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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 90 (1992), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary N-acetylation polymorphism is one of the representative pharmacogenetic traits that underlie interindividual and interethnic differences in response to xenobiotics. To develop a practical genotyping method to predict acetylator phenotype, we studied the conditions for accurate phenotyping, and identified the phenotype in 51 Japanese. Then we performed Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from these subjects using 32P-labeled cDNA for polymorphic N-acetyltransferase in the liver, and found that four N-acetyltransferase alleles generated six genotypes. The present genotyping method predicted the rapid, intermediate, and slow acetylators correctly in 48 of 51 overall subjects (96%) and in all of 4 slow acetylators.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 94-96 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Chickens (White Leghorn cockerels) were raised under the lighting schedule with lights on from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. for 12-14 days after hatching. After decapitation, their pineal glands were dissociated by treatment with collagenase. More than 90% of the cells were viable as judged by Trypan blue ...
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 290 (1981), S. 706-707 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Chickens (White Leghorn cockerels) were maintained in our animal facility with light from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. for 14-18 days after hatching. The chickens were killed by decapitation at 6 p.m. and five pineals were placed on nylon mesh in a Falcon plastic organ culture dish (no. 3037) containing 1.5 ml ...
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] We report a null mutation in the human ciliary neurotrophic factor gene (CNTF). The mutated allele shows a G to A transition producing a new splice acceptor site and the resulting mRNA species codes for an aberrant protein. Analysis of tissue samples and transfection of CNTF minigenes into cultured ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 7 (1994), S. 460-460 
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] IN REPLY — Wright and Carothers point out that the deficit in the CNTF mutant homozygotes might be related to fetal or perinatal death. Considering a large number of premature deaths and the high frequency of mutant homozygotes, their hypothesis seems attractive and plausible. We have already ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 27 (1979), S. 57-66 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: pineal ; melatonin ; N-acetyltransferase ; circadian rhythm ; biological clock ; circadian oscillator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Conclusion The circadian rhythm of melatonin synthesis in the pineal glands of various species has been summarized. The night-time elevation of melatonin content is in most if not all cases regulated by the change of N-acetyltransferase activity. In mammals, the N-acetyltransferase rhythm is controlled by the central nervous system, presumably by suprachiasmatic nuclei in hypothalamus through the superior cervical ganglion. In birds, the circadian oscillator that regulates the N-acetyltransferase rhythm is located in the pineal glands. The avian pineal gland may play a biological clock function to control the circadian rhythms in physiological, endocrinological and biochemical processes via pineal hormone melatonin.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 27 (1979), S. 57-66 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: pineal ; melatonin ; N-acetyltransferase ; circadian rhythm ; biological clock ; circadian oscillator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Conclusion The circadian rhythm of melatonin synthesis in the pineal glands of various species has been summarized. The night-time elevation of melatonin content is in most if not all cases regulated by the change of N-acetyltransferase activity. In mammals, the N-acetyltransferase rhythm is controlled by the central nervous system, presumably by suprachiasmatic nuclei in hypothalamus through the superior cervical ganglion. In birds, the circadian oscillator that regulates the N-acetyltransferase rhythm is located in the pineal glands. The avian pineal gland may play a biological clock function to control the circadian rhythms in physiological, endocrinological and biochemical processes via pineal hormone melatonin.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Epithalamus ; Pinealocytes ; Hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) ; Immunocytochemistry ; HIOMT-mRNA ; In-situ hybridization ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT)-immunoreactive cells and melatonin synthesis were demonstrated in bovine epithalamus (including the pineal gland) with monoclonal antibodies and cRNA probes to HIOMT. The HIOMT-immunoreactive product was present in the cytoplasm of pinealocytes. All identifiable pinealocytes were clearly labeled in the pineal gland. The expression of the HIOMT gene was first identified in pinealocyte cytoplasm by in-situ hybridization (ISH). The distribution of the hybridization-positive cells in the pineal gland was compatible with that revealed by immunocytochemistry using the monoclonal antibody to HIOMT. In addition, HIOMT transcripts were found in the medial habenular nucleus, and the habenular and posterior commissure; they may correspond to S-antigen-immunoreactive cells demonstrated in the same regions of the hamster and the mouse. In these regions, the hybridization-positive cells did not exhibit HIOMT-immunoreactivity; thus, cells devoid of immunoreactivity may synthesize but rapidly transport the newly synthesized proteins. These results indicate (1) that the conversion of N-acetylserotonin into melatonin takes place in the cytoplasm of pinealocytes, (2) that some epithalamic cells in the habenular area may synthesize melatonin, and (3) that melatonin may act as a chemical messenger in centrally directed processes, as shown by using S-antigen immunocytochemistry.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of human genetics 38 (1993), S. 163-168 
    ISSN: 1435-232X
    Keywords: genotype ; N-acetyltransferase ; polymorphism ; polymerase chain reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary PolymorphicN-acetyltransferase in human liver catalyzesN-acetylation of various arylamine-containing drugs and environmental chemicals. To accelerate the pharmacogenetic and ecogenetic studies ofN-acetyltransferase polymorphism, we have developed a rapid and simple method for genotyping using a polymerase chain reaction based restriction fragment length polymorphism. This method distinguishes four kinds of allele of theN-acetyltransferase gene using a single polymerase chain reaction starting with a set of primers, followed by successiveAsp718,BamHI andTaqI digestions, and then running the samples on a single electrophoresis lane. This method allows us to determine ten different genotypes easily and reliably.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Cortex ; Medulla ; Immunohistochemistry (neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, hydroxyindole ; O-methyltransferase, glial fibrillary acid protein) ; In situ hybridization (HIOMT mRNA) ; Confocal laser microscopy ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the present study, we demonstrate a cortical and medullary arrangement of parenchymal cells in the bovine pineal gland by using antibodies for neuronspecific enolase, synaptophysin, and hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) as markers of pinealocytes, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as a marker of interstitial (glial) cells. Furthermore, by means of probes specific for HIOMT mRNA, we have examined possible differences in melatonin synthesis between the cortex and the medulla. Immunoreactive pinealocytes for each antigen investigated are more densely distributed in the cortex than in the medulla. In the cortex, GFAP-positive interstitial cells have large intenselystained somata endowed with several long, thin cytoplasmic processes, whereas in the medulla, they display smaller, less intensely labeled perikarya from which numerous fine short processes emerge. Golgi staining has confirmed these morphological differences between the interstitial cells in the cortex and those in the medulla. An analysis using confocal laser microscopy together with in situ hybridization for HIOMT mRNA has shown that the expression of mRNA transcripts in the cortex is more intense than that in the medulla. The expression of the HIOMT gene in a cluster of cells in the medial habenular nucleus is lower than that in pinealocytes of the pineal organ proper.
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