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  • maize  (85)
  • Springer  (85)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (85)
  • 1993  (48)
  • 1991  (37)
Collection
Keywords
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  • Springer  (85)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1)
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (85)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production ofNosema marucae for biological control of cereal stem borers (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 143-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Nosema marucae ; microsporidium ; production ; biological control ; cereal stem borer ; Chilo partellus ; maize ; sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a study covering 3 years, experiments were carried out in order to determine the feasibility of producing a microsporidian pathogenNosema marucae in the spotted stalkborerChilo partellus. A maximum yield of 4.9×108 spores/larva (equivalent to 3.1×1010 spores/g fresh larval body weight) was obtained in 3rd instar larvae. It is considered that the production is inexpensive and can be readily adapted for small scale pathogen propagation systems in the tropics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02386519
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of second generation European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis, egg masses in field corn and relationship to subsequent tunneling damage (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 15-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insecta ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; egg distribution ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between second generation European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner) egg mass numbers and subsequent field corn damage, as measured by stalk cavity numbers, was studied in 79 fields in northeastern North Carolina over three years. A mean of 0.028 egg masses per plant (645 egg masses/23400 plants) was found over the course of the study. Significant differences in oviposition rate were detected between fields and years. Ca. 85% of egg masses were deposited in a five leaf zone surrounding the primary ear; of these, 89% were found on the lower four leaves in this zone. Egg masses appeared to be distributed randomly within fields but at low rates of incidence, and oviposition was relatively uniform between sampling areas within individual fields. Under moderate to high oviposition pressure (mean number of egg masses per plant over the duration of the oviposition period 〉ca. 0.02), eggs laid during the early phases of the oviposition period account for more subsequent stalk damage than eggs laid during the later phases of the oviposition period. Variations in second generation egg mass numbers accounted for ca. 70% of variation in stalk cavity numbers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380577
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oviposition by the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides, in a crop environment in South Africa (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 169-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: African migratory locust ; crop environment ; oviposition behaviour ; oviposition sites ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition by the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Orthoptera: Acrididae), was studied in maize and wheat crops on the Orange Free State Highveld. Maize was shown to be the most important oviposition habitat with peak laying taking place in autumn and early winter when highest pod densities were recorded. Laying was mainly concentrated along the middle of the crop interrows in maize and within clearings in the wheat crop. Despite the uniform layout of these crops, the distribution of egg pods was found to be aggregated. Non-reproductive behaviour, such as locust aggregation, basking and feeding, as well as environmental factors appeared to influence the distribution of egg pods in these crops. Secondary selection for optinum soil moisture and compaction on the laying site enhanced the aggregation of pods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191747
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mycotoxin production by Fusarium species isolated from New Zealand maize fields (1991)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 113 (1991), S. 35-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Fusarium ; maize ; moniliformin ; mycotoxins ; trichothecenes ; zearalenone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Forty Fusarium isolates obtained from maize fields were screened for moniliformin production on maize kernels. Twelve isolates, including seven of F. subglutinans, were found to produce moniliformin at levels ranging from 0.4 to 64 ppm. Twenty six isolates were also screened for production of deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin and zearalenone. Of these, 22, including all 11 isolates of F. graminearum, produced zearalenone at levels ranging from 0.1 to 96.0 ppm, while 13 produced T-2 toxin at low levels, (〈1.1 ppm). Deoxynivalenol and diacetoxyscirpenol were each produced by six isolates, also at low levels (〈1.0 ppm). Three isolates of F. graminearum and one of F. sambucinum produced four toxins simultaneously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436385
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of nitrification inhibitors and time and rate of slurry and fertilizer N application on silage maize yield and losses to the environment (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 34 (1993), S. 267-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: animal manure ; leaching ; maize ; nitrification inhibitor ; nitrogen recovery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with silage maize during eight years on a sandy soil in The Netherlands, showed that dicyandiamide (DCD) addition to autumn-applied cattle slurry retarded nitrification, thus reducing nitrate losses during winter. Spring-applied slurry without DCD, however, was on average associated with even lower losses and higher maize dry matter yields. Economically optimum supplies of mineral N in the upper 0.6 m soil layer in spring (EOSMN), amounted to 130–220 kg ha−1. Year to year variation of EOSMN could not be attributed to crop demand only. According to balance sheet calculations on control plots, apparent N mineralization between years varied from 0.36 to 0.94 kg ha−1 d−1. On average, forty percent of the soil mineral N (SMN) supply in spring, was lost during the growing season. Hence, the amounts of residual soil mineral N (RSMN) were lower than expected. Multiple regression with SMN in spring, N crop uptake and cumulative rainfall as explanatory variables, could account for 79 percent of the variation in RSMN. Postponement of slurry applications to spring and limiting N inputs to economically optimum rates, were insufficient measures to keep the nitrate concentration in groundwater below the EC level for drinking water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750573
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect on maize growth of the interaction between increased nitrogen availability and competition with trees in alley cropping (1993)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 21 (1993), S. 239-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Erythrina ; Gliricidia ; alley cropping ; maize ; competition ; nitrogen availability ; Costa Rica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize growing next toErythrina hedgerows had 44% lower biomass (p〈0.01) and 35% lower N content (p〈0.1) than maize growing in the middle of the alleys. Maize growing next toGliricidia hedgerows had the same biomass but 56% higher N content (p〈0.1) than maize growing in the middle of the alleys. However these differences did not develop until 2 months after sowing of the maize. Spatial variability in soil nitrogen mineralization and mulch nitrogen release did not explain any of the differences in growth or N uptake of the maize with respect to distance from the trees. It is hypothesized that the slower growth of the maize next to theErythrina trees after 2 months is due to increasing light and/or nutrient competition from the trees as the trees recover from pollarding. The apparent lack of competition fromGlirigidia may be due to different rates of regrowth or different shoot and root architecture. A theoretical model is described demonstrating that if a crop is to take advantage of the higher nutrient availability under alley cropping it must complete the major part of its growth before the trees recover significantly from pollarding, and start competing strongly with the crop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705243
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia. III. Effects on soil chemical and physical properties (1993)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 21 (1993), S. 117-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: alley cropping ; maize ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; soil fertility ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Flemingia congesta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A detailed study of the soil chemical and physical properties in seven-year-old alley cropping trial containingLeucaena leucocephala andFlemingia congesta in Northern Zambia is described. There was a strong correlation between the maize yield and the total amount of nitrogen applied, both from prunings and fertiliser, suggesting that a major reason for the observed benefit from alley cropping, particularly withLeucaena, was due to an improvement in nitrogen supply.Leucaena produced significantly more biomass, and its leaves had higher concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and lower C/N and C/P ratios than did those ofFlemingia. There was also evidence that the trees had a beneficial effect on other soil chemical properties; under the hedgerows, particularly those ofLeucaena, there were higher levels of organic carbon, Mg, K and ECEC, and pH values were also highest. It is suggested that higher levels of organic carbon in the alley crop treatments were responsible for the improvements observed in soil physical properties. Lower bulk density, lower penetration resistance, and a higher infiltration rate and pore volume fraction were measured in the alley crops, although there was no significant change in the soil water release parameters. A deteriorating effect of constant applications of nitrogen fertiliser on soil fertility was observed; as the level of urea application increased, there were significant decreases in Mg, K and pH, increases in Al and soil acidity, and higher penetrometer resistance. These results highlight the urgent need for further research on biological methods of maintaining soil fertility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705224
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of gene dosage and sequence modification on the frequency and timing of transposition of the maize element Activator (Ac) in tobacco (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 157-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: transposable element ; Activator ; gene dosage ; maize ; tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of Ac copy number on the frequency and timing of germinal transposition in tobacco was investigated using the streptomycin phosphotransferase gene (SPT) as an excision marker. The activity of one and two copies of the element was compared by selecting heterozygous and homozygous progeny of transformants carrying single SPT::Ac inserts. It was observed that increasing gene copy not only increases the transposition frequency, but also occasionally alters the timing of transposition such that earlier events are obtained. The result is that some homozygous plants generate multiple streptomycin resistant progeny carrying the same transposed Ac (trAc) element. We have also investigated the effect of modification of the sequence in the region around 82 bp downstream of the polyadenylation site and 177 bp from the 3′ end of the element on germinal excision frequencies. Alteration of three bases to create a BglII site at this location caused a minor decrease in germinal excision events, but insertion of four bases to create a Cla I site caused a 10-fold decrease in the transposition activity of the Ac element.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039626
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cis-regulatory element CCACGTGG is involved in ABA and water-stress responses of the maize gene rab28 (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ABA-responsive element ; maize ; tissue-specific factors ; rab genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The maize gene rab28 has been identified as ABA-inducible in embryos and vegetative tissues. It is also induced by water stress in young leaves. The proximal promoter region contains the conserved cis-acting element CCACGTGG (ABRE) reported for ABA induction in other plant genes. Transient expression assays in rice protoplasts indicate that a 134 bp fragment (-194 to -60 containing the ABRE) fused to a truncated cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (35S) is sufficient to confer ABA-responsiveness upon the GUS reporter gene. Gel retardation experiments indicate that nuclear proteins from tissues in which the rab28 gene is expressed can interact specifically with this 134 bp DNA fragment. Nuclear protein extracts from embryo and water-stressed leaves generate specific complexes of different electrophoretic mobility which are stable in the presence of detergent and high salt. However, by DMS footprinting the same guanine-specific contacts with the ABRE in both the embryo and leaf binding activities were detected. These results indicate that the rab28 promoter sequence CCACGTGG is a functional ABA-responsive element, and suggest that distinct regulatory factors with apparent similar affinity for the ABRE sequence may be involved in the hormone action during embryo development and in vegetative tissues subjected to osmotic stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019942
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of mutation-induced changes in the maize (Zea mays L.) ADH1-1S1108 alcohol dehydrogenase (1993)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 31 (1993), S. 497-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; maize ; Zea mays ; mutation ; cDNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The homodimeric alcohol dehydrogenase gene product of maize (Zea mays L.)Adh1-1S1108 mutation was purified and compared with the parentalAdh1-1S enzyme. The mutant alcohol dehydrogenase activity had pH optima and substrate specificity similar to those of the parental enzyme, but exhibited somewhat increased and decreasedK mvalues for acetaldehyde and NADH, respectively. The mutant enzyme was also markedly less stable than the enzyme from parental tissues to temperatures as low as 50°C. Sequence analysis of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-generated cDNA clone revealed a G-to-C mutation at position 406 and a C-to-T mutation at position 974. These would result in residue 103 of each protein subunit being changed from an alanine to a proline and residue 292 being changed from an alanine to a valine. Whether one or both of these changes in primary sequence is responsible for the altered substrate affinities and stability is not yet understood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00554076
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of mutation-induced changes in the maize (Zea mays L.) ADH1-1S1108 alcohol dehydrogenase (1993)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 31 (1993), S. 497-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; maize ; Zea mays ; mutation ; cDNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The homodimeric alcohol dehydrogenase gene product of maize (Zea mays L.)Adh1-1S1108 mutation was purified and compared with the parentalAdh1-1S enzyme. The mutant alcohol dehydrogenase activity had pH optima and substrate specificity similar to those of the parental enzyme, but exhibited somewhat increased and decreasedK mvalues for acetaldehyde and NADH, respectively. The mutant enzyme was also markedly less stable than the enzyme from parental tissues to temperatures as low as 50°C. Sequence analysis of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-generated cDNA clone revealed a G-to-C mutation at position 406 and a C-to-T mutation at position 974. These would result in residue 103 of each protein subunit being changed from an alanine to a proline and residue 292 being changed from an alanine to a valine. Whether one or both of these changes in primary sequence is responsible for the altered substrate affinities and stability is not yet understood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02426881
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A maize gene expressed during embryogenesis is abscisic acid-inducible and highly conserved (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 919-923 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; embryogenesis ; abscisic acid ; seed maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated by differential hybridization a cDNA, termed Emb564, which is complementary to an 800 nt embryo-specific transcript in Zea mays. The expression of Emb564 can be enhanced by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and the effect of ABA on the accumulation of Emb564 transcript appears to be confined to embryos at the early and mid embryonic stages. In addition, Emb564 is expressed at low levels in ABA-deficient but not in ABA non-responsive embryos. Genomic analysis suggested that the Emb564 mRNA is encoded by a single gene. Sequence analysis showed that Emb564 exhibits extensive similarities with several known ABA-inducible genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015086
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleotide sequence of ‘repeat-2’ of the mitochondrial DNA from the maize N-cytoplasm (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 935-936 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; mitochondrial DNA ; repeated sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015089
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of the maize pyruvate decarboxylase gene (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 1259-1261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: anaerobic genes ; maize ; pyruvate decarboxylase ; DNA sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028743
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular basis for extensin size heterogeneity in two maize varieties (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 885-893 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell wall ; deglycosylation ; extensin ; hydroxyproline-rich ; immunoprecipitation ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study concerned the molecular basis for the protein size heterogeneity of extensin from two maize (Zea mays L.) varieties. We studied the physical properties of extensin, a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP), from the silk and pericarp of Golden X Bantam (GXB) sweet corn and Japanese Hulless (JHL) popcorn. Extensin from GXB has a molecular mass of 66 kDa whereas extensins from JHL have molecular masses of 76 and 66 kDa. Treatment with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride to deglycosylate proteins reduced the size of all extensins by 5 kDa. Probing with a 500 bp fragment from a genomic clone of maize extensin identified two transcripts (1.9 and 1.5 kb) on northern blots. JHL contained both transcripts and GXB contained only the 1.5 kb transcript. The probe also hybridized to two larger transcripts (6.2 and 4.5 kb) that were found in both varieties. We immunoprecipitated two proteins (66 and 56 kDa) from translated RNA isolated from JHL and one protein (56 kDa) from GXB. These results demonstrate that these extensins differ in the size of their peptide moiety and not in their extent of glycosylation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027119
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    WIP1, a wound-inducible gene from maize with homology to Bowman-Birk proteinase inhibitors (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 783-792 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: proteinase inhibitor ; wound induction ; wound-induced gene ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have cloned and sequenced a wound-inducible cDNA clone designated WIP1 (for wound-induced protein) from maize coleoptiles. It was isolated by differential screening of a cDNA library prepared from excised maize coleoptile segments. The deduced amino acid sequence predicts a secretory, cysteine-rich protein of 102 residues with a calculated molecular mass of 11 kDa and a typical N-terminal signal sequence. The protein has about 30% identity with various Bowman-Birk type proteinase inhibitors. Most interestingly, it is novel in that it is double-headed with exclusive specificity for chymotrypsin. WIP1 is strongly wound-induced in contrast to other members of the Bowman-Birk proteinase inhibitor family, which occur in seeds and are regulated during development. The response is fast, similar to defenceinduced genes, and measurable as early as 30 min after wounding. Induction can also be evoked in the intact coleoptiles and the signal is systemically transmitted in the coleoptile to adjacent regions of the wounded area. Isolation and analysis of the corresponding genomic clone reveals that WIP1 contains an intron of 90 nucleotides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027365
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of a maize cDNA that complements an enolase-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 787-795 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: anaerobic stress ; enolase ; gene regulation ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA encoding maize enolase (2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolase) was purified by functional genetic complementation using an enolase deficient mutant of Escherichia coli, DF261. This cDNA, pZM245, was characterized by restriction mapping and DNA sequence analysis. The cDNA contained an open reading frame encoding a protein of 446 amino acids with a high degree of similarity to enolase sequences from other organisms (72% identity to yeast enolase and 82% identity to human enolase). The pZM245 contains a correctly positioned consensus prokaryotic translation initiation sequence. The specific activity of enolase in maize increases to about twice its initial level after 48 hours of anaerobiosis. Northern-blot analysis showed a five-fold anaerobic induction in enolase mRNA, while heat shock or cold shock increased enolase mRNA levels only slightly. Southern-blot analysis of maize genomic DNA indicated that there is one copy of the pZM245 hybridizing sequence per haploid genome in maize.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015071
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of pollen polygalacturonase encoded by several cDNA clones in maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 1155-1164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA family ; maize ; pollen-expressed genes ; polygalacturonase ; signal peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length cDNA clone, named PG1, abundantly expressed in late stages of pollen development, has been isolated from a cDNA library using a differential screening method with cDNA probes representative of microspores at early or late developmental stages. The encoded 410 amino acid polypeptide has significant homology with various polygalacturonases (PG) described elsewhere. Two polypeptides, of 49 and 53 kDa respectively, have been identified in the active PG fraction, isolated from mature pollen by immuno-cross-reaction with tomato PG antibodies. According to their N-terminal sequence, they can be identified as being mature peptides encoded by the PG1 cDNA clone. We propose that these two proteins derive from a unique precursor through several post-translational events, including the excision of a 22 amino-terminal signal peptide and glycosylation. PG-encoding genes form a small genomic family. Sequence analysis of three PG cDNA clones shows that they are closely related. The divergence of nucleotides between these three cDNA clones is 1%. They encode the same product.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028732
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organ-specific expression of different histone H3 and H4 gene subfamilies in developing and adult maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 935-940 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: expression ; germination ; histone genes ; maize ; subfamilies ; tissues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The steady-state levels of H3 and H4 mRNAs transcribed from three H3 and two H4 multigene subfamilies were studied during germination and in different organs of maize. During germination the five subfamilies are expressed in parallel to DNA synthesis, but a 5-fold difference in the quantity of mRNAs transcribed per gene copy was found from our subfamily to another. In adult plants H3 and H4 mRNA levels are highest in organs containing meristematic tissues but also high in non-proliferating tissues. No strict tissue specificity expression could be detected but some subfamilies show preferential expression in some tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037077
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A gene coding for a basic pathogenesis-related (PR-like) protein from Zea mays. Molecular cloning and induction by a fungus (Fusarium moniliforme) in germinating maize seeds (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 527-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: germination ; fungi ; maize ; pathogenesis-related ; seed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) are plant proteins produced in leaves in response to infection by pathogens including viruses, viroids, fungi and bacteria. Information on the presence and/or expression of PRs in monocotyledonous plants is scarce. Here we report the identification of cDNA and genomic clones coding for a basic form of a protein from germinating maize seeds having a high homology with the group of PR-1 from tobacco. A cDNA library enriched in aleurone-specific sequences was prepared from maize seeds two days after germination. One clone was found to contain an open reading frame encoding a protein homologous to PR proteins from tomato (p14) and tobacco (PR-1 group). Sequence analysis of the corresponding genomic clone revealed that it was encoded by a single exon. Besides, DNA blot hybridization indicates that this PR-like protein is encoded by a single-copy gene in maize. The accumulation of its mRNA increases after rehydration of desiccated seeds. Furthermore, a relationship was found between its expression and infection by a natural pathogen of maize, the fungus Fusarium moniliforme. The possible role of this protein as a response mechanism following fungal infection in cereal seeds is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023419
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Sequence, identification and characterization of cDNAs encoding two different members of the 18 kDa heat shock family of Zea mays L. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 699-711 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: heat shock ; heat shock cDNAs ; maize ; small heat shock proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Heat-shocked maize seedlings (cv. Oh43) synthesize a characteristic set of heat-shock proteins (hsps) which include an 18 kDa family containing at least six major isoelectric variants. A cDNA library was constructed from poly(A)+ RNAs isolated from the radicles of heat-shocked maize seedlings and screened with a DNA fragment from the theoretical open reading frame of a putative Black Mexican Sweet maize hsp 18 genomic clone. Two clones, cMHSP18-3 and cMHSP18-9, were isolated, and the RNA transcripts generated from them were translated into proteins which immunoreact with antibodies directed against the maize 18 kDa hsps and exhibit the same electrophoretic characteristics as two different members of the 18 kDa hsp family. Nucleotide sequence analyses of the cDNAs in these clones reveal that their 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions exhibit 33–34% identity and that their protein encoding regions share 93% identity. The deduced amino acid sequences of these clones show 90% identity, and the apparent molecular masses and isoelectric points of these proteins agree with those established for two different 18 kDa hsps, numbered 3 and 6. This report substantiates that at least two of the 18 kDa hsps in maize are products of different but related genes. Moreover, it establishes that transcripts for these proteins accumulate during heat shock and that both their nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences share extensive similarities with the class VI small hsps in soybean and with transcripts expressed during meiosis in Lilium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023434
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    The combination of a novel stimulatory element in the first exon of the maize Shrunken-1 gene with the following intron 1 enhances reporter gene expression up to 1000-fold (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: enhanced gene expression ; exon ; intron ; maize ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Both exon 1 and intron 1 of the maize Shrunken-1 (Sh1) gene individually stimulate expression of reporter genes in transient gene expression experiments if present within the transcription unit. The Sh1 exon 1 mediates a 10-fold increase in activity when inserted at the 5′ end of the bacterial chloramphenicol transacetylase (CAT) marker gene in both monocot and dicot protoplasts. The Sh1 intron 1 enhances chimeric gene expression in rice and maize protoplasts approximately 100-fold but inhibits CAT expression in tobacco protoplasts. In combination, the stimulatory effects of Sh1 exon 1 and intron 1 are multiplicative in monocot protoplasts resulting in a final enhancement of up to 1000-fold compared to the unmodified CAT or luciferase marker genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020552
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    Cloning and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encodingB-Peru, a regulatory protein of the anthocyanin pathway in maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 127-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: anthocyanin ; B-Peru ; maize ; transcription activator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036813
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    Nucleotide sequence of two cDNAs encoding the adenine nucleotide translocator from Zea mays L. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 305-307 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: adenine nucleotide translocator ; ADP/ATP translocase ; mitochondria ; maize ; inner mitochondrial membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039511
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    Entire maize chloroplast genome is stably maintained in a yeast artificial chromosome (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 361-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast genome ; cloning in YACs ; maize ; stability analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 139 kb circular maize chloroplast genome was cloned in a linear form in a single yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), and several such clones were then analyzed to study the stability of large DNA sequences in YACs. The YAC clones were isolated from a partial maize DNA YAC library. The library was constructed byBal-31 nuclease digestion of high-molecular-weight total maize genomic DNA followed by blunt-end ligation into a modified YAC vector, pYAC11. All chloroplast genome-containing YACs (cpYACs) were characterized by comparing their restriction enzyme digestion patterns with that of purified maize chloroplast DNA (MCD). Comparison of the restriction patterns of four cpYACs, MY503, MY504, MY518 and MY526, with that of MCD did not show any change in the size of the restriction fragments except at the chloroplast DNA-vector junction fragments. These altered size fragments were confirmed as junction fragments by hybridization of the pYAC11 border fragments. The end-specific T3 and T7 transcripts synthesized from MY503 also identified the same junction fragments as did the pYAC11 border fragments. Most cpYACs were completely stable through the analyzed one hundred generations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040631
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    Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones for RNA species induced by substituted benzenesulfonamides in corn (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 679-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: herbicide safener ; maize ; inducible plant genes ; differential gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A search of compounds capable of inducing specific gene expression in plants without affecting growth and development led to the examination of changes in the pattern of gene expression in corn after treatment with substituted benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners. Following hydroponic treatment of corn with the safener N-(aminocarbonyl)-2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (2-CBSU), the specific induction of new translatable mRNA species was observed. Replicate copies of a cDNA library made using RNA from 2-CBSU-treated corn roots were differentially screened with cDNA probes made from either the same mRNA fraction used for library construction or mRNA isolated from roots treated with 2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (2-CBSA), an inactive analog of the safener. Colonies showing hybridization only with the probe made using mRNA from 2-CBSU-treated roots were further characterized to assess the specificity of the induction and decay of the corresponding induced RNA species. RNA blot analyses showed two clones, designated In2-1 and In2-2, contained plasmids that hybridized to RNAs that were induced from an undetectable background in corn roots within 30 minutes after treatment with 2-CBSU. Leaf and meristem tissues showed similar inductions of the In2-1 and In2-2 RNA species after a delay of several hours. In addition, both RNA species were induced in corn by foliar application of 2-CBSU. In contrast, neither RNA species was induced following stress treatments of plants. These results indicate a substituted benzenesulfonamide safener might be used with the promoters from the In2-1 and In2-2 genes to develop a new inducible gene expression system for plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037053
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    DNaseI-sensitive and undermethylated rDNA is preferentially expressed in a maize hybrid (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 805-821 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: DNaseI sensitivity ; maize ; methylation ; nucleolar dominance ; rDNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An Eco RI polymorphism, present in the 26S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) of the maize hybrid Sx19 (B73×Mo17), was utilized to correlate DNaseI sensitivity, undermethylation and expression in rDNA. We had previously shown that in double digest experiments with methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes and Eco RI, Sx19 rDNA fragments originating from repeat units with two Eco RI sites (8.0 kb) are undermethylated, whereas the fragments originating from repeat units with a single Eco RI site (9.1 kb) are completely methylated. In the present study, Sx19 rDNA chromatin structure was examined by purifying intact nuclei and digesting them briefly with increasing amounts of DNaseI. Analysis of this DNA with Eco RI showed that the 8.0 kb rDNA fragments are extremely sensitive to DNaseI digestion, while the 9.1 kb rDNA fragments are relatively resistant to digestion even at high levels of DNasel. Specific sites hypersensitive to DNaseI cleavage were mapped to a region in the intergenic spacer (IGS) near the major undermethylated site. Analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products synthesized using Sx19, B73, and Mo17 DNAs as templates indicated that the Eco RI polymorphism is due to a base change in the recognition site. Direct rRNA sequencing identified a single-base change in Mo17 rRNA relative to B73 rRNA. Allele-specific oligonucleotide probes containing the region surrounding and including the Eco RI polymorphic site were utilized to detect a nucleolar dominance effect by quantitating levels of rRNA transcripts in Sx19 and the reciprocal cross. Results from these single-base-pair mismatch hybridization experiments indicate that the majority of the rRNA transcripts in Sx19 orginate from the DNaseI-sensitive, undermethylated, Eco RI-polymorphic rDNA repeat units.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027113
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    Transcriptional characterization of an α-zein gene cluster in maize (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 323-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene cluster ; maize ; multigene family ; transcriptional regulation ; zein ; early in-frame stop codon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cluster of five α-zein subfamily 4 (α-zein SF4) genes are present in a 56 kb region of the maize W22 genome. Two types of α-zein SF4 genes are in the cluster. One of the genes, termed a type 1 (T1) α-zein SF4 gene, contains no early in-frame stop codons. Four of the genes, termed type 2 (T2) α-zein SF4 genes, contain one or two early in-frame stop codons. The base sequence of the T1 α-zein SF4 gene is similar (〉90%) to the sequences of any of the four T2 α-zein SF4 genes. However, their sequences differ markedly at distances greater than -875 bp upstream from the translation initiation codon of the α-zein coding region. This region of dissimilarity is well inside the functional 5′-flanking region for the genes since a 1.8 kb transcript is initiated in this region and the sequences of the T2 α-zein SF4 genes are similar in this region. Two sizes of mRNA transcripts, 1.8 kb and 0.9 kb, were detected in a gene specific manner for 4 of the 5 genes in this α-zein SF4 gene cluster. One of the T2 α-zein SF4 genes had only the 0.9 kb transcript. The RNA level for the 0.9 kb transcript of the T1 α-zein SF4 gene was 5- to 10-fold higher than the transcript levels of any of the T2 α-zein SF4 genes. In each case, the amount of the 0.9 kb transcript detected was at least 5-fold higher than the amount of the 1.8 kb transcript. A cDNA clone with a sequence identical to a T2 α-zein SF4 gene was isolated, providing the first direct evidence for the transcription of T2 α-zein genes containing early in-frame stop codon(s) in maize endosperm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014939
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    Isolation and characterization of a genomic sequence encoding the maizeCat3 catalase gene (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 1031-1038 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; catalase ; genomic clone ; sequence ; gene structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A maize genomic DNA library (Zea mays L. W64A) was constructed using the lambda GEM-11 vector. A gene-specificCat3 cDNA probe was used to screen the library by plaque hybridization. Two independent clones, λ24C and gl27C, which hybridized to theCat3 cDNA probe, were isolated. Restriction maps were created for the two clones (λ24C and λ27C) encoding the maizeCat3 catalase gene. ASal I restriction fragment from each clone was subcloned into pBluescript KS+. Subsequent subcloning steps were performed to obtain plasmids suitable for sequencing. Both strands of the λ24C clone were sequenced. Computer analysis of the putativeCat3 promoter region has not revealed any known transcription factor binding motifs. Analysis of the deduced C-terminal amino acids encoded byCat3 shows that CAT-3 lacks the SRL peroxisomal targeting sequence contained in the CAT-1 and CAT-2 isozymes. The DNA sequence and physical structure of theCat3 gene presented here will be used in characterizingcis- andtrans-acting factors affectingCat3 gene expression.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028975
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    Isolation of matrices from maize leaf nuclei: identification of a matrix-binding site adjacent to theAdh1 gene (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 1135-1143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; Adh1 gene ; nuclear matrix ; MAR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nuclear matrices were isolated from maize leaves by the two conventional methods usually employed for the preparation of the corresponding structures of animal origin. It is demonstrated that functionally competent matrices, recognizing and specifically binding the MAR-containing DNA of the mousek-immunoglobulin gene may be prepared by both 2 M NaCl and LIS extractions of maize nuclei. A DNA region with a high affinity for the nuclear matrix was identified at the 5′ end of the maizeAdh1-S gene, distal to the promoter region. The presence of sites of reported altered chromatin structure in this particular region is discussed. While the proximity and the cohabitation of MARs with different regulatory elements is a common feature of matrix association regions in animal systems, this is the first plant MAR identified in a region of known significance for gene regulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028982
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    Molecular characterization of maize extensin expression (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 23 (1993), S. 685-695 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: extensin ; gene expression ; hydroxyproline ; maize ; silk ; vegetative tissues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study concerned the developmental regulation of wall-localized, hydroxyproline-containing proteins in maize tissues and organs. Silk and pericarp cell walls contained more peptidyl hydroxyproline than did walls of any vegetative tissue, although all tissues and organs accumulated these proteins as they matured. In many tissues, hydroxyproline-rich proteins are first associated with the wall in a soluble form before being insolubilized through covalent attachment to the matrix. Because hydroxyproline was more soluble earlier than later in development, it appears that insolubilization was occurring in maize tissues and organs as well. Tissue prints reacted with an anti-extensin antibody gave positive results, indicating the presence of a soluble form of this common hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP). Silk and pericarp cells actively synthesized this extensin from abundant transcripts. In vegetative tissues, extensin transcripts were somewhat more abundant in seedlings than in pre-anthesis or mature plants, but levels were much lower than in silk and pericarp. Southern blots of maize genomic DNA indicated that these extensin transcripts are encoded by a small multigene family. Potential roles for extensin in reproductive/protective tissues versus the embryo or vegetative tissues are suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021524
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    Whole-cell and single-channel currents across the plasmalemma of corn shoot suspension cells (1991)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 121 (1991), S. 11-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: channel ; protoplast ; K+ current ; patch clamp ; corn ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Whole-cell sealed-on pipettes have been used to measure electrical properties of the plasmalemma surrounding protoplasts isolated from Black Mexican sweet corn shoot cells from suspension culture. In these protoplasts the membrane resting potential (V m ) was found to be −59±23 mV (n=23) in 1mm K o − . The meanV m became more negative as [K−] o decreased, but was more positive than the K+ equilibrium potential. There was no evidence of electrogenic pump activity. We describe four features of the current-voltage characteristic of the plasmalemma of these protoplasts which show voltagegated channel activity. Depolarization of the whole-cell membrane from the resting potential activates time- and voltage-dependent outward current through K+-selective channels. A local minimum in the outward current-voltage curve nearV m =150 mV suggests that these currents are mediated by two populations of K+-selective channels. The absence of this minimum in the presence of verapamil suggests that the activation of one channel population depends on the influx of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm. We identify unitary currents from two K+-selective channel populations (40 and 125 pS) which open when the membrane is depolarized; it is possible that these mediate the outward whole-cell current. Hyperpolarization of the membrane from the resting potential produces time- and voltage-dependent inward whole-cell current. Current activation is fast and follows an exponential time course. The current saturates and in some cases decreases at membrane potentials more negative than −175 mV. This current is conducted by poorly selective K+ channels, whereP Cl/P K=0.43±0.15. We describe a low conductance (20 pS) channel population of unknown selectivity which opens when the membrane is hyperpolarized. It is possible that these channels mediate inward whole-cell current. When the membrane is hyperpolarized to potentials more negative than −250 mV large, irregular inward current is activated. A third type of inward whole-cell current is briefly described. This activates slowly and with a U-shaped current-voltage curve over the range of membrane potentials −90〈V m 〈0 mV.
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    Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated expression ofgusA in maize tissues (1993)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 2 (1993), S. 252-265 
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    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; maize ; GUS ; gusA/intron ; particle bombardment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To develop a system forAgrobacterium-mediated transformation of maize (Zea mays L.), we have investigated histochemically the transient expression of β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity in maize seedling tissue segments using binary vectors that allow minimal (pKIWI105 and pCNL1) or undetectable (p35S-GUS-INT and pCNL56) levels of GUS activity inA. tumefaciens. Tissue segments from three- to five-day-old sterile seedlings of maize genotype A188 were inoculated withA. tumefaciens. Four days after inoculation, transient expression of GUS activity was found in mesocotyl segments originating from the intercalary meristem region. This GUS activity was specific to the vascular cylinder and was not found in the internal cortical or epidermal layers, nor was it found in mature mesocotyl tissue (segments 5 mm below the coleoptilar node). Transient GUS activity was also detected in leaf and coleoptile tissues of shoot segments, but not in the shoot apexper se or in leaves younger than the first leaf. Maize tissues inoculated withA. tumefaciens strains that harbourgusA-containing binary vectors but no Ti-plasmid did not show GUS activity, supporting evidence from previous work thatvir gene activity was essential for the observed GUS activity.A. tumefaciens strains containing different types of Ti-plasmids were also tested. A strain harbouring an agropine-type Ti-plasmid was the most effective for expressing GUS activity in mesocotyl segments, whereas a strain harboring a nopaline-type Ti-plasmid was most effective for expression of GUS activity in the apical meristem-containing segment. These results indicate that different interactions occurred between the differentA. tumefaciens strains and the susceptible plant tissues. Maize genotype specificity for GUS activity in mesocotyl tissues was observed; variations in the cocultivation medium had a profound effect on the frequency of expression of GUS activity.
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    Niacin, thiamin, and pantothenic acid bioavailability to humans from maize bran as affected by milling and particle size (1993)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 43 (1993), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: maize ; bran ; niacin ; thiamin ; pantothenic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of the project was to determine the bioavailability of selected B vitamins (niacin, pantothenic acid and thiamin) to humans from wet and dry milled maize brans which were coarsely or finely ground. Using a double cross-over design, the nine subjects were fed laboratory controlled diets containing unsupplemented bread or bread supplemented with finely ground, wet milled maize bran; coarsely ground, wet milled maize bran; finely ground, dry milled corn bran; or coarsely ground, dry milled maize bran. Subjects made complete collections of urine throughout the study which were analyzed for contents of the test vitamins. Although varying somewhat among vitamins, in general, better apparent bioavailability was achieved with the finely ground, dry milled maize bran than with the other test brans.
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    Penetrometer resistance, root penetration resistance and root elongation rate in two sandy loam soils (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; mechanical stress ; penetrometer ; root growth ; sandy loam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root penetration resistance and elongation of maize seedling roots were measured directly in undisturbed cores of two sandy loam soils. Root elongation rate was negatively correlated with root penetration resistance, and was reduced to about 50 to 60% of that of unimpeded controls by a resistance of between 0.26 and 0.47 MPa. Resistance to a 30° semiangle, 1 mm diameter penetrometer was between about 4.5 and 7.5 times greater than the measured root penetration resistance. However, resistance to a 5° semiangle, 1 mm diameter probe was approximately the same as the resistnace to root penetration after subtracting the frictional component of resistance. The diameter of roots grown in the undisturbed cores was greater than that of roots grown in loose soil, probably as a direct result of the larger mechanical impedance in the cores.
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    Old tree root channels in acid soils in the humid tropics: Important for crop root penetration, water infiltration and nitrogen management (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cassava ; Guelph permeameter ; leaching ; maize ; methylene blue ; rice ; rooting depth ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Under high rainfall conditions on acid soils with shallow crop root systems the rate of N leaching is high. A simple model predicts nitrogen uptake efficiency as a function of the amount of rainfall in excess of evapotranspiration, rooting depth and degree to which N leaching is retarded in comparison with water transport. Field observations on acid soils in S.E. Nigeria and S. Sumatera (Indonesia) showed that this model should be amended to include the role of old tree root channels. Crop roots can follow these channels, which are coated with partly decayed organic matter, into the acid subsoil. Measurements of water infiltration with a Guelph permeameter and a methylene blue dye showed that such channels form the major infiltration sites during rainstorms. Implications for nitrogen use efficiency and cropping pattern are discussed.
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    Effects of limestone and gypsum application to a Malaysian ultisol on soil solution composition and yields of maize and groundnut (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; calcium ; groundnut ; gypsum ; limestone ; magnesium ; maize ; soil solution ; ultisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted on an Ultisol in Malaysia to assess changes in soil solution composition and their effects on maize and groundnut yields, resulting from limestone and gypsum application. The results showed that soil solution Ca in the lime treatment remained mainly in the zone of incorporation, but in the gypsum treatment some Ca moved into 15–30 cm zone. Al3+ and AlSO4 + were dominant Al species in the soil solution of nil treatment. Liming decreased Al3+ and AlSO4 +, but increased hydroxy-Al monomer activities. However, gypsum application resulted in an increase of AlSO4 + activity and in a decrease of Al3+ activity. Relative maize and groundnut yields were negatively correlated with Al3+, Al(OH)2+ and Alsum activities. Likewise, relative yields were negatively correlated with Al concentration and the Al concentration ratio and positively correlated with soil solution Mg concentration and Ca/Al ratio.
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    Mobilization of cadmium and other metals from two soils by root exudates of Zea mays L., Nicotiana tabacum L. and Nicotiana rustica L. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cadmium ; copper ; extraction method ; iron ; maize ; manganese ; nickel ; root exudate ; tobacco ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soluble root exudates were collected from three plants (Nicotiana tabacum L., Nicotiana rustica L. and Zea mays L.), grown under axenic and hydroponic conditions, in order to study their metal-solubilizing ability for Cd and other cations (Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn). Nicotiana spp. and Zea mays L. root exudates differed markedly in C/N ratio, sugars vs. amino acids ratio and organic acids content. Metals from two soils were extracted with either root exudate solutions, containing equal amounts of organic carbon, or distilled water as control. In the presence or absence of root exudates, the solubility of Fe and Mn was much higher than of the four other metals tested. Root exudates increased the solubilities of Mn and Cu, whereas those of Ni and Zn were not affected. Root exudates of Nicotiana spp. enhanced the solubility of Cd. The extent of Cd extraction by root exudates (N. tabacum L. N. rustica L. Zea mays L.) was similar to the order of Cd bioavailability to these three plants when grown on soil. An increase in Cd solubility in the rhizosphere of apical root zones due to root exudates is likely to be an important cause of the relatively high Cd accumulation in Nicotiana spp.
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    Mechanism of sugar retention by roots of intact maize and field bean plants (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 99-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: field bean ; maize ; plasmalemma ATPase ; proton motive force ; retrieval mechanism ; root exudates ; sugar/proton cotransport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The re-uptake of sugars driven by the proton gradient was studied in sugar net-release and net-uptake experiments using roots of intact maize (Zea mays cv. Blizzard) and field bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Alfred) plants. The net release of sugars into the root medium (0.1 mM CaSO4) was stimulated by: the protonophore CCCP (10 μM); the sulfhydryl reagent NEM (300 μM); the specific inhibitor of plasmalemma ATPase vanadate (0.5 mM); and the inhibitor of the glucose carrier phlorizin (2 mM). Net uptake of glucose, fructose and arabinose from 10 μM external concentrations was also inhibited by these substances. Surprisingly fusicoccin, a stimulator of net proton release did not effect net sugar uptake. Medium pH values only influenced sugar net uptake if the pH was above 7. It is concluded that a degradation of the proton gradient across the plasmalemma stimulates net sugar release because of disturbed re-uptake of sugars (in particular glucose) via a proton/sugar cotransport system. Thus, the retention of sugars by root cells not only depends on the plasmalemma permeability but also on the electro-chemical proton gradient. If an electro-chemical proton gradient is established by plasmalemma ATPase activity the re-uptake of sugars by proton/sugar cotransport minimizes the release of sugars into the rhizosphere.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024993
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    Influx and efflux of amino acids from Zea mays L. roots and their implications for N nutrition and the rhizosphere (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 87-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: amino acids ; maize ; rhizosphere ; root exudates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the ability of Zea mays L. roots to regulate the amount of free amino acids present in the rhizosphere. The active uptake of amino acids was shown to conform to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Comparison of amino acid-N and NO3-N kinetic parameters and soil solution concentrations showed that root uptake of free amino acids from soil may contribute significantly to a plant's N budget. The influx of amino acids also helps to minimize net C/N losses to the soil, and is therefore important in regulating the size of the rhizosphere microbial population. Experimental data and a computer simulation model of amino acid influx/efflux in a sterile solution culture, showed that roots were capable of re-sorping over 90% of the amino acids previously lost into solution as a result of passive diffusion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024990
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  • 41
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    In-situ determination of the P-relations around the primary root of maize with respect to inorganic and phytate-P (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: autoradiography ; freeze-cutting ; maize ; P-accumulation ; P-depletion ; phytate-P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Autoradiographs of soil slices mapping the distribution of phytate-derived33P around the primary root of 6-day-old maize seedlings were used to investigate the uptake of phytate by the root. Analysis of the autoradiographs with a laser densitometer and processing of the data with image analysing software resulted in a resolution of 40 μm. The effect of33P-crossfire was corrected by analysis of the apparent33P-gradient around a phosphate-impermeable teflon tube that was inserted into the labeled soil as a standard. In spite of the high resolution achieved, a significant depletion zone could not be detected when the soil was equilibrated with33P-phytate. However, with33P-inorganic phosphate, 2 concentric zones were obvious. Within the inner zone, P was accumulated by about 20%, while in the outer zone a corresponding depletion of P could be detected. The accumulation zone coincided with the extension of the root hair cylinder, whereas the depleted area was clearly beyond the range of the root hairs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02390221
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  • 42
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    Inhibition of nitrate uptake by aluminium in maize (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; ammonium ; induction ; maize ; nitrate ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments with two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids were conducted to determine (a) if the inhibition of nitrate uptake by aluminium involved a restriction in the induction (synthesis/assemblage) of nitrate transporters, and (b) if the magnitude of the inhibition was affected by the concurrent presence of ambient ammonium. At pH 4.5, the rate of nitrate uptake from 240 μM NH4NO3 was maximally inhibited by 100 μM aluminium, but there was little measurable effect on the rate of ammonium uptake. Presence of ambient aluminium did not eliminate the characteristic induction pattern of nitrate uptake upon first exposure of nitrogen-depleted seedlings to that ion. Removal of ambient aluminium after six hours of induction resulted in recovery within 30 minutes to rates of nitrate uptake that were similar to those of plants induced in absence of aluminium. Addition of aluminium to plants that had been induced in absence of aluminium rapidly restricted the rate of nitrate uptake to the level of plants that had been induced in the presence of aluminium. The data are interpreted as indicating that aluminium inhibited the activity of nitrate transporters to a greater extent than the induction of those transporters. When aluminium was added at initiation of induction, the effect of ambient ammonium on development of the inhibition by aluminium differed between the two hybrids. The responses indicate a complex interaction between the aluminium and ammonium components of high acidity soils in their influence on nitrate uptake. ei]{gnA C}{fnBorstlap}
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010790
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    Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the location and function of plant nutrients in vivo (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 45-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: compartmentation ; cytoplasm ; 39K NMR ; maize ; nitrogen ; 14N NMR ; 15N NMR ; pea ; phosphorus ; potassium ; 31P NMR ; vacuole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The cytoplasmic and vacuolar pools of ammonium, inorganic phosphate and potassium can be studied non-invasively in plant tissues using high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The techniques that allow these pools to be discriminated in vivo are described and their application to plants is reviewed with reference to the phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium nutrition of root tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024983
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  • 44
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    In-situ determination of the P-relations around the primary root of maize with respect to inorganic and phytate-P (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: autoradiography ; freeze-cutting ; maize ; P-accumulation ; P-depletion ; phytate-P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Autoradiographs of soil slices mapping the distribution of phytate-derived 33P around the primary root of 6-day-old maize seedlings were used to investigate the uptake of phytate by the root. Analysis of the autoradiographs with a laser densitometer and processing of the data with image analysing software resulted in a resolution of 40 μm. The effect of 33P-crossfire was corrected by analysis of the apparent 33P-gradient around a phosphate-impermeable teflon tube that was inserted into the labeled soil as a standard. In spite of the high resolution achieved, a significant depletion zone could not be detected when the soil was equilibrated with 33P-phytate. However, with 33P-inorganic phosphate, 2 concentric zones were obvious. Within the inner zone, P was accumulated by about 20%, while in the outer zone a corresponding depletion of P could be detected. The accumulation zone coincided with the extension of the root hair cylinder, whereas the depleted area was clearly beyond the range of the root hairs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038742
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  • 45
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    Effect of soil water content on the gravitropic behavior of nodal roots in maize (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 261-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: gravitropism ; growth angle ; maize ; nodal roots ; soil water content ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The direction of root growth is an important factor that determines the spatial distribution of roots in the soil. The influence of soil water content on the direction of growth of maize nodal roots was studied both in the field and in the greenhouse. In the field experiment, the one plot was regularly irrigated (I-plot) and the other non-irrigated (N-plot). In the greenhouse experiment, three water treatments were conducted on plants grown in pots: continuously wet (CW), early drying (ED), and late drying (LD). The direction of root growth was quantified by the angle from the vertical, measured at 1 cm intervals for 10 cm from the first five internodes. Nodal roots grew more vertically in the N-plot and ED treatment than those in the I-plot and CW treatment. This was due to the decrease of the initial angle and/or the liminal angle. It is therefore thought that two events regulate the growth direction of nodal roots under dry soil conditions: gravitropic bending at root emergence from the stem and the later establishment of the angle of growth. Nodal roots appearing after rewatering in the ED treatment grew in a similar direction as those in the CW treatment. It follows from this that the water content of the surrounding soil has a direct effect on the direction of growth. Nodal roots that emerged in rapidly drying soil in the LD treatment ceased growing after showing negative gravitropism. The possible mechanisms determining the growth direction of nodal roots in drier soils are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029096
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    Mulching effect of plant residues with chemically contrasting compositions on maize growth and nutrients accumulation (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alfisols ; maize ; mulch quality ; nutrient uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of application of prunings of three woody species (Acioa barteri, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala), maize (Zea mays L.) stover and rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw as mulch on maize were studied on an Alfisol in southern Nigeria in 1990 and 1991. Maize dry matter and grain yield were higher with applications of plant residues and N fertilizer in both years. Addition of Leucaena prunings gave the highest maize grain yield in both years. Compared to the 1990 results, Acioa showed the least grain yield decline among the mulch treatments in 1991. Nutrient uptake was enhanced by applications of plant residues. Leucaena prunings had the highest effect in both years and increased the mean N, P, and Mg uptake by 96%, 84%, and 50%, respectively, over the control. Addition of Acioa prunings increased K and Ca uptake by 59% and 92%, respectively, over the control. ‘High quality’ (low C/N ratio and lignin level) plant residues enhance crop performance through direct nutritional contributions, whereas ‘low quality’ (high C/N ratio and lignin level) plant residues do so through mulching effects on the microclimate. ‘Intermediate quality’ plant residues have no clear effects on crop performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012990
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  • 47
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    The effect of phytase on the availability of P from myo-inositol hexaphosphate (phytate) for maize roots (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 189-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bioavailability ; maize ; myo-inositol ; phosphorus ; phytase ; phytin ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of adding phytase to the root medium of maize plants on the P-availability of added myo-inositol hexaphosphate (phytin) has been studied in pot experiments. When 40 mM phytin-P in nutrient solution was incubated in quartz-sand for 15 days in the absence of plants, 80% of it could be recovered from the solution as soluble organic P. Maize plants growing on this mixture assimilated P from phytin at rates comparable to those from inorganic phosphate (Pi). At a lower addition rate (2 mM phytin-P) only 10% was recovered in the soil solution, and plant growth was severely limited by P. At this low phytin level, the addition of phytase (10 enzyme units per kg sand) increased the plants' dry weight yield by 32%. The relative increases of the Pi concentration in the solution and of the amount of P in the plants were even higher, indicating that the observed growth stimulation was due to an increased rate of phytin hydrolysis. The enzyme-induced growth stimulation was also observed with plants growing in pots filled with soil low in P, when phytin was added. However, on three different soils the addition rates of phytin and phytase necessary for obtaining a significant phytase effect were both about 10 times higher than those required in quartzsand. It is concluded that the P-availability from organic sources can be limited by the rate of their hydrolytic cleavage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012524
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    Variation and covariation of silage maize digestibility estimated from digestion trials with sheep (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 59 (1991), S. 61-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Breeding ; heritability ; in vitro digestibility ; in vivo digestibility ; maize ; silage maize ; variation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Variation and covariation for agronomic and digestibility traits of silage maize are reported from a compilation of 22 years of experiments with standard sheep. Genotype effects of DOM and DCF were highly significant, even when genotypes were nested in earliness groups or brown-midrib hybrids discarded (Table 2). The genetic variance of crude fiber content was low, but the variance of the DCF was high. The genetic variance of DOM was about 4 times lower than genetic variance of DCF, but broad sense heritability of DOM was higher because of lower residual variance (Table 3). Genetic correlations between grain or crude fiber content and DOM had similar absolute values, 0.65, so each of these two traits was an important but not the unique determinant of silage maize quality. There was no correlation between DCF and grain or crude fiber content. Yield was not related to DOM or DCF within each group of earliness, allowing some quality improvement without agronomic drift (Table 4). Except for late hybrids, most of DOM differences between groups of earliness came from lowering of minimum value, while maximum values were similar. It was the contrary for DCF, with similar minimum values for all groups (Table 5). There was no obvious correlation between year of registration of hybrids and DOM or DCF, but extra new variation seemed obtained only for low values (Figs 1, 2; Table 6). IVDOM according to the APC process was a poor predictor of DOM, especially when brown-midrib hybrids and earliness effects were discarded; but because heritability of this trait was similar to DOM heritability, such enzymatic processes could probably be used to avoid drift towards poor DOM with hybrids bred for higher stalk strength.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025362
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    Genotype selection via a new yield-stability statistic in maize yield trials (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: maize ; genotype × environment interaction ; stability analysis ; cultivar testing ; YSi statistic ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genotype × environment (GE) interaction complicates selection of superior genotypes across environments. The main objective of this study was to select maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes via a new yield-stability (YSi) statistic in yield trials conducted in Albania. Another objective was to estimate contribution of environmental index (% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiqadIfagaqeaa% aa!3851!\[\bar X\]·j − % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiqadIfagaqeaa% aa!3851!\[\bar X\].., where % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiqadIfagaqeaa% aa!3851!\[\bar X\]·j is mean of all genotypes in the jth environment and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiqadIfagaqeaa% aa!3851!\[\bar X\]is mean of all genotypes across all environments), minimum temperature, maximum temperature, preseason rainfall, rainfall during the growing season, and relative humidity to GE interaction by determining heterogeneity (nonadditivity) attributable to each of these environmental factors. In five of eight trials, heterogeneity due to environmental index was significant. Heterogeneity due to the other environmental factors was not significant in any trial. A comparison of δ i 2 (stability-variance statistic derived from total GE interaction) and s i 2 (stability-variance statistic derived from residual GE interaction following removal of heterogeneity due to encovariate) helped identify genotypes that performed stably or unstably because of a linear effect of environmental index. In three of the five trials showing significant heterogeneity due to environmental index, the YSi statistic selected a reduced number of unstable genotypes as compared with selection based solely on yield. However, the circumstances or conditions under which YSi and solely yield-based method select the same or different genotypes are not fully understood.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029647
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    Cytochemical investigation of long-term stored maize pollen (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; pollen storage ; pollen grain viability ; pollen enzymes ; pollen physiology ; enzyme cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Maize pollen quality was investigated after long-term storage both in a refrigerator and in liquid nitrogen by a combination of viability tests and cytochemical methods. Determination of the activities of a number of enzymes involved in important metabolic pathways was carried out. Quinone formation was also studied, as some products of secondary metabolism affect pollen grain viability. One year of pollen storage in liquid nitrogen had little effect on the activities of oxidoreductases and hydrolases and had no significant effect on pollen grain viability evaluated by acetocarmine, neutral red and acridine organe. Only the FCR test showed slightly decreased viability. After one and two years of storage in a refrigerator, pollen grain viability, tested using acetocarmine, neutral red and acridine orange, did not change substantially. Simultaneously the FCR test showed a considerable decrease in pollen grain viability. Long-term storage in a refrigerator resulted in the loss of cytochrome oxidase activity and rise of alcohol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities as well as of quinone formation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023776
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    Can CO2 assimilation in maize leaves be predicted accurately from chlorophyll fluorescence analysis? (1993)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 37 (1993), S. 89-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: C4 photosynthesis ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; CO2 assimilation ; maize ; Photosystem II ; quantum yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis is made of the energetics of CO2 fixation, the photochemical quantum requirement per CO2 fixed, and sinks for utilising reductive power in the C4 plant maize. CO2 assimilation is the primary sink for energy derived from photochemistry, whereas photorespiration and nitrogen assimilation are relatively small sinks, particularly in developed leaves. Measurement of O2 exchange by mass spectrometry and CO2 exchange by infrared gas analysis under varying levels of CO2 indicate that there is a very close relationship between the true rate of O2 evolution from PS II and the net rate of CO2 fixation. Consideration is given to measurements of the quantum yields of PS II (φ PS II) from fluorescence analysis and of CO2 assimilation ( $$\phi _{CO_2 } $$ ) in maize over a wide range of conditions. The $${{\phi _{PSII} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\phi _{PSII} } {\phi _{CO_2 } }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\phi _{CO_2 } }}$$ ratio was found to remain reasonably constant (ca. 12) over a range of physiological conditions in developed leaves, with varying temperature, CO2 concentrations, light intensities (from 5% to 100% of full sunlight), and following photoinhibition under high light and low temperature. A simple model for predicting CO2 assimilation from fluorescence parameters is presented and evaluated. It is concluded that under a wide range of conditions fluorescence parameters can be used to predict accurately and rapidly CO2 assimilation rates in maize.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02187468
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    Chilling and photosynthetic productivity of field grown maize (Zea mays); changes in the parameters of the light-response curve, canopy leaf CO2 assimilation rate and crop radiation-use efficiency (1993)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 38 (1993), S. 125-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chilling ; photosynthesis ; crop radiation-use efficiency ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of growth temperatures on the photosynthetic performance of field grown maize (Zea mays cv. LG11) was examined for crops sown on 1 May and 28 June 1991. During the period of growth, 2 May to 10 August, the early-sown crop experienced temperatures below 10 °C on 33 occasions compared with only one for the crop sown on 28 June. The prolonged period of low temperatures throughout May and beginning of June were associated with a marked depression in CO2 assimilation rates at all light levels in the early-sown treatment. Chill-induced depression of the photosynthetic light-response curve reflected a sustained reduction in canopy leaf photosynthesis and crop radiation-use efficiency (RUE). During the early stages of growth, RUE was 65% lower in the early- than late-sown treatment, with no marked recovery observed in the former treatment until approximately three weeks after chilling conditions had ceased. Data show a close correlation between chill-induced depression of quantum yield (Φ) and RUE, with corresponding reductions in the light-saturated rates of CO2 assimilation (Pmax). The convexity of the light-response curve recovered most rapidly from chilling temperatures, and at least three weeks before any improvement in RUE. It is concluded that photosynthetic productivity of immature maize stands is less sensitive to changes in the convexity of the light response, than to changes in either Φ or Pmax.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00146411
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    Phosphorus availability under alley cropping and mulched and unmulched sole cropping systems in Costa Rica (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 137 (1991), S. 275-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alley cropping ; beans ; Erythrina ; Gliricidia ; humid tropics ; isotopically exchangeable P ; maize ; mulching ; phosphorus cycle ; P desorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus availability was measured in soils under five cropping systems: alley cropping with Erythrina poeppigiana, alley cropping with Gliricidia sepium, sole cropping with Erythrina poeppigiana mulch applied, sole cropping with Gliricidia sepium mulch applied, sole cropping with no mulch. The following parameters were measured: 1) plant-available soil P assessed by P uptake of maize and bean bioassay plants; 2) phosphate desorbable by anion exchange resin; 3) adsorption of added P into isotopically exchangeable and non-exchangeable pools. In the bioassay, P uptake of beans declined in the order: mulched sole-cropped〉unmulched sole-cropped〉alley-cropped soils. For maize the relative uptake was: mulched sole-cropped〉unmulched sole-cropped = alley-cropped soils. These results suggest trees had not incorporated a significant quantity of P into the system after seven years and, probably, there was a decrease in available soil P due to the sequestration of P in the tree biomass. Potentially resin-desorbable P was higher in alley-cropped and mulched sole-cropped soils than in unmulched sole-cropped soils. The adsorption and desorption of added P into and from exchangeable and non-exchangeable pools did not differ between alley-cropped and unmulched sole-cropped soils. Crop yield and crop N, P and K uptake were all higher in the alley crops than in the unmulched sole crop. The supply of P to the crop under alley cropping seems to be dependent on P cycled and released from the mulch. The P cycle in alley cropping appears to be self-sustaining at least under conditions of moderate P fertiliser input.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011206
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    A statistical analysis of the influence of Striga hermonthica on maize yields in fertilizer trials in Southwestern Kenya (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 138 (1991), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fertilizer trials ; Kenya ; maize ; Striga hermonthica ; sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The adverse effect of the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica on yield of maize was studied in a fertilizer trial in Southwestern Kenya. In two years of experimentation (1987 and 1988), the weed had a highly significant, negative impact on maize yields. The spotty incidence of Striga disturbed the fertilizer trials. Inclusion of the degree of Striga infestation in a regression model caused an increase in the fraction of experimental variation that could be explained by the model. Several methods were tested to combat Striga. Hand-pulling reduced Striga incidence and increased grain yields during the following growing season. No clear effect was obtained from the trap crop sunflower, although such an effect may have been concealed by the success of hand-pulling. Application of mineral fertilizers or farmyard manure did not significantly reduce Striga infestation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011801
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    Manganese deficiency in maize affects pollen viability (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 138 (1991), S. 139-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; manganese deficiency ; pollen viability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays L. cv. G2) was grown with 0.55 mg L−1 (sufficient), or 0.0055 mg L−1 (deficient) manganese in sand. Manganese-deficient plants developed visible deficiency symptoms and showed poor tasseling and delayed anther development. Compared to Mn-sufficient plants, Mn-deficient plants produced fewer and smaller pollen grains with reduced cytoplasmic contents. Manganese deficiency reduced in vitro germination of pollen grains significantly. Ovule fertility was not significantly affected by Mn. But in Mn-deficient plants seed-setting and development was reduced significantly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011816
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    Gas-filled root porosity in response to temporary low oxygen supply in different growth stages (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aeration ; aerenchyma ; carnation ; cucumber ; gerbera ; maize ; oxygen stress ; oxygen transport ; redox dye ; rice ; rose ; sugar beet ; sweet pepper ; tomato ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of gas-filled root porosity in response to temporary low oxygen supply was tested for a range of edible and ornamental crops: rice, maize, wheat, sugar beet, tomato, cucumber, sweet pepper, carnation, gerbera and rose. In a first experiment, the roots of tomato, maize and gerbera had a higher gas-filled root porosity, Ep (% v/v), when grown permanently in a non-aerated instead of aerated solution. The Ep of roots increased during two weeks when half the root system of a young plant was transferred to a non-aerated solution; in older plants this response was not seen. Carnation had a negligible gas-filled porosity in all treatments. In a second experiment, a comparison was made between high (20 kPa) and low (about 2 kPa) O2 partial pressure in a recirculating nutrient solution. Half of the root system was transferred to low O2 at various growth stages. In most species older plants did not increase Ep on exposure to low O2. For tomato, sweet pepper and rose, Ep was normally in the range 3–8% (v/v). Young plants of cucumber, wheat and sugar beet also had an Ep in that range, but in older plants values ranged from 1 to 3%. Transverse root sections examined by light microscopy showed, on average, 60% more intercellular spaces in the root cortex than the measurements of gas-filled porosity, probably because some gaps and spaces in the cortex were not gas-filled. This effect was most pronounced in tomato. A negative pressure in the cortex may be needed for gaps to be gas-filled. An exodermis may increase the effectiveness of gas spaces in the cortex by closing the gas channels and, by offering some resistance to water uptake, allowing a negative pressure head in the cortex which keeps gaps gas-filled. A redox dye method was developed to study the length of root which is effectively supplied with oxygen, as a function of Ep. Results indicated that for every percent Ep the root can remain aerated over at least 1 cm in a non-aerated medium under the conditions of the test.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029088
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    Differences between maize and wheat in growth-related nutrient demand and uptake of potassium and phosphorus at suboptimal root zone temperatures (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 150 (1993), S. 129-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: adaptation ; maize ; nutrient uptake ; root growth ; root temperature ; shoot base temperature ; shoot growth ; shoot demand per unit of roots ; spring wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of low root zone temperatures (RZT) on nutrient demand for growth and the capacity for nutrient acquisition were compared in maize and wheat growing in nutrient solution. To differentiate between direct temperature effects on nutrient uptake and indirect effects via an altered ratio of shoot to root growth, the plants were grown with their shoot base including apical shoot meristem either within the root zone (low SB), i.e. at RZT (12°, 16°, or 20°C) or, above the root zone (high SB), i.e. at uniformly high air temperature (20°/16° day/night). At low SB, suboptimal RZT reduced shoot growth more than root growth in wheat, whereas the opposite was true in maize. However, in both species the shoot growth rate per unit weight of roots, which was taken as parameter for the shoot demand for mineral nutrients per unit of roots, decreased at low RZT. Accordingly, the concentrations of potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) remained constant or even increased at low RZT despite reduced uptake rates. At high SB, shoot growth at low RZT in both species was higher than at low SB, whereas root growth was not increased. At high SB, the shoot demand per unit of roots was similar for all RZT in wheat, but increased with decreasing RZT in maize. Uptake rates of K at high SB and low RZT adapted to shoot demand within four days, and were even higher in maize than in wheat. Uptake rates of P adapted more slowly to shoot demand in both species, resulting in reduced concentrations of P in the shoot, particularly in maize. In conclusion, the two species did not markedly differ in their physiological capacity for uptake of K and P at low RZT. However, maize had a lower ability than wheat to adapt morphologically to suboptimal RZT by increasing biomass allocation towards the roots. This may cause a greater susceptibility of maize to nutrient deficiency, particularly if the temperatures around the shoot base are high and uptake is limited by nutrient transport processes in the soil towards the roots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00779183
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    A field comparison of lime requirement indices for maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 127-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium and acid saturation ; exchangeable aluminium and acidity ; lime requirement indices ; maize ; relative crop yields ; seasonal effects ; soil pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Due, in part, to the relative paucity of published comparisons based on field generated data, there is still poor agreement regarding the relative merits of lime requirement indices based on exchangeable Al and those based on pH. The objective of this study was to compare such indices using results obtained from long-term field experiments. Data were obtained over 22 site-years from lime trials conducted on clay (Typic Haplorthox) and sandy loam (Plinthic Paleudult) soils differing widely in organic carbon content. Relative maize (Zea mays L.) yields were used to compare the prognostic value of soil pH with indices obtained using exchangeable Al and exchangeable acidity (Al+H). Both within and across soils, pH proved to be markedly inferior to Al based indices. Exchangeable acid saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity, a readily obtained and popular index of lime requirement in some countries, proved as effective as less easily acquired indices based on exchangeable Al per se. The findings reported are consistent with those of many glasshouse studies and support the viewpoint that indices based on Al or acid saturation should replace pH as a measure of lime requirement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010725
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    Xylem exudate yield from detopped maize plants as an estimator of root pruning (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 277-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bleeding rate ; maize ; root pruning ; root-study methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Current methods of studying roots are either labour intensive or require expensive equipment. In 1986 and 1987 root pruning treatments were given to maize plants grown indoors. In both years the amount of xylem exudate collected from plant stumps shortly after root pruning increased with the dry weight of roots attached to the plant. The measurement of xylem exudation is presented as an alternative for conventional laborious root-study methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012046
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    Influence of adenine, isopentyl alcohol and Azotobacter chroococcum on the vegetative growth of Zea mays (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 135 (1991), S. 213-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; plant growth-regulating substances ; plant hormones ; substrate dependend-cytokinin production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Glasshouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of pretested cytokinin precursors, adenine (ADE) and isopentyl alcohol (IA), and a cytokinin producing bacterium, Azotobacter chroococcum added to soil, on the vegetative growth of maize (Zea mays L.). The combination of 2.0 mg ADE kg-1 soil, 13 mg IA kg-1 soil, plus an inoculum of A. chroococcum was the most effective in enhancing the vegetative growth of maize compared with the application of ADE plus IA, ADE plus A. chroococcum, or ADE, IA or A. chroococcum alone. The dry weight of root and shoot tissues was increased up to 5.57- and 5.01-fold, respectively, in comparison to the controls; however, the root/shoot ratios were similar. The increases in shoot height, internodal distance, stem and leaf width over the controls under the optimum treatment were: 2.07-, 2.81-, 1.46-, and 2.11-fold, respectively. The improvement in plant yield was primarily attributed to A. chroococcum production of cytokinins in the rhizosphere.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010909
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    The effect of soil aggregate size on early growth and shoot-root ratio of maize (Zea mays L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 138 (1991), S. 189-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aggregate size ; carbon allocation ; maize ; shoot-root ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Shoot dry mass and leaf area of 16-d old maize plants decreased as soil aggregate size in greenhouse pots increased in diameter from 0.075–0.5 to 4–8 mm. Root length was also much greater on the finer aggregate beds, due primarily to increased growth of second-order laterals. In a subsequent experiment in which shoot dry matter again decreased with increasing aggregate size, it was found that a similar change in root morphology as noted in experiment I resulted in increased root dry mass as aggregate size increased. The associated change in shoot-root ratio was significant eight days after emergence. This change was due to a change in allocation of fixed carbon rather than allocation of seed reserves. Neither transpiration rate per unit leaf area, nor net assimilation rate were affected by aggregate size. Likewise nutrition could not account for the differences in shoot or root growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012245
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    Nitrogen cycling in leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) alley cropping in semi-arid tropics (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 148 (1993), S. 63-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alley cropping ; C/N ratio ; decomposition ; fertilizer N ; leucaena N ; leucaena residues ; lignin ; maize ; N mineralization ; 15N recovery ; N uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The success of alley cropping depends to a large extent on the efficiency of transfer of nitrogen (N) from the legume hedgerow plants to the non-legume crop. Here the idea is examined that leucaena prunings (residues) can supply enough N to maize plants to significantly reduce the degree of N deficiency. Two experiments on decomposition of leucaena leaf, stem, and petiole and mineralization of N from leucaena residues were conducted in field microplots which received application of either15N-labelled leucaena materials or ammonium sulphate fertilizer. The microplots were installed in alleys formed by leucaena hedgerows spaced 4.5 metres apart and cropped with maize. The decomposition of leucaena leaves, stems and petioles was estimated by several methods. The decomposition ranged from 50–58% with leaves, 25–67% with stems and 38–51% with petioles 20 days after addition. More than 55% of the N was released in 52 days during decomposition of leucaena residues. By 20 days after application of15N-labelled leucaena 3.3–9.4% of the added15N was found in the maize plants, 32.7–49.0% was in the leucaena residues, 36.0–48.0% in the soil and 0.3–21.9% lost (deficit). By 52 days 4.8% of the15N applied in leucaena prunings was taken up by maize, 45.1% was detected in the residues, 24.9% in the soil and 25.2% lost. However, when N fertilizer was applied, 50.2% of the fertilizer N was recovered by maize, 35.5% was retained in the soil and 14.3% apparently lost. There was a marked increase in maize plant dry matter and N uptake in the microplots with addition of leucaena prunings compared with those in the microplots without leucaena added. Most of the15N remaining in the soil profile, derived from leucaena residues, was detected in the top 25 cm soil with less than 2% found below 25 cm. ei]H Lambers
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185385
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    Nutrient fluxes in the shifting cultivation system of south-west Côte d'Ivoire (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 179-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ash ; burning ; Côte d'Ivoire ; efficiency of utilization of nutrients ; maize ; nutrient uptake ; residual effects ; shifting cultivation ; Taï National Park ; upland rice ; weed growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract At two sites, one with a 4-year-old (4-Y) secondary vegetation and the other with a 20-year-old (20-Y) vegetation, the influence of burning slashed vegetation on crop performance was studied during three seasons. In the first season after clearing, also the influence on weed growth was studied. At both sites, burning significantly decreased the number of weed seedlings. The lowest number of seedlings was found on the burnt plots of the 20-Y site. Burning increased yield and nutrient uptake significantly in the first and second season after clearing. In the third season after burning, only at the 4-Y site a significantly higher yield and nutrient uptake were found. At the 20-Y site the effect had disappeared. Calculations of efficiency of utilization of absorbed N, P and K indicated that P was the least available nutrient, also after burning. At both sites three consecutive crops absorbed approximately 40% of P applied in ash, while the cumulative recovery of K was at least 36% at the 4-Y site and at least 59% at the 20-Y site. On non-burnt plots, yields were not lower in the third season than in the first season after clearing, thus indicating that the inherent soil fertility did not decrease. Hence, yield decline on the burnt plots could be ascribed to ash depletion. It was concluded that in the local shifting cultivation system, the combination of ash depletion and infestation of weeds are the main reasons for abandoning the fields.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012523
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    Genetic variation for traits relating to nitrogen content of maize stalks (1991)
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    Euphytica 52 (1991), S. 91-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; genetic variation ; nitrate accumulation ; N use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The objective of this research was to obtain information about expression of genes controlling N concentration in the lower stalk internodes of maize at silking stages and in two other stages during the grain filling period. The inheritance of nitrate-N concentration, total N concentration, and the nitrate-N/total N ratio in the lower stalk internodes was measured in an eight-line diallel cross experiment and in an experiment involving segregating generations. The results show that the parameters examined, particularly nitrate-N concentration, are genetically controlled and that maize plants differ in this respect. Moreover, the magnitude of the general combining ability effects in relation to the size of specific combining ability obtained from the diallel analysis and the mean squares of the analysis of variance of generation means indicated additive heritability of nitrate-N concentration and other N-related traits in maize stalks. These findings suggest to us that a cyclic selection program in maize should be effective in modifying the level of N-related traits concentration in the stalks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021320
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    Evaluation of environments for preliminary testing of maize for yield and stover digestibility (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 19-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; prediction ability ; discrimination ability ; yield ; digestibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The identification of environments suitable for selection should enable plant breeders to test reliably a larger number of genotypes with given resources. This research was undertaken to evaluate discrimination ability (DA) and prediction ability (PA) of eight environments involving two locations. Eckartsweier (Eck) 1 and Voelkenrode (Voe); 2 yer. 1984 (84) and 1985 (85); and two harvests, silage harvest (I) and later (II). It was based on dry matter yield of plant (PDMY), ear (EDMY) and stover (SDMY) and on in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) of stover of 12 inbred lines and their 66 diallel crosses in maize (Zea mays L.). Linear regression coefficient of the performance of genotypes in an environment on that averaged across all environments and its degree of determination were used as measures of the DA and PA of environments, respectively. In hybrids, the DA of environments differed significantly for all traits except SDMY and ADL. Environment Eck851 showed better PA (≥0.63) than other environments for PDMY, EDMY, IVDOM, NDF, and ADF. Among the 12 two-environment combinations. EckI was a better predictor for PDMY, EDMY, IVDOM and NDF (PA≥0.80). The more productive environments showed better DA and PA for PDMY and FDMY than less productive ones. For IVDOM and NDF the first harvest provided better discrimination and prediction than the second harvest. In inbred lines the DA of environments differed significantly for EDMY only. In the present study, PA and DA seemed to be functions of the environments, PA was improved by combining two environments, and some environments seemed to be suitable for preliminary selection of genotypes for such diverse traits as yield and digestibility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145626
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    Sources of microorganisms in pozol, a traditional Mexican fermented maize dough (1993)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1993), S. 269-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Enterobacteriaceae ; fermentation ; lactic acid bacteria ; maize ; nixtamal ; pozol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Freshly prepared pozol, a traditional Mexican fermented maize dough, contained (c.f.u./g wet wt): lactic acid bacteria, 104 to 106; aerobic mesophiles, 104 to 105; Enterobacteriaceae, 102 to 103; yeasts, 102 to 104; and mould propagules, 〈103. After 30 h at 28°C the numbers were, respectively: 109, 7×106, 5×105, 106 and 104. Soaking alkali-treated grains overnight allowed lactic acid bacteria, aerobic mesophiles and Enterobacteriaceae to grow and these then constituted the primary microbial flora of the pozol dough. Grinding in a commercial mill inoculated the dough with lactic acid bacteria, aerobic mesophiles, Enterobacteriaceae and yeasts. Other processing stages, including the nature of the surface upon which the balls were made, handling of the dough, and air, contributed only minor numbers of microbes compared with the two major sources, soaking and grinding. The pH of pozol fell from an initial value of 7.3 to 4.6 after 30 h incubation at 28°C. The numbers of Enterobacteriaceae and other aerobic mesophilic bacteria remained constant between 11 and 30 h incubation and there was no evidence of the acidic conditions having any lethal effects on these organisms.
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    Influence of different P sources on the efficiency of several tropical endomycorrhizal fungi in promoting the growth ofZea mays L. (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 30 (1991), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Rock phosphate ; single superphosphate ; P uptake ; VAM fungi ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of inoculation with fourteen endomycorrhizal species belonging to the generaGigaspora, Scutellospora, Glomus, Acaulospora andEntrophospora on the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated under glasshouse conditions in an unsterilized tropical virgin soil using two P sources with different solubility. In both P treatments the population of indigenous mycorrhiza species was not affected and growth of maize was enhanced. Introducing VAM species additionally modified the growth pattern of maize. Using a low-grade rock phosphate (Patos de Minas) from Brazil all endophytes with exception ofGigaspora margarita, Scutellospora verrucosa, Scutellospora gregaria, Entrophospora colombiana andGlomus pallidum improved shoot dry weight. In the treatment with single superphosphate, dry matter production was not significantly enhanced byGigaspora margarita, Gigaspora gigantea, Scutellospora verrucosa, Scutellospora reticulata, Scutellospora gilmorei andGlomus manihotis. When rock phosphate was added root fresh weights were enhanced only by three endophytes (Gigaspora margarita, Gigaspora gigantea andAcaulospora rehmii); with single superphosphate none had a significant effect. The percentage of P in shoots was almost equal in non-inoculated and inoculated plants and yield responses did not always follow the pattern of P uptake. Mycorrhizal root infection was always highest in the treatment with single superphosphate and in most cases a correlation with plant growth was found. The present results show that introduced vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza species differently promote growth of maize according to their adaptability to the P source and to their capability to compete with native VAM endophytes.
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    Nitrogen fertilizer in leucaena alley cropping. II. residual value of nitrogen fertilizer and leucaena residues (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 34 (1993), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: leucaena ; maize ; 15N recovery ; residual15N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Legume residues have been credited with supplying mineral nitrogen (N) to the associated cereal crop and improving soil fertility in the long term. Few studies using15N have reported the fate of legume N and fertilizer N in the presence of legume residues in soil-plant systems over periods of two years or longer. A field experiment was conducted in microplots to evaluate: (1) the residual value of the15N added in leucaena residues; (2) the residual value of fertilizer15N applied in the presence of unlabelled leucaena residues in the first year to maize over three subsequent years; and (3) the long-term fate of residual fertilizer and leucaena15N in a leucaena alley cropping system. There was a significant increase in maize production over three subsequent years after addition of leucaena residues. The residual effect of fertilizer N increased maize yield in the second year when N fertilizer was applied at 36 kg N ha−1 in the first year in the presence of leucaena residues. Of the leucaena15N applied in the first year, the second, third and fourth maize crop recovered 2.6%, 1.8% and 1.4%, respectively. The corresponding values for the residual fertilizer15N were 0.7%, 0.4% and 0.3%. About 12–14% of the fertilizer15N added in the first year was found in the 200 cm soil profile over the following three years. This differed from the 38–41% of leucaena15N detected in the soil over the same period. Most of the residual fertilizer and leucaena15N in the soil was immobilized in the top 25 cm with less than 1% leached below 100 cm. More than 36% of the leucaena15N and fertilizer15N added in the first year was apparently lost from the soil-plant system in the first two years. No further loss of the residual leucaena and fertilizer15N was detected after two years.
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    Intercropping Acacia albida with maize (Zea mays) and green gram (Phaseolus aureus) at Mtwapa, Coast Province, Kenya (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 14 (1991), S. 193-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Acacia albida ; intercropping ; maize ; green gram ; coastal lowlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Long-term agroforestry demonstrations/trials using Acacia albida and other nitrogen fixing multipurpose trees/shrubs were initiated in mid-1982 to assess soil and crop productivity at a coastal lowland site characterized by low soil fertility, weed problems and consequent poor crop yields. Growth performance (height and diameter at breast height, dbh) of Acacia albida under eight densities rotationally intercropped with maize (Zea mays) and green gram (Phaseolus aureus), crop grain yields, soil fertility changes and weed control were assessed for a 5-year period (May 1982 to March 1987). A parallel-row systematic spacing field layout was used. Intercropped Acacia albida mean hight and dbh were 140 and 24% respectively higher than tree-only controls by the fifth year. Growth rate was low during the first year but increased in subsequent years to mean height and dbh of 9 m and 10 cm respectively by March 1987. While differences in dbh were significant, those between stand heights were not. Crop yields, especially under higher tree densities, declined considerably due to unexpected shade which also caused significant reductions in weed biomass. Soil fertility levels remained unchanged during the experimental period relative to the initial status, and differences between the intercropped Acacia albida plots and the tree — or crop — only control appeared not to be significant. We conclude that an understanding of the mechanism regulating leaf fall/retention phenomena of Acacia albida is crucial towards determining the intercropping potentials of the species.
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    The effect of feeding maize husk and leucaena mixed or separately on the voluntary intake of the husk (1993)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 24 (1993), S. 271-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: intake ; maize ; husk ; leucaena ; goats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of feeding maize (Zea mays L.) husk and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) as a mixture or separately on the voluntary intake of maize husk was studied over a 40-day period. Ten male goats with an average weight of 15 kg were used. The maize husk intake and total dry matter intake for the two feeding methods was about the same. Thus, total dry matter intake was not affected (P〈0.05) by the feeding method. There was also no significant difference (P〈0.05) between the two feeding methods in the digestibility values. The data were considered to indicate that there were no significant differences in the intake of maize husk when fed in a mixture with leucaena or when offered separately but at the same time.
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    Use of the SCUAF model to simulate natural miombo woodland and maize monoculture ecosystems in Zimbabwe (1993)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 22 (1993), S. 259-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: SCUAF ; computer model ; soil carbon ; soil nitrogen ; miombo ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract ‘Soil Changes Under Agroforestry’ (SCUAF), a computer model designed to predict changes in erosion, soil carbon and soil nitrogen over time within various agroforestry systems and climatic regimes, was assessed using input data from an undisturbed miombo woodland and an adjacent maize field in Zimbabwe. Predicted changes in soil carbon were in a realistic range for both miombo and maize treatments. However, the accuracy of the model may be a reflection of the detail required in its initialisation. Several problematic relationships were found within the model, in particular inconsistent patterns between nitrogen uptake and plant productivity under complex fertilisation simulations and a lack of attenuation of productivity in the simulation of miombo woodland as it approached maturity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705238
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    A study of alley-cropping data from Northern Brazil. I. Distributional properties (1993)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 22 (1993), S. 241-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Inga edulis ; maize ; beans ; statistical analysis ; distributions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Measurements from trees and plants of a BrazilianInga/maize/beans alleycrop experiment were assessed for their distributional properties for three years of the study. Results for the tree data were similar to those found in an earlier study. Results for the crop data demonstrated similarities between the distributions for alleycrops and solecrops, nonnormality shown by positive skewness and peaked distributions. Changes in the distributional shapes were demonstrated from year to year as soil nutrient depletion increased and as climatic variables fluctuated. Variation across the rows in the alley was often of a similar size to variation from plant to plant within the rows. Initial recommendations for analysis of such data are given on the basis of these results.
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    The ethnoecology of maize variety management: A case study from Mexico (1991)
    Springer
    Human ecology 19 (1991), S. 389-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: maize ; indigenous knowledge ; technological change ; Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a case study of the relationship between farmers' knowledge of maize varieties and their selection and management of these varieties under conditions of technological change. Research for this paper was done among Spanish-speaking small farmers in an ejidoof central Chiapas, Mexico. This ejido is well integrated into the market, and the use of modem technologies is widespread. This research demonstrates that farmers have an extensive and widely shared knowledge of their maize varieties. This knowledge reflects objective maize characteristics. Variation occurs in the farmers' selection and management of maize varieties, but on average the variation deviates from a random pattern in the direction predicted by the farmers' knowledge base. They have incorporated the technological changes brought about by development into their knowledge base. Farmers maintain maize varieties with contrasting traits, and their knowledge base provides important information about which traits and constraints are important to them.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00888984
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    Mid-parent heterosis and combining ability of European corn borer resistance in maize (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: diallel analysis ; host plant resistance ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; plant breeding ; Zea mays ; maize ; European corn borer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Success in breeding maize resistant to the European corn borer has been limited, with the exception of leaf feeding resistance. The inheritance of resistance to leaf, sheath-collar and ear damage in four maize germplasms and their six F1 crosses was evaluated by diallel analysis. Plants in a completely randomized design were artificially infested at the whorl, anthesis or full silk stage of plant development and were evaluated in the field for insect damage. A damage index based on size, number and location of lesions was calculated for each stage. Stowell's Evergreen (susceptible) had a mean damage index three to six times that of Maiz Amargo (resistant) at the whorl stage and the progeny plants were more resistant than the susceptible parent. Maiz Amargo and its crosses had significantly lower mean indices than Stowell's Evergreen for sheath-collar damage in Year 1 but not Year 2. Zapalote Chico, Maiz Amargo and their cross were significantly less damaged than other genotypes at the full silk stage. Heterosis values indicated an increase in resistance of crosses over the midparent average at all three stages of development. General combining ability (GCA) was highly significant for all types of damage, but specific combining ability was significant only for leaf damage. Based on estimates of GCA, Maiz Amargo was the best source of resistance to leaf and sheath-collar damage and both Zapalote Chico and Maiz Amargo would be good parents for ear damage resistance. Results suggest that resistance at different plant development stages can be combined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023774
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    Contribution of the VA mycorrhizal hyphae in acquisition of phosphorus and zinc by maize grown in a calcareous soil (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcareous soil ; copper ; hyphal transport ; iron ; maize ; manganese ; phosphorus ; VA-mycorrhiza ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An investigation was carried out to test whether the mechanism of increased zinc (Zn) uptake by mycorrhizal plants is similar to that of increased phosphorus (P) acquisition. Maize (Zea mays L.) was grown in pots containing sterilised calcareous soil either inoculated with a mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerdemann and Trappe or with a mixture of mycorrhizal fungi, or remaining non-inoculated as non-mycorrhizal control. The pots had three compartments, a central one for root growth and two outer ones for hyphal growth. The compartmentalization was done using a 30-μm nylon net. The root compartment received low or high levels of P (50 or 100 mg kg−1 soil) in combination with low or high levels of P and micronutrients (2 or 10 mg kg−1 Fe, Zn and Cu) in the hyphal compartments. Mycorrhizal fungus inoculation did not influence shoot dry weight, but reduced root dry weight when low P levels were supplied to the root compartment. Irrespective of the P levels in the root compartment, shoots and roots of mycorrhizal plants had on average 95 and 115% higher P concentrations, and 164 and 22% higher Zn concentrations, respectively, compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. These higher concentrations could be attributed to a substantial translocation of P and Zn from hyphal compartments to the plant via the mycorrhizal hyphae. Mycorrhizal inoculation also enhanced copper concentration in roots (135%) but not in shoots. In contrast, manganese (Mn) concentrations in shoots and roots of mycorrhizal plants were distinctly lower, especially in plants inoculated with the mixture of mycorrhizal fungi. The results demonstrate that VA mycorrhizal hyphae uptake and translocation to the host is an important component of increased acquisition of P and Zn by mycorrhizal plants. The minimal hyphae contribution (delivery by the hyphae from the outer compartments) to the total plant acquisition ranged from 13 to 20% for P and from 16 to 25% for Zn.
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    Nitrogen transfer from nodulating soybean to maize or to nonnodulating soybean in intercrops: the 15N dilution method (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 53-63 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merr. ; intercropping ; maize ; N-depleted soil ; 15N dilution method ; N transfer ; soybean ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In 1985, 1986 and 1988, maize (Zea mays L.) was monocropped or intercropped with nodulating or nonnodulating soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). In addition, nodulating soybean and nonnodulating soybean were each monocropped and grown as a mixture. In 1985 and 1986, treatments were grown at 0 and 60 kg N ha−1 and in 1988, the treatments were grown without N fertilizer, on N-depeted soil and on non-N-depleted soil. 15N enriched N was applied to soil in all the aforementioned treatments to test for N transfer from nodulating soybean to non-N2-fixing crops by the 15N dilution method. The 15N dilution method did not show the occurrence of N transfer in 1985 and 1986, but the N sparing effect was evident from the total N uptake of nonnodulating soybean, dwarf maize and tall maize, in 1986. In 1988, maize and nonnodulating soybean seed yields and seed N yields were higher on non-N-depleted soil than on N-depleted soil. On N-depleted soil, the 15N dilution method indicated N transfer from nodulating soybean to maize and to nonndulating soybean. At a population ratio of 67% nodulating soybean to 33% nonnodulating soybean, N transfer was also seen on non-N-depleted soil in 1988.
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    Phosphate stress response in hydroponically grown maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 85-90 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; phosphate ; phosphatase ; roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The long-term response of hydroponically grown maize plants to variations in the phosphate concentration in the growth medium was studied. There was a 5-week lag period before any differences between experimental and control groups could be seen. After this period, the plants grown without phosphate devoted a higher percentage of their total mass to roots than did the controls. The roots of the phosphate-free plants were longer and less bushy than those of the control plants. Plants grown without phosphate showed an increase in the amount of acid phosphatase extractable from the external surfaces of the roots by a high salt solution. These phosphate stress responses were induced by 5 μM phosphate but not by 25 μM phosphate.
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    Nutritional disorders between potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus in soil (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: activity ratio ; ammonium phosphate ; chloride ; maize ; sandy loam ; soil extracts ; sulphate ; superphosphate ; unbalanced nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A new soil testing procedure has been used to demonstrate the effect of an overfertilization by potassium during the preceding years. The total concentration of cations was governed by the amount of soluble anions and the proportion between the different cations was dependent on exchange reactions and is described by activity ratio. High activity ratio between potassium and calcium induced Ca-deficiency, which resulted in a restricted root functioning shown by periodic decreases of nutrient uptake rates and plant growth rate. P-deficiency restricted root growth, but although ammonium phosphate was most effective to increase P-concentration in soil extracts and P-absorption by plants, ordinary superphosphate gave the highest yield and the best utilization of the absorbed phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium.
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    Variability in nitrogen fixation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercropped with maize (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 93-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: common bean ; maize ; intercropping ; nitrogen fixation ; 15N isotope ; 15N natural variation ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thirty one selected bean lines were evaluated in the field for ability to support N2 fixation when intercropped with maize which received 0, 30 and 60 kg N ha−1 as ammonium sulphate. The amount of fixed N2 was estimated using the natural variation of 15N and wheat as the standard non-fixing crop. Nitrogen as low as 15 kg N ha−1 at sowing suppressed nodule weight and activity (acetylene reduction activity) but not nodule number, suggesting that the main effect of mineral N was on nodule development and function. 15N data revealed a high potential of the bean genotypes to fix N2, with the most promising ones averaging between 50–60% of seed N coming from fixation. Bean lines CNF-480, Puebla-152, Mexico-309, Negro Argel, CNF-178, Venezuela-350 and WBR22-3, WBR22-50 and WBR22-55 were ranked as good fixers.
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    Re-sorption of organic compounds by roots of Zea mays L. and its consequences in the rhizosphere (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 47-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; mathematical model ; re-sorption ; rhizosphere ; root exudates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The exudation of soluble carbon compounds from Zea mays roots was investigated over a 10 day growth period under sterile and non-sterile solution culture conditions. The results showed that plants grown in sterile static solution culture, where C was allowed to accumulate, released 8 times less C than plants grown under culture conditions in which the solutions were replaced daily. The increased C loss from plant cultures in which exudates were removed daily was attributable to, (a) the reduced potential for root re-sorption of previously lost C, and (b), increasing diffusion gradients between the root and the surrounding bathing solution increasing passive leakage of exudates from the roots. In treatments where C was removed daily from the root-bathing solution, 86% of the total C lost was of a soluble low molecular weight nature, whereas, in sterile and non-sterile static cultures, allowing the accumulation of C over 10 days, this was reduced to 67.5 and 48% respectively. The main C fluxes operating in a solution culture system (efflux and influx of C by both roots and microorganisms) were examined using a computer simulation model to describe movement of soluble sugar-C in both sterile and non-sterile conditions. In sterile static cultures where C was allowed to accumulate in solution over a 10 day growth period, 98% of the C exuded was re-absorbed by the plant. Where C was removed daily from the root-bathing solution this was reduced to 86%. The predicted patterns of C accumulation were similar to those found in the experiments. Simulations showed that the pattern of accumulation and final equilibrium concentrations were dependent on the rate of exudation, the spatial characteristics of exudation, solution volume, root growth rate and the presence of a microbial population. Simulations under non-sterile conditions showed that roots can compete with microorganisms for exudates in solution indicating the possible importance of re-sorption in a soil environment. The results clearly indicate that roots are capable of regulating the net amount of C released into a solution culture with the amount of C collected being highly dependent on the experimental conditions employed. The possible implications of soluble C influx on processes operating within the rhizosphere and in experimental systems is discussed.
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    Estimates of the residual nitrogen benefit of groundnut to maize in Northeast Thailand (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 267-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: added nitrogen interactions ; groundnut ; maize ; nitrogen ; 15N-isotope methodology ; residual effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four cultivars of groundnut were grown in upland soil in Northeast Thailand to study the residual benefit of the stover to a subsequent maize crop. An N-balance estimate of the total residual N in the maize supplied by the groundnut was made. In addition three independent estimates were made of the residual benefits to maize when the groundnut stover was returned to the land and incorporated. The first estimate (Estimate 1) was an N-balance estimate. A dual labelling approach was used where 15N-labelled stover was added to unlabelled microplots (Estimate 2) or unlabelled stover was added to 15N-labelled soil microplots (Estimate 3). The nodulating groundnut cultivars fixed between 59–64% of their nitrogen (as estimated by the 15N isotope dilution method using non-nodulating groundnut as a non-fixing reference) producing between 100 and 130 kg N ha-1 in their stover. Although the following maize crop suffered from drought stress, maize grain N and dry weights were up to 80% and 65% greater respectively in the plots where the stover was returned as compared with the plots where the stover was removed. These benefits were comparable with applications of 75 kg N ha-1 nitrogen in the form of urea. The total residual N estimates of the contribution of the nodulated groundnut to the maize ranged from 16.4–27.5 kg N ha-1. Estimates of the residual N supplied by the stover and fallen leaves ranged from 11.9–21.3 kg N ha-1 using the N-balance method (Estimate 1), from 6.3–9.6 kg N ha-1 with the labelled stover method (Estimate 2) and from 0–11.4 kg N ha-1 with the labelled soil method. There was closest agreement between the two 15N based estimates suggesting that ‘apparent added nitrogen interactions’ in these soils may not be important and that N balance estimates can overestimate the residual N in crops following legumes, even in very poor soils. This work also indicates the considerable ability of local groundnut cultivars to fix atmospheric nitrogen and the potential benefits from returning and incorporating legume residues to the soil in the upland cropping systems of Northeast Thailand. The applicability of the 15N methodology used here and possible reasons for the discrepancies between estimates 1, 2 and 3 are discussed.
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    Field aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus on maize kernels (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1991), S. 187-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: corn ; maize ; Zea mays L. ; aflatoxin ; resistance ; lfy gene ; Aspergillus flavus ; Aspergillus parasiticus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries spores are commonly used as inoculum for screening maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to aflatoxin accumulation on grain. Occasionally, A. parasiticus Speare is also used for this purpose. However, only limited data are available on whether one species is as effective as the other for identifying aflatoxin-resistant genotypes. Our objective was to determine relative aflatoxin accumulation on kernels of maize containing the leafy (Lfy) gene in response to A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin production by A. flavus and A. parasiticus on grain of seven maize synthetics containing the Lfy gene, viz., A619, A632, Mo17, B73, HY, Wf9, and 914, was examined in three environments in Louisiana. Ears were doubly inoculated at 14 and 21 days after mid-silk by atomizing over external silks a 2 ml suspension containing 2.0×107 spores ml-1 of either A. flavus or A. parasiticus. All genotypes responded similarly in the three environments to both the fungal species. Aflatoxin B1 and B2 production did not differ in the three environments. The seven genotypes did not differ in levels of aflatoxin accumulation in response to either A. flavus or A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin production by A. flavus was detected in maize samples from all three environments, but aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus was found only in samples from Winnsboro, where moisture stress occurred. Mean B1 and B2 production by A. flavus from the three environments was, respectively, four and one-half times and two times more than that by A. parasiticus.
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    Variation in resistance of Mexican landraces of maize to maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais, in relation to taxonomic and biochemical parameters (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 74 (1993), S. 227-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: resistance ; taxonomy ; maize ; maize weevil ; indigenous landraces ; phenolic acids ; life history components ; indirect selection ; Zea mays ; Sitophilus zeamais
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Accessions representing twenty eight landraces of maize were assessed for susceptibility to the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais in standardized resistance tests. Susceptibility parameters such as weight loss of grain, number of insect progeny produced, the Dobie index of susceptibility, and oviposition on grain were found to vary significantly by genotype, with exceptional resistance found in accessions representing the Naltel, Chapalote and Palomero landraces. As in improved genotypes, susceptibility was negatively correlated to phenolic and protein content of the variety tested but positively correlated to moisture content. A detailed analysis of the phenolics revealed the presence of diferulate which may contribute to mechanical resistance of the seed by cross-linking of cell wall hemicelluloses. A canonical discriminant analysis of the resistance data suggests that most of the five landrace groupings are significantly different. The ancient indigenous and prehistoric mestisos groupings are sources of resistant genotypes.
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    Host-size preference of the parasitoidAnisopteromalus calandrae [Hym: Pteromalidae] onSitophilus zeamais (Col.: Curculionidae) larvae with a uniform age distribution (1993)
    Springer
    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 225-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: host size preference ; parasitoid ; stored product ; maize ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La première génération d'Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) récoltée dans du maïs stocké commercialement en Caroline du Sud fut exposée, dans du maïs écossé, à un mélange de jeunesSitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, de toutes tailles représentant une distribution d'âge uniforme. On a observé 87% de parasitisme sur les larves comportant un tunnel de 0,9 à 1,8 mm et 6% sur les prépupes et pupes pour cette distribution d'âge. Le taux de préférence était le plus élevé pour les grosses larves-hôte (1,6 mm de diamètre), moyen pour les autres larves de 0,9 à 1,8 mm, et le plus bas pour les pupes et les petites larves. On a discuté de la sélectivité des hôtes en utilisant les paramètres de Chesson (1983): préférence, αi, probabilité de parasitisme, Pi, et index d'électivité ɛi.
    Notes: Abstract First generationAnisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) collected from commercial stored maize in South Carolina were exposed to a mixture of all sizes of immatureSitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, representative of a uniform age distribution, in shelled maize. Eighty-seven percent of parasitism is expected on larvae with tunnel diameters of 0.9 to 1.8 mm and 6% on prepupae and pupae, given this host-size distribution. Preference was greatest for large host larvae (1.6 mm diameter), intermediate for other larvae in the range 0.9 to 1.8 mm, and least for pupae and small larvae. Host-stage preference is discussed with respect to Chesson's (1983) parameters for preference, αi, probability of parasitism, Pi, and electivity index, ɛi.
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    Dryinid (Hym.: Dryinidae) parasitoids ofDalbulus leafhopper (Hom.: Cicadellidae) in Mexico (1993)
    Springer
    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 41-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Insect parasitoids ; Dryinidae ; Dalbulus ; maize ; teosintes ; Tripsacum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les connaissances relatives aux ennemis naturels des Cicadelles du genre Dalbulus [Hom.: Cicadellidae] sont encore limitées. Dans l'état du Jalisco, au Mexique, a été réalisée une étude sur les dryinides (petites guêpes), parasitoïdes de ces cicadelles. L'état du Jalisco abrite le plus grand nombre d'espèces deDalbulus et se trouve localisé dans la région d'origine deDalbulus ainsi que de ses plantes hôtes: maïs, téosinte (Zea) etTripsacum. Le dryinideGonatopus bartletti a été rencontré parasitantDalbulus maidis sur des plantes de maïs ainsi que sur le téosinte annuelZea mays spp.parviglumis: G. flavipes a été identifié parasitantD. elimatus sur le téosinte pérenne,Zea perennis; de plus, une nouvelle espèce,G. moyaraygozai, ainsi queAnteon ciudadi ont été observés en tant que parasites deD. quinquenotatus surTripsacum pilosum et surTripsacum dactyloides. Le parasitisme par des dryinides a été observé à des altitudes comprises entre 680 et 2 000 m s.n.m..Dalbulus maidis, espèce qui cause les pertes de rendement les plus importantes en Amérique latine, est parasité entre 680 m s.n.m. et 1 760 m s.n.m.. Les espèces deDalbulus associées à des plantes hôtes annuelles (maïs etZ. mays spp.parviglumis) ont été parasitées par des dryinides pendant la saison des pluies alors que les espèces deDalbulus associées à des plantes hôtes pérennes (Z. perennis etTripsacum) ont été parasitées par des dryinides pendant la saison des pluies et la saison sèche. La plus grande diversité d'espèces parasitantDalbulus spp. ainsi que la plus grande fréquence de parasitisme ont été rencontrées sur ces espèces pérennes, suggérant que ces plantes sont des réservoirs d'ennemis naturels deDalbulus spp.
    Notes: Abstract Little is known about the natural enemies of the leafhopperDalbulus spp. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Searches for its dryinid (wasps) parasitoids were made in Jalisco, Mexico. Jalisco contains the greatest number ofDalbulus species, and is considered to be near to the center of origin of this leafhopper genus and its host plants: maize, teosintes (Zea spp.) and gamagrasses (Tripsacum spp.). The dryinidGonatopus bartletti was found parasitizingD. maidis on maize and on annual teosinteZea mays spp.parviglumis. G. flavipes was found parasitizingD. elimatus on perennial teosinteZ. perennis; and a new speciesG. moyaraygozai andAnteon ciudadi parasitizingD. quinquenotatus onTripsacum pilosum andT. dactyloides. Parasitism by dryinids was found at altitudes of 680–2,000 m.Dalbulus maidis, the leafhopper species which causes the greatest losses in maize in Latin America, was found to be parasitized from 680–1,760 m. TheDalbulus species associated with annual host plants (maize andZ. mays spp.parviglumis) were parasitized by dryinids during the rainy season, while theDalbulus species associated with perennial host plants (Z. perennis andTripsacum) were parasitized by dryinids during both the rainy and dry season. The greatest diversity of dryinid parasitoids ofDalbulus spp. and the highest levels of parasitism were recorded from perennial plants, indicating that such species are reservoirs of natural enemies ofDalbulus spp.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373137
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