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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 656 (1994), S. 275-280 
    ISSN: 0378-4347
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A comprehensive research project was set up to characterize by different approaches some Italian populations of Lolium spp. susceptible and resistant to diclofop-methyl. The present study was aimed at the taxonomic identification of these Lolium populations on the basis of the electrophoretic analysis of seed reserve proteins. Electrophoresis confirmed the great range of variation detected by preliminary morphological analysis. Approximately half the individuals in each population could be classified as belonging to Lolium multiflorum or Lolium rigidum, the most common Lolium species present in the area. However, electrophoretic patterns revealed a significant number (40–60%) of hybrid individuals in all populations. The origin of these off-types was postulated as resulting from both intrageneric hybridization among different Lolium species and intergeneric hybridization between Lolium and Festuca genera. No significant differences were detected in the taxonomy of herbicide-susceptible and -resistant populations.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 32 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Qualitative and quantitative surveys (biological and ecophysiological spectrum, structural organization, seed bank size) of the potential flora (PF) in maize (Zea mays L.) fields of the Po Valley are reported. Data were collected from 45 sites and two sampling depths (0–20 cm and 21–40 cm). Soil seed content was highly variable, ranging from 1660 to 53371 seeds m−2, with an average value of 10391 seeds m−2 and a median of 5500 seeds m−2. Seed stock was lower than 2000 seeds m−2 in 6.6% of the sites and over 10000 in 26.6%. Six species were found in more than 50% of the sites, representing 27.7% of the total stock: Anagallis arvensis L., Chenopodium album L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv., Amaranthus spp., Polygonum persicaria L. + P. lapathifolium 〉 L. Overall, 63 species were recorded, the species number per site ranging from 4 to 25, with a median value of 11. Therophytes accounted for 90.6% of the species and 94.3% of individuals. Of the species, 39.8% were assignable to the summer, 21.9% to the spring, 8.1% to the winter and 5.3% to the autumn germinating group, and 24.9% were non-seasonal. Simpson's dominance index for PF ranged from 0.11 to 0.525, with an average value of 0.21 and a median of 0.195. The Shannon diversity index had a range of 1.15–2.43, with an average value of 1.93 and a median of 1.91. In some cases (13.3%) compensation phenomena are evident, sustained by different species from site to site. These results form the basis of a discussion on the effectiveness and the limits of management strategies designed to reduce soil seed stock. Un profil de la flore potentielle des champs de mais de la Vallee du Pô Des enquêtes quali-quantitatives (spectre biologique et ecophysiologique, organisation structurale, taille du stock grainier) de la flore potentielle (FP) dans les champs de maïs (Zea mays L.) de la vallée du Pô, sont rapportées. Les données ont été collectées dans 45 sites à 2 profondeurs d'échantillonage (0–20 cm et 21–40 cm). La teneur en graines du sol était fortement variable, allant de 1660 à 53371 graines m−2 pour une moyenne de 10391 et une médiane de 5500. Le stock grainier était inférieur à 2000 graines m−2 dans 6,6% des sites et supérieur à 10000 dans 26,6%. 6 espèces ont été trouvées dans plus de la moitié des sites, représentant 27,7% du stock total: Anagallis arvensis L., Chenopodium album L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv., Amaranthus spp., Polygonum persicaria L., +P. lapathifolium L. Globalement, 63 espèces ont été inventoriées, avec le nombre d'espèces par site allant de 4 à 25 avec une médiane de 11. Le groupe biologique des therophytes concernait 90,6% des espèces et 94,3% des individus. Au sein des espèces, 39,8%étaient estivales, 24,9% indifférentes, 21,9% des printanières, 8,1% hivernales et 5,3% automnales. L'index de dominance de Simpson pour PF allait de 0,11 à 0,525 avec une moyenne de 0,21 et une médiane de 0,195. L'index de diversité de Shannon allait de 1,15 à 2,43 avec une moyenne de 1,93 et une mediane de 1,91. Dans quelques cas (13,3%) les phenomenes de compensation sont évidents, alimentés par différentes espèces d'un site à l'autre. Ces résultats forment la base d'une discussion sur l'efficacité et les limites des stratégies en vue de réduire le stock grainier du sol. Potentielle Flora in Maisfeldern der Po-Ebene Bei einer sowohl qualitativen als auch quantitativen Aufnahme der potentiellen Verunkrau-tung von Mais-(Zea-mays-)Feldern der Po-Ebene wurden Daten über das biologische und ökophysiologische Spektrum, die Struktur und den Umfang des Samenvorrats im Boden in 0–20 und 21–40 cm Tiefe an 45 Orten erhoben. Der Samenvorrat variierte erheblich und reichte von 1660 bis 53371 Samen m2 bei einem Mittelwert von 10391 und einem Median von 5500. An 6,6% der Orte war er 〈2000, an 26,6% 〉 10000. 6 Arten wurden an 〉 50% der Orte gefunden und machten 27,7% des gesamten Samenvorrats aus: Anagallis arvensis L., Chenopodium album L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv., Amaranthus spp., Polygonum persicaria L. +Polygonum lapathifolium L. Insgesamt wurden 63 Arten gefunden, an den einzelnen Orten zwischen 4 und 25, im Mittel 11. Zur Lebensform der Therophyten zählten 90,6% der Arten und 94,3% der Samen. 24,9% waren indifferente, 21,9% Frühjahrs-, 39,8% Sommer-, 5,3% Herbst-und 8,1% Winterkeimer. Der Simpson-Dominanzindex der potentiellen Flora reichte von 0,11 bis 0,525 mit einem Mittelwert von 0,21 und einem Median von 0,195. Der Shannon-Diversitätsindex lag zwischen 1,15 und 2,43 mit einem Mittelwert von 1,93 und einem Median von 1,91. In einigen Fällen (13,3%) war eine deutliche Kompensation der Arten erkennbar. Anhand der Befunde werden die Wirksamkeit und die Grenzen einer Strategie zur Verringerung des Samenvorrats im Boden diskutiert.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The persistence and mobility of chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron were studied in Italy at four field locations. Chlorsulfuron was applied pre-emer-gence to wheat at 15 and 30 g a.i. ha−1 in the autumn of 1986 and metsulfuron early post-emergence at 8 g a.i. ha−1 in the spring of 1987. Soil samples were taken periodically at each location for 1 year. Trials were conducted until 1989 at three locations. After the wheat harvest in 1989, chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron residues in the soil were measured by bioassay in plots that had been treated annually for 3 years and also in plots that had received single treatments.Chlorsulfuron at both application rates dissipated to levels below 0.3 g a.i. ha−1 over 12 months at three locations while, at the fourth, which received only 250 mm rain during the study, significant levels of residues were still present after 15 months. The degradation of chlorsulfuron applied at 30 g a.i. ha−1 followed first-order kinetics, with half-lives of 149, 70, 59 and 51 days at the four locations.Chlorsulfuron mobility was high at three locations while, in the silty clay soil of the fourth, the herbicide was confined to the upper 30 cm, despite the high rainfall. Metsulfuron applied in spring was detected only in the first soil sample collection. It was present in all sampled layers at one location but, in the others, was confined to the surface layer. There was no evidence of herbicide accumulation in the soil with repeated applications. Persistance et mobilité du chlorsulfuron et du met-sulfuron dans différents sols et sous différentes conditions climatiques La persistance et la mobilité du chorsulfuron et du metsulfuron au champ ont étéétudiées en Italie sur quatre sites. Le chlorsulfuron était appliqué en pré-levée sur le blé aux doses de matière active (m.a.) 15 et 30 g ha−1à l'automne 1986 et le metsulfuron en post-levée précoce à la dose 8 g m.a. ha−1 au printemps 1987. Des échantillons de sol étaient prélevés périodiquement sur chaque site pendant 1 an. Les essais ont été conduits jusqu'en 1989 sur trois des sites. En 1989, après la récolte du blé. les résidus de chlorsulfuron et de metsulfuron dans le sol ont été mesurés par des essais biologiques dans des parcelles qui avaient été traitées chaque année pendant 3 ans, ainsi que dans des parcelles qui n'avaient reçu qu'un seul traitement.Le chlorsulfuron aux deux doses disparaissait jusqu'à des niveaux inférieurs à 0.3 g m.a. ha−1 en 12 mois sur trois des sites, alors que sur le quatrième, qui n'a reçu que 250 mm de précipitations pendant l'étude, des résidus étaient présents en quantité significative après 15 mois. La dégradation du chlorsulfuron appliquéà la dose 30 g m.a. ha−1 suivait une cinétique du premier ordre, avec des demi-vies 149, 70, 59 et 51 j sur les quatre sites.La mobilité du chlorsulfuron était élevée sur trois des sites alors que sur le quatrième oú le sol était une argile limoneuse, l'herbicide était confiné aux 30 cm superficiels en dépit de précipitations élevées. Le metsulfuron appliqué au printemps n'était détecté que dans le premier prélèvement. Sur un des sites, il était présent dans toutes les couches, mais était confinéà la couche superficielle sur les autres sites. Après des applications répétées, aucune accumulation d'herbicide n'était observée dans le sol. Persistenz und Mobilität von Chlorsulfuron und Metsulfuron in verschiedenen Böden und bei unterschiedlicher Witterung Die Persistenz und Mobilität von Chlorsulfuron und Metsulfuron wurden in Italien an 4 Standorten unter Freilandbedingungen untersucht. Chlorsulfuron wurde im Herbst 1986 bei Weizen im Vorauflauf mit 15 und 30 g AS ha−1 und Metsulfuron im Frühjahr 1987 im frühen Nachauflauf mit 8 g AS ha−1 angewandt. Von jeder Versuchsfläche wurden über einen Zeitraum von 1 Jahr periodisch Bodenproben entnommen. Die Versuche wurden an 3 Standorten bis 1989 durchgeführt. Nach der Weizenernte 1989 wurden mit Biotests die Rückstände von Chlorsulfuron und Metsulfuron in den Böden mit jährlicher (über 3 Jahre) sowie mit einmaliger Behandlung bestimmt. Die Chlorsulfuron-Rückstände nahmen an 3 Standorten bei beiden Aufwandmengen nach 12 Monaten auf 0,3 g AS ha−1 ab. Am 4. Standort, wo während der Untersuchung nur 250 mm Niederschlag gefallen waren, wurden nach 15 Monaten noch signifikante Rückstände gefunden. Der Abbau von Chlorsulfuron folgte an allen Standorten bei einer Aufwandmenge von 30 g AS ha−1 einer Kinetik erster Ordnung mit Halbwertszeiten von 149, 70, 59 und 51 Tagen. Die Mobilität von Chlorsulfuron war an 3 Standorten hoch, während es in dem schluffigen Tonboden des 4. Standortes trotz hohen Niederschlags in den oberen 30 cm verblieb. Das im Frühjahr ausgebrachte Metsulfuron wurde nur in der 1. Bodenprobenserie gefunden. An einem Standort lagen in allen beprobten Bodenschichten Rückstände vor, doch sonst waren sie auf die oberste Bodenschicht beschränkt. Bei wiederholter Anwendung konnte keine Herbizidakkumulation im Boden festgestellt werden.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Weed research 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Trials were carried out to study the germination and dormancy of Cuscuta campestris Y. (dodder) seeds and factors influencing the success of early parasitisation of sugarbeet. Primary dormancy can be removed by seed scarification. Germination was negligible at 10°C and optimal at 30°C, while it was not influenced by light. Seed burial induced a cycle of induction and breaking of secondary dormancy. Seedling emergence was inversely proportional to the depth of seed burial and only seed buried within 5 cm of the soil surface emerged. Storage of C. campestris seeds in a laboratory for 12 years resulted in the loss of primary dormancy, enabling the germination of all viable seeds. Host infection (i.e. protrusion of parasite haustoria from host tissue) was heavily influenced by host growth stage. Tropism towards a host was due to the perception of light transmitted by green parts of sugarbeet plants. Insertion of a transparent glass sheet between host leaves and parasite seedlings did not modify this response. This phototropism permitted Cuscuta to identify host plants with high chlorophyll content as a function of the lower red/far red ratio of transmitted light.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 29 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Twenty inbred maize lines, raised in a growth chamber, were treated with 0 or 1 ng g−1 of chlorsulfuron which caused a variable reduction in root-length. In a second experiment, all crosses (reciprocals included) among two tolerant lines (T: Va85 and Mes44) and two susceptible lines (S: B73 and B79) were raised in a growth chamber together with the parental lines and exposed to 0,0×5 or 1 ng g−1, The interaction of reciprocal effects x rates was not significant for all traits, The T × S hybrids showed an intermediate response between the T × T and S × S responses for root-length and dry weight. Interaction (hybrids vs. parental lines) × rates was not significant for all traits. These results indicate that susceptibility to chlorsulfuron is not controlled by extra-nuclear factors and that additive gene actions prevail. Four crosses (one T × T, two T × S and one S × S) were further investigated at nine rates from 0 to 1 ng g−1. The responses confirmed the intermediate behaviour of T×S hybrids, resulting in a GR20 of 0×07, 0×55 and 0×94 ng g−1 for S × S, T × S and T × T, respectively. In a third experiment, the four crosses previously considered were grown in the field with parental lines and treated at five rates from 0 to 1·12 g a.i. ha−1. Effects on shoot height and dry weight were consistent with root effects found in growth chamber experiments.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Euphytica 45 (1990), S. 131-137 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; acetochlor ; heterosis ; susceptibility ; tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The variation of response to acetochlor was studied in a two-year experiment carried out by subjecting 18 maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines to three herbicide rates (0, 2.5 and 5 l a.i./ha). In both years some inbred lines consistently exhibited an evident susceptibility, with symptoms consisting of the seedling curling up below the soil surface and causing impaired field emergence. The results were poor plant density and lower grain yield in comparison to control. In contrast, other lines showed a satisfactory level of tolerance. Then, to gather data on the inheritance of response to acetochlor, four tolerant inbreds (T) and four susceptible inbreds (S) were crossed to obtain four T×T, four S×S, four S×T and the corresponding four T×S two-way hybrids. These hybrids were studied together with parental lines by applying the same herbicide rates used in the previous trial. The S×S hybrids showed susceptibility to the herbicide and the T×T were tolerant, whereas the S×T and the T× S hybrids showed a tolerance very close to that of the T×T hybrids. No difference was found between S×T and the corresponding T×S hybrids as to herbicide response. On average, the 16 hybrids exhibited greater tolerance than the eight parental lines, with each hybrid group being more tolerant than its parental line group. These results indicate that tolerance to acetochlor is prevailingly dominant, that action of extranuclear genes should be ruled out, and that the level of plant vigour can affect herbicide reactiveness.
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