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  • maize  (36)
  • Springer  (36)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 1990-1994  (36)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1950-1954
  • 1990  (36)
Collection
Keywords
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  • Springer  (36)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Annual Reviews
Years
  • 1990-1994  (36)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of temperature and host plant on the development of the blackfaced leafhopper (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 55 (1990), S. 285-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Graminella nigrifrons ; maize ; oats ; johnsongrass ; development ; fecundity ; host suitability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La dynamique des populations (durée de développement de l'œuf à l'adulte, poids et taille des adultes, fécondité) de G. nigrifrons Forbes (Homop. Cicadellidae) a été étudiée au laboratoire à 5 températures sur plantules de maïs (Zea mays L.), avoine (Avena sativa L.) et sorgho vivace (Shorgum halepense (L.) Pers.). Sur les 3 plantes, les mâles se développent en moyenne 1,2 j plus vite que les femelles. Les relations entre vitesse de développement et température ont été déterminées en utilisant à la fois un modèle linéaire et le modèle biophysique à 2 paramètres de Sharpe & DeMichele (1977). Les températures plus basses donnent des adultes des 2 sexes plus gros et plus lourds. Moins de G. nigrifrons se sont développés sur la graminée vivace que sur les 2 graminées annuelles à la température la plus élevée (30°C), tandis qu'à la température la plus basse (18°C) moins de cicadelles se sont développées sur les graminées annuelles. La température semble jouer un rôle significatif en déterminant l'adéquation des plantes comme hôtes convenant au développement de G. nigrifrons. Le potentiel de ponte de cette cicadelle avait été sous-estimé par les étudies précédentes.
    Notes: Abstract Population dynamics of the blackfaced leafhopper, Graminella nigrifrons (Forbes) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), was studied at five temperatures (18, 21, 24, 27, & 30°C) in the laboratory on seedling maize (Zea mays L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), and the perennial johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.). Effects of temperature and host plant on egg to adult mean development time, adult size and weight, and fecundity were determined. Leafhoppers on all three hosts developed fastest at the highest temperature tested (21.3 days), and slowest at the lowest temperature tested (73.2 days). The duration from first to last adult eclosion was shortest at 30°C, (11.5 days) and longest at 18°C (43 days). The sex ratio of males to females did not differ from 1:1, but males developed an average of 1.2 days faster than females on all three hosts. Mean percent development/day ranged from 1.4% at 18°C to 4.7% at 30°C. The relationship of this development rate and temperature was determined using both a linear model and a variable parameter biophysical model. Based on these models, the developmental threshold is estimated at 12–15°C. The lowest temperature yielded larger and heavier adults (312 μg, dry weight) than did the highest temperature (225 μg). Fewer leafhoppers developed on the perennial than the annuals at 30°C and fewer on the annuals than the perennial at 18°C. Our results suggest that early in the season johnsongrass and perhaps other perennials are the superior developmental hosts for this leafhopper, whereas in midsummer when temperatures are highest, annuals are the better hosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190668
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of early maturing maize (Zea mays, L) variety to potassium and zinc fertilization in the Nigerian savanna (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 23 (1990), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nigerian savanna ; maize ; potassium ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A three year field study was conducted at five locations in the Nigerian savanna to evaluate the response of early maturing maize variety to varying rates of K and Zn with a view to establishing the K and Zn requirements for maize production in this zone. Treatments consisted of 4 × 3 factorial combinations of 4 levels of K and 3 levels of Zn. Responses to K and Zn fertilization were sporadic and were obtained only in soils of the Southern Guinea savanna and in the soil formed on sedimentary sandstone. There seem to be no problem at present in soils of the Northern Guinea and Sudan savannas where leaching is less intense. It is inferred from this study that K and Zn deficiences are incipient in the high rainfall soils and in the sandstone derived soils. For these soils, 50 kg K/ha and 2–5 kg Zn/ha is suggested as adequate for an early maturing maize crop. Soil data showed that K and Zn responses can be expected when available K and Zn levels fall below 0.1 meq/100 g and 2 ppm respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01063333
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residual effect of long-term applications of farmyard manure to silage maize (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 249-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Long-term manure trial ; residual effect ; model test ; nitrogen availability ; maize ; Italian ryegrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sluijsmans and Kolenbrander developed a simple model to describe the availability of animal manure, assuming a readily available, an easily decomposable and a slowly decomposable N fraction. We tested this model on data from an experiment in which farmyard manure had been applied for eleven successive years to silage maize [Zea mays L.] grown on a light sandy soil. The residual effects of this FYM were then measured by growing Italian ryegrass [Lolium multiflorum Lamk.] in the 12th year. The measured uptake of N by the grass of the FYM residues was then compared with the computed values. The measured amounts of N taken up agreed fairly well with the calculated amounts for applications of 50 and 100 t FYM per ha per year. If the rates of manure application are adjusted to crop requirement, the model shows that the potential, long-term release of N from the residual N fraction of FYM will not exceed 20 kg N per ha. For cattle slurry with a smaller residual fraction, the release will be at most 10% of the total annual N application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048763
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of insertion of the maize transposable elementMutator is dependent on genetic background (1990)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 28 (1990), S. 9-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: mutator ; transposable element ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; maize ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A secondary mutant, derived from an allele of maize alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh1) carrying a Mutator transposable element (Mu1) in its first intron, was reported to exhibit a threefold decrease in ADH enzymatic activity and steady-state RNA levels compared to the original mutant. The original mutant,Adh1-S3034 (abbreviatedS3034), was previously characterized at the molecular level. The derivative, abbreviatedS3034b, has now been cloned; at the DNA sequence level the insertion and surroundingAdh1 sequences are indistinguishable fromS3034. Furthermore, in our lines there is no difference in relative ADH activities between products of the two putative alleles. A comparison of gene expression in heterozygotes obtained by crossing to different tester lines reveals a correlation between the measured decrease in levels of ADH polypeptide produced by the mutant allele and the background in which it is measured; this effect is distinct from any background-related variation in the expression of the progenitor allele. It does not appear to be attributable to alternative patterns of DNA modification. It appears to reflect a background-associated difference in the level of normalAdh1-RNA produced. Thus the previously reported distinction betweenS3034 andS3034b may be due to differences in the extent to which the mutant allele and a given genetic background interact to produce functionalAdh1-RNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00554817
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction between visual and olfactory stimuli during host-finding by leafhopper,Dalbulus maidis (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2121-2133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Leafhopper ; Dalbulus maidis ; Homoptera ; Cicadellidae ; hostfinding ; maize ; visual ; olfactory ; synergism ; pest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Virtually nothing is known about the role plant volatiles play in host-finding by Homoptera in the Suborder Auchenorrhyncha. In laboratory bioassays, we examined the influence of plant volatiles on orientation and postcontact behaviors of the leafhopper,Dalbulus maidis, and determined the relationship between visual and olfactory stimuli during host-finding. When compared to the number of contacts made with reflected green light in the presence of a hexane control,D. maidis made more contacts when exposed to volatile extracts from its preferred host, maize; a similar number of contacts when exposed to volatiles from a marginal host, gamagrass; and fewer contacts when exposed to volatiles from a nonhost, sorghum. There was no difference between males and females in the number of contacts made with green light when exposed to maize volatiles compared to hexane alone. More contacts were made with green light than with white light of similar intensity, both in the presence and in the absence of olfactory stimuli; however, maize volatiles acted as a Synergist by increasing the number of contacts leafhoppers made with green light. After contacting the green light, exposure of maize volatiles significantly increased, relative to hexane, the amount of stationary time, but did not influence the amount of time spent moving, the distance traveled, or the speed while moving when within the boundaries of the green light. This study provides the first evidence for an interaction between visual and olfactory stimuli during host-finding for a leafhopper and also for olfactory mediation of postcontact behaviors not associated with feeding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01026924
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unmethylated regions in the intergenic spacer of maize and teosinte ribosomal RNA genes (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 14 (1990), S. 333-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: intergenic spacer ; maize ; methylation ; rDNA ; teosinte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The restriction endonucleases Hpa II and Msp I were used to examine cytosine methylation in the ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) of inbred lines of maize and species of teosinte. In all of the rDNAs examined, Msp I (not sensitive to mCpG) digestion yielded a distribution of lower molecular weight fragments indicative of multiple recognition sites. The majority of the rDNA arrays in an individual were inaccessible to Hpa II (sensitive to mCpG) cleavage, but a significant fraction (10–25%) was cleaved at least once by Hpa II into repeat unit length fragments (9.1 kbp). In some maize inbred lines, one or two additional fragment populations (less than 9.1 kbp in length) were also produced by Hpa II digestion. All of the unmethylated Hpa II sites mapped to the intergenic spacer (IGS), and the major unmethylated site was located approximately 800 bp 5′ to the start of the 18S RNA coding sequence. An Eco RI polymorphism, present in the 26S gene of certain inbred lines and hybrids, was utilized to investigate the organization of unmethylated repeat units in the rDNA array. In double digest experiments with Hpa II/Eco RI, the fragments from repeat units with two Eco RI sites were sensitive to Hpa II digestion, whereas, the fragments from repeat units with a single Eco RI site were almost completely resistant to Hpa II digestion. Similar digestion patterns were also observed in Eco RII (sensitive to mCNG)/Eco RI digests. These results suggest that unmethylated and Eco RI polymorphic sites occur in the same repeat units.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028770
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins from Sorghum vulgare (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 15 (1990), S. 783-785 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: sorghum ; maize ; glycine-rich proteins ; RNA-binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016128
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A tandem of α-tubulin genes preferentially expressed in radicular tissues from Zea mays (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 14 (1990), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA ; differential screening ; genomic cloning ; maize ; tandem genes ; α-tubulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The identification of a cDNA (MR19) corresponding to a maize α-tubulin and homologous genomic clones (MG19/6 and MG19/14) is described. The cDNA has been isolated by differential screening of a cDNA maize root library. We have found two α-tubulin genes in a tandem arrangement in the genomic clones, separated by approximately 1.5 kbp. One of the genes (gene I) contains an identical nucleotide sequence which corresponds to the cDNA clone. The two deduced proteins from DNA sequences are very similar (only two conservative replacements in 451 amino acids) and they share a high homology as compared with the published α-tubulin sequences from other systems and in particular with the Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii sequences reported. The structure of both genes is also very similar; it includes two introns, of 1.7 kbp and 0.8 kbp respectively, in each gene and only one intron placed at a homologous position in relation to Arabidopsis thaliana genes. By using specific 3′ probes it appears that both genes are preferentially expressed in the radicular system of the plant. The α-tubulin gene family of Zea mays seems to be represented by at least 3 or 4 members.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015650
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic relationship of zeins and coixins as determined by immunological cross-reactivity and Southern blot analysis (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 14 (1990), S. 743-751 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; Coix ; zein ; coixin ; phylogenetic relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Zeins from Zea mays L cv. Maya and coixins from Coix lacryma-jobi L. cv. Adlay were fractionated to obtain α-, β-, and γ-zein and α-, β-, and γ-coixin. The α-coixins were composed of 4 polypeptide classes of 27 kDa (C1), 25 kDa (C2), 17 kDa (C4) and 15 kDa (C5) with solubility properties very similar to those of the 22 kDa and 19 kDa α-zeins. Like the α-zeins, the C1 and C2 α-coixins corresponded to 80% of total Coix prolamins. The fraction corresponding to γ-coixin contained only one protein band of 22 kDa (C3). This coixin fraction has solubility properties similar to those of γ-zein and represents 15% of the total coixin. The β-zein fraction was composed of a major 17 kDa protein band, while the β-coixin fraction consisted of a mixture of α- and γ-coixins. Polyclonal antibodies raised against C1 recognized C1 and C2 and cross-reacted strongly with the 22 kDa α-zein, as did C4 and C5 antisera. The antiserum against γ-coixin showed strong cross-reaction with γ-zein. The homology between coixins and zeins was further investigated by using Southern hybridization analyses. The genomic DNA of maize and Coix were digested with several restriction enzymes and probed with cDNA clones representing 19 and 22 kDa α-zeins as well as the 28 and 16 kDa γ-zeins. The Coix genome showed complex cross-hybridization sequences with the 22 kDa α-zein cDNA, while no cross-hybridization was observed with the 19 kDa cDNA clone. The cDNA clone representing the 28 kDa γ-zein cross-hybridized with only one band of Coix genomic DNA, in contrast to the three bands observed in maize. This same Coix sequence also cross-hybridized with the cDNA clone representing the 16 kDa γ-zein. The relevance of these findings are discussed in the context of the origin of zein and coixin genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016507
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gene sequence, developmental expression, and protein phosphorylation of RAB-17 in maize (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 14 (1990), S. 423-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; ABA-induced gene ; protein phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ABA-induced MA12 cDNA from maize, which encodes a set of highly phosphorylated embryo proteins, was used to isolate the corresponding genomic clone. This gene, called RAB-17 (responsive to ABA), encodes a basic, glycine-rich protein (mol. wt. 17 164) containing a cluster of 8 serine residues, seven of them contiguous. It is a homologue of the rice RAB-21 gene (Mundy J, Chua NH, EMBO J 7; 2279–2286, 1988). Phosphoamino acid analysis of the isolated protein indicates that only the serine residues are phosphorylated and a putative casein-type kinase phosphorylatable sequence was identified in the protein. The pattern of expression and in vivo phosphorylation of the RAB-17 protein was studied during maize embryo germination and in calli of both meristematic or embryonic origin. ABA treatment induced the synthesis of RAB-17 mRNA and protein in calli, however, the RAB-17 proteins were found to be highly phosphorylated only in embryos.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028778
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intron-mediated enhancement of heterologous gene expression in maize (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 15 (1990), S. 913-920 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Adh1 ; chloramphenicol acetyl transferase ; enhancer ; intron ; maize ; transient expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chimeric genes containing the coding sequence for bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) have been introduced by electroporation into maize protoplasts (Black Mexican Sweet) and transient expression monitored by enzyme assays. Levels of CAT expression were enhanced 12-fold and 20-fold respectively by the inclusion of maize alcohol dehydrogenase-1 introns 2 and 6 in the chimeric construct. This enhancement was seen when the intron was placed within the 5′ translated region but not when it was located upstream of the promoter or within the 3′ untranslated region. Deletion of exon sequences adjacent to intron 2 abolished its ability to mediate enhancement of CAT gene expression. Northern analysis of protoplasts electroporated with intron constructs revealed elevated levels of CAT mRNA. However, this elevation was insufficient to account for the increased enzyme activity. One explanation of these results is that splicing affects both the quantity of mRNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039430
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zinc deficiency and pollen fertility in maize (Zea mays) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 221-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; pollen fertility ; Zea mays L. ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Zinc deficiency decreased pollen viability in maize (Zea mays L. cv. G2) grown in sand culture. On restoring normal zinc supply to zinc-deficient plants before the pollen mother cell stage of anther development, the vegetative yield of plants and pollen fertility could be recovered to a large extent, but the recovery treatment was not effective when given after the release of microspores from the tetrads. If zinc deficiency was induced prior to microsporogenesis it did not significantly affect vegetative yield and ovule fertility, but decreased the fertility of pollen grains, even of those which visibly appeared normal. If the deficiency was induced after the release of microspores from the tetrads, not only vegetative yield and ovule fertility but pollen fertility also remained unaffected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009263
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of sub-optimal root zone temperatures at varied nutrient supply and shoot meristem temperature on growth and nutrient concentrations in maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 215-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; nutrient concentration ; nutrient availability ; root growth ; root zone temperature ; shoot growth ; shoot meristem temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize seedlings were grown for 10 to 20 days in either nutrient solution or in soils with or without fertilizer supply. Air temperature was kept uniform for all treatments, while root zone temperature (RZT) was varied between 12 and 24°C. In some treatments the basal part of the shoot (with apical shoot meristem and zone of leaf elongation) was lifted up to separate the indirect effects of root zone temperature on shoot growth from the direct effects of temperature on the shoot meristem. Shoot and root growth were decreased by low RZT to a similar extent irrespective of the growth medium (i.e. nutrient solution, fertilized or unfertilized soil). In all culture media Ca concentration was similar or even higher in plants grown at 12 as compared to 24°. At lower RZT concentrations of N, P and K in the shoot dry matter decreased in unfertilized soil, whereas in nutrient solution and fertilized soil only the K concentration decreased. When direct temperature effects on the shoot meristem were reduced by lifting the basal part of the shoot above the temperature-controlled root zone, shoot growth at low RZT was significantly increased in nutrient solution and fertilized soil, but not in unfertilized soil. In fertilized soil and nutrient solution at low RZT the uptake of K increased to a similar extent as plant growth, and thus shoot K concentration was not reduced by increasing shoot growth rates. In contrast, uptake of N and P was not increased, resulting in significantly decreased shoot concentrations. It is concluded that shoot growth at suboptimal RZT was limited both by a direct temperature effect on shoot activity and by a reduced nutrient supply through the roots. Nutrient concentrations in the shoot tissue at low RZT were not only influenced by availability in the substrate and dilution by growth, but also by the internal demand for growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012825
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions between water-stress and different mycorrhizal inocula on plant growth and mycorrhizal development in maize and sorghum (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 121 (1990), S. 179-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; sorghum ; spore production ; VAM fungi ; water-stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were inoculated with a range of VAM fungi and grown under water-stressed and unstressed conditions. There was considerable variation amongst the inocula in their effects on plant growth. Inoculation with Glomus clarum produced the biggest plants in each host, with Glomus monosporum and Acaulospora sp. giving the least growth overall. Root infection produced by the different inocula also varied, but levels were not correlated with effects on plant growth. Water-stress reduced plant growth, with the effects not being altered by mycorrhizal infection. VAM infection levels were not affected by water-stress. Spore production from most inocula was reduced by water-stress, both in total spore numbers and in terms of spores per gram plant weight. Sporulation of G. clarum, G. epigeum and G. monosporum were affected less by stress than were the other inocula. Spore production was in general greater on sorghum than on maize, but the host effect varied amongst the inocula.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012310
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of organic soil amendments on the incidence of stalk rot of maize (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 127 (1990), S. 237-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fusarium moniliforme ; Macrophomina phaseolina ; maize ; organic amendment ; stalk rot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Five organic materials, Calopogonium sp. leaves, rice straw, mixed wood saw dust of Terminalia sp. Triplochyton sp. and Kaya sp., fresh guinea grass and poultry manure were added to soil with a recent history of high stalk rot of maize caused by Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium moniliforme. The two stalk rot organisms reacted differently to the organic amendments. All the amendments produced significantly less Fusarium stalk rot disease than the unamended control. Amendment of soil with fresh Calopogonium leaves was almost ineffective in controlling the incidence of Macrophomina phaseolina. Organic amendment with poultry manure increased the disease casued by M. phaseolina. The other amendments appeared to be equally effective in checking the disease. Increased microbial population due to amendment may play some role in disease suppression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014431
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic variation of the rate of leaf appearance in maize: Possible yield prediction at the early stage (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 46 (1990), S. 237-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; genetic variation ; prediction ; dry matter yield ; early vigour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Evidence of genetic variation for early vigour is presented using maize line × tester crosses. The leaf appearance rate and associated variance components are affected by a physiological stress attributable to the transition to autotrophic nutrition by the plant. At this stage, specific combining ability plays an important role in the total genetic variation. It is concluded that differing genetic controls exist in early and late material, and that this difference is also manifested in leaf initiation and elongation rates. The ground coverage rate, as a component of plant development, is genetically correlated to total dry matter yield. The genetic correlations vary according to the growth stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027223
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy analysis of digestibility traits of maize stover (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 73-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; forage ; digestibility ; near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is emerging as a potentially useful tool in breeding plants for quality traits. Information is lacking, however, on its use in forage maize (Zea mays L.). The objectives of the present investigation were to evaluate the prediction of digestibility traits of maize stover using NIRS technique and to study the effect of laboratory (Lab) and NIRS assays on the estimates of variation and covariation. Twelve inbred lines, 66 diallel crosses among them and eight hybrid checks were evaluated at silage and grain harvests for 2 years at two agro-climatically diverse locations in the Federal Republic of Germany. Standard methods were used for Lab analysis of in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL). In NIRS evaluation, calibration equations were developed by modified stepwise regression. The standard error of calibration was 2.5, 1.7, 1.4 and 0.4 for IVDOM, NDF, ADF and ADL, respectively. The coefficient of multiple determination was high (≥0.9) except for ADL. The validation statistics (standard error and correlation coefficient) were similar. In the diallel crosses, the estimates of variation (heritabilities in broad and narrow sense, genotypic and error coefficients of variation), generally, did not vary appreciably and consistently in the comparisons between Lab and NIRS methods particulary at silage harvest. Simple and rank correlations between Lab and NIRS analyses were positive and significant. These correlation coefficients based on the mean performance of the diallel crosses at silage harvest were 〉0.9 and at least 16 hybrids were common between the two analyses, among the upper one-third or lower one-third (22) hybrids. The study showed that NIRS analysis should be useful in maize breeding programmes wherein a large number of genotypes need to be evaluated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028963
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    Dosage effects of y gene on grain yield and other agronomic traits in maize (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 63-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; corn ; yield ; kernel weight ; shelling percentage ; plant height ; ear height ; husk weight ; cob weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary White-endosperm (y y y) maize (Zea mays L.) is vital to the maize dry-milling industry. However, a substantially greater acreage in the U.S.A. is planted to yellow (Y Y Y) than white maize. Data on comparative performance of yellow and white maize is scanty, and results are inconclusive. This field study was conducted to provide information on dosage effects of y gene on grain yield, 500-kernel (K) weight, shelling percentage, plant and ear height, and cob weight. Yellow x yellow, yellow x white, and white x white endosperm crosses were made among five yellow and five white endosperm lines of Mo14W × Oh7B parentage. In the material studied, the genetic complement of the white-endosperm parent Mo14W varied from 12.50% to 87.50% across 15 treatments. The effect of Mo14W dosages among treatments was removed through analysis of covariance. If differences among treatment means existed, they were attributed to the y gene. A test of parallelism among regression coefficients (Ho. β1=β2=---β15=βc) indicated that these regressions coefficients for plant height, ear height, 500-K weight, and husk weight showed parallelism across yellow x yellow, yellow x white, and white x white crosses. Differences in plant height were significant in 3 out of 5 comparisons each between Y Y vs. y y, Y y vs. y y, and Y Y vs. Y y. Differences in ear height were significant in 1 of 5 Y Y vs. y y comparisons, in 3 of 5 Y y vs. y y comparisons, and in 1 of 5 Y Y vs. Y y comparisons. Differences in 500-K weight were significant in 4 of 5 Y Y vs. y y, in 2 of 5 Y Y vs. Y y and in 1 of 5 Y y vs. y y comparisons. Differences in husk weight were significant in all the Y Y vs. y y comparisons, in 4 of 5 Y y vs. y y comparisons, and in 1 of 5 Y Y vs. Y y comparisons. An increase in the y gene dosage caused, in general, a significant decrease in grain yield, 500-K weight, plant height, ear height, and husk weight. Shelling percentage was decreased but not appreciably. The Y y combination had a heterotic effect on plant height, ear height, and cob weight. An implication of the findings of this study is that it would be difficult to breed for high-yielding white maize if one used this y gene source. At this time, this is the only source (chromosome 6) available for white-endosperm maize. Non-parrallelism among regression coefficients was noted for shelling percentage, grain yield, and cob weight. Non-parallelism was observed in shelling percentage of the yellow x yellow crosses, cob weight of the yellow x white crosses and in grain yield of both yellow x yellow and yellow x white crosses. In general, an increase in mean Mo14W dosage resulted in increased grain yield. Mo14W dosages generally reduced cob weight in the yellow x white crosses. Shelling percentage increased as the mean Mo14W dosages increased for the yellow x yellow crosses. An increase in Mo14W dosages resulted in an increase in 500-K weight.
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  • 19
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    Organic matter contributed to soil by plant roots during the growth and decomposition of maize (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 122 (1990), S. 107-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aseptic ; 14C-labelled ; carbohydrate ; decomposition ; root exudate ; maize ; monosaccharides ; root lysate ; sandy loam sonication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays var. Caldera) plants were grown under sterile and not sterile conditions in soil in an atmosphere continuously enriched with14CO2 for 36 days. At harvest the above ground parts of the maize were cut off and the roots were separated from the soil by washing with water. The soil was dispersed using ultrasonics and separated into soluble clay silt and sand fraction. Roots were included in the coarse sand fraction. 25% of the total label present in the soil ≡ 5.5% of that in the soil-plant system, was water soluble. Very little label was present in the clay and silt fractions (5% in each) and most (65%) was in the sand fraction as root material. Rapid extraction of soil after the removal of roots without ultrasonic treatment released soluble matter which amounted to 〈0.5% of the total activity in the soil-plant system. Isolated roots steeped in water released about 18% of their activity. Much of the soluble fraction may therefore be root lysate. The soil and roots accounted for 22% of the total activity in the soil-plant system. Glucose accounted for 89% of the sugars in the soluble fraction of the soil. 78% or more of the14C present in glucose, arabinose and xylose constituents of the root-soil mixture occurred in the coarse and fine sand fractions, which also included root material. For mannose and galactose the value was 70% and for rhamnose, 50%. After reinoculation of the soil-root mixture and decomposition for 56 weeks, the water soluble material obtained on fractionation of the soil decreased to less than 1% of the total activity. A much greater proportion, 25%, was present in the clay fraction as a result of decomposition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02444110
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  • 20
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    Screening legume green manures as nitrogen sources to succeeding non-legume crops (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 128 (1990), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: buried bag incubation ; leguminous green manures ; maize ; N mineralization ; N supplying potential ; N uptake ; Oxisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A buried bag incubation technique was proposed to monitor N release from soil and decomposing green manure. The technique would facilitate not only the screening of legumes as sources of N but also measurement of the N supplying capacity of soils. Several tropical legumes were incorporated into field plots followed either by maize (Zea mays L.) or by bare fallow. Soil samples from the plow layer containing the incorporated green manure were placed in low density polyethylene bags and buried within the plow layer under the maize crop for in situ incubation. Periodic withdrawal of the bags was accompanied by fallow soil profile sampling. Above ground N accumulation by maize was equally well correlated to N release measured by either method although the bag technique required much less labor. Supplemental experiments suggested that N accumulation in the bags was reduced due to inadequate O2 diffusion but only when O2 demand was high and soil water potential was high. The results show that in situ bag incubation alone or together with fallow soil sampling can be used to estimate the N supplying potential of soil and leguminous residues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011119
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  • 21
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    Field evaluation of several chemical indexes of soil nitrogen availability (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 123 (1990), S. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; nitrogen availability tests ; soil nitrate ; UV absorbance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The ability of several chemical soil N availability indexes to predict the N supplying capability (NSC) of soils to maize in the field was evaluated in 49 field experiments over 3 years in Pennsylvania. Two recently proposed indexes based on the amount of NH4 + released by treating soil with 2 M KCl at 100°C for 4 hr or with a pH 11.2 phosphate-borate buffer for 8 min were not good predictors of NSC (r=0.484 and 0.254, respectively). The absorbance of a 0.01 M NaHCO3 extract at 260 nm was also poorly correlated with field-measured NSC (r=0.412). The pre-sidedress soil NO3 − test (PSNT), the soil NO3 − concertration in the surface 20 cm of soil at planting, and the UV absorbance at 200 nm of a 0.01 M NaHCO3 extract of at planting soils were all moderately well correlated with NSC (r=0.672, 0.750, and 0.737, respectively). The latter two indexes are very simple, rapid, and inexpensive to perform and offer the possibility of improving the prediction of NSC in heavily manured fields.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009929
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  • 22
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    Vertical distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes in sandy soil under maize (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 123 (1990), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Belonolaimus longicaudatus ; Criconemella sphaerocephala ; maize ; Meloidogyne incognita ; nematode ; Paratrichodorus minor ; plant-parasitic nematodes ; Pratylenchus brachyurus ; sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Distribution of plant-parasitic nematode species at soil depths of 0–15 cm, 15–30 cm, and 30–45 cm was examined in two maize fields in Florida during 1987 and 1988. Soil type in both fields was an Arredondo fine sand, consisting of 94–96% sand at all three depths. On most sampling dates, more than 50% of the Belonolaimus longicaudatus collected occurred at the 0–15 cm depth. Only 20–30% of Criconemella sphaerocephala were present at this depth, and the depth distribution of this nematode differed in the two fields. The greatest densities of Pratylenchus brachyurus often occurred at 15–30 cm. Vertical distributions of Meloidogyne incognita and Paratrichodorus minor were erratic and showed marked seasonal variation. For all species examined except B. longicaudatus, a diagnostic soil sample collected 15 cm deep would recover only a minority of the nematode population present in the soil profile.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009931
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  • 23
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    Genotypical differences among graminaceous species in release of phytosiderophores and uptake of iron phytosiderophores (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 123 (1990), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; chlorosis resistance ; cucumber ; genotypical differences ; grasses ; iron mobilization ; iron uptake ; maize ; microorganisms ; oat ; phytosiderophores ; rice ; root exudates ; root growth ; rye ; sorghum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Graminaceous species can enhance iron (Fe) acquisition from sparingly soluble inorganic Fe(III) compounds by release of phytosiderophores (PS) which mobilize Fe(III) by chelation. In most graminaceous species Fe deficiency increases the rate of PS release from roots by a factor of 10–20, but in some species, for example sorghum, this increase is much less. The chemical nature of PS can differ between species and even cultivars. The various PS are similarly effective as the microbial siderophore Desferal (ferrioxamine B methane sulfonate) in mobilizing Fe(III) from a calcareous soil. Under the same conditions the synthetic chelator DTPA (diaethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid) is ineffective. The rate of Fe(III)PS uptake by roots of graminaceous species increases by a factor of about 5 under Fe deficiency. In contrast, uptake of Fe from both synthetic and microbial Fe(III) chelates is much lower and not affected by the Fe nutritional status of the plants. This indicates that in graminaceous species under Fe deficiency a specific uptake system for FePS is activated. In contrast, the specific uptake system for FePS is absent in dicots. In a given graminaceous species the uptake rates of the various FePS are similar, but vary between species by a factor of upto 3. In sorghum, despite the low rate of PS release, the rate of FePS uptake is particularly high. The results indicate that release of PS and subsequent uptake of FePS are under different genetic control. The high susceptibility of sorghum to Fe deficiency (‘lime-chlorosis’) is most probably caused by low rates of PS release in the early seedling stage. Therefore in sorghum, and presumably other graminaceous species also, an increase in resistance to ‘lime chlorosis’ could be best achieved by breeding for cultivars with high rates of PS release. In corresponding screening procedures attention should be paid to the effects of iron nutritional status and daytime on PS release as well as on rapid microbial degradation of PS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011260
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    Sterol content and efficiency of ion uptake by roots of maize genotypes (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 123 (1990), S. 181-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; sterols ; sulphate uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data of compartmental analysis of sulphate were compared with the sterol content of roots of differently yielding maize genotypes. In conditions of steady state nutrient supply, sterol content was significantly correlated only with sulphate efflux (ϕco). This increased at increasing concentration of sterols in the roots. Influx to cytoplasm (ϕoc) was evaluated after sulphate deprivation leading to an induced rate of sulphate uptake. This was negatively correlated with sterol content, which was lower in the high than in the low yielding genotypes. When the highest yield genotype was grown at different sulphate concentrations, influx, efflux, root content of sulphate and sterols were positively correlated with the concentration of sulphate in the nutrient medium. Sterol content in roots appears to be controlled by both the genetic settlement and the nutritional status in maize. Low sterol content is connected with a high efficiency of sulphate utilization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011266
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    Variation and inheritance of response to acetochlor among maize inbred lines and hybrids (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 45 (1990), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; acetochlor ; heterosis ; susceptibility ; tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The variation of response to acetochlor was studied in a two-year experiment carried out by subjecting 18 maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines to three herbicide rates (0, 2.5 and 5 l a.i./ha). In both years some inbred lines consistently exhibited an evident susceptibility, with symptoms consisting of the seedling curling up below the soil surface and causing impaired field emergence. The results were poor plant density and lower grain yield in comparison to control. In contrast, other lines showed a satisfactory level of tolerance. Then, to gather data on the inheritance of response to acetochlor, four tolerant inbreds (T) and four susceptible inbreds (S) were crossed to obtain four T×T, four S×S, four S×T and the corresponding four T×S two-way hybrids. These hybrids were studied together with parental lines by applying the same herbicide rates used in the previous trial. The S×S hybrids showed susceptibility to the herbicide and the T×T were tolerant, whereas the S×T and the T× S hybrids showed a tolerance very close to that of the T×T hybrids. No difference was found between S×T and the corresponding T×S hybrids as to herbicide response. On average, the 16 hybrids exhibited greater tolerance than the eight parental lines, with each hybrid group being more tolerant than its parental line group. These results indicate that tolerance to acetochlor is prevailingly dominant, that action of extranuclear genes should be ruled out, and that the level of plant vigour can affect herbicide reactiveness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033280
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    Taxonomy of Mexican landraces of maize, Zea mays, based on their resistance to European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 46 (1990), S. 119-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; European corn borer ; resistance ; taxonomy ; germplasm ; indigenous land races
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The resistance to the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), of thirty-seven indigenous landraces of Mexican maize was examined. The relationship of resistance and existing taxonomy of maize according to Wellhausen et al., (1952), was subjected to numerical analyses. Variables examined were: seedling DIM-BOA content, the extent of leaf feeding damage by early instar larvae both in the field and in the laboratory, the extent of plant breakage and stalk tunneling by late instar larvae, plant height, and the extent of fungal damage by Gibberella zeae and Ustilago maydis. Significant differences in resistance among the major taxonomic groupings were reflected in the existing taxonomy of maize (Wellhausen et al., 1952). The most resistant landrace grouping was Wellhausen et al.'s Prehistoric Mestizos. Eighty-five percent of a series of modern inbred lines, pools, and Argentine landraces were found to have affinities with one of the more susceptible groupings, the Ancient Indigenous Races, based upon analysis of the resistance data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022305
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    Field aflatoxin contamination of maize genotypes of broad genetic base (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 51 (1990), S. 19-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; corn ; Aspergillus flavus ; Aspergillus parasiticus ; aflatoxin ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Contamination of maize (Zea mays L.) grain prior to harvest with aflatoxin frequently occurs in the southern U.S.A. and sources of resistance are needed. Maize from twelve genotypes (varieties) crossed to two testers was analyzed for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination at Baton Rouge, LA and Tifton, GA in 1987. Variety Philippines had the lowest amount of AFB1 at Baton Rouge and one of the lowest amount of AFB1 at Tifton. In the combined analysis of variance, the location x treatment x tester x variety interaction was significant. This interaction was analyzed and a stability variance (σ1 2) statistic calculated. Mean AFB1 accumulation and stability of AFB1 production were examined simultaneously, i.e., variety ranks for AFB1 and σ1 2 were summed. The most desirable (lowest rank sum) variety across locations, testers, and treatments (inoculation and control) was St. Charles White, followed by Delta Prolific White, and Hopi. The most inconsistent AFB1 accumulation, along with high AFB1, was on Fino, Atkinson, USAWI, Navajo, and Michoacan-21. The ranks of varieties between the inoculation and control treatments were different (rs=−0.51 for Baton Rouge and 0.29 for Tifton). The rs (rank correlation coefficient) for the control treatments between Baton Rouge and Tifton was 0.60 (P〈0.05) and that for the inoculation treatments was −0.20. The varieties identified in this study as having relatively low concentration of AFB1 should be useful to maize breeders in reducing AFB1 contamination in field maize.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022888
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    Influence of phosphate status on phosphate uptake kinetics of maize (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 175-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cmin ; depletion curve ; flowing solution culture ; Glycine max L. ; Imax ; Km ; maize ; phosphate uptake kinetics ; soybean ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To obtain plants of different P status, maize and soybean seedlings were grown for several weeks in flowing nutrient solution culture with P concentrations ranging from 0.03–100 µmol P L-1 kept constant within treatments. P uptake kinetics of the roots were then determined with intact plants in short-term experiments by monitoring P depletion of a 3.5 L volume of nutrient solution in contact with the roots. Results show maximum influx, Imax, 5-fold higher in plants which had been raised in solution of low compared with high P concentration. Because P concentrations in the plants were increased with increase in external P concentration, Imax was negatively related to % P in shoots. Michaelis constants, Km, were also increased with increased pretreatment P concentration, only slightly with soybean, but by a factor of 3 with maize. The minimum P concentration, Cmin, where net influx equals zero, was found between 0.06 and 0.3 µmol L-1 with a tendency to increase with pretreatment P concentration. Filtration of solutions at the end of the depletion experiment showed that part of the external P was associated with solid particles. It was concluded that plants markedly adapt P uptake kinetics to their P status, essentially by the increase of Imax, when internal P concentration decreases. Changes of Km and Cmin were of minor importance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009256
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    Alley cropping Sesbania sesban (L) Merill with food crops in the highland region of Rwanda (1990)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 10 (1990), S. 169-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Alley cropping ; highland agroforestry ; maize ; pole bean ; Sesbania
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Food production in the densely populated Rwandan highlands is impeded by soil erosion and loss in fertility. Alley cropping leguminous shrubs with food crops on contours is purported to minimize the problem and to provide wood and forage. This study reports the effect of Sesbania prunings plus moderate levels of N and P on bean (Phaseolus sp) and maize (Zea mays) yields in alley cropping. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with split-split plots. Main plots were alley width: 2, 4, 6 and 8 m. Phosphorus (P) at 0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha occupied the subplot and nitrogen (N) at 0, 30 and 60 kg/ha were assigned at the sub-sub plot level. No P was applied to maize during the second cropping season. Crop yield in kg/ha included the land space taken by hedgerows. Bean yield in 6 m alleys (1100 kg/ha) was about twice that in 2 m alleys (500 kg/ha). Bean responded to N and P. Optimum alley width and N for bean yield were 6 m and 30 kg/ha, respectively. Cuttings from alley hedgerows provided stakes for climbing beans. Maize responded to N but not to residual P. The highest maize yield came from 8 m alleys with 40 kg/ha, but yields from 8 and 6 m alleys with the same N treatment were not significantly different. Maize plants in middle rows were significantly taller than plants in rows adjacent to hedgerows. Maize rust development showed significant alley width and row position effect. There were significantly fewer uredinia in the Sebania alleys relative to the control plots without shrub hedgerows. Rust development on maize in middle rows was significantly greater than development in border rows.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00115365
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    Soil fertility changes and response of maize and beans to green manures of leucaena, sesbania and pigeonpea (1990)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 12 (1990), S. 197-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Agroforestry ; green manure ; leucaena ; sesbania ; pigeonpea ; soil fertility ; maize ; beans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three multipurpose tree species (MPTS)-leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), sesbania (Sesbania sesban var. nubica) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) were pruned at a height of 60 cm above the ground every two months, and resulting plant biomass was incorporated into the soil as green manure. For comparison, maize (Zea mays) stover was also incorporated into some plots, while some other plots were left fallow. Varying quantities of plant biomass which were incorporated into the soil over a period of 12 months caused large changes in major soil plant nutrients, and it substantially improved soil fertility. To test for improved soil fertility, test crops of maize and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were grown on the plots after six biomass incorporations of 4806, 13603, 16659 and 7793 kg. ha−1yr−1 for pigeonpea, sesbania leucaena and maize, respectively. Responses of the test crops indicated that sesbania and leucaena green manures improved maize stover, cobs and grain yields; and bean haulms and grain yields by 77.6% when compared to fallow plots. Residual effects of green manures still resulted in significant (P 〈 0.05) yield differences in the test cropin the third testing season. Economic significance of green manures in increasing food crop yields to small scale farmers is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123474
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    Inhibition of maize leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase by diethyl oxaloacetate (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 101-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: maize ; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase ; diethyl oxaloacetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diethyl oxaloacetate was found to be a competitive inhibitor of maize leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity with respect to the substrate phosphoenolpyruvate. The Ki values, based on total diethyl oxaloacetate, decreased with increasing pH, while the Ki values, based on the enol tautomer (average of 4 μM), were similar and independent of pH. The results suggest that inhibition is dependent on the enol tautomer. Diethyl oxaloacetate was a weak inhibitor following treatment of the enzyme with dithiothreitol; inhibition could be restored by treatment with diamide, indicating inhibition depends on the reduction state of thiol groups on the enzyme.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035458
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    Organic matter contributed to soil by plant roots during the growth and decomposition of maize (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 121 (1990), S. 107-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aseptic ; 14C-labelled ; carbohydrate ; decomposition ; root exudate ; maize ; monosaccharides ; root lysate ; sandy loam sonication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays var. Caldera) plants were grown under sterile and not sterile conditions in soil in an atmosphere continuously enriched with 14CO2 for 36 days. At harvest the above ground parts of the maize were cut off and the roots were separated from the soil by washing with water. The soil was dispersed using ultrasonics and separated into soluble clay silt and sand fraction. Roots were included in the coarse sand fraction. 25% of the total label present in the soil ≡ 5.5% of that in the soil-plant system, was water soluble. Very little label was present in the clay and silt fractions (5% in each) and most (65%) was in the sand fraction as root material. Rapid extraction of soil after the removal of roots without ultrasonic treatment released soluble matter which amounted to 〈0.5% of the total activity in the soil-plant system. Isolated roots steeped in water released about 18% of their activity. Much of the soluble fraction may therefore be root lysate. The soil and roots accounted for 22% of the total activity in the soil-plant system. Glucose accounted for 89% of the sugars in the soluble fraction of the soil. 78% or more of the 14C present in glucose, arabinose and xylose constituents of the root-soil mixture occurred in the coarse and fine sand fractions, which also included root material. For mannose and galactose the value was 70% and for rhamnose, 50%. After reinoculation of the soil-root mixture and decomposition for 56 weeks, the water soluble material obtained on fractionation of the soil decreased to less than 1% of the total activity. A much greater proportion, 25%, was present in the clay fraction as a result of decomposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013103
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  • 33
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    Interactions between water-stress and different mycorrhizal inocula on plant growth and mycorrhizal development in maize and sorghum (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 122 (1990), S. 179-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; sorghum ; spore production ; VAM fungi ; water-stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were inoculated with a range of VAM fungi and grown under water-stressed and unstressed conditions. There was considerable variation amongst the inocula in their effects on plant growth. Inoculation withGlomus clarum produced the biggest plants in each host, withGlomus monosporum andAcaulospora sp. giving the least growth overall. Root infection produced by the different inocula also varied, but levels were not correlated with effects on plant growth. Water-stress reduced plant growth, with the effects not being altered by mycorrhizal infection. VAM infection levels were not affected by water-stress. Spore production from most inocula was reduced by water-stress, both in total spore numbers and in terms of spores per gram plant weight. Sporulation ofG. clarum, G. epigeum andG. monosporum were affected less by stress than were the other inocula. Spore production was in general greater on sorghum than on maize, but the host effect varied amongst the inocula.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02444231
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  • 34
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    Maturation of stamens and ovaries on cultured ear inflorescences of maize (Zea mays L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 23 (1990), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: development ; ears ; maize ; maturation ; ovaries ; stamens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Observations were made on the maturation of stamens and ovaries from cultured maize (Zea mays L.) ear inflorescences. Immature ears (5.1–10.0 mm long) of maize were cultured in kinetin medium to study microsporogenesis and pollen maturation in developing stamens. Male spikelets developed on ears cultured in kinetin medium. Meiosis-I began by 7 days of culture in the developing anthers and the mature tri-nucleate pollen grains were developed by 20 days of culture. Further, kinetin was required in the culture medium for at least initial 5 days to obtain the microspores in differentiated stamens. To observe the embryosac formation in developed ovaries, ears were cultured in control, kinetin (10.1–15.0 mm long ears) medium, and kinetin + gibberellic acid (5.1–10.0 mm long ears) medium. Formation of embryosacs was noticed in the developed ovaries which were sampled after 20 days of culture. This differential flower development using two growth regulators provides an opportunity to uncover the biochemistry and physiology of micro- and mega-gametophyte development in maize.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00116090
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  • 35
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    Correlation of phenolic acid content of maize to resistance toSitophilus zeamais, the maize weevil, in CIMMYT'S collections (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 301-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Phenolic acids ; resistance ; susceptibility ; maize ; maize weevil ; Sitophilus zeamais ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The (E)-ferulic acid content of the grain of nine populations of land races of maize derived from CIMMYT's collections was found to be negatively correlated to susceptibility characteristics towards the maize weevilSitophilus zeamais. Correlation coefficients for six susceptibility parameters and (E)-ferulic acid content were significant and ranged from −0.58 to −0.79. A multiple regression analysis by the SAS forward procedure using the primary seed characteristics associated with susceptibility indicated that the ferulic acid content was the only significant factor in explaining variation in at least two susceptibility parameters: the Dobie index and adult preference. In 15 CIMMYT pools, correlations between four susceptibility parameters and (E)-ferulic acid content were also significant (−0.76 to −0.81). The results suggest that phenolic acid content is a leading indicator of grain resistance or susceptibility to insects and may represent a newly identified mechanism of resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021766
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  • 36
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    Influence of the egg parasitoidPlatytelenomus busseolae [Hym.: Scelionidae] on the population ofSesamia nonagrioides [Lep.: Noctuidae] in central greece (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 61-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Sesamid ; Platytelenomus ; egg parasitoid ; maize ; sex ratio ; parasitism ; Sesamia ; Platytelenomus ; maïs ; parasitoides oophages ; sex ratio ; parasitisme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le parasitoïde scelionid,Platytelenomus busseolae, a été recueilli des ooplaques de la sésamie dans la région d'Istiaea, en Grèce Centrale. Le parasitisme naturel a été étudié pendant les années 1986 et 1987. Un nombre de 3 382 ooplaques avec un total de 205 227 œufs ont été recueillis. Les premiers œufs parasitisés ont été récoltés fin-juillet, début-août et les derniers à la mi-octobre. En 1986, 76,2% des ooplaques et 42,8% des œufs étaient parasitisés, mais en 1987 les valeurs respectives étaient 27,6% et 12,9%. L'activité moindre du parasitoïde en 1987 serait due aux conditions climatiques hivernales et estivales. En 1987, la sex ratio, femalle: mâle, a été 1,5: 1 et 26,2% des ooplaques seulement ont donné naissance à des ♂♂. Les ♀♀ fécondées ont produit 3 fois plus de ♀♀ que de ♂♂. Dans des conditions climatiques favorables, le parasitoïde peut jouer un rôle important dans la lutte biologique contre la sésamie.
    Notes: Abstract The egg parasitoid,Platytelenomus busseolae (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) was recorded from egg masses of the corn stalk borer,Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefebvre) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on maize in the area of Istiaea, Central Greece. Natural parasitism was studied during the years 1986, 1987. A total of 3,382 egg masses, containing 205,227 eggs, was collected from corn fields. Parasitized eggs were found from end July to mid-October. In 1986. 76.2% of the egg masses and 42.8% of all eggs were parasitized, while in 1987, respective values were 27.6% and 12.9%. The inferior performance of the parasitoid in 1987 may be due to the unfavorable winter and summer conditions. Parasitism decreased when the host population was at its peak, but it increased again within 1 to 3 weeks. A small percentage of egg masses was completely parasitized (9.5% and 4.7% for the 2 years respectively). In 1987, the sex ratio, ♀♀/♂♂ was 1.5: 1 and 26.2% of the egg masses produced only ♂♂. Mated ♀♀ produced 3 times more ♀♀ than ♂♂. It seems that the parasitoid, under favorable weather conditions, can play a significant role in the control of the corn stalk borer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374302
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