of the globules. Sometimes, products of the specific immunocytochemical reaction were found in the Golgi apparatus in these globules. Quantitative examination indicated that FSG was actively produced by the accessory cells from the late non-breeding season to the pre-breeding season. These results suggest that there are marked seasonal variations in the production of FSG by the accessory cells in the sea urchin ovary. These findings also provide new evidence that accessory cells exhibit dynamic changes during the reproductive process in the sea urchin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00188689
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical identification of androgen receptor in mouse osteoclast-like multinucleated cells (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 325-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Androgen Receptor ; Osteoclast ; Mouse ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Expression of androgen receptor (AR) in mouse osteoclast-like multi-nucleated cells (OCs) was examined with immunocytochemical techniques. Murine OCs were obtained by co-culturing mouse osteoblastic cells and bone marrow cells. Three preparations of polyclonal anti-AR antibody which were raised in rabbit against different parts of the human AR were employed for the experiments. Specific staining for AR was demonstrated in the nuclei and the perinuclear area of mouse OCs. This is the first report demonstrating the presence of AR in osteoclast-like cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295958
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Circadian photoreception in the retinally degenerate mouse (rd/rd) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 169 (1991), S. 39-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Photoreception ; Retinally degenerate ; Mouse ; Circadian ; Rods ; Cones ; 11-cis retinaldehyde ; Immunocytochemistry ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have examined the effects of light on circadian locomotor rhythms in retinally degenerate mice (C57BL/6J mice homozygous for the rd allele: rd/rd). The sensitivity of circadian photoreception in these mice was determined by varying the irradiance of a 15 min light pulse (515 nm) given at circadian time 16 and meauring the magnitude of the phase shift of the locomotor rhythm. Experiments were performed on animals 80 days of age. Despite the loss of visual photoreceptors in the rd/rd retina, animals showed circadian responses to light that were indistinguishable from mice with normal retinas (rd/+ and +/+). While no photoreceptor outersegments were identified in the retina of rd/rd animals (80–100 days of age), we did identify a small number of perikarya that were immunoreactive for cone opsins, and even fewer cells that contained rod opsin. Using HPLC, we demonstrated the presence and photoisomerization of the rhodopsin chromophore 11-cis retinaldehyde. The rd/rd retinas contained about 2% of 11-cis retinaldehyde found in +/+ retinas. We have yet to determine whether the opsin immunoreactive perikarya or some other unidentified cell type mediate circadian light detection in the rd/rd retina.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00198171
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peptidergic motoneurons in the buccal ganglia of Aplysia californica Immunocytochemical, morphological, and physiological characterizations (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 168 (1991), S. 323-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Aplysia ; Motoneurons ; Immunocytochemistry ; Small cardioactive peptides ; Facilitation ; Depression ; Buccal ; Feeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We used physiological recordings, intracellular dye injections and immunocytochemistry to further identify and characterize neurons in the buccal ganglia of Aplysia calif ornica expressing Small Cardioactive Peptide-like immunoreactivity (SCP-LI). Neurons were identified based upon soma size and position, input from premotor cells B4 and B5, axonal projections, muscle innervation patterns, and neuromuscular synaptic properties. SCP-LI was observed in several large ventral neurons including B6, B7, B9, B10, and B11, groups of s1 and s2 cluster cells, at least one cell located at a branch point of buccal nerve n2, and the previously characterized neurons B1, B2 and B15. B6, B7, B9, B10 and B11 are motoneurons to intrinsic muscles of the buccal mass, each displaying a unique innervation pattern and neuromuscular plasticity. Combined, these motoneurons innervate all major intrinsic buccal muscles (I1/I3, I2, I4, I5, I6). Correspondingly, SCP-LI processes were observed on all of these muscles. Innervation of multiple nonhomologous buccal muscles by individual motoneurons having extremely plastic neuromuscular synapses, represents a unique form of neuromuscular organization which is prevalent in this system. Our results show numerous SCPergic buccal motoneurons with widespread ganglionic processes and buccal muscle innervation, and support extensive use of SCPs in the control of feeding musculature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00198352
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical study of seminal γ-glutamyltransferase using monoclonal antibodies (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase ; Seminal γ-glutamyltransferase ; Prostate gland ; Seminal vesicle ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Immunocytochemistry ; Reproductive organs, male ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We produced three monoclonal antibodies, SG1, SG2 and SG3, specific for human seminal γ-glutamyltransferase when characterized by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting. Seminal γ-glutamyltransferase was localized, by immunostaining, to the epithelial cells of the ductus epididymidis, seminal vesicle and prostate gland with SG1, those of the prostate gland with SG2, and those of the seminal vesicle with SG3. Rabbit polyclonal anti-seminal γ-glutamyltransferase serum reacted with the proximal convolution of the kidney and the bile capillaries of the liver, and with the epithelial cells of the reproductive organs. However, immunoreactivity was not observed in the kidney or liver with the monoclonal antibodies. Thus, these monoclonal antibodies are probably all specific to seminal γ-glutamyltransferase but recognize different epitopes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303078
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of mammary-derived growth inhibitor in capillary endothelial cells of the bovine mammary gland (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 457-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mammary-derived growth inhibitor ; Fatty acid-binding proteins ; Differentiation ; Vascularization ; Immunohistochemistry ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mammary gland ; Cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mammary-derived growth inhibitor (MDGI) has previously been localized in the mammary parencyma, dependent on the stage of differentiation of the mammary gland. Here, we have elucidated the distribution of MDGI in the mammary stroma by a combined immunohisto-and cytochemical analysis with antibodies raised against MDGI. Distinct staining of capillary endothelial cells has been revealed. Although its subcellular distribution resembles former observations in secretory epithelial cells, the expression of MDGI in capillary endothelial cells clearly precedes that in secretory epithelial cells. On the other hand, no endothelial MDGI staining has been detected in bovine heart, which contains a fatty acid-binding protein almost identical to MDGI. The localization of MDGI in the mammary capillary endothelium is discussed in terms of its possible involvement in the intracellular transport of hydrophobic ligands or in the regulation of endothelial cell proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300218
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    C-PON immunoreactive neurons in the neostriatum of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus): a correlated light- and electron-microscopic study (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 177-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: C-PON ; Neuropeptide Y ; Neostriatum ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Erinaceus europaeus (Insectivora)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The present study provides light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemical data on the presence of neurons that are immunoreactive to the C-terminal flanking peptide of neuropeptide Y, C-PON, in the neostriatum of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). Positive neurons have mostly fusiform or round perikarya from which two to four poorly branched processes arise. Immunostained fibers and puncta are also evenly distributed throughout the neostriatum. Ultrastructurally, each neuron exhibits a deeply invaginated nucleus surrounded by abundant cytoplasm with a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Positive neurons receive symmetric and asymmetric synapses from unlabeled terminals. The results of this study can be correlated with previous findings, as the C-PON-positive neurons of the hedgehog resemble medium-sized neostriatal neurons that are known to be local circuit neurons exhibiting C-PON in the rat. Thus, a high degree of C-PON neuronal system phylogenetic conservation and function can be postulated for the neostriatum of mammals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303094
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ontogeny of some endocrine cells of the digestive tract in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): An immunocytochemical study (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 373-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine cells ; Gut ; Ontogeny ; Regulatory peptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Dicentrarchus labrax (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Serotonin- and ten peptide-immunoreactive (IR) cell types were identified in the digestive tract of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) larvae of four morphofunctional phases ranging in age from hatching to 61 days. The sequence of appearance and location of endocrine cells during ontogenetic development of the larvae was determined. The differentiation of endocrine cells followed a distal-proximal gradient in the gut which paralleled the morphofunctional differentiation. Serotonin-IR cells were identified in the last portion of the digestive tract from phase I onwards and in the gastric region from phase III, before these regions were morphofunctionally differentiated; met-enkephalin-IR cells were identified from phase II onwards in both the differentiated rectum and the undifferentiated intestine; cholecystokinin (CCK)- and synthetic human gastrin-34-IR cells were located only in the intestine and first found in the undifferentiated intestine of phase II; human gastrin-17-, peptide YY (PYY)- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-IR cells appeared in the intestine from phase II and in stomach in phase IV, when it showed gastric glands; pancreatic polypeptide (PP)- and glucagon-IR cells were observed in both intestine and stomach, but insulin- and somatostatin-IR cells only in stomach, from phase III, during which the intestine but not the stomach was differentiated. PP- and PYY-, PP- and glucagon-, and PYY- and glucagon-like immunoreactivities coexisted from their first appearance in some cells of the gut.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327785
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ontogeny of some endocrine cells of the digestive tract in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): An immunocytochemical study (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 373-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Endocrine cells ; Gut ; Ontogeny ; Regulatory peptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Dicentrarchuslabrax (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Serotonin- and ten peptide-immunoreactive (IR) cell types were identified in the digestive tract of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) larvae of four morphofunctional phases ranging in age from hatching to 61 days. The sequence of appearance and location of endocrine cells during ontogenetic development of the larvae was determined. The differentiation of endocrine cells followed a distal-proximal gradient in the gut which paralleled the morphofunctional differentiation. Serotonin-IR cells were identified in the last portion of the digestive tract from phase I onwards and in the gastric region from phase III, before these regions were morphofunctionally differentiated; met-enkephalin-IR cells were identified from phase II onwards in both the differentiated rectum and the undifferentiated intestine; cholecystokinin (CCK)- and synthetic human gastrin-34-IR cells were located only in the intestine and first found in the undifferentiated intestine of phase II; human gastrin-17-, peptide YY (PYY)- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-IR cells appeared in the intestine from phase II and in stomach in phase IV, when it showed gastric glands; pancreatic polypeptide (PP)- and glucagon-IR cells were observed in both intestine and stomach, but insulin- and somatostatin-IR cells only in stomach, from phase III, during which the intestine but not the stomach was differentiated. PP- and PYY-, PP- and glucagon-, and PYY- and glucagon-like immunoreactivities coexisted from their first appearance in some cells of the gut.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050164
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemically defined collateral projections from the pons to the central nucleus of the amygdala and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the rat (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 289-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Serotonin ; Substance P ; Choline-acetyltransferase ; Retrograde tracers ; Immunocytochemistry ; Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus ; Dorsal raphe nucleus ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Triple fluorescence labelling was employed to reveal the distribution of chemically identified neurons within the pontine laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and dorsal raphe nucleus which supply branching collateral input to the central nucleus of the amygdala and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The chemical identity of neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus was revealed by immunocytochemical detection of choline- acetyltransferase or substance P; in the dorsal raphe nucleus, the chemical content of the neurons was revealed with antibody recognizing serotonin. The projections were defined by injections of two retrograde tracers, rhodamine- and fluorescein-labelled latex microspheres, in the central nucleus of the amygdala and paraventricular nucleus, respectively. Neurons projecting to both the central nucleus of the amygdala and the paraventricular nucleus were distributed primarily within the caudal extensions of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and dorsal raphe nucleus. Approximately 11% and 7% of the labelled cells in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and dorsal raphe nucleus projected via branching collaterals to the paraventricular nucleus and central nucleus of the amygdala. About half of these neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus were cholinergic, and one-third were substance-P-ergic; in the dorsal raphe nucleus, approximately half of the neurons containing both retrograde tracers were serotonergic. These results indicate that pontine neurons may simultaneously transmit signals to the central nucleus of the amygdala and paraventricular nucleus and that several different neuroactive substances are found in the neurons participating in these pathways. This coordinated signalling may lead to synchronized responses of the central nucleus of the amygdala and paraventricular nucleus for the maintenance of homeostasis. Interactions between different neuroactive substances at the target site may serve to modulate the responses of individual neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050155
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural, cytochemical, and immunocytochemical characterization of haemocytes of the hard tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari; Chelicerata) (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 493-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Haemocytes ; Immunocytes ; invertebrate ; Immunity ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ixodes ricinus (Chelicerata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Haemocytes of the hard tick Ixodes ricinus were characterized on the basis of their ultrastructure, their ability to ingest foreign material, and to produce or store molecules of the immune defence. Distinction was made between types of haemocytes according to the absence or presence of granular inclusions, shape and size of the lysosomal compartment or the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and ultrastructural and functional similarity to the corresponding haemocytes of insects. Three types of haemocytes were found in adult ticks: plasmatocytes and type-I and type-II granular haemocytes, respectively. The precipitated reaction product of acid phosphatase activity revealed the shape of the lysosomal compartment. The additional injection of particulate materials into the haemocoel further revealed the endocytic activity of the haemocytes. The lysozyme-like immunoreactivity of the haemocytes suggests bactericidal potential. Detection of immunoreactivity in haemocytes to a 25 kDa antigenic protein involved in cuticle formation further suggests their involvement in wound healing and encapsulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300222
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of sensory innervation in chick skin: comparison of nerve fibre and chondroitin sulphate distributions in vivo and in vitro (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 519-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Skin ; Development ; ontogenetic ; Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan ; Neuritic guidance ; Immunocytochemistry ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In bird skin, nerve fibres develop in the dermis but do not enter the epidermis. In co-cultures of 7-day-old chick embryo dorsal root ganglia and epidermis, the neurites also avoid the epidermis. Previous studies have shown that chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans may be involved. Chondroitin sulphate has therefore been visualized by immunocytochemistry, using the monoclonal antibody CS-56, both in vivo and in vitro using light and electron microscopy. Its distribution was compared to those of 2 other chondroitin sulphate epitopes and to that of the growing nerve fibres. In cultures of epidermis from 7-day-old embryonic chicks, immunoreactivity is found uniformly around the epidermal cells while at 7.5 days the distribution in dermis is heterogeneous, and particularly marked in feather buds. In vivo, chondroitin sulphate immunoreactivity is detected in the epidermis, on the basal lamina, on the surfaces of fibroblasts and along collagen fibrils. This localization is complementary to the distribution of cutaneous nerves. Chondroitin sulphate in the basal lamina could prevent innervation of the epidermis and the dermal heterogeneities could partly explain the nerve fibres surrounding the base of the feathers. Chondroitin sulphate could therefore be important for neural guidance in developing chick skin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300225
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoreactivity of the corpuscles of Stannius of the garpike, Lepisosteus osseus, to antisera against salmon and trout stanniocalcins (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 511-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Corpuscles of Stannius ; Stanniocalcin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Western blot ; Lepisosteus osseus (Holostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Stanniocalcin-immunoreactive cells were localized in the corpuscles of Stannius of a holostean fish, the garpike (Lepisosteus osseus), using antisera against salmon and trout stanniocalcins and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase and protein A-gold immunohistochemical methods. The stanniocalcin-immunoreactive cells were periodic acid-Schiff-positive, and antibody staining was abolished if the antiserum was preabsorbed with corpuscle homogenate. Immunocytochemistry revealed two reactive cell types in the glandular parenchyma, and immunoreactivity was confined to the secretory granules. Staining of the granules was also abolished when the antisera were blocked with crude corpuscle homogenate. When corpuscle extracts from garpike were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis, a single dense band was evident with a molecular weight of ∼68 kDa under non-reducing conditions, whereas three bands were observed (∼29, ∼31, and ∼34 kDa) under reducing conditions. Staining of all bands disappeared following preabsorption of the antiserum with salmon stanniocalcin, trout stanniocalcin, or garpike corpuscle extract. The results are compared with stanniocalcins from another extant holostean, the bowfin (Amia calva), and from more modern bony fishes, the teleosts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300224
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoreactivity of the corpuscles of Stannius of the garpike, Lepisosteus osseus, to antisera against salmon and trout stanniocalcins (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 511-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpuscles of Stannius ; Stanniocalcin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Western blot ; Lepisosteus osseus (Holostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Stanniocalcin-immunoreactive cells were localized in the corpuscles of Stannius of a holostean fish, the garpike (Lepisosteus osseus), using antisera against salmon and trout stanniocalcins and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase and protein A-gold immunohistochemical methods. The stanniocalcin-immunoreactive cells were periodic acid-Schiff-positive, and antibody staining was abolished if the antiserum was preabsorbed with corpuscle homogenate. Immunocytochemistry revealed two reactive cell types in the glandular parenchyma, and immunoreactivity was confined to the secretory granules. Staining of the granules was also abolished when the antisera were blocked with crude corpuscle homogenate. When corpuscle extracts from garpike were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis, a single dense band was evident with a molecular weight of ∼68 kDa under non-reducing conditions, whereas three bands were observed (∼29, ∼31, and ∼34 kDa) under reducing conditions. Staining of all bands disappeared following preabsorption of the antiserum with salmon stanniocalcin, trout stanniocalcin, or garpike corpuscle extract. The results are compared with stanniocalcins from another extant holostean, the bowfin (Amia calva), and from more modern bony fishes, the teleosts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300224
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Keratin expression: a measure of phenotypic modulation of human prostatic epithelial cells by growth inhibitory factors (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 11-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate gland ; Keratin ; Vitamin A ; Epithelium ; Immunocytochemistry ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Expression of certain cytokeratins can be indicative of the state of differentiation of epithelial cells. The basal cells in the normal adult human prostatic epithelium are characterized by the expression of cytokeratins 5 and 14, whereas the secretory luminal cells contain cytokeratins 8 and 18. Cells cultured from the prostatic epithelium expressed cytokeratins 5, 8, and 18, and thus had features of both basal and luminal cells. Certain growth-inhibitory conditions altered keratin expression in conjunction with growth modulation. Deletion of peptide factors and hormones from the culture medium induced the expression of cytokeratins 1 and 10, associated with a squamous phenotype. These same squamous keratins were found in very dense, stratified cultures that were maintained at confluency in standard, complete medium for extended periods. Retinoic acid enhanced the expression of secretory luminal cell-associated cytokeratins 8 and 18 in semi-confluent cultures. Other growth inhibitory factors such as suramin, transforming growth factor-β, and interferon-γ had no effect on keratin expression. These observations indicate that the differentiation of prostatic epithelial cells can be directed toward alternate pathways, either squamous or secretory, by different growth-inhibitory conditions. However, not all growth inhibitory factors altered differentiation, demonstrating that growth inhibition in itself is not a sufficient inducer of differentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303075
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intra-acrosomal organization of a 90-kilodalton antigen during spermiogenesis in the rat (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Acrosome development ; Antigen localization ; Intra-acrosomal migration ; Golgi apparatus ; Spermiogenesis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The localization of an acrosomal protein was studied using a monoclonal antibody MN7 raised against mouse spermatozoa. MN7 specifically recognized the anterior acrosome of several mammalian (mouse, rat, hamster) spermatozoa fixed with paraformaldehyde. An immunoblot study with periodate treatment showed that MN7 recognized a carbohydrate region of a 90 kDa protein in an extract of mouse and rat cauda epididymal spermatozoa. The change in distribution of the MN7 antigen during acrosome development was investigated in the rat testis using the pre-embedding immunoperoxidase technique. The antigen first appeared in the proacrosomic granules of spermatids in steps 1–2. Small vesicles adjacent to the outer acrosomal membrane and the developing acrosomic system were immunoreactive during steps 4–7. The majority of the antigen was then redistributed to the head-cap portion during steps 8–18, and finally restricted to the anterior acrosome in the step 19-spermatid. These results suggest that the antigen is transported to the acrosome by way of the vesicles that originate from the Golgi apparatus during early spermiogenesis, and are then delivered to the final destination within the acrosome by the intra-acrosomal migration during late spermiogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303081
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional morphology of the neuropeptidergic light-yellow-cell system in pulmonate snails (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 531-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Light yellow neuropeptidergic cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Blood pressure regulation ; Pulmonata ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Helix aspersa (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The light yellow neuropeptidergic cell system of the basommatophoran snail Lymnaea stagnalis is homologous to the R3-R14 system of the opisthobranch Aplysia californica, and produces three different neuropeptides. Systems homologous to the light yellow cells of Lymnaea stagnalis have been investigated morphologically in two Basommatophora (Lymnaea ovata, Bulinus truncatus) and three Stylommatophora (Helix aspersa, Cepaea nemoralis, Deroceras reticulatum). To this end, an antibody to synthetic light-yellow-cell peptide-II and oligonucleotides to mRNAs encoding parts of peptide-I and peptide-III, were used. The in situ hybridization probes gave negative results. On the other hand, neuronal cell clusters were observed in the central nervous system of all species studied by immunocytochemistry. These clusters were located in the ganglia of the visceral complex. The neurons project axons into all nerves of these ganglia, especially into the pallial nerves, into the connective tissue of the central nervous system, and into the neuropile of various ganglia. The morphology of the systems is similar to that of the light-yellow-cell system of Lymnaea stagnalis. In all species, the wall of the aorta was innervated by immunoreactive axons. Peripheral innervation by the light-yellow-cell system was investigated in Helix aspersa and Deroceras reticulatum. Serial and alternate sections of whole snails were studied. Reconstructions were made of the heart-kidney-lung complex of these animals. In both species, the muscular vessels of the pulmonary system at the right side of the body were strongly innervated by immunoreactive axons. Furthermore, immunopositive innervation was observed to muscles in the secondary ureter-pneumostome area. The light-yellow-cell system of pulmonates is thus probably involved in the regulation of blood pressure and urine release.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300226
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    The infundibular organ of the lancelet (Branchiostoma lanceolatum, Acrania): an immunocytochemical study (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 107-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reissner's fiber ; Infundibular organ ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lectin binding ; Flexural organ ; Amphioxus, Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Acrania)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Reissner's fibers are secretions produced by different ependymal areas of the chordate brain, viz., in adult vertebrates, by the dorsal subcommissural organ, and in all stages of cephalochordates (Branchiostoma lancelets), by the ventral infundibular organ. Fibers produced by these different organs are seemingly identical and the two fiber sources also share some immunocytochemical and lectin-binding properties. The secretions in these two glands are, however, not identical; the infundibular organ cells are strongly reactive with antibodies against vertebrate Reissner's fibers, but they do not react with antibodies raised against the source of the vertebrate fibers, viz., the subcommissural organ. The results support the possibility that, in adult vertebrates, the Reissner's fibers are composed of material not only from the subcommissural organ, but also from another, not yet identified, source that is identical or equivalent to the infundibular organ of the lancelet. There are indications that the infundibular organ is immunocytochemically closely akin to some secretory cells in the vertebrate embryonic brain and also to those that produce the juvenile vertebrate Reissner's fibers, viz., secretory cells in the flexural organ.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303086
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  • 20
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    Chemically defined collateral projections from the pons to the central nucleus of the amygdala and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the rat (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 289-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Substance P ; Choline-acetyltransferase ; Retrograde tracers ; Immunocytochemistry ; Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus ; Dorsal raphe nucleus ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Triple fluorescence labelling was employed to reveal the distribution of chemically identified neurons within the pontine laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and dorsal raphe nucleus which supply branching collateral input to the central nucleus of the amygdala and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The chemical identity of neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus was revealed by immunocytochemical detection of choline-acetyltransferase or substance P; in the dorsal raphe nucleus, the chemical content of the neurons was revealed with antibody recognizing serotonin. The projections were defined by injections of two retrograde tracers, rhodamine-and fluorescein-labelled latex microspheres, in the central nucleus of the amygdala and paraventricular nucleus, respectively. Neurons projecting to both the central nucleus of the amygdala and the paraventricular nucleus were distributed primarily within the caudal extensions of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and dorsal raphe nucleus. Approximately 11% and 7% of the labelled cells in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and dorsal raphe nucleus projected via branching collaterals to the paraventricular nucleus and central nucleus of the amygdala. About half of these neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus were cholinergic, and one-third were substance-P-ergic; in the dorsal raphe nucleus, approximately half of the neurons containing both retrograde tracers were serotonergic. These results indicate that pontine neurons may simultaneously transmit signals to the central nucleus of the amygdala and paraventricular nucleus and that several different neuroactive substances are found in the neurons participating in these pathways. This coordinated signalling may lead to synchronized responses of the central nucleus of the amygdala and paraventricular nucleus for the maintenance of homeostasis. Interactions between different neuroactive substances at the target site may serve to modulate the responses of individual neurons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327776
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    Distribution and anatomy of GABA-like immunoreactive neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system of the snail Helix pomatia (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 189-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: GABA ; Glutamate ; Immunocytochemistry ; Nervous system ; central ; Nervous system ; peripheral ; Helix pomatia (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-like immunoreactive neurons were studied in the central and peripheral nervous system of Helix pomatia by applying immunocytochemistry on whole-mount preparations and serial paraffin sections. GABA-immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the buccal, cerebral and pedal ganglia, but only GABA-immunoreactive fibers were found in the viscero-parietal-pleural ganglion complex. The majority of GABA-immunoreactive cell bodies were located in the pedal ganglia but a few could be found in the buccal ganglia. Varicose GABA-ir fibers could be seen in the neuropil areas and in distinct areas of the cell body layer of the ganglia. The majority of GABA-ir axonal processes run into the connectives and commissures of the ganglia, indicating an important central integrative role of GABA-immunoreactive neurons. GABA may also have a peripheral role, since GABA-immunoreactive fibers could be demonstrated in peripheral nerves and the lips. Glutamate injection did not change the number or distribution of GABA-immunoreactive neurons, but induced GABA immunoreactivity in elements of the connective tissue ensheathing the muscle cells and fibers of the buccal musculature. This shows that GABA may be present in different non-neural tissues as a product of general metabolic pathways.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303096
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    Immunologicalization of complement C1s and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (92kDa gelatinase/type IV collagenase) in the primary ossification center of the human femur (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 239-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone ; Ossification ; Cartilage ; Matrix ; Chondrocytes ; Complement ; Matrix metalloproteinase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The first component of complement $$C\bar 1s$$ has been shown to degrade type I and type II collagens (Yamaguchi et al. 1990), the latter of which is a major constituent of the cartilage matrix. In order to understand the physiological roles of $$C\bar 1s$$ in cartilage resorption, the expression of C1s was examined by immunohistochemistry in the primary ossification center where the matrix is removed and replaced by bone marrow. Hypertrophic chondrocytes, endothelium and hematogenous elements in the capillary buds were intensely stained by a monoclonal antibody against C1s. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9, 92kDa gelatinase/type IV collagenase) was also immunolocalized in hypertrophic chondrocytes, mesenchymal cells in the primitive bone marrow and the cartilage matrix adjacent to the marrow. In addition, $$C\bar 1s$$ was found to activate the zymogen of MMP-9. These observations suggest that $$C\bar 1s$$ and MMP-9 coordinately participate in matrix degradation in cartilage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327771
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    Basement membrane components of bronchial epithelium in humans suffering from chronic nonspecific lung diseases (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 505-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collagen IV ; Laminin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Basement membrane ; Bronchial epithelium ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Collagen IV and laminin are important constituents of the basement membrane (BM). By use of immunocytochemistry we examined the occurrence and distribution of these two components in the BM beneath normal, mucoid and metaplastic epithelium of large bronchi in 22 adults suffering from chronic nonspecific lung diseases. Both collagen IV and laminin were expressed as a thin and continuous layer beneath the epithelium in most tissue specimens with normal epithelium. In a few specimens the layer showed interruptions with a patchy distribution of the immunoreactivity. Three patterns of distribution of BM components were found under the metaplastic epithelium. Total absence of immunoreactive collagen IV and laminin was the most common variant. Weak and scarce staining for both proteins in the BM characterized the second pattern. The third variant showed strong collagen IV immunoreactivity but lack of laminin. The BM beneath the mucoid epithelium was characterized by irregular distribution of collagen IV and laminin. We suggest that the occurrence and distributional pattern of the BM components are related to the type of overlying epithelium and connected with an altered synthesis of these components.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300223
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and anatomy of GABA-like immunoreactive neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system of the snail Helix pomatia (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 189-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA ; Glutamate ; Immunocytochemistry ; Nervous system, central ; Nervous system, peripheral ; Helix pomatia (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-like immunoreactive neurons were studied in the central and peripheral nervous system of Helix pomatia by applying immunocytochemistry on whole-mount preparations and serial paraffin sections. GABA-immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the buccal, cerebral and pedal ganglia, but only GABA-immunoreactive fibers were found in the viscero-parietal-pleural ganglion complex. The majority of GABA-immunoreactive cell bodies were located in the pedal ganglia but a few could be found in the buccal ganglia. Varicose GABA-ir fibers could be seen in the neuropil areas and in distinct areas of the cell body layer of the ganglia. The majority of GABA-ir axonal processes run into the connectives and commissures of the ganglia, indicating an important central integrative role of GABA-immunoreactive neurons. GABA may also have a peripheral role, since GABA-immunoreactive fibers could be demonstrated in peripheral nerves and the lips. Glutamate injection did not change the number or distribution of GABA-immunoreactive neurons, but induced GABA immunoreactivity in elements of the connective tissue ensheathing the muscle cells and fibers of the buccal musculature. This shows that GABA may be present in different non-neural tissues as a product of general metabolic pathways.
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    C-PON immunoreactive neurons in the neostriatum of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus): a correlated light- and electron-microscopic study (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 177-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: C-PON ; Neuropeptide Y ; Neostriatum ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Erinaceus europaeus (Insectivora)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study provides light- and electronmicroscopic immunocytochemical data on the presence of neurons that are immunoreactive to the C-terminal flanking peptide of neuropeptide Y, C-PON, in the neostriatum of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). Positive neurons have mostly fusiform or round perikarya from which two to four poorly branched processes arise. Immunostained fibers and puncta are also evenly distributed throughout the neostriatum. Ultrastructurally, each neuron exhibits a deeply invaginated nucleus surrounded by abundant cytoplasm with a well-developed rought endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Positive neurons receive symmetric and asymmetric synapses from unlabeled terminals. The results of this study can be correlated with previous findings, as the C-PON-positive neurons of the hedgehog resemble medium-sized neostriatal neurons that are known to be local circuit neurons exhibiting C-PON in the rat. Thus, a high degree of C-PON neuronal system phylogenetic conservation and function can be postulated for the neostriatum of mammals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303094
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    Ultrastructural, cytochemical, and immunocytochemical characterization of haemocytes of the hard tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari; Chelicerata) (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 493-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Haemocytes ; Immunocytes, invertebrate ; Immunity ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ixodes ricinus (Chelicerata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Haemocytes of the hard tick Ixodes ricinus were characterized on the basis of their ultrastructure, their ability to ingest foreign material, and to produce or store molecules of the immune defence. Distinction was made between types of haemocytes according to the absence or presence of granular inclusions, shape and size of the lysosomal compartment or the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and ultrastructural and functional similarity to the corresponding haemocytes of insects. Three types of haemocytes were found in adult ticks: plasmatocytes and type-I and type-II granular haemocytes, respectively. The precipitated reaction product of acid phosphatase activity revealed the shape of the lysosomal compartment. The additional injection of particulate materials into the haemocoel further revealed the endocytic activity of the haemocytes. The lysozyme-like immunoreactivity of the haemocytes suggests bactericidal potential. Detection of immunoreactivity in haemocytes to a 25 kDa antigenic protein involved in cuticle formation further suggests their involvement in wound healing and encapsulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300222
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    Electronic Resource
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    Functional morphology of the neuropeptidergic light-yellow-cell system in pulmonate snails (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 531-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Light yellow neuropeptidergic cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Blood pressure regulation ; Pulmonata ; Lymnaea stagnalis, Helix aspersa (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The light yellow neuropeptidergic cell system of the basommatophoran snail Lymnaea stagnalis is homologous to the R3-R14 system of the opisthobranch Aplysia californica, and produces three different neuropeptides. Systems homologous to the light yellow cells of Lymnaea stagnalis have been investigated morphologically in two Basommatophora (Lymnaea ovata, Bulinus truncatus) and three Stylommatophora (Helix aspersa, Cepaea nemoralis, Deroceras reticulatum). To this end, an antibody to synthetic light-yellow-cell peptide-II and oligonucleotides to mRNAs encoding parts of peptide-I and peptide-III, were used. The in situ hybridization probes gave negative results. On the other hand, neuronal cell clusters were observed in the central nervous system of all specias studied by immunocytochemistry. These clusters were located in the ganglia of the visceral complex. The neurons project axons into all nerves of these ganglia, especially into the pallial nerves, into the connective tissue of the central nervous system, and into the neuropile of various ganglia. The morphology of the systems is similar to that of the light-yellow-cell system of Lymnaea stagnalis. In all species, the wall of the aorta was innervated by immunoreactive axons. Peripheral innervation by the light-yellow-cell system was investigated in Helix aspersa and Deroceras reticulatum. Serial and alternate sections of whole snails were studied. Reconstructions were made of the heart-kidney-lung complex of these animals. In both species, the muscular vessels of the pulmonary system at the right side of the body were strongly innervated by immunoreactive axons. Furthermore, immunopositive innervation was observed to muscles in the secondary ureter-pneumostome area. The light-yellow-cell system of pulmonates is thus probably involved in the regulation of blood pressure and urine release.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300226
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    Merkel cell distribution in human hair follicles of the fetal and adult scalp (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Merkel cells ; Cytokeratins ; Immunocytochemistry ; Nerve growth factor receptor ; Hair follicles ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of Merkel cells in fetal and adult terminal hair follicles of human scalp was studied immunohistochemically using cytokeratin (CK) 20 as a specific Merkel cell marker. In hair follicles of adult scalp, abundant Merkel cells were found enriched in two belt-like clusters, one in the deep infundibulum and one in the isthmus region. No Merkel cells were found in the deep follicular portions including the bulb, or in the dermis. In early fetal hair follicles (bulbous peg stage), Merkel cells were only detected in the basal layer of the developing infundibulum but not in deeper follicular areas. In later stages, Merkel cells were also present in the isthmus and bulge. No Merkel cells were seen in the dermis around developing hair follicles. Nerve growth factor receptor was not only present in nerves but was found to be widely distributed within fetal skin. In adult skin, this receptor was localized to the basal cell layers of the outer root sheath of the bulb and the suprabulbar area, but was not detectable in the areas containing Merkel cells. The present study localizing Merkel cells within the permanent hair follicle structures close to their possible stem cells suggests that they have paracrine functions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303089
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    Development of sensory innervation in chick skin: comparison of nerve fibre and chondroitin sulphate distributions in vivo and in vitro (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 519-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skin ; Development, ontogenetic ; Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan ; Neuritic guidance ; Immunocytochemistry ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In bird skin, nerve fibres develop in the dermis but do not enter the epidermis. In co-cultures of 7-day-old chick embryo dorsal root ganglia and epidermis, the neurites also avoid the epidermis. Previous studies have shown that chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans may be involved. Chondroitin sulphate has therefore been visualized by immunocytochemistry, using themonoclonal antibody CS-56, both in vivo and in vitro using light and electron microscopy. Its distribution was compared to those of 2 other chondroitin sulphate epitopes and to that of the growing nerve fibres. In cultures of epidermis from 7-day-old embryonic chicks, immunoreactivity is found uniformly around the epidermal cells while at 7.5 days the distribution in dermis is heterogeneous, and particularly marked in feather buds. In vivo, chondroitin sulphate immunoreactivity is detected in the epidermis, on the basal lamina, on the surfaces of fibroblasts and along collagen fibrils. This localization is complementary to the distribution of cutaneous nerves. Chondroitin sulphate in the basal lamina could prevent innervation of the epidermis and the dermal heterogeneities could partly explain the nerve fibres surrounding the base of the feathers. Chondroitin sulphate could therefore be important for neural guidance in developing chick skin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300225
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    Localization of mammary-derived growth inhibitor in capillary endothelial cells of the bovine mammary gland (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 457-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Mammary-derived growth inhibitor ; Fatty acid-binding proteins ; Differentiation ; Vascularization ; Immunohistochemistry ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mammary gland ; Cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Mammary-derived growth inhibitor (MDGI) has previously been localized in the mammary parenchyma, dependent on the stage of differentiation of the mammary gland. Here, we have elucidated the distribution of MDGI in the mammary stroma by a combined immunohisto- and cytochemical analysis with antibodies raised against MDGI. Distinct staining of capillary endothelial cells has been revealed. Although its subcellular distribution resembles former observations in secretory epithelial cells, the expression of MDGI in capillary endothelial cells clearly precedes that in secretory epithelial cells. On the other hand, no endothelial MDGI staining has been detected in bovine heart, which contains a fatty acid-binding protein almost identical to MDGI. The localization of MDGI in the mammary capillary endothelium is discussed in terms of its possible involvement in the intracellular transport of hydrophobic ligands or in the regulation of endothelial cell proliferation.
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    Cellular localization of somatolactin in the pars intermedia of some teleost fishes (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 207-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatolactin (SL) ; Pituitary gland, pars intermedia ; PAS-positive cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Gadus morhua, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Poecillia latipinna (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report here on the cellular localization in the fish pituitary of somatolactin (SL), a putative new pituitary hormone related to growth hormone and prolactin, which has been recently identified in the piscine pituitary gland. Immunocytochemical staining, using anti-cod SL serum, revealed that in the cod pituitary gland, SL is produced by cells in the intermediate lobe, bordering the neural tissue. These cells, staining weakly with periodic-acid-Schiff (PAS), are distinct from the melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) cells which, as in all teleosts, are PAS-negative. SL-immunoreactivity was observed in the same location in all other teleost species examined: flounder, rainbow trout, killifish, molly, catfish and eel. In most fish the SL-immunoreactive cells are either strongly or weakly PAS-positive but in rainbow trout are chromophobic, indicating that the SL protein can probably exist in glycosylated and non-glycosylated forms. Thus, in demonstrating the cellular localization of SL, this study provides the first identification of the enigmatic, second cell-type of the fish pars intermedia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318762
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    Qualitative and quantitative comparison of the distribution of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated neurofilament epitopes within central and peripheral axons of adult hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurofilaments ; Phosphorylation ; Axon ; Immunocytochemistry ; Golden syrian hamster, Mesocricetus auratus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated neurofilament epitopes was determined immunocytochemically in adjacent 2 μm-thick sections of sciatic nerve, ventral root and spinal cord. Staining was scored as either intense, moderate or absent and the proportion of labeled axons was calculated for each category. Nearly all sciatic nerve and ventral root axons were immunoreactive with both antibodies against phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated neurofilaments and there were no significant differences in the number of intensely- or moderately-labeled axons. Within the spinal cord however, while the majority of large caliber axons was stained with both antibodies, there was a significant number of small caliber axons which stained only with antibodies against phosphorylated neurofilaments. These results show that phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated neurofilaments are extensively codistributed in CNS and PNS axons, and that in the CNS, staining intensity for non-phosphorylated epitopes is less in the smaller axons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318768
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    The serotoninergic system in the brain of the Japanese quail (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 271-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Avian brain ; Hypothalamus ; Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica (Aves)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence and topographical localization of the serotoninergic system in the brain of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) have been studied by means of peroxidase-anti-peroxidase immunocytochemistry. The perimeter, diameter, area, and shape factor of immunoreactive cells have been recorded and analyzed morphometrically for intra- and interspecies comparison. The data reported here confirm and extend results previously obtained in the brain of other avian species. Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons of the quail are mainly located in the hypothalamic paraventricular organ and adjacent areas, and in the brainstem where they form three separate groups. The first of these groups consists of small-sized neurons located in the ventro-rostral mesencephalon. The second group is composed of medium-sized neurons located in the dorsal mesencephalo-pontine region. The third group is also formed by medium-sized neurons, and is located ventrally in the ponto-medullary region. In the quail brain, serotoninergic neurons are not restricted to nuclei located in the vicinity of the midsagittal plane, but show some lateralization, especially in the brainstem. The organization of the different groups of immunoreactive neurons based on this topographical distribution and morphometric analysis has been compared with descriptions of the serotoninergic system in other birds. Serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibers are widely distributed throughout the brain, but appear to be particularly abundant in regions involved in the control of reproductive activities, such as the septal region, the medial preoptic nucleus, the nucleus intercollicularis, and the external zone of the median eminence. The data reported here have allowed the drawing of a map of serotoninimmunoreactive structure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318769
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    Immunocytochemical mapping of neuronal pathways from brain to corpora cardiaca/corpora allata in the cockroach Diploptera punctata with antisera against Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 285-291 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Allatostatins ; Neurosecretory cells ; Corpus cardiacum/corpus allatum complex ; Diploptera punctata, Calliphora vomitoria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal circuits in the brain and retrocerebral complex of the cockroach Diploptera punctata have been mapped immunocytochemically with antisera directed against the extended enkephalin, Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (Met-8). The pathways link median and lateral neurosecretory cells with the corpus cardiacum/corpus allatum complex. In females, nerve fibres penetrate the corpora allata and varicosities or terminals, immunoreactive to Met-8, surround the glandular cells. Males differ in having almost no Met-8 immunoreactivity in the corpora allata. The corpora cardiaca of both males and females are richly supplied with Met-8 immunoreactive material, in particular in the ‘cap’ regions immediately adjacent to the corpora allata. A similarity in the amino-acid sequences of Met-8 and the C-terminus of the recently characterised allatostatins of D. punctata suggests that the pathways identified with the Met-8 antisera may be the same as those by which the allatostatins are transported from the brain to the corpus allatum. In comparative studies on the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria, similar neuronal pathways have been identified except that no sexual dimophism with respect to amounts of immunoreactive material within the corpus allatum has been observed. These results suggest a possible homology in the neuropeptide regulation of the gland.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318770
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    Immunocytological localization of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-like molecules and their receptors in a calcium-transporting epithelium of a crustacean (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 345-351 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vitamin D-1,25(OH)2D3-like immunoreactivity ; 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor-like immunoreactivity ; Immunocytochemistry ; Calcium ions ; Orchestia cavimana (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary For the first time, immunoreactivity to 1,25(OH)2D3-like molecules and their receptors has been investigated in a calcium transporting epithelium of a crustacean, Orchestia, using vertebrate antisera on ultrathin cryosections of posterior caeca previously fixed in glutaraldehyde, then postfixed in osmium tetroxide. Both immunoreactivities were located mainly in the nuclei of epithelial cells. Quantitative differences in 1,25(OH)2D3-like immunoreactivity were noticed from one stage of the molt cycle to another. These results, together with other data, contribute to evidence that immunoreactive 1,25(OH)2D3-like molecules may be involved in the regulatory processes of calcium metabolism in this terrestrial crustacean and suggest an involvement of these substances in the regulation of calcium movements in the posterior caeca.
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    Different epithelia in the distal human male urethra (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 23-32 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Male urethra ; Urethral epithelium ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distal segment of the human male urethra, in particular the fossa navicularis, was studied with light- and electron microscopy as well as by means of histochemical and immunocytochemical methods. The fossa navicularis of the urethra contains a circumscribed zone of extremely thick, non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium composed of cells containing a large amount of glycogen. These cells lack acid phosphatase activity and lysozyme-like immunoreactivity, both of which can be demonstrated to varying extents in the other zones of the distal male urethra. These glycogen-rich cells are considered to be the substrate for an endogenous flora of lactobacteria, whereas the acid-phosphatase activity and the lysozyme-like immunoreactivity indicate the presence of macrophages and the secretion of bactericidal agents at the epithelial surface. These observations suggest that the different zones with heterogeneous properties in the distal male urethra probably represent a defense system against the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, the glycogen-rich zone, which resembles the glycogen-rich epithelium of the vagina, is estrogen-dependent. This is demonstrated in cases of sex reversal in which after long-lasting estrogen treatment the glycogen-rich zone becomes extremely extended by displacement of the neighbouring epithelium.
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    Enkephalin-immunoreactive cells in the mesencephalic tegmentum project to the optic tectum of the teleosts Salmo gairdneri and Salmo salar (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 133-137 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enkephalins ; Tegmentum mesencephali ; Tectum opticum ; Immunocytochemistry ; Retrograde labeling ; Cobalt-lysine ; Salmo gairdneri, Salmo salar (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemistry using antibodies against Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin has demonstrated a group of large enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons in the nucleus of the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum (mRMT) of two teleost fish, Salmo gairdneri and Salmo salar. Injections of cobalt-lysine in the medial optic tectum retrogradely labeled the above group of tegmental neurons. Tegmental neurons were labeled only ipsilaterally to the injection site. This indicates that enkephalinergic neurons in the nRMT project to the optic tectum, and that at least some of the enkephalinergic axons observed in the optic tectum belong to a tegmento-tectal pathway. Comparable enkephalinergic pathways have been described in reptiles and birds, where pretectal-mesencephalic nuclei contribute to the enkephalin-containing fibers that project to the optic tectum.
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    Development of the endocrine pancreas during larval phases of Rana temporaria (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 139-150 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas, endocrine ; Larval development ; Serial thin/semithin sections ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rana temporaria (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pancreatic endocrine component was studied at different stages of development in the tadpoles of Rana temporaria. The material was embedded in Epon, and serial semithin and thin sections were made in order to correlate ultrastructural features and tinctorial traits of the endocrine cells. Serial semithin sections were also stained with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method and with silver impregnations for argyrophilia and argentaffinity. In early larvae (legless tadpoles), A and B cells are present. Both can be found within ducts and exocrine tissue or, more frequently, in cellular clusters among the ducts and acini. These primitive islets are solid structures, surrounded but not penetrated by capillaries. Mitoses were observed in A and B cells. In the following phase (tadpoles with hindlegs), D and pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive cells are also present, as well as numerous endocrine cells scattered among exocrine tissue. There is also a change in the vascular-insular pattern: capillaries not only surround but also penetrate the endocrine group. The structure of the endocrine pancreas in older tadpoles is similar. Tinctorial traits and ultrastructural features of endocrine cells are described, and the origin of primitive islets is discussed.
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    The distribution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and fibers throughout the chick brain (Gallus domesticus) (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 481-495 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Neuropeptide Y ; Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ; Reproductive function ; Domestic chicken, Gallus domesticus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve fibers and perikarya containing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH-like) immunoreactivity were investigated in the brain of the three-week-old chick, Gallus domesticus using the technique of immunocytochemistry. Six major groups of perikarya were found to include the olfactory bulb, olfactory tubercle/lobus parolfactorius, nucleus accumbens, septal preoptic hypothalamic region (three sub-nuclei), lateral anterior thalamic nucleus and in and about the oculomotor complex. The immunostaining was unusual in the latter group, suggesting that the neurons may contain a GnRH-II like material. Immunoreactive fibers for GnRH were found throughout the entire brain extending from the olfactory bulbs to the caudal brainstem. Two anatomical areas, not emphasized in the past literature, which had distinct GnRH-like immunoreactivity, included the lateral anterior thalamic nucleus and the preoptic recess. The former included a group of GnRH perikarya that is also known to be a retino-recipient area while the latter contained neuronal terminals some of which appeared to be contacting the cerebrospinal fluid of the preoptic recess. An attempt was made to list all anatomical structures that contained or were juxta-positioned to sites that displayed immunoreactive perikarya and fibers including circumventricular organs.
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    The distribution of actin immunoreactivity in rhabdomeres of tipulid flies in relation to extracellular membrane shedding (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 465-472 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rhabdomeres ; Cytoskeleton ; Actin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Membrane shedding ; Leptotarsus spp. (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rhabdomeres of tipulid flies lose membrane during turnover from a ‘shedding zone’ composed of microvillar tips. These distal domains lack intramicrovillar cytoskeletons and appear to be empty sacs of membrane. Recent concerns about the role of ninaC mechano-enzymes in the architecture of dipteran rhabodomeral microvilli and the dynamic role that they may play in the creation of shedding zones demand an examination of the distribution of actin in tipulid rhabdomeres. We compared rhabdomeres from tipulid retinae incubated before fixation for immunocytochemistry in a buffer without additives and a stabilising buffer that contained a cocktail of cysteine protease inhibitors; both were challenged by an anti-actin antibody for immunogold labelling after embedding in LR White Resin. Shedding zones thus processed collapse to structureless detritus. Stabilised and unstabilised shedding zones were immunonegative to anti-actin. To ensure that the negative results were not consequent upon conformational changes generated by the processing protocol, we examined microvilli of degenerating rhabdomeres of the Drosophila light-dependent retinal degeneration mutant rdgB KS222 (which separate and collapse without creating a shedding zone) and found the detritus they generate to be immunopositive to anti-actin. Stabilised and unstabilised regions of basal regions of tipulid rhabdomeres were equally immunopositive. We infer that (a) actin is absent from shedding zones; (b) actin is not degraded by microvillar cysteine proteases. The implications of these conclusions are discussed in relation to some functional models of arthropod photoreceptor microvilli.
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    Corticotropin-like immunoreactivity in the brain of intact, hypophysectomized, cortisol- and metopirone-treated eels (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 485-492 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: ACTH ; Brain ; Hypothalamus ; Hypophysectomy ; Cortisol ; Metopirone ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pituitary ; Corticotropin-releasing factor ; Anguilla anguilla (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ACTH-like peptidergic system was demonstrated in the brain of three teleost species by immunocytochemistry. In order to investigate the origin of brain ACTH and factors modulating its synthesis, similar techniques were applied to the brain of eels (1) submitted to hypothysectomy in order to suppress pituitary ACTH and plasma cortisol, (2) injected with cortisol to inhibit pituitary ACTH synthesis and release, and (3) injected with metopirone to block cortisol synthesis and stimulate ACTH synthesis and release. Hypophysectomized eels showed a normal distribution of immunoreactive perikarya in the ventral hypothalamus and fibers in the brain, suggesting that brain ACTH does not arise from the pituitary. In cortisol-treated eels immunostaining was markedly reduced in brain perikarya and pituitary corticotropes, suggesting a reduced synthesis. In metopirone-injected eels, one third of the animals showed an increased immunostaining in perikarya and a dense network of immunoreactive fibers, suggesting that ACTH synthesis was increased. Brain ACTH was not affected in other animals. Pituitary corticotropes were rapidly degranulated. Responses of ACTH in the brain and pituitary occur independently when cortisol synthesis is inhibited. These responses are compared to those of the corticotropin-releasing factor system in the same eels.
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    Growth of enteric neurones from isolated myenteric ganglia in dissociated cell culture (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 527-534 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ganglia ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine, large ; Tissue culture ; Immunocytochemistry ; Peptides ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ganglia of the myenteric plexus from the newborn guinea-pig, isolated by microdissection, were dissociated by a combination of enzymatic and mechanical methods. The neurones and glial cells in the resulting cell suspension were cultured for up to 21 days in vitro. The growth of the enteric ganglion cells in serum-free, hormone-supplemented (N1) medium and in serum-supplemented medium containing a mitotic inhibitor was compared over a period of 14 days in vitro. Enteric neurones were outnumbered by glia in both culture media, although glial cell proliferation was inhibited in both media compared with that in serum-supplemented medium without mitotic inhibitors. Glial cell numbers appeared to decline in serum-free medium after the first week in vitro. Neurites tended to be more varicose in the serum-free medium, and the morphology of the enteric glial cells also differed markedly in the two media. This is the first report of the dissociation and subsequent culture of myenteric ganglia that had previously been completely isolated from the remainder of the gut wall.
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    A cytochemical and immunocytochemical study of DNA distribution in spermatid nuclei of mouse, rabbit, and bull (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 517-525 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermiogenesis ; Spermatids ; DNA ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Bovine ; Mouse ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary DNA distribution in mouse, rabbit and bull spermatids was analyzed by electron microscopy, after using a Feulgen-like HCl-osmium ammine procedure, and after immunocytochemistry with anti-DNA antibodies. In addition, nucleic acids were visualized with the intercalating dye ethidium bromide and phosphotungstic acid. The parts of DNA displaying a beta helix configuration (possibly A-T rich parts) were identified by epifluorescence microscopy after staining with Hoechst 33258. In all 3 species, young spermatid nuclei were seen to have large areas poor in DNA, as well as DNA-rich areas, which were mostly concentrated into a peripheral layer close to the acrosome and into one or several masses, displaying species-specific locations. These DNA-rich areas were stained with Hoechst 33258. Elongating spermatid nuclei contained homogeneously distributed DNA, and this was evident following both immunocytochemistry and nucleic acid histochemistry in all 3 species. However, the distribution appeared more heterogeneous after the Feulgen-like procedure, and was accompanied by a disappearance of Hoechst-fluorescence. In fully elongated spermatids, all nuclear areas stained with Hoechst 33258, while the 3 other techniques labeled either all or species-specific parts of the condensed chromatin. The reasons for these variable reactions are discussed in terms of technique specificities, DNA configuration and nucleoprotein moiety replacements.
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    Pineal-retinal relationships: rhythmic biosynthesis and immunocytochemical localization of melatonin in the retina of the pike (Esox lucius) (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 601-609 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Melatonin ; Rhythmic biosynthesis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pike, Esox lucius (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The levels of melatonin and the activities of two enzymes of the melatonin biosynthetic pathway, serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), were measured throughout the light-dark cycle in the retina of a teleost fish, the pike. HIOMT activity did not display significant variations, whereas NAT activity and melatonin content showed a daily rhythm, high levels occurring during the night. The profiles of the latter two rhythms did not closely match one another and differed from those previously described in the pineal organ of the same species. These results are discussed with respect to a possible paracrine role of retinal melatonin. Melatonin-like immunoreactivity was found in the photoreceptor cell layer and in the Müller cells of the inner nuclear layer. The intensity of the melatonin-like immunoreactivity varied throughout the 24 h light-dark cycle, in good correlation with the variations in the melatonin level as measured by radioimmunoassay.
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    Immunocytochemical evidence of a met-enkephalin-like substance in the dense-core granules of mouse Merkel cells (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 611-614 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Met-enkephalin ; Merkel cells ; Dense-core granules ; Mouse (ICR)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electron-microscopic immunogold method was applied to Merkel cells of adult mice to demonstrate the subcellular localization of met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity. Post-embedding incubation with metenkephalin antisera showed that the gold particles were associated with the dense-core granules of the Merkel cells. The majority, but not all, of the dense-core granules were strongly labelled. Osmication caused a significant reduction in the number of gold particles on these granules. The nerve terminal associated with the Merkel cell did not show met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the ultrastructural localization of a positive met-enkephalin immunoreactivity in the dense-core granules of Merkel cells in mice.
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    Developmental expression of transforming growth factor-α and epidermal growth factor receptor proteins in the human pancreas and digestive tract (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 439-450 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Transforming growth factor alpha ; Epidermal growth factor receptor ; Development, ontogenetic ; Digestive tract ; Endocrine cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study was designed to localize transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression in the developing human gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. Immunohistochemical techniques using specific antibodies against human TGF-α and EGFR were performed on digestive tissues of fetuses from 9 to 10 to 24 weeks of gestation, children and adults. In fetuses, TGF-α and EGFR proteins were expressed in all epithelial tissues studied with a good correlation and from an age as early as 9 to 10 weeks of gestation, except for TGF-α in the esophagus. The strongest TGF-α immunostaining was noted in the stomach and the proximal colon. Unexpectedly, immunoreactive gut endocrine cells were observed with the two antibodies used. Relatively numerous in fetuses, they decreased in number with age and were rare in adults particularly along the colon. Enteroglucagon-secreting cells were shown to express TGF-α while some gastrin, somatostatin and pancreatic glucagon cells were immunostained with EGFR antibodies. The presence of TGF-α and of its recetor in digestive tract epithelium and pancreatic tissues early in fetal life suggests a functional role for TGF-α during the developmental process of the digestive system. We demonstrate that TGF-α is also produced by endocrine cells and might have an additional mode of action other than paracrine, at least during fetal life.
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    Expression of the α-subunit of glycoprotein hormones in the pars tuberalis-specific glandular cells in rat, mouse and guinea-pig (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 617-624 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Pituitary ; Pars tuberalis ; α-Subunit ; Immunocytochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Rat ; Mouse ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The nature of the hormone(s) secreted by the pars tuberalis (PT) is still unknown. This pituitary lobe is mainly formed by specific glandular cells that differ in their ultrastructural features from the other adenohypophysial cell types. Data from the literature indicate the presence of thyroid-stimulating hormone immunoreactivity in the PT-specific cells of the rat and the Djungarian hamster but not of other species, including the mouse and guinea-pig. The PT also encloses variable numbers of pars distalis cells, essentially gonadotrophs that are mainly dispersed in its caudal area. We studied the expression of the glycoprotein hormone α-subunit in the PT of the rat, mouse and guinea-pig by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. In situ hybridization, using an oligonucleotide probe complementary to rat cDNA sequence 196–237 revealed the expression of the α-subunit gene throughout the PT of the rat and the mouse; in the guinea-pig, the probe labelled no pituitary cells. Light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry demonstrated α-subunit immunoreactivity in the secretory granules of the PT-specific cells in the three species examined. These cells did not react with a specific antibody against the β-subunit of luteinizing hormone, an antibody that labelled scattered gonadotrophs. The present data suggest that hormone(s) produced by the PT-specific glandular cells are, at least partly, related to glycoprotein hormones.
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    A comparative study of leucokinin-immunoreactive neurons in insects (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 69-83 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Vasopressin ; Diuresis ; Neurohemal organ ; Evolution ; Nauphoeta cinerea ; Aedes aegypti ; Acheta domesticus ; Schistocerca americana (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Antisera were raised against leucokinin IV, a member of the leucokinin peptide family. Immunohistochemical localization of leucokinin immunoreactivity in the brain of the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea revealed neurosecretory cells in the pars intercerebralis and pars lateralis, several bilateral pairs of interneurons in the protocerebrum, and a group of interneurons in the optic lobe. Several immunoreactive interneurons were found in the thoracic ganglia, while the abdominal ganglia contained prominent immunoreactive neurosecretory cells, which projected to the lateral cardiac nerve. The presence of leucokinins in the abdominal nerve cord was confirmed by HPLC combined with ELISA. Leucokinin-immunoreactive neurosecretory cells were also found in the pars intercerebralis of the cricket Acheta domesticus and the mosquito Aedes aegypti, but not in the locust Schistocerca americana or the honey bee Apis mellifera. However, all these species have leucokinin-immunoreactive neurosecretory cells in the abdominal ganglia. The neurohemal organs innervated by abdominal leucokinin-immunoreactive cells were different in each species.
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    Sex difference in the neurotensin-immunoreactive cell populations of the preoptic area in quail (Coturnix japonica) (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 99-116 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reproduction ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurotensin ; Sexually dimorphic nucleus ; Sex differences, hypothalamus ; Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of neurotensin-immunoreactive cells and fibers was analyzed by immunocytochemistry in the forebrain of male and female Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) by using an antibody directed against the C-terminal part of the molecule. Immunoreactive perikarya were located almost exclusively in the medial preoptic area with small populations also being present in the nucleus paraventricularis and in the tuberal region. Immunoreactive fibers were observed not only throughout the preoptic area-hypothalamus, but also in the septal region, nucleus intercollicularis, substantia grisea centralis and the classical catecholaminergic areas of the mesencephalon, such as the area ventralis of Tsai and the nucleus tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus, pars compacta. The preoptic neurotensin-immunoreactive cells were exclusively located within the boundaries of the sexually dimorphic medial preoptic nucleus. They were significantly more numerous in females than in males. In females, the number of neurotensin cells varied during the ovulatory cycle: fewer cells were observed in birds that were about to lay an egg (they had a calcified egg in the oviduct) than in those that had already laid or were not going to lay on that day. These data indicate major variations in the expression of neurotensin in response to neurochemical or neuroendocrine changes associated with ovulation.
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    Presence of an oxytocin-like peptide in the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis of a turtle (Mauremys caspica) and a snake (Natrix maura) (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1994), S. 75-84 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Oxytocin ; Neurophysin ; Vasotocin ; Mesotocin ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Medial nucleus of the infundibular recess ; Immunocytochemistry ; Natrix maura (Serpentes) ; Mauremys caspica (Chelonia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The probable presence of oxytocin in the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of two reptilian species, the snake Natrix maura and the turtle Mauremys caspica, was re-investigated. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of the turtle neural lobe revealed the existence of vasotocin, mesotocin, and a third compound co-eluting with oxytocin. Brains from both species were fixed by vascular perfusion with Bouin's fluid. Adjacent paraffin sections were immunostained using antisera against the following substances: (1) bovine oxytocin-neurophysin; (2) a mixture of bovine oxytocin-neurophysin and vasopressin-neurophysin; (3) dogfish neurophysins; (4) oxytocin; (5) arginine-vasotocin; (6) mesotocin; (7) somatostatin. Immunoreactivity against oxytocin was found in parvocellular neurons of the snake suprachiasmatic nucleus and cerebrospinal-fluid contacting neurons of the medial nucleus of the infundibular recess of both species, the latter immunoreactivity being much more conspicuous in the turtle. Numerous fibers containing immunoreactive oxytocin extended between the medial nucleus of the infundibular recess, and the internal region of the medium eminence and the neural lobe. The oxytocin-immunoreactivity in all locations was completely abolished by preabsorption of the anti-oxytocin serum with three different oxytocin preparations. None of the neurons of the suprachiasmatic and medial nucleus of the infundibular recess, including the oxytocin-immunoreactive elements, reacted with either the antineurophysin sera used, or the anti-vasotocin or anti-mesotocin antibodies. The possible existence of a reptilian oxytocin-neurophysin different from the mammalian oxytocin-neurophysin is discussed. The alternative that, in the reptilian hypothalamus, neurons synthesize a compound closely related to, but different from oxytocin is also considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050263
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    The biased intracellular accumulation of the β-subunit of salmon gonadotropin (GTH II) in the pituitary of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, during gametogenesis (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1994), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Pituitary gland ; Gonadotropin ; Subunits ; Gonadotropes ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunoblotting ; Oncorhynchus mykiss (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Salmon gonadotropin (GTH II) is a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone (α and IIβ subunits), serving as a maturational GTH, and is produced in a specific gonadotropic cell-type (GTH II-cells) containing small granules and large globules. In trout GTH II-cells, double immunolabeling for the α- and IIβ-subunits shows that colocalization of the α- and IIβ-immunolabeling is confined to the small granules, indicating storage of functional GTH II. On the other hand, α-immunolabeling is absent in the large globules, even though IIβ-labeling is abundant throughout the period of seasonal gametogenesis. The α-specific antiserum recognizes the intact α-subunit as well as the reduced and deglycosylated α-subunits by immunoblotting. These results indicate that an accumulation of the IIβ-subunit is specifically generated in the large globules of these cells. In fact, with sexual maturity, the quantity of IIβ-subunits becomes elevated in the trout pituitary due to a marked increase in GTH II-cells containing many large globules. However, the derivation and function of the large globules and the fate of their contained IIβ-subunits remains unknown.
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    Localisation of sulfakinin neuronal pathways in the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 177-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Callisulfakinins ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Neurosecretory cells ; Evolution of cholecystokinin/gastrin ; Blowfly, Calliphora vomitoria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of neurones immunoreactive to antisera raised against the undecapeptide C-terminal fragment of drosulfakinin II (DrmSKII), Asp-Gln-Phe-Asp-Asp-Tyr(SO3H)-Gly-His-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2, has been studied in the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria. Antisera were preabsorbed with combinations of the parent antigen, the tetrapeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 and cholecystokinin, the vertebrate sulfated octapeptide (CCK-8), Asp-Tyr(SO3H)-Met-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2, in order to ensure specificity for the sulfakinin peptides of C. vomitoria (the nonapeptide callisulfakinin I is identical to drosulfakinin I and callisulfakinin II differs from DrmSK II only by the presence of -Glu3-Glu4- in place of -Asp3-Asp4-). Only four pairs of sulfakinin-immunoreactive neurones have been visualised in the entire nervous system. These occur in the brain: two pairs of cells situated medially in the caudo-dorsal region close to the roots of the ocellar nerve and two other pairs at the same level but positioned more laterally. Despite the small number of sulfakinin-immunoreactive cells, there are extensive projections to many areas of neuropile in the brain and the thoracic ganglion. The pathway of the medial sulfakinin cells extends into each of the three thoracic ganglia and a metameric arrangement of sulfakinin neuronal projections is also seen in the abdominal ganglia. Neither the dorsal neural sheath of the thoracic ganglion, nor the abdominal nerves contain sulfakinin-immunoreactive material. These observations suggest that the sulfakinins of the blowfly function as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. They do not appear to have a direct role in gut physiology, as has been shown by in vitro bioassays for the sulfakinins of orthopterans and blattodeans. In addition to the neurones that display specific sulfakinin immunoreactivity, other cells within the brain and thoracic ganglion are immunoreactive to cholecystokinin/gastrin antisera. There are, therefore, at least two types of dipteran neuropeptides with amino acid sequences that are similar to the vertebrate molecules cholecystokinin and gastrin.
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    Generation of monoclonal antibodies detecting specific epitopes in olfactory and respiratory epithelia (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 247-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoclonal antibodies ; Immunocytochemistry ; Olfactory epithelium ; Respiratory epithelium ; Antigens ; (Rat Wistar) ; (Mouse BALB/c)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two panels of monoclonal antibodies have been generated, each panel having a distinct specificity for antigens located in the ciliary zone of either the olfactory or respiratory epithelium of rats. Tissue specificity was confirmed in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays on membrane fractions from various tissues. During ontogeny, the expression of olfactory-specific antigens preceeds that of respiratory-specific antigens; this observation correlates with differences in the genesis of the respective cilia type and confirms that different molecular entities are recognized. A spatial segregation of immunoreactivity in the chemosensory epithelium was observed for one of the olfactory-specific monoclonal antibodies; negative zones were located in the dorsal recess of the nasal cavity and on the tips of the turbinates. Olfactory-specific antibodies reacted with distinct polypeptide bands on Western blots from olfactory ciliary preparations.
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    Identification of neuroendocrine cells producing a diuretic hormone in the tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 359-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Neuropeptide ; Diuretic hormone ; Neurosecretion ; Manduca sexta, Eurema nicippe (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Separate antisera were raised to the N- and C-terminal half of the diuretic hormone from Manduca sexta. Antisera against the two halves of this peptide recognized the same cells in M. sexta, and preabsorption of the antisera with the peptides used as antigens abolished the immunoreactivity, confirming their specificity. The antisera reacted with two median neurosecretory cells on each side of the protocerebral groove in larvae, and with a group of about 80 small median neurosecretory cells in the adult, as well as their axons to, and their axon terminals in, the corpora cardiaca. During the early pupal stages, small cells, which are possibly derived from a common neuroblast, differentiate into immunoreactive neurosecretory cells, which explains the large increase in cell numbers in the adult. In the sleepy sulphur butterfly, Eurema nicippe, homologous median neurosecretory cells in the adult were immunoreactive with both antisera.
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    Comparative anatomy of pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive neurons in the brain of orthopteroid insects (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 343-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment-dispersing hormone ; Orthopteroid insects ; Immunocytochemistry ; Insect brain ; Periplaneta americana, Schistocerca gregaria, Teleogryllus commodus (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a comparative study, the anatomy of neurons immunoreactive with an antiserum against the crustacean β-pigment-dispersing hormone was investigated in the brain of several orthopteroid insects including locusts, crickets, a cockroach, and a phasmid. In all species studied, three groups of neurons with somata in the optic lobes show pigment-dispersing hormone-like immunoreactivity. Additionally, in most species, the tritocerebrum exhibits weak immunoreactive staining originating from ascending fibers, tritocerebral cells, or neurons in the inferior protocerebrum. Two of the three cell groups in the optic lobe have somata at the dorsal and ventral posterior edge of the lamina. These neurons have dense ramifications in the lamina with processes extending into the first optic chiasma and into distal layers of the medulla. Pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive neurons of the third group have somata near the anterior proximal margin of the medulla. These neurons were reconstructed in Schistocerca gregaria, Locusta migratoria, Teleogryllus commodus, Periplaneta americana, and Extatosoma tiaratum. The neurons have wide and divergent arborizations in the medulla, in the lamina, and in several regions of the midbrain, including the superior and inferior lateral protocerebrum and areas between the pedunculi and α-lobes of the mushroom bodies. Species-specific differences were found in this third cell group with regard to the number of immunoreactive cells, midbrain arborizations, and contralateral projections, which are especially prominent in the cockroach and virtually absent in crickets. The unusual branching patterns and the special neurochemical phenotype suggest a particular physiological role of these neurons. Their possible function as circadian pacemakers is discussed.
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    Immunocytochemical analysis of the cytoskeleton of the human amniotic epithelium (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 385-389 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amniotic epithelium ; Cytoskeleton ; Filaments ; α-Actinin ; Ezrin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The amniotic epithelium constitutes a diffusion barrier controlling the passage of solutes and water between the aminotic cavity and maternal circulation. With the present immunocytochemical approach, we have shown that several major components of the cytoskeleton, i.e., actin, α-actinin, spectrin and ezrin, are preferentially associated with the apical and lateral cell surfaces of the human amniotic epithelium. Keratins are distributed throughout the entire cytoplasm, whereas vimentin mainly forms a perinuclear scaffold. These findings indicate a role of the various components of the cytoskeleton in the structural integrity and modulation of cell shape and junctional permeability.
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    Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural characterization of endocrine cells in chicken proventriculus (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 541-548 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Proventriculus ; Endocrine secretory cells ; Secretory granules ; Peptide hormones ; Colocalization ; Immunocytochemistry ; Colloidal gold ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine cells of the chicken proventriculus were investigated immunocytochemically, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique on paraffin and semithin sections for light microscopy, and immunogold staining in osmium-fixed material for electron microscopy. The fixation procedure also allowed a detailed ultrastructural investigation. Twenty-three antisera were tested and 7 immunoreactive cell-types were identified: D-cells containing somatostatin-like peptide; EG-cells immunoreactive to anti-glucagon, anti-GLP1 and antineurotensin; NT-cells labelled only with anti-neurotensin; BN-cells containing bombesin-like material; ENK-cells showing met-enkephalin immunoreactivity; EC-cells reactive to anti-serotonin; and APP-cells positive to anti-avian pancreatic polypeptide. In addition, enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, were also detected by electron microscopy. The presence of ENK-cells and the ultrastructure of these and NT-cells are described for the first time in chicken proventriculus, and glucagon, GLP1 and neurotensin are shown to be colocalized in the EG-cells.
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    An histological and immunocytochemical study of the neuroendocrine cells in the intestine of Podarcis hispanica Steindachner, 1870 (Lacertidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 549-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuroendocrine cells ; Intestine ; Chromogranin ; Serotonin ; Regulatory peptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Podarcis hispanica (Reptilia, Lacertilia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Numerous endocrine cells can be observed in the gut of the lizard Podarcis hispanica after application of the Grimelius silver nitrate technique. The argyrophilic endocrine cells are usually tall and thin in the small intestine but short, basal, and round in the large intestine. Eleven types of immunoreactive endocrine cells have been identified by immunocytochemical methods. Numerous serotonin-, caerulein/gastrin/cholecystokinin octapeptide-and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine-immunoreactive cells; a moderate number of pancreatic polypeptide-, neurotensin-, somatostatin-, glucagon-like peptide-1-and glucagon-immunoreactive cells, and few cholecystokinin N-terminal-and bombesin-immunoreactive cells were found in the epithelium of the small intestine. Coexistence of glucagon with GLP-1 or PP/PYY has been observed in some cells. In the large intestine a small number of serotonin-, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine-, pancreatic polypeptide-, neurotensin-, somatostatin-and glucagon-like peptide-1-immunoreactive cells were detected. Vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactivity was found in nerve fibers of the muscular layer. Substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibers were detected in lamina propria, submucosa and muscular layer. Chromogranin A-immunoreactive cells were observed throughout the intestine, although in lower numbers than argyrophilic cells.
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    Immunolabeled neuroactive substances in the osphradium of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 269-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enkephalins ; FMRFamide ; Serotonin (5HT) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Sensory organ ; Osphradium ; Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The osphradium of molluscs is assumed to be a sensory organ. The present investigation in Lymnaea stagnalis has established two ultrastructurally different types of dendrites in the sensory epithelium. Cells immunoreactive to leucine-enkephalin and FMRFamide send processes to the sensory epithelium. These neurons of the osphradial ganglion are thus considered to be part of the sensory system, as are methionine-enkephalin-immunoreactive cells in the mantle wall in the vicinity of the osphradium. The complexity of the osphradial ganglion is further demonstrated by serotonin-immunoreactive neurons innervating the muscular coat around the osphradial canal and methionine-enkephalin-immunoreactive cells sending projections to the central nervous system.
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    The effects of pregnancy on the mouse thymic epithelium (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 309-318 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Pregnancy ; Involution ; Epithelial cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mouse (Swiss)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the murine thymus during pregnancy were studied using immunocytochemistry with monoclonal antibodies against thymic epithelial, neuroendocrine, and thymulin-producing cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels and connective tissue components. Extensive alterations occur in mid-pregnancy. The medulla was greatly enlarged in the involuted thymus, and there were greater numbers of epithelial cells. These epithelial cells had an altered distribution forming large structures surrounding spherical masses of mononulear cells, lacked epithelial cells and often contained a central blood vessel with fibroblasts and connective tissue. We have called these structures ‘medullary epithelial rings’ (MERs). To our knowledge these structures have not been described before. Late in pregnancy the loss of the central mononuclear cells leaves collapsed structures in a smaller medulla that nevertheless retains many epithelial cells. In virgins and early-pregnancy, there are cortical channels free of epithelial cells that are very infrequent later in pregnancy. This may reflect the loss of steroid-sensitive thymocytes from the cortex. The influence of sex-steroids neurological impulses and immune activity in causing the changes are discussed, as are the possible consequences in pregnancy of a reduced, thymocyte-depleted cortex and an enlarged medulla that shows great complexity and activity.
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    Functional morphology of the light yellow cell and yellow cell (sodium influx-stimulating peptide) neuroendocrine systems of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 361-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sodium influx-stimulating peptide, mollusc ; Neuroendocrine cells, mollusc ; Light yellow cells ; Yellow cells ; In situ hybridization ; Immunocytochemistry ; Osmoregulation ; Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neuroendocrine light yellow cells of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis express a neuropeptide gene encoding three different peptides. The morphology of the cell system has been studied by in situ hybridization, using two synthetic oligonucleotides encoding parts of light yellow cell peptides I and III, and by immunocytochemistry with antisera to synthetic light yellow cell peptide II and to two fragments of light yellow cell peptide I. One large cluster of light yellow cells was observed in the ventro-lateral protrusion of the right parietal ganglion, smaller clusters lying in the posterior dorsal part of this ganglion and in the visceral ganglion. The cells had an extended central neurohaemal area. Immunopositive axons projected into all nerves of the ganglia of the visceral complex, into the superior cervical and the nuchal nerves, and into the connective tissue surrounding the central nervous system. Axon tracts ramified between the muscle cells of the walls of the anterior aorta and of smaller blood vessels. Peripheral innervation by the light yellow cell system was only found in muscular tissue of the ureter papilla. The antisera to the two peptide fragments of light yellow cell peptide I not only stained the light yellow cells, but also the identified yellow cells, which have previously been shown to produce the sodium influx-stimulating neuropeptide. The latter cells were negative to the in situ hybridization probes and antisera specific to the light yellow cell system. It is therefore unlikely that the yellow cells express the light yellow cell neuropeptide gene. Nevertheless, the cells contain a neuropeptide sharing antigenic determinants with light yellow cell peptide I. Our observations support the hypothesis that light yellow cells are involved in maintaining the shape of the animal via the regulation of ion- and waterbalance processes and blood pressure.
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    Changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein and karyotype during culturing of two cell lines established from human glioblastoma multiforme (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 73-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gliobastoma multiforme ; Cell culture ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cytogenetics ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two human cell lines (GL15 and GL22) derived from glioblastoma multiforme were established and characterized by immunohistochemical and cytogenetic techniques. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic proteins and the karyotype were analyzed at different passages for both cell lines. The course of marker-pattern differed in the two cell lines. The main findings were a cell-density-dependent expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the cell line GL15 at all passages and a decreased expression of this protein over time in the cell line GL22. Both cell lines had hyperdiploid karyotypes and exhibited glioma-specific chromosomal abnormalities (gain of chromosome 7 and loss of chromosome 10). In the GL15 cell line no relevant chromosomal changes were produced during culturing, whereas in the GL22 cell line a hypodiploid clone appeared at the 42nd passage. The immunohistochemical and cytogenetic data resulting from this study confirm that the two cell lines established in our laboratory originated from astrocytic tumor cells.
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    Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), a new vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-like peptide in the respiratory tract (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 197-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Respiratory tract ; Autonomic innervation ; Mammals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is a vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-like peptide recently isolated from ovine hypothalami. Nerve fibers displaying PACAP immunoreactivity were found in the respiratory tract of rats, guinea pigs, ferrets, pigs, sheep and squirrel monkeys. A moderate supply of PACAP-immunoreactive fibers was seen in the nasal mucosa of guinea pigs. Few to moderate numbers of PACAP-containing fibers occurred in the tracheo-bronchial wall of rats, guinea pigs, ferrets, pigs, sheep and squirrel monkeys. The fibers were distributed beneath the epithelium, around blood vessels and seromucous glands, and among bundles of smooth muscle. In the lungs, the immunoreactive fibers were observed close to small bronchioli. A few PACAP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were seen in the sphenopalatine and otic ganglia of guinea pigs. Simultaneous double immunostaining of the respiratory tract of sheep and ferrets revealed that all PACAP-containing nerve fibers stored VIP. We suggest that neuronal PACAP may take part in the regulation of smooth muscle tone and glandular secretion.
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    Differences in the immunoreactivity to phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase in the central adrenergic neurons of four strains of rats (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 307-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain, vertebrate ; Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase ; Adrenaline ; Immunocytochemistry ; HPLC ; Rat (Wistar, Sprague-Dawley, Long Evans, Zucker)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemistry was used to compare the immunoreactivity of adrenergic neurons to a well characterized specific immunoserum to phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in different strains of rats commonly used in research studies. In adult animals, marked differences were found in the PNMT-immunoreactivity of neurons between Wistar rats and other strains, resulting in a lower PNMT-immunostaining intensity (i) within neuronal perikarya of the medulla oblongata, and (ii) more strikingly, within nerve fibers and terminals located in various brain regions. This low PNMT-immunoreactivity of nerve fibers was detected both in 14- and 35-day-old Wistar rats. On the other hand, the HPLC measurement of catecholamines, in particular of adrenaline in the hypothalamus and the medulla oblongata, did not show any difference between adult Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. These data suggest that the low PNMT-immunoreactivity observed in central adrenergic neurons of the Wistar rats is related to the poor recognition of the antigen by the PNMT-antibody used. Possibly, these nerve cells mainly display an isoform of the enzyme that is immunologically different from the PNMT contained within the adrenergic neurons of other rat strains.
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    Developmental expression of transforming growth factor-α and epidermal growth factor receptor proteins in the human pancreas and digestive tract (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 439-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Transforming growth factor alpha ; Epidermal growth factor receptor ; Development ; ontogenetic ; Digestive tract ; Endocrine cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. This study was designed to localize transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression in the developing human gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. Immunohistochemical techniques using specific antibodies against human TGF-α and EGFR were performed on digestive tissues of fetuses from 9 to 10 to 24 weeks of gestation, children and adults. In fetuses, TGF-α and EGFR proteins were expressed in all epithelial tissues studied with a good correlation and from an age as early as 9 to 10 weeks of gestation, except for TGF-α in the esophagus. The strongest TGF-α immunostaining was noted in the stomach and the proximal colon. Unexpectedly, immunoreactive gut endocrine cells were observed with the two antibodies used. Relatively numerous in fetuses, they decreased in number with age and were rare in adults particularly along the colon. Enteroglucagon-secreting cells were shown to express TGF-α, while some gastrin, somatostatin and pancreatic glucagon cells were immunostained with EGFR antibodies. The presence of TGF-α and of its receptor in digestive tract epithelium and pancreatic tissues early in fetal life suggests a functional role for TGF-α during the developmental process of the digestive system. We demonstrate that TGF-α is also produced by endocrine cells and might have an additional mode of action other than paracrine, at least during fetal life.
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    Leucokinin and diuretic hormone immunoreactivity of neurons in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, and co-localization of this immunoreactivity in lateral neurosecretory cells of abdominal ganglia (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 493-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Neuropeptides ; Diuresis ; insects ; Neurosecretory cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Manduca sexta (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Because leucokinins stimulate diuresis in some insects, we wished to identify the neurosecretory cells in Manduca sexta that might be a source of leucokinin-like neurohormones. Immunostaining was done at various stages of development, using an antiserum to leucokinin IV. Bilateral pairs of neurosecretory cells in abdominal ganglia 3–7 of larvae and adults are immunoreactive; these cells project via the ipsilateral ventral nerves to the neurohemal transverse nerves. The immunoreactivity and size of these lateral cells greatly increases in the pharate adult, and this change appears to be related to a period of intensive diuresis occurring a few days before adult eclosion. Relationships of these neurons to cells that are immunoreactive to a M. sexta diuretic hormone were also investigated. Diuretic hormone and leucokinin immunoreactivity are co-localized in the lateral neurosecretory cells and their neurohemal projections. A median pair of leucokinin-immunoreactive, and a lateral pair of diuretic hormone-immunoreactive neurons in the larval terminal abdominal ganglion project to neurohemal release sites within the cryptonephridium. The immunoreactivity of these cells is lost as the cryptonephridium is eliminated during metamorphosis. This loss appears to be related to the change from the larval to adult pattern of diuresis.
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    Immunohistochemical distribution of simple-epithelial-type keratins and other intermediate filament proteins in the developing human pituitary gland (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Rathke's pouch ; Intermediate filaments ; Cytokeratins ; Development, ontogenetic ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An immunohistochemical study of the production of the intermediate filaments [vimentin, cytokeratin, and glial filament acidic protein (GFAP)] during development of the pituitary gland was made by use of fetal and adult human pituitary tissue. Among these intermediate filament proteins in the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary, cytokeratin is the first to appear, followed by GFAP and vimentin. However, only cytokeratin is seen during the period of morphogenesis of the pituitary gland, with the type-II subfamily cytokeratin 8 being the earliest to appear. Among the simple-epithelial-type cytokeratins, cytokeratins 8 and 19 were observed within the pituitary primordium during morphogenesis. Cells immunoreactive for cytokeratins 8 and 19 showed a heterogeneous three-dimensional distribution pattern in Rathke's pouch. Both cytokeratins 8 and 19 tended to be strongly positive at sites in the pituitary primordium where cells had become more loosely arranged (i.e., areas far from the diencephalon) but were only weakly positive in areas in which the epithelial cells were densely packed (i.e., areas closely associated with the diencephalon). It is concluded that, during the period of morphogenesis, Rathke's pouch has the intermediate filaments characteristic of simple epithelium and shows different immunoreactivity for simple-epithelial-type cytokeratins from place to place according to the extent of cellular differentiation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00678711
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    Expression of the α-subunit of glycoprotein hormones in the pars tuberalis-specific glandular cells in rat, mouse and guinea-pig (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 617-624 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Pars tuberalis ; α-Subunit ; Immunocytochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Rat ; Mouse ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The nature of the hormone(s) secreted by the pars tuberalis (PT) is still unknown. This pituitary lobe is mainly formed by specific glandular cells that differ in their ultrastructural features from the other adenohypophysial cell types. Data from the literature indicate the presence of thyroid-stimulating hormone immunoreactivity in the PT-specific cells of the rat and the Djungarian hamster but not of other species, including the mouse and guinea-pig. The PT also encloses variable numbers of pars distalis cells, essentially gonadotrophs that are mainly dispersed in its caudal area. We studied the expression of the glycoprotein hormone α-subunit in the PT of the rat, mouse and guinea-pig by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. In situ hybridization, using an oligonucleotide probe complementary to rat cDNA sequence 196–237 revealed the expression of the α-subunit gene throughout the PT of the rat and the mouse; in the guinea-pig, the probe labelled no pituitary cells. Light-and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry demonstrated α-subunit immunoreactivity in the secretory granules of the PT-specific cells in the three species examined. These cells did not react with a specific antibody against the β-subunit of luteinizing hormone, an antibody that labelled scattered gonadotrops. The present data suggest that hormone(s) produced by the PT-specific glandular cells are, at least partly, related to glycoprotein hormones.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331382
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    Immunocytochemical localization and characterization of mammalian prolactin- and somatotropin-like material in the pituitary of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 117-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mammalian-type prolactin ; Mammalian-type somatotropin ; Pituitary ; Immunocytochemistry ; Light microscopy ; Neoceratodus forsteri (Australian lungfish)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present study was to define at the light-microscopic level expression of prolactin and somatotropin material in the pituitary gland of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, by use of polyclonal antibodies against ovine prolactin (oPRL) and bovine somatotropin (bSTH). Substances immunologically related to mammalian oPRL as well as bSTH were detected in two morphologically different cell types in the distal lobe, corresponding to the acidophilic cells. The specificity of the antibodies was initially confirmed in a porcine tissue control system. First, our absorption studies confirm that in Neoceratodus the anti-oPRL identifies part of an oPRL-like molecule different from bSTH. Secondly, the anti-bSTH identifies both part of a bSTH-like molecule proper to bovine and Neoceratodus STH, and part of a bSTH-like molecule having antigenic determinants in common with both bSTH and oPRL. This part of the oPRL is, however, not shared with the Neoceratodus PRL as revealed by the anti-oPRL. Altogether these observations support the concepts: (1) that mammalian PRL and STH, or part of those, were established early in evolution, and (2) that dipnoans as living sarcopterygians have an ancestor in common with the early amphibians. The exact nature and physiological functions of the substances detected remain to be defined.
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    Localisation of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the ciliary ganglia of monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and cat: a light- and electron-microscopic study (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 163-171 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substance P ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ciliary ganglion ; Monkey, Macaca fascicularis (Primates) ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study describes substance P-like immunoreactivity in the ciliary ganglia of monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and cat. About 60% of neurons in the monkey ciliary ganglion and 40% in the cat ciliary ganglion were substance P-like immunoreactive, ranging from faint to moderate staining. Substance P-like immunoreactivity was located in cell bodies, dendritic profiles and axons. In the monkey, substance P-like immunoreactive pericellular arborisations were associated with about 0.5%–3% of the ganglion cells, which were either negatively, faintly or moderately stained. An electron-microscopic study demonstrated the presence of either substance P-like immunoreactive positive or negative axon terminals synapsing or closely associated with positive dendritic profiles in both the monkey and cat ciliary ganglia. The results suggest that substance P plays an important role in the ciliary ganglion, perhaps as a modulator or transmitter.
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    Different patterns of retinal cone topography in two genera of rodents, Mus and Apodemus (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 143-150 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Cone fields ; Photoreceptor mosaic ; Colour vision ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mus spicilegus, Apodemus sylvaticus, Apodemus microps (Rodentia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recently, we have reported the peculiar topographic separation of shortwave- and middlewave-sensitive (S and M) cones in the retina of the common house mouse (Mus musculus) and in a number of inbred laboratory mouse strains derived from the same species. In an attempt to follow the phylogeny of the complementary cone fields, we have investigated the retina of other mouse-like rodents. Two monoclonal anti-visual pigment antibodies, OS-2 and COS-1, specific to the S and M cones, respectively, have been used to identify the two cone types. Immunocytochemistry on retinal sections and on whole-mount preparations have shown that, as in the house mouse, the two cone types in the mound builder mouse (Mus spicileugus) occupy opposite halves of the retina. In contrast, in the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus), both cone types are scattered uniformly across the whole retinal surface. Another distinguishing feature between the two genera is the frequency of the S cones. Whereas their density in the Mus species is above 7 000/mm2 in the S-field, the maximum density of the S cones in A. sylvaticus is one order of magnitude smaller. In another species of this genus (the herb field mouse, A. microps), the S cones are completely missing.
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    Substance P immunoreactivity in sensory structures and the central and pharyngeal nervous system of Stenostomum leucops (Catenulida) and Microstomum lineare (Macrostomida) (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Substance P ; Sensory structures ; Nervous system ; Stenostomum Leucops, Microstomum lineare (Plathelminthes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunoreactivity (IR) obtained by monoclonal antibodies to substance P (SP) was studied in the asexually reproducing microturbellarians Stenostomum leucops and Microstomum lineare. The IR pattern was studied by confocal and ordinary fluorescence microscopy. In both species, IR occurs in the brain in peripheral cells, neuropilar fibres, in longitudinal cords and in the pharyngeal nervous system. The IR patterns reveal neuroanatomical details not observed with other neuroactive substances. In both species, immunopositive cells send fibers to the ciliary pits. In M. lineare, additional fibres run to more frontally located sensory structures. In S. leucops, two pharyngeal nerve rings are visualized. The pharyngeal nerve ring close to the surface associated with symmetrical immunopositive cell pairs is demonstrated for the first time, while the deeper-lying pharyngeal nerve ring has been previously demonstrated by antibodies to the molluscan cardioactive peptide FMRF-amide. Two cells with strong IR are connected by short fibres to the pharyngeal nerve ring in M. lineare. In the developing new individuals, i.e., the zooids of M. lineare, IR to SP is first revealed in nerve fibres growing out from parental lateral nerve cords towards the centre of the worm where the new brain commissure will appear. Immunopositive cells in the brain periphery and close to the developing ciliary pits appear later. Simultaneous staining by antibodies to SP and 5-HT shows that IR to SP appears later than IR to 5-HT.
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    Location of PHM/VIP mRNA in human gastrointestinal tract detected by in situ hybridization (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 229-238 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrointestinal tract ; Prepro-VIP mRNA ; Prepro-VIP-derived peptides ; In situ hybridization ; Northern blots ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of the gene for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide histidine methionine (PHM) in the human gastrointestinal tract was studied by in situ hybridization and Northern blotting for PHM/ VIP mRNA and immunocytochemistry using specific antisera against the bioactive peptides PHM and VIP. In the colon sigmoideum, antisera against all five putative processing products of the VIP precursor (prepro-VIP) were used, namely prepro-VIP 22–79, PHM, prepro-VIP 111–122, VIP and prepro-VIP 156–170. Furthermore, RNA extracted from various regions of the gastrointestinal tract was examined by Northern blots and hybridization to a VIP-cDNA probe. Throughout the gastrointestinal tract, PHM/VIP mRNA was found in neurons only. Using single-or double-staining methods, we demonstrated both PHM/VIP mRNA and the corresponding peptides PHM and VIP in the neurons. In the sigmoideum, the single-staining methods were extended to investigate whether the neurons simultaneously contained PHM/VIP mRNA and each of the five prepro-VIP-derived peptides. Only one major band of PHM/VIP mRNA (1.9 kb) was found by Northern blotting in the tissue of the gastrointestinal tract.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306108
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    Distribution and functional significance of Leu-callatostatins in the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 367-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Callatostatins ; Leu-callatostatins ; Allatostatins ; Immunocytochemistry ; Myotropic peptides ; Neuropeptides ; Neurosecretory cells ; Hindgut ; Blowfly, Calliphora vomitoria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Leu-callatostatins are a series of four neuropeptides isolated from nervous tissues of the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria that show C-terminal sequence homology to the allatostatins of cockroaches. The allatostatins have an important role in the reproductive processes of insects as inhibitors of the synthesis and release of juvenile hormone from the corpus allatum. In this study, the distribution of the Leu-callatostatin-immunoreactive neurones and endocrine cells has been mapped in C. vomitoria and, in contrast to the cockroach allatostatins, it has been shown that there is no cytological basis to suggest that the dipteran peptides act as regulators of juvenile hormone. Although occurring in various neurones in the brain and thoracico-abdominal ganglion, there is no evidence of Leu-callatostatin-immunoreactive pathways linking the brain to the corpus allatum, or of immunoreactive terminals in this gland. Three different types of functions for the Leu-callatostatins are suggested by the occurrence of immunoreactive material in cells and by the pathways that have been identified. (1) A role in neurotransmission or neuromodulation appears evident from immunoreactive neurones in the medulla of the optic lobes, and from immunoreactive material in the central body and in descending interneurones in the suboesophageal ganglion that project to the neuropile of the thoracico-abdominal ganglion. (2) Leu-callatostatin neurones directly innervate muscles of the hindgut and the heart. Immunoreactive fibres from neurones of the abdominal ganglion pass by way of the median abdominal nerve to ramify extensively over several areas of the hindgut. Physiological experiments with synthetic peptides show that the Leu-callatostatins are potent inhibitors of peristaltic movements of the ileum. Leu-callatostatin 3 is active at 10-16 to 10-13 M. This form or regulatory control over gut motility appears to be highly specific since the patterns of contraction in other regions are unaffected by these peptides. (3) Evidence that the Leu-callatostatins act as neurohormones comes from the presence of varicosities in axons passing through the corpus cardiacum (but not the corpus allatum) and also from material in extraganglionic neurosecretory cells in the thorax. Fibres from these peripheral neurones are especially prominent over the large nerve bundles supplying the legs. There are also a considerable number of Leu-callatostatin-immunoreactive endocrine cells in a specific region of the midgut. The conclusion from this study is that although conservation of the structure of the allatostatin-type of peptides is evident through a long period of evolution it cannot be assumed that all of their functions have also been conserved. Several different types of functions for the Leu-callatostatins of the blowfly are proposed in this study, but there is no evidence to suggest a role in the regulation of juvenile hormone synthesis and release.
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    Localisation of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-like immunoreactivity in the echinoderm Asterias rubens (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: GABA ; Immunocytochemistry ; Radial nerve cord ; Tube feet ; Digestive system ; Asterias rubens (Echinodermata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) is believed to be the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, a function that has been extended to a number of invertebrate systems. We have used a specific antiserum raised against GABA to demonstrate GABA-like immunoreactivity in the radial nerve cord (RNC), tube feet and the digestive system of the asteroid Asterias rubens. In the RNC, immunoreactivity was restricted to ectoneural fibres and cell bodies while in the tube feet fibres were revealed in the basal nerve ring and longitudinal nerve. In the gut, extensive labelling was apparent in the basi-epithelial plexus as well as in mucosal perikarya.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of Na+/K+-ATPase and V-H+-ATPase in the salivary glands of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Salivary glands ; Na+/K+-ATPase ; H+-ATPase ; Epithelial transport ; Polarity ; Immunocytochemistry ; Periplaneta americana (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The acinous salivary glands of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana) consist of four morphologically different cell types with different functions: the peripheral cells are thought to produce the fluid component of the primary saliva, the central cells secrete the proteinaceous components, the inner acinar duct cells stabilize the acini and secrete a cuticular intima, whereas the distal duct cells modify the primary saliva via the transport of water and electrolytes. Because there is no direct information available on the distribution of ion transporting enzymes in the salivary glands, we have mapped the distribution of two key transport enzymes, the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium pump) and a vacuolar-type H+-ATPase, by immunocytochemical techniques. In the peripheral cells, the Na+/K+-ATPase is localized to the highly infolded apical membrane surface. The distal duct cells show large numbers of sodium pumps localized to the basolateral part of their plasma membrane, whereas their highly folded apical membranes have a vacuolar-type H+-ATPase. Our immunocytochemical data are supported by conventional electron microscopy, which shows electron-dense 10-nm particles (portasomes) on the cytoplasmic surface of the infoldings of the apical membranes of the distal duct cells. The apically localized Na+/K+-ATPase in the peripheral cells is probably directly involved in the formation of the Na+-rich primary saliva. The latter is modified by the distal duct cells by transport mechanisms energized by the proton motive force of the apically localized V-H+-ATPase.
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    Alterations in the subcellular distribution of 17β-estradiol dehydrogenase in porcine endometrial cells over the course of the estrous cycle (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 227-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Endometrium ; Dehydrogenase ; Cytoskeleton ; Estrous cycle ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunofluorescence microscopy ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The uteri of German landrace gilts slaughtered at different days of the cycle were processed for immunocytochemistry and biochemical analyses. Plasma was collected for hormone assays. The monoclonal antibody F1 against the structure-bound 17β-estradiol dehydrogenase of porcine endometrial epithelium was applied to rehydrated paraffin sections either as a direct, peroxidase-linked probe or in combination with a fluorescing secondary antibody. The oxidation of estradiol was measured in homogenates of tissue powdered in liquid nitrogen. Immunoreactivity was restricted to endometrial epithelium. In the glandular epithelium, faint dots of fluorescence became visible at day 4, which apparently coalesced to spherical structures of 2-4 μm diameter at the cell basis between days 11 through 17 before disappearing by day 18. A similar distribution was observed for the oxidation products of diaminobenzidine beginning with a faint uniform staining and followed by the appearance of intensely stained basal bodies persisting until day 17. Essentially the same time course was seen in the luminal epithelium but with a different distribution. Immunoreactive material amassed in the apical region of the cells, but the conspicuous aggregations were absent. Time course and intensities of the immunological responses are matched by the enzymatic activity measured in parallel. Both correlate with the plasma progesterone levels, suggesting an induction of the enzyme by the hormone. An involvement of the cytoskeleton in the sequence of subcellular distribution patterns is discussed.
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    The immunolocalization of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles in testicular cells during the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the adult rat (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 363-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: snRNPs ; Testis ; Spermatocytes ; Spermatids ; Immunocytochemistry ; Chromatoid body ; Intermitochondrial nuage ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The objective of this study was to determine the cellular and subcellular distribution of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) in the adult rat testis in relation to the different cell types at the various stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. The distribution of snRNPs in the nucleus and cytoplasm of germ cells was quantitated in an attempt to correlate RNA processing with morphological and functional changes occurring during the development of these cells. Light-microscopic immunoperoxidase staining of rat testes with polyclonal anti-Sm and monoclonal anti-Y12 antibodies localized spliceosome snRNPs in the nuclei and cytoplasm of germ cells up to step 10 spermatids. Nuclear staining was intense in Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and in the early steps of round spermatid development. Although comparatively weaker, cytoplasmic staining for snRNPs was strongest in mid and late pachytene spermatocytes and early round spermatids. Quantitative electron-microscopic immunogold labeling of Lowicryl embedded testicular sections confirmed the light-microscopic observations but additionally showed that the snRNP content peaked in the cytoplasm of mid-pachytene spermatocytes and in the nuclei of late pachytene spermatocytes. The immunogold label tended to aggregate into distinct loci over the nuclear chromatin. The chromatoid body of spermatids and spermatocytes and the finely granular material in the interstices of mitochondrial aggregates of spermatocytes were found to be additional sites of snRNP localization and were intensely labeled. This colocalization suggests that these dense cytoplasmic structures may be functionally related. Anti-U1 snRNP antibodies applied to frozen sections showed the same LM localization pattern as spliceosome snRNPs. Anti-U3 snRNP antibodies applied to frozen sections stained nucleoli of germ cells where pre-rRNA is spliced.
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    Morphology of the granular hemocytes of the Japanese horseshoe crabTachypleus tridentatus and immunocytochemical localization of clotting factors and antimicrobial substances (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 137-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Clotting factors ; Antimicrobial substances ; Hemocytes ; Immunocytochemistry ; Tachypleus tridentatus (Chelicerata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of hemocytes in the normal state and during blood coagulation, and the intracellular localization of three clotting factors and two antimicrobial factors were examined in the Japanese horseshoe crabTachypleus tridentatus. Two types of hemocytes were found in the circulating blood: non-granular and granular hemocytes. The latter contained numerous dense granules classed into two major types: L- and D-granules. The L-granules were larger (up to 1.5 μm in diameter) and less electron-dense than the D-granules (less than 0.6 μm in diameter). The L-granules contained three clotting factors and one antimicrobial factor, whereas the D-granules exclusively contained the other antimicrobial factor. After treatment with endotoxin, the L-granules were released more rapidly than the D-granules, although almost all granules were finally exocytosed. The granular hemocyte possessed a single Golgi complex; possible precursor granules of L-granules and D-granules contained tubular and condensed dense material, respectively. These data are discussed in relation to the self-defense mechanisms of the horseshoe crab.
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    Differential production and regulation of gonadotropins (GTH I and GTH II) in the pituitary gland of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, during ovarian development (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 457-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gonadotropin ; Gonadotropin subunits ; Gonadotropes ; In situ hybridization ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pituitary gland, pars distalis ; Oogenesis ; Oncorhynchus mykiss (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biosynthesis of salmon gonadotropins, GTH I and GTH II, during ovarian development, were examined by means of in situ hybridization histochemistry and indirect immunocytochemistry. In rainbow trout pituitary glands, expression of GTH Iβ- and IIβ-subunit genes appeared separately in distinct cells (GTH I- and GTH II-cells), whereas the GTH α-subunit gene was expressed in both cell-types. In the GTH I-cells, coordinated increases in GTh, α and Iβ messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) occurred coincident with the onset of vitellogenesis, indicating active synthesis of GTH I during vitellogenesis. In contrast, in the GTH II-cells, both GTH α-and IIβ-mRNA signals markedly increased from a later stage of vitellogenesis and persisted throughout oocyte maturation and ovulation, supporting the idea that GTH II is actively synthesized as a maturational GTH. GTH α-mRNA levels in the GTH I-cells selectively decreased prior to final oocyte maturation, although Iβ-mRNA levels remained elevated, thus suggesting a decline of biosynthesis of GTH I after vitellogenesis. These findings clarify how the synthesis of GTH I and GTH II are coordinated in the piscine pituitary, and indicate that the expression of GTH subunit genes during gametogenesis is regulated differentially in a cell-specific manner, both temporally and spatially.
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    Pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive neurons and their relation to serotonergic neurons in the blowfly and cockroach visual system (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 511-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Visual system ; Neuropeptides ; Serotonin ; Pigment-dispersing hormone ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neuromodulators ; Phormia terraenovae (Insecta) ; Leucophaea maderae (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) family of neuropeptides comprises a series of closely related octadecapeptides, isolated from different species of crustaceans and insects, which can be demonstrated immunocytochemically in neurons in the central nervous system and optic lobes of some representatives of these groups (Rao and Riehm 1989). In this investigation we have extended these immunocytochemical studies to include the blowfly Phormia terraenovae and the cockroach Leucophaea maderae. In the former species tissue extracts were also tested in a bioassay: extracts of blowfly brains exhibited PDH-like biological activity, causing melanophore pigment dispersion in destalked (eyestalkless) specimens of the fiddler crab Uca pugilator. Using standard immunocytochemical techniques, we could demonstrate a small number of pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive (PDH-IR) neurons innervating optic lobe neuropil in the blowfly and the cockroach. In the blowfly the cell bodies of these neurons are located at the anterior base of the medulla. At least eight PDH-IR cell bodies of two size classes can be distinguished: 4 larger and 4 smaller. Branching immunoreactive fibers invade three layers in the medulla neuropil, and one stratum distal and one proximal to the lamina synaptic layer. A few fibers can also be seen invading the basal lobula and the lobula plate. The fibers distal to the lamina appear to be derived from two of the large PDH-IR cell bodies which also send processes into the medulla. These neurons share many features in their laminamedulla morphology with the serotonin immunoreactive neurons LBO-5HT described earlier (see Nässel 1988). It could be demonstrated by immunocytochemical double labeling that the serotonin and PDH immunoreactivities are located in two separate sets of neurons. In the cockroach optic lobe PDH-IR processes were found to invade the lamina synaptic region and form a diffuse distribution in the medulla. The numerous cell bodies of the lamina-medulla cells in the cockroach are located basal to the lamina in two clusters. Additional PDH-IR cell bodies could be found at the anterior base of the medulla. The distribution and morphology of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the cockroach lamina was found to be very similar to the PDH-IR ones. It is hence tempting to speculate that in both species the PDH-and serotonin-immunoreactive neurons are functionally coupled with common follower neurons. These neurons may be candidates for regulating large numbers of units in the visual system. In the flies photoreceptor properties may be regulated by action of the two set of neurons at sites peripheral to the lamina synaptic layer, possibly by paracrine release of messengers.
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    Immunolocalization of Na,K-ATPase in blowfly photoreceptor cells (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Compound eye ; Photoreceptor cells ; Ion pumps ; Polarity ; Spectrin ; Cytoskeleton ; Immunocytochemistry ; Calliphora erythrocephala (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Na,K-ATPase (sodium pump) plays a central role in the physiology of arthropod photoreceptors as it re-establishes gradients for Na+ and K+ after light stimulation. We have mapped the distribution of the Na,K-ATPase in the photoreceptors of the blowfly (Calliphora erythrocephala) by immunofluorescent and immunogold cytochemistry, and demonstrate that the distribution pattern is more complex than previously presumed. High levels of sodium pumps have been detected consistently in all photoreceptors R1-8 on the nonreceptive surface, but no sodium pumps are found on the microvillar rhabdomere. Within the nonreceptive surface of the cells R1-6, however, the sodium pumps are confined to sites juxtaposed to neighboring photoreceptor or glial cells; no sodium pumps have been detected on the parts of the nonreceptive surface exposed to the intra-ommatidial space. In R7 and R8, the sodium pumps are found over the entire nonreceptive surface. The cytoskeletal protein spectrin colocalizes with the sodium pumps suggesting that linkage of the pump molecules to the spectrin-based submembrane cytoskeleton contributes to the maintenance of the complex pattern of pump distribution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319420
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    The distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor-immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibers in the brain of the snake, Natrix maura (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 539-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Arginine vasotocin (AVT) ; Mesotocin (MST) ; Co-localization ; Natrix maura (Serpentes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anatomical distribution of neurons and nerve fibers containing corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) has been studied in the brain of the snake, Natrix maura, by means of immunocytochemistry using an antiserum against rat CRF. To test the possible coexistence of CRF with the neurohypophysial peptides arginine vasotocin (AVT) and mesotocin (MST) adjacent sections were stained with antisera against the two latter peptides. CRF-immunoreactive (CRF-IR) neurons exist in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). In some neurons of the PVN, coexistence of CRF with MST or of CRF with AVT has been shown. Numerous CRF-IR fibers run along the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract and end in the outer layer of the median eminence. In addition, some fibers reach the neural lobe of the hypophysis. CRF-IR perikarya have also been identified in the following locations: dorsal cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, subfornical organ, lamina terminalis, nucleus of the paraventricular organ, nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, and reticular formation. In addition to all these locations CRF-IR fibers were also observed in the lateral septum, supraoptic nucleus, habenula, lateral forebrain bundle, paraventricular organ, hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus, raphe and interpeduncular nuclei.
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    Expression and translation of the egg-laying neuropeptide hormone genes during post-embryonic development of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 369-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Post-embryonic development ; Gene expression ; Caudodorsal cell hormones (CDCH) ; In situ hybridization ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunogold labelling ; Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis express two homologous genes, each encoding a polypeptide precursor. The precursors give rise to “cocktails” of neuropeptides that regulate egg-laying. The expression and translation of both egg-laying hormone genes during post-embryonic development were investigated by in situ hybridization and by electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry. Gene-II-specific transcripts and translation products were not found in caudodorsal cells in animals with shell heights smaller than 10 mm, in contrast to gene-I products that were present even at 3-mm shell height. The onset of expression of gene II coincides with the onset of release of products from the caudodorsal cells into the blood. Large electron-dense granules were found in caudodorsal cells of snails of all developmental stages investigated. These granules form part of the Golgi sorting and packaging pathway. Their presence suggests that differential sorting and packaging is possible during post-embryonic development, like in adults. The relationship of the differential expression of the two genes to the development of the caudodorsal cell system and its targets is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319436
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    Immunocytochemical distribution of neuropeptide F (NPF) in the gastropod mollusc, Helix aspersa, and in several other invertebrates (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 383-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Neuropeptide F ; Neuropeptide Y ; Pancreatic polypeptide ; FMRFamide ; Helix aspersa (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of neuropeptide F (NPF) immunoreactivity in the snail, Helix aspersa, has been demonstrated by immunocytochemistry using 2 regionspecific antisera. One, designated NPF3, was raised against a synthetic N-terminal fragment of Helix aspersa NPF; the other, designated PP221, was raised against the C-terminal hexapeptide amide of mammalian pancreatic polypeptide (PP) but cross-reacts fully with the analogous C-terminal region of Helix aspersa NPF. The distribution of NPF immunoreactivity has also been compared with that of FMRFamide using alternate serial sections of Helix aspersa ganglia. Results showed that NPF immunoreactivity was abundant and widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and the pattern of immunostaining obtained using both region-specific antisera was similar. Likewise, immunocytochemistry of neural tissues of a congeneric species, Helix pomatia, and 2 prosobranch gastropods, Buccinum undatum and Littorina littorea, produced similar staining patterns with both antisera. However, in the cephalopod mollusc, Loligo vulgaris, and the cestode, Moniezia expansa, positive immunostaining was only obtained with the C-terminal PP antiserum. Immunostaining of alternate serial sections of Helix aspersa ganglia with NPF3, and an antiserum raised to FMRFamide, showed that while a few neurones were immunoreactive with one antiserum only, in the majority, both immunoreactivities were co-localised. NPF thus appears to be an important neuropeptide of widespread distribution in Helix aspersa and the differential immunocytochemical staining obtained using the 2 region-specific antisera would suggest a high degree of primary structural conservation within the gastropod molluscs, but lack of conservation of the N-terminal region of the peptide in other invertebrate groups.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319438
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    Leucokinin and diuretic hormone immunoreactivity of neurons in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, and co-localization of this immunoreactivity in lateral neurosecretory cells of abdominal ganglia (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 493-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Diuresis, insects ; Neurosecretory cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Manduca sexta (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Because leucokinins stimulate diuresis in some insects, we wished to identify the neurosecretory cells in Manduca sexta that might be a source of leucokinin-like neurohormones. Immunostaining was done at various stages of development, using an antiserum to leucokinin IV. Bilateral pairs of neurosecretory cells in abdominal ganglia 3–7 of larvae and adults are immunoreactive; these cells project via the ipsilateral ventral nerves to the neurohemal transverse nerves. The immunoreactivity and size of these lateral cells greatly increases in the pharate adult, and this change appears to be related to a period of intensive diuresis occurring a few days before adult eclosion. Relationships of these neurons to cells that are immunoreactive to a M. sexta diuretic hormone were also investigated. Diuretic hormone and leucokinin immunoreactivity are co-localized in the lateral neurosecretory cells and their neurohemal projections. A median pair of leucokinin-immunoreactive, and a lateral pair of diuretic hormone-immunoreactive neurons in the larval terminal abdominal ganglion project to neurohemal release sites within the cryptonephridium. The immunoreactivity of these cells is lost as the cryptonephridium is eliminated during metamorphosis. This loss appears to be related to the change from the larval to adult pattern of diuresis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331367
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    Problems encountered when immunocytochemistry is used for quantitative glial cell identification in autoradiographic studies of cell proliferation in the brain of the unlesioned adult mouse (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 85-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Autoradiography ; Immunocytochemistry ; Astrocytes ; Oligodendrocytes ; Cell proliferation ; Mouse (Han: NMRI)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have used sections of adult mouse brain to determine whether antibodies specific for oligodendroglia (anti-carbonic anhydrase II, CA II; anti-galactocerebroside, GC; anti-myelin basic protein, MBP) and astroglia (anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP; anti-S 100 protein) are suitable for quantitative studies of the proliferation and subsequent differentiation of these cells. Unlesioned adult mice received a single injection of 3H-thymidine (TdR) and were killed between 1 h and 70 days later. Quantitative evaluations of autoradiographs of 2-μm-thick serial sections stained immunocytochemically with the antibodies mentioned above or with Richardson's method for histological control led to the following conclusions. Anti-GC and anti-MBP stained only the oligodendrocytic processes and, thus, cannot be used in well-myelinated brain areas. Anti-CA II stained only a portion of the differentiated oligodendrocytes, but no proliferating cells. Anti-S 100 protein recognized all the astrocytes, but also many (interfascicular) oligodendrocytes. Anti-GFAP stained only a few astrocytes in the unlesioned mouse: all astrocytes may become GFAP-immunopositive only after wounding the brain. Thus, in contrast to in vitro studies, immunocytochemical studies with these antibodies on sections of adult animals cannot be recommended for the quantitative analysis of cell proliferation. In addition, our results show that differentiated glial cells proliferate in adult mice. Astro- and oligodendrocytes divide with the same cell cycle parameters and mode of proliferation up to about 1 month after 3H-TdR injection. In contrast to oligodendrocytes, some astrocytes might re-enter the cycle after a few weeks of quiescence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305780
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    Localisation of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-like immunoreactivity in the echinoderm Asterias rubens (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA ; Immunocytochemistry ; Radial nerve cord ; Tube feet ; Digestive system ; Asterias rubens (Echinodermata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) is believed to be the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, a function that has been extended to a number of invertebrate systems. We have used a specific antiserum raised against GABA to demonstrate GABA-like immunoreactivity in the radial nerve cord (RNC), tube feet and the digestive system of the asteroid Asterias rubens. In the RNC, immunoreactivity was restricted to ectoneural fibres and cell bodies while in the tube feet fibres were revealed in the basal nerve ring and longitudinal nerve. In the gut, extensive labelling was apparent in the basi-epithelial plexus as well as in mucosal perikarya.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305790
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    Immunocytochemical localization of Na+/K+-ATPase and V-H+-ATPase in the salivary glands of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary glands ; Na+/K+-ATPase ; H+-ATPase ; Epithelial transport ; Polarity ; Immunocytochemistry ; Periplaneta americana (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The acinous salivary glands of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana) consist of four morphologically different cell types with different functions: the peripheral cells are thought to produce the fluid component of the primary saliva, the central cells secrete the proteinaceous components, the inner acinar duct cells stabilize the acini and secrete a cuticular, intima, whereas the distal duct cells modify the primary saliva via the transport of water and electrolytes. Because there is no direct information available on the distribution of ion transporting enzymes in the salivary glands, we have mapped the distribution of two key transport enzymes, the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium pump) and a vacuolar-type H+-ATPase, by immunocytochemical techniques. In the peripheral cells, the Na+/K+-ATPase is localized to the highly infolded apical membrane surface. The distal duct cells show large numbers of sodium pumps localized to the basolateral part of their plasma membrane, whereas their highly folded apical membranes have a vacuolar-type H+-ATPase. Our immunocytochemical data are supported by conventional electron microscopy, which shows electrondense 10-nm particles (portasomes) on the cytoplasmic surface of the infoldings of the apical membranes of the distal duct cells. The apically localized Na+/K+-ATPase in the peripheral cells is probably directly involved in the formation of the Na+-rich primary saliva. The latter is modified by the distal duct cells by transport mechanisms energized by the proton motive force of the apically localized V-H+-ATPase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305788
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  • 90
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    Problems encountered when immunocytochemistry is used for quantitative glial cell identification in autoradiographic studies of cell proliferation in the brain of the unlesioned adult mouse (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 85-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Autoradiography ; Immunocytochemistry ; Astrocytes ; Oligodendrocytes ; Cell proliferation ; Mouse (Han: NMRI)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We have used sections of adult mouse brain to determine whether antibodies specific for oligodendroglia (anti-carbonic anhydrase II, CA II; anti-galactocerebroside, GC; anti-myelin basic protein, MBP) and astroglia (anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP; anti-S 100 protein) are suitable for quantitative studies of the proliferation and subsequent differentiation of these cells. Unlesioned adult mice received a single injection of 3H-thymidine (TdR) and were killed between 1 h and 70 days later. Quantitative evaluations of autoradiographs of 2-μm-thick serial sections stained immunocytochemically with the antibodies mentioned above or with Richardson's method for histological control led to the following conclusions. Anti-GC and anti-MBP stained only the oligodendrocytic processes and, thus, cannot be used in well-myelinated brain areas. Anti-CA II stained only a portion of the differentiated oligodendrocytes, but no proliferating cells. Anti-S 100 protein recognized all the astrocytes, but also many (interfascicular) oligodendrocytes. Anti-GFAP stained only a few astrocytes in the unlesioned mouse; all astrocytes may become GFAP-immunopositive only after wounding the brain. Thus, in contrast to in vitro studies, immunocytochemical studies with these antibodies on sections of adult animals cannot be recommended for the quantitative analysis of cell proliferation. In addition, our results show that differentiated glial cells proliferate in adult mice. Astro- and oligodendrocytes divide with the same cell cycle parameters and mode of proliferation up to about 1 month after 3H-TdR injection. In contrast to oligodendrocytes, some astrocytes might re-enter the cycle after a few weeks of quiescence.
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    Alterations in the subcellular distribution of 17β-estradiol dehydrogenase in porcine endometrial cells over the course of the estrous cycle (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 227-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endometrium ; Dehydrogenase ; Cytoskeleton ; Estrous cycle ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunofluorescence microscopy ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The uteri of German landrace gilts slaughtered at different days of the cycle were processed for immunocytochemistry and biochemical analyses. Plasma was collected for hormone assays. The monoclonal antibody F1 against the structure-bound 17β-estradiol dehydrogenase of porcine endometrial epithelium was applied to rehydrated paraffin sections either as a direct, peroxidase-linked probe or in combination with a fluorescing secondary antibody. The oxidation of estradiol was measured in homogenates of tissue powdered in liquid nitrogen. Immunoreactivity was restricted to endometrial epithelium. In the glandular epithelium, faint dots of fluorescence became visible at day 4, which apparently coalesced to spherical structures of 2–4 μm diameter at the cell basis between days 11 through 17 before disappearing by day 18. A similar distribution was observed for the oxidation products of diaminobenzidine beginning with a faint uniform staining and followed by the appearance of intensely stained basal bodies persisting until day 17. Essentially the same time course was seen in the luminal epithelium but with a different distribution. Immunoreactive material amassed in the apical region of the cells, but the conspicuous aggregations were absent. Time course and intensities of the immunological responses are matched by the enzymatic activity measured in parallel. Both correlate with the plasma progesterone levels, suggesting an induction of the enzyme by the hormone. An involvement of the cytoskeleton in the sequence of subcellular distribution patterns is discussed.
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    The complex-type glycoprotein secreted by the bovine subcommissural organ: an immunological study using C1B8A8 monoclonal antibody (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 483-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Secretory pathway ; C1B8A8 monoclonal antibody ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunoaffinity chromatography ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The secretory pathway of the complex-type glycoprotein specific to the subcommissural organ (SCO) was examined using the monoclonal antibody (Mab) C1B8A8. Immunoreactive material was revealed in various compartments of the secretory ependymocyte, i.e., the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi area and the secretory vacuoles. In addition, immunoreactive material was also observed in the ventricular cavity. Evidence of a release both at the apical lining and at the basal process of the SCO ependymocytes suggests that the same protein could be secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid and the perivascular spaces. After immunoaffinity chromatography of soluble extracts of the SCO on Mab C1B8A8 immunoadsorbent columns, three glycopeptides were identified on Western blots; they were concanavalin A (Con A)-positive (88, 54 and 34 kDa) and wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA)-positive (54 and 34 kDa). The Con A-positive glycopeptide (88 kDa) is probably related to the high-mannose-type glycoprotein, the precursor form of the secreted compound, whereas the 54 kDa-glycopeptide that is both Con A- and WGA-positive could represent an intermediate form. The 34 kDa-glycopeptide that is strongly WGA-positive could be related to the monomeric form of the secreted compound. These three glycopeptides were not revealed in eluted fractions of soluble extracts of the ependyma that served as control.
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    Distribution of aromatase-immunoreactive cells in the mouse forebrain (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 71-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Aromatase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Brain aromatase ; Preoptic area ; Hypothalamus ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of aromatase-immunoreactive cells was studied by immunocytochemistry in the mouse forebrain using a purified polyclonal antibody raised against human placental aromatase. Labeled perikarya were found in the dorso-lateral parts of the medial and tuberal hypothalamus. Positive cells filled an area extending between the subincertal nucleus in the dorsal part, the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in the ventral part, and the internal capsule and the magnocellular nucleus of the lateral hypothalamus in the lateral part. The same distribution was seen in the two strains of mice that were studied (Jackson and Swiss), and the number of immunoreactive perikarya did not seem to be affected by castration or testosterone treatment. No immunoreactivity could be detected in the medial regions of the preoptic area and hypothalamus; these were expected to contain the enzyme based on assays of aromatase activity performed in rats and on indirect autoradiographic evidence in mice. Our data raise questions concerning the distribution of aromatase in the brain and the mode of action of the centrally produced estrogens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318401
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    An immunocytochemical study of the endocrine pancreas in the Australian fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 195-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas, endocrine ; Islets of Langerhans ; Immunocytochemistry ; Endocrine cells four types ; Electron microscopy ; Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Marsupialia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine pancreas of the Australian fattailed dunnart, Sminthopsis crassicaudata, was investigated by means of electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry using the protein A-gold technique on London resin (LR) white-embedded tissue. The primary antibodies used were raised against insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide. The morphology of the secretory granules differed in the four cell types. The insulin cells are pleomorphic, and the secretory granules composed of an electron-dense core surrounded by an electron-lucen halo. The glucago cells possess granules with an electron-dense core usually surrounded by a halo of less dense granular material. Somatostatin cells have large, less dense secretory granules. The pancreatic polypeptide cells show small, dense secretory granules. In order for an ultrastructural study to be considered reliable for the definite identification of endocrine cell types, it is essential that it be corroborated by immunocytochemical data at the light-or preferably electron-microscopic level. Recent developments in immuno-electron-microscopic techniques have contributed to a better knowledge of cells responsible for the secretion of a wide variety of hormones, as in this study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318415
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    Localization of hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase-synthesizing cells in bovine epithalamus: immunocytochemistry and in-situ hybridization (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 413-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Epithalamus ; Pinealocytes ; Hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) ; Immunocytochemistry ; HIOMT-mRNA ; In-situ hybridization ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT)-immunoreactive cells and melatonin synthesis were demonstrated in bovine epithalamus (including the pineal gland) with monoclonal antibodies and cRNA probes to HIOMT. The HIOMT-immunoreactive product was present in the cytoplasm of pinealocytes. All identifiable pinealocytes were clearly labeled in the pineal gland. The expression of the HIOMT gene was first identified in pinealocyte cytoplasm by in-situ hybridization (ISH). The distribution of the hybridization-positive cells in the pineal gland was compatible with that revealed by immunocytochemistry using the monoclonal antibody to HIOMT. In addition, HIOMT transcripts were found in the medial habenular nucleus, and the habenular and posterior commissure; they may correspond to S-antigen-immunoreactive cells demonstrated in the same regions of the hamster and the mouse. In these regions, the hybridization-positive cells did not exhibit HIOMT-immunoreactivity; thus, cells devoid of immunoreactivity may synthesize but rapidly transport the newly synthesized proteins. These results indicate (1) that the conversion of N-acetylserotonin into melatonin takes place in the cytoplasm of pinealocytes, (2) that some epithalamic cells in the habenular area may synthesize melatonin, and (3) that melatonin may act as a chemical messenger in centrally directed processes, as shown by using S-antigen immunocytochemistry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327275
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    Nerve growth factor receptor-like immunoreactivity in primary and permanent canine tooth pulps of the cat (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 321-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tooth pulp ; NGF receptor ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Substance P ; Neuropeptide Y ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of nerve growth factor receptor (NGF receptor)-like immunoreactivity in pulps of developing primary and mature permanent cat canine teeth was examined, by use of a monoclonal antibody against NGF receptor detected by fluorescence immunohistochemistry and pre-embedding immunocytochemical light- and electron microscopy. Both primary and permanent pulps contained a vast number of NGF receptor-like immunoreactive nerves. Immunolabelling appeared to be localized both to axons and Schwann cells. In addition, many blood vessel walls in immature primary tooth pulps showed NGF receptor-like immunoreactivity, in contrast to permanent pulps where blood vessels rarely were NGF receptor-immunoreactive. Double-labelling immunofluorescence experiments revealed that in the permanent pulp a majority of the NGF receptor-positive nerves also showed calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity, and many showed substance P-like immunoreactivity. However, nerve fibers with neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity lacked NGF receptor-like immunoreactivity. In developing primary tooth pulps fewer NGF receptor-positive nerves were CGRP-like immunoreactive or substance P-like immunoreactive, as compared to the permanent pulp. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive nerve fibers were not detected in the primary tooth pulp. The results suggest a role for nerve growth factor in both developing and mature sensory nerves of the tooth pulp.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313969
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  • 97
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    Identification of different types of serotonin-like immunoreactive olfactory interneurons in four infraorders of decapod crustaceans (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 357-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Olfactory interneurons ; Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Munida sarsi, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antiserum raised against serotonin (5HT) was applied to the brains of representatives of four different infraorders of decapod crustaceans, and revealed two morphological classes of olfactory interneurons. They were classified by the position and size of their cell bodies, and by their connection pattern. One class consisted of giant olfactory interneurons and the other of globuli cells. They were regarded as input and intrinsic interneurons, respectively, because of their morphology. The two classes displayed a similar pattern in two of the infraorders, whereas only one class appeared in the other two infraorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313974
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in the enteric nervous system of the developing human digestive tract (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 235-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nitric oxide ; Nitric oxide synthase ; NADPH-diaphorase ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Enteric nervous system ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated indirectly the presence of nitric oxide in the enteric nervous system of the digestive tract of human fetuses and newborns by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunocytochemistry and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry. In the stomach, NOS immunoactivity was confined to the myenteric plexus and nerve fibres in the outer smooth musculature; few immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were found in ganglia of the outer submucous plexus. In the pyloric region, a few nitrergic perikarya were seen in the inner submucous plexus and some immunoreactive fibres were found in the muscularis mucosae. In the small intestine, nitrergic neurons clustered just underneath or above the topographical plane formed by the primary nerve strands of the myenteric plexus up to the 26th week of gestation, after which stage, they occurred throughout the ganglia. Many of their processes contributed to the dense fine-meshed tertiary nerve network of the myenteric plexus and the circular smooth muscle layer. NOS-immunoreactive fibres directed to the circular smooth muscle layer originated from a few NOS-containing perikarya located in the outer submucous plexus. In the colon, caecum and rectum, labelled nerve cells and fibres were numerous in the myenteric plexus; they were also found in the outer submucous plexus. The circular muscle layer had a much denser NOS-immunoreactive innervation than the longitudinally oriented taenia. The marked morphological differences observed between nitrergic neurons within the developing human gastrointestinal tract, together with the typical innervation pattern in the ganglionic and aganglionic nerve networks, support the existenc of distinct subpopulations of NOS-containing enterice neurons acting as interneurons or (inhibitory) motor neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319421
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serotonin-and FMRFamide-immunoreactive nerve elements in the chiton Lepidopleurus asellus (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 277-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin (5HT) ; FMRFamide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Invertebrate nervous system ; Chiton, Lepidopleurus asellus (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of serotonin-like and FMRFamide-like immunoreactive (5HT-ir and FMRFa-ir, respectively) neurons in the nervous system of the chiton Lepidopleurus asellus (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) was studied using an immunocytochemical technique. The neurons were distributed in characteristic patterns in the central nervous system, the 5HT-ir neurons predominating in the ventral (pedal) cords and FMRFa-ir neurons in the lateral cords. In the body wall including the foot, a tight network of 5HT-ir and FMRFa-ir nerve fibers is found, the former being mostly attributed to the musculature whereas the latter seems to be associated with the blood sinuses. Intraepithelial neurons of both types are abundant in the fore-and hindgut. The presence and general distribution in the central and peripheral nervous system of the 5HT-ir and FMRFa-ir elements seems thus to be similar in simple and advanced molluscs. The relationship between these neurons and their targets in the body also appears to be well conserved in molluscs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319425
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Octopamine-like immunoreactive neurones in locust genital abdominal ganglia (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 299-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Amines, biogenic ; DUM neurones ; Sexual dimorphism ; Locusta migratoria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Using a well characterized anti-serum, the distribution of octopamine-like immunoreactive neurones is described in the locust seventh abdominal (A7) and terminal ganglia (TG), which are associated with genital organs. Apart from 4 paired ventral somata occasionally observed in the TG, all labelled cells could be identified as efferent dorsal- and ventral unpaired median (DUM/VUM) neurones by virtue of the characteristic large size and position of their somata, projections of their primary neurites in DUM-cell tracts, and bifurcating axons which arise from dorsal T-junctions and enter peripheral nerves. For the examined ganglia our data indicate that the whole population of efferent DUM and VUM-cells, defined here as progeny of the segment specific unpaired median neuroblast with peripheral axons, are octopaminergic, and that equal numbers of these cells occur in both sexes: 8 in A7 and 11 in TG. Sex-specific differences are probably restricted to the axonal projections of 5 octopamine-like immunoreactive DUM-somata in A7, and 5 in TG, which in females project into their segment specific sternal nerves, but in males into the genital nerve of the TG. Numerous intersegmentally projecting octopamine-like immunoreactive fibres traverse both ganglia. The majority probably stem from previously described octopamine-like immunoreactive neurones in the thoracic and suboesophageal ganglia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319428
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