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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,056)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (700)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (658)
  • AERODYNAMICS  (629)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
  • 1985-1989  (3,319)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964
  • 1915-1919
  • 1987  (3,319)
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  • 1985-1989  (3,319)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964
  • 1915-1919
Year
  • 1
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    Planetary atmospheres (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Present understanding of planetary atmospheres is surveyed. The formation of the planets and their atmospheres is briefly reviewed, and attention is given to the compositions of the atmospheres of earth, Venus, and Mars, the outer planets, and Titan. Lists of the individual atmospheric gases and their concentrations are included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 2
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    Vehicle design for Mars surface exploration (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: This design course is directed to studying problems related to mobile exploration of the surface of Mars. Constraints on the vehicles considered are set by the payload and performance currently envisioned by mission analysis carried out previously at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The students are given full flexibility to examine those aspects which suit their interests and background. There are no regularly scheduled class lectures. Weekly review meetings are held with personnel from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and students use JPL resources as required.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: USRA, Agenda of the Third Annual Summer Conference, NASA(USRA University Advanced Design Program; p 11
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  • 3
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    High-resolution lunar radar map at 70-cm wavelength (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: New radar observations of the moon in 1981-1984 were made using the 430 MHz (70 cm wavelength) radar at the Arecibo observatory, Puerto Rico. The new observations have produced a high resolution lunar radar map with radar cell-sizes near 2-5 km. This new resolution is a three-fold improvement over the previous mapping done in the late 1960's. Since the Arecibo radar antenna beam is only ten arc-minutes (about one-third of the width of the lunar disk), this new map is a mosaic of some eighteen observations. A radarmetric control between the various pieces of the mosaic was obtained via a 'beam-swing', limb-to-limb calibration. When the limb-to-limb calibration was combined with the mosaic, there were significant radar scattering differences across the maria. Eastern Mare Tranquillitatis and western Oceanus Procellarum have weaker echoes than other maria, while the central portion of Mare Serenitatis and northern Mare Imbrium have stronger echoes. There is a radar scattering difference across the southern terra as areas nearer Mare Orientale have stronger echoes than areas further from Mare Orientale.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth, Moon, and Planets (ISSN 0167-9295); 37; 59-70
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  • 4
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    Conservative full-potential model for unsteady transonic rotor flows (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 193-198
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  • 5
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    The ionotail of Venus - Its configuration and evidence for ion escape (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The configuration and morphology of the plasma clouds in the ionotail of Venus (revealed by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter) are studied, and the rate of planetary ion escape, which may be associated with the dissipation and removal of the ionospheric plasma, is estimated. The data supplied by the Orbiter's instruments, the Orbiter electron temperature probe, the ion mass spectrometer, the neutral mass spectrometer, the magnetometer, and the plasma analyzer, are analyzed, and the results of the observations are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 15-26
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  • 6
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    Numerical modeling of the vortex/airfoil interaction (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A modeling of the vortex-airfoil interaction is presented in which the finite-area of the real vortices is taken into consideration. Two vortex models are used. In the first, a disturbed piece of vorticity layer is simulated by four rows of discrete vortices of small strength. In the second, a number of discrete vortices is arranged within a circle. The first model may simulate a shear layer or a wake, while the second, a well-formed vortex. The method was applied to the calculation of the pressure induced on the surface of the airfoil by the interacting vortex. Both models give similar results. It was found that for large distances of the vortex from the surface of the airfoil, the consideration or not of the finite-area of the vortex is not a significant factor in determining the induced pressure field. However, when the distance of the vortex from the surface is reduced, its shape is distorted and the induced pressure pulses have lower amplitude than the ones induced by an equivalent point vortex. In the limit, where the vortex impinges on the leading edge of the airfoil, it is split into two and the time dependent pressure coefficient takes even negative values at some time intervals.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 5-11
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  • 7
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    Numerical investigation of unsteady inlet flowfields (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 75-81
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  • 8
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    Hypersonic merged-layer flow on a sphere (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 1; 21-27
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  • 9
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    Further information on structure of the atmosphere of Venus derived from the Vega Venus balloon and lander mission (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Continued analysis of the pressure and temperature data returned by the two Vega mission balloons has revealed an apparently significant difference in mean atmospheric static stability between the two data sets. Furthermore, the stability is time dependent within each data set. The 6.5 K temperature contrast between the two balloons remains, and appears to have a counterpart in the contrast between two of the Pioneer Venus probes at these levels, which has been attributed to planetary scale waves. Comparisons of the Vega 2 lander data with those of the Pioneer Venus Large Probe shows relatively close agreement in the state properties and in the atmospheric static stability profiles as well.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 12, 1; 323-328
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  • 10
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    Meteorological variations in the middle clouds of Venus from Vega balloon in situ measurements (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Instruments aboard the gondolas of the two Vega balloons obtained in situ measurements of pressure, temperature, vertical velocity relative to the balloon, cloud particle backscatter, lightning and the ambient light level. Atmospheric motions at the balloon float altitudes were also determined from earth-based tracking results. To illustrate the history of the balloon flights and to facilitate comparisons between some of the different observed quantities, measurements of pressure, temperature and backscatter are presented as time series for the entire lifetime of each balloon. Both long and short period variations have been detected. In addition, the environmental entropy encountered by each balloon will be discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 12, 1
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  • 11
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    Results of the Vega 1 balloon nephelometer experiment (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Backscatter nephelometer measurements obtained during the Vega 1 balloon flight are reported. During periods of minor convective activity and initial balloon ascent, the data generally agree with those obtained from other Venus mission descent probes. However, during the period of greatest convective activity experienced by the Vega 1 balloon, the signals were about a factor of two greater than any previously obtained. Although the clouds appear to be unbroken, deviations in the behavior of the detailed backscatter signals with time from those of the ambient pressure or temperature signals, especially during periods of minor convective activity, indicate much small-scale variability in cloud structure.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 12, 1
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  • 12
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    Implications of the Vega balloon results for Venus atmospheric dynamics (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: During the Vega Venus balloon mission, data on the thermodynamic state of the atmosphere were obtained as well as wind and cloud information. Explanations are provided for the following: (1) the large amplitude atmospheric vertical winds encountered by the Vega balloons, (2) the observed 6.5 K temperature difference consistently measured between the two Vega balloons, and (3) the apparent influence of surface topography on atmospheric motions seen by the Vega-2 balloon as it flew over mountainous terrain (known as Aphrodite). It is believed that vertical winds of the magnitude encountered by the Vega-2 balloon over Aphrodite may be the result of surface-induced gravity waves.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 12, 1
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  • 13
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    Initial estimates of Venus winds from ground-based radio tracking of the Vega balloons (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A global array of 20 radio observatories was used to measure the three-dimensional position and velocity of the two meteorological balloons that were injected into the equatorial region of the Venus atmosphere by the Vega spacecraft. Initial analysis of only radial velocities indicates that each balloon was blown westward about 11,500 kilometers (8000 kilometers on the night side) by zonal winds with a mean speed of about 70 meters per second. Excursions of the data from a model of constant zonal velocity are generally less than 3-meters per second; however, a much larger variation is evident near the end of the flight of the second balloon. Consistent systematic trends in the residual for both balloons indicate the possibility of a solar-fixed atmospheric feature.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 12, 1
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  • 14
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    Voyager 2 plasma wave observations at Uranus (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: At Uranus, the Voyager 2 plasma wave investigation observed very significant phenomena related to radio emissions, dust impacts, and magnetospheric wave-particle interactions. On January 19, 1986 (R = 270 R-sub U) the plasma wave investigation detected an intense radio burst at 31 and 56 kHz, and this provided the first indication that Uranus had a magnetosphere. During the encounter, more of these sporadic bursts were observed along with relatively continuous radio emissions extending down to 10 kHz, and a sporadic narrowband radio signal with f near 5 kHz. As Voyager passed through the ring plane, the plasma wave investigation recorded a large number of dust impacts. The Voyager 2 plasma wave instrument also detected many strong electromagnetic and electrostatic plasma waves, with intensity peaks in the region within 12 Uranus radii. These waves have characteristics that can interact strongly with the local plasma and with the trapped energetic particles, leading to precipitation into the atmosphere, charged particle acceleration, and charged particle diffusion. In addition, strong wave activity was detected in the region of the bow and shock and moderate levels in the magnetic tail.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 12, 1
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  • 15
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    Radio emissions from Uranus (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The hardware of the Planetary Radio Astronomy Experiment aboard Voyager 2 and the results of the measurements of radio emissions from Uranus are described. Strong 40-kHz to 850-kHz radio emissions were detected after closest approach on the day-side of Uranus. The time variations of these emissions were periodic, with a period of 17.24 h closely matching that of Uranus's rotation and evidently being controlled by the strength and shape of its magnetic field. The instrument also recorded possible Uranian electrostatic discharges, vertex early arcs occurring in sequences of more than a dozen events with approximately 10-min period, and very intense isolated bursts lasting tens of minutes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 12, 1; 243-251
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  • 16
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    Current review of the Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus ionospheres (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The ionospheres of the major planets Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus are reviewed in light of Pioneer and Voyager observations. Some refinements to pre-Voyager theoretical models are required to explain the results, most notably the addition of significant particle ionization from 'electroglow' and auroral processes and the need for additional chemical loss of protons via charge exchange reactions with water. Water from the Saturn rings has been identified as a major modifier of the Saturn ionosphere and water influx from satellites and/or meteorites may also be important at Jupiter and Uranus as well, as evidenced by the observed ionospheric structure and the identification of cold stratospheric carbon monoxide at Jupiter.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 12, 1
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  • 17
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    Neutral upper atmospheres of Venus and Mars (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results obtained over the last 21 years from satellite measurements of the neutral upper atmospheres of Venus and Mars are discussed. Particular attention is given to the chemistry of the neutral upper atmospheres of the two planets, the exospheric temperatures, and the sensitivity of their atmospheric temperatures to solar activity. Various theoretical models used to interpret the planetary atmospheric data are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 12, 1
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  • 18
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    Neutral upper atmospheres of the outer planets (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The major characteristics of the neutral upper atmospheres of outer planets are discussed, with special attention given to the Uranus upper atmosphere, probed by Voyager 2. The composition, thermal structure, photochemistry, and vertical mixing of the Uranus atmosphere are compared with the respective features of other outer planets. Unlike the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn, which reflect the solar ratios of the elements, the Uranus atmosphere was found to have only few constituents, including NH3, CH4, H2, He, C2H2, and C2H6. The eddy diffusion coefficient of Uranus, determined from occultation experiments, was found to be in the range 10,000-100,000 sq cm/sec, the lowest value amongst the major planets; this implies relatively sluggish vertical mixing. Another major difference from Saturn and Jupiter is in the fact that stable hydrocarbon products (C2H2 and C2H6) in the Uranus atmosphere begin to condense at around 5-10 mb level, resulting in the production of haze in the lower stratosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 12, 1; 79-85
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  • 19
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    Past and future of radio occultation studies of planetary atmospheres (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Measurements of radio waves that have propagated through planetary atmospheres have provided exploratory results on atmospheric constituents, structure, dynamics, and ionization for Venus, Mars, Titan, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus. Highlights of past results are reviewed in order to define and illustrate the potential of occultation and related radio studies in future planetary missions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 12, 1
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  • 20
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    Theoretical analysis of aircraft afterbody flow (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Computational methods solving the thin shear layer formulation of the compressible, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are presently used to investigate the strongly interactive flow field about aircraft afterbodies. Solutions for a variety of axisymmetric afterbody and nozzle geometries are solved by means of a time-dependent implicit numerical algorithm for both subsonic and supersonic external flows, and the results obtained are compared with experimental data. A novel adaptive-grid technique is used to resolve flow regimes having large gradients, as well as to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the computational scheme.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 24; 496-503
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  • 21
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    AOIPS/2 - An interactive system to process, analyze, and display meteorological data sets for nowcasting (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A description of AOIPS/2, an interactive hardware and software system to process, integrate, and display meteorological data is presented. The AOIPS/2 objectives and functional specifications are given. The hardware system architecture and work stations and the software architecture and special features are described. A summary is given of the software system and its main menu.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 11, 1
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  • 22
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    Importance of a remote measurement of spectral thermal infrared emissivities - Presentation and validation of such a determination (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 11, 1; 121-127
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  • 23
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    The magnetic field of Uranus (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Aspherical harmonic model of the planetary magnetic field of Uranus is obtained from the Voyager 2 encounter observations using generalized inverse techniques which allow partial solutions to complex (underdetermined) problems. The Goddard Space Flight Center 'Q3' model is characterized by a large dipole tilt (58.6 deg) relative to the rotation axis, a dipole moment of 0.228 G R(Uranus radii cubed) and an unusually large quadrupole moment. Characteristics of this complex model magnetic field are illustrated using contour maps of the field on the planet's surface and discussed in the context of possible dynamo generation in the relatively poorly conducting 'ice' mantle.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 15329-15
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  • 24
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    Survey of electrons in the Uranian magnetosphere - Voyager 2 observations (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results of an analysis of the Voyager 2 plasma-science-experiment electron measurements made during the Uranus encounter are presented. The energy coverage is in the range of 10 to 5950 eV. The large day-night asymmetry together with the spin axis alignment with the solar direction and the large tilt of the planetary magnetic dipole suggest that solar-wind-driven time-dependent magnetospheric convection will be an important transport mechanism within the Uranian magnetosphere. The steady state convection time of the plasma is estimated to be between 1 and 3 days.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 15263-15
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  • 25
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    Tropical-extratropical teleconnections during the northern hemisphere winter. II - Relationships between monthly mean northern hemisphere circulation patterns and proxies for tropical convection (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 3115-313
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  • 26
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    Development of a two-dimensional zonally averaged statistical-dynamical model. II - The role of eddy momentum fluxes in the general circulation and their parameterization (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The role of eddy momentum fluxes in the general circulation was investigated using a two-dimensional zonally averaged statistical-dynamical model described by Yao and Stone (1987), which is almost two orders of magnitude faster than the three-dimensional climate model of Hansen et al. (1983). Results show that the vertical structure of the meridional eddy flux has relatively little impact on the general circulation, presumably because the vertical structure is strongly constrained by the thermal wind relation and surface friction. On the other hand, it was found that, in order to simulate accurately the general circulation and its response to climate changes, parameterization of the vertically integrated meridional eddy flux of angular momentum is necessary. A new parameterization of this eddy momentum transport was carried out, which is intended to represent the transport due to large-scale transient eddies arising from baroclinic instability.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 3769-378
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  • 27
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    Surface waves on Uranus' magnetopause (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Uranus' magnetosphere has a well-developed, thick magnetopause that was fully traversed twice by Voyager 2, once inbound to the planet and once outbound. This boundary appears to resemble earth's magnetopause in approximate shape and even to the extent of supporting surface waves which were observed on the inbound pass at a distance of 18.3 Uranus radii. There were apparently eight partial transitions from the magnetosheath into the current sheet of the magnetopause at this time, followed by a final complete transition to the magnetosphere. Six of the estimated normal vectors to the local boundary show clear evidence of oscillations in the slope with typical angular excursions, from one partial transition to the next, of about 90 deg. The vectors oscillated approximately in a plane that was severely tilted by about 49 deg with respect to Uranus' orbital plane.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 15347-15
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  • 28
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    Ordinary mode radio emission from Uranus (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: On Jan. 24, 1986, during the inbound trajectory to Uranus, the planetary radio astronomy instrument on Voyager 2 detected left-hand-polarized emission for several hours at frequencies near 200 kHz. Unlike the dominant source observed on the nightside of the planet, only a single episode of this inbound emission was seen, and the emission was extremely weak. Generating less than 500 kW, it is probably the weakest freely propagating planetary radio emission thus far observed by Voyager. This weak emission is associated with a source region in the vicinity of the north (dayside) magnetic pole of Uranus, where magnetic-field lines point approximately in the direction of the spacecraft when the emission is observed. Therefore the wave normal angle relative to B is probably less than 90 deg in the generation region. It is concluded that direct wave generation in the magnetoionic ordinary mode is most likely. The source location for this emission is consistent with a region magnetically conjugate to the dominant nightside source, which is located in the vicinity of the south magnetic pole. The ordinary mode emission is discussed in the context of the electron-cyclotron maser mechanism.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 15211-15
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  • 29
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    Uranus satellites - Densities and composition (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Homogeneous and core-differentiated silicate/ice models of the Uranian satellites Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon are examined in the light of imaging observations and mass and density determinations obtained during the Voyager 2 encounter with Uranus in January 1986. The data and model predictions are compared in extensive tables and graphs and discussed in detail. The mass fractions of silicates in Oberon and Titania are found to be between 0.42 and 0.65, about the same as the average for the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn but significantly higher than that for the smaller Saturnian satellites or that predicted by current solar-nebula models. It is suggested that the satellites formed by accretion of material from their primary planets' outer envelopes. The observed rock/ice fractions are attributed to solar-nebula CO and solid-organics abundances and to preferential dissolution of H2O in outer-envelope planetesimals.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 14884-14
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  • 30
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    Isotopic analysis of basaltic fragments from lunar breccia 14321 - Chronology and petrogenesis of pre-Imbrium mare volcanism (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Internal (mineral) Rb-Sr isochrons were determined for six Apollo 14 mare basalts of lunar breccia 14321. The ages of these fragments, which represent the time of crystallization of the respective mafic lavas, range from about 4.05 to 4.24, and, possibly, to 4.33 Ga and are among the oldest dates reported for mare basalts. For three of the fragments, internal Sm-Nd isochron data were collected and initial Nd isotopic composition was determined. The results are discussed with reference to the original source of these different basaltic fragments.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (ISSN 0016-7037); 51; 3241-325
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    Characteristics of extreme rainfall events in northwestern Peru during the 1982-1983 El Nino period (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Histograms and contour maps describing the daily rainfall characteristics of a northwestern Peru area most severely affected by the 1982-1983 El Nino event were prepared from daily rainfall data obtained from 66 stations in this area during the El Nino event, and during the same 8-month intervals for the two years preceding and following the event. These data were analyzed, in conjunction with the anlysis of visible and IR satellite images, for cloud characteristics and structure. The results present a comparison of the rainfall characteristics as a function of elevation, geographic location, and the time of year for the El Nino and non-El Nino periods.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 14225-14
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    Remote sensing of water vapor convergence, deep convection, and precipitation over the tropical Pacific Ocean during the 1982-1983 El Nino (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Using data collected by SMMR on board the Nimbus 7 satellite, estimates of atmospheric water vapor were obtained over the tropical Pacific Ocean during the 1982-1983 El Nino. A parameterization that physically relates the synoptic and convective scales was employed, making it possible to explicitly resolve convective elements and rain cells for poorly resolvable measurements. The derived water vapor flux convergences were analyzed during the El Nino episode to map the inferred deep convection and estimated rainfall over regions impacted by the event, and the inferred monthly rainfall amounts were compared with observations for 14 island and coastal stations in the Pacific Ocean.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 14204-14
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    Simulations of the HDO and H2O-18 atmospheric cycles using the NASA GISS general circulation model - The seasonal cycle for present-day conditions (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The cycles of the water isotopic species (HDO and H2O-18) have been incorporated into the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies atmospheric general circulation model (GCM). The results of a three-year simulation for present-day conditions are discussed, with special emphasis on the comparison between predicted and observed isotopic distributions for both the seasonal and annual time scales. The observed seasonal cycles are generally well simulated. For the annual scale the observed linear relationship between delta O-18 and the surface temperature at middle and high latitudes, as well as the absence of any correlation between these fields in tropical and equatorial regions, are properly obeyed by the GCM simulation. In the tropical and equatorial regions the delta O-18 patterns for both observations and the GCM are influenced by the amount of rainfall. There is excellent agreement between the simulated and observed delta D-delta O-18 relationship throughout the world.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 14739-14
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  • 34
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    Efficient self-consistent viscous-inviscid solutions for unsteady transonic flow (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 24; 737-744
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  • 35
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    Radiometry of Deimos (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Ground-based infrared photometry of Deimos at 4.8, 10, and 20 microns is reported. The observed fluxes are significantly brighter than predicted by the 'standard' thermal model. Recent recalibrations that modify the model beam pattern of the infrared emission are marginally consistent with the observations at 10 and 20, but not at 4.8 microns.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 94; 1361-136
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  • 36
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    Simulated sudden stratospheric warming - Synoptic evolution (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An analysis is presented of a sudden stratospheric warming event which occurred spontaneously during a general circulation model simulation of the global atmospheric circulation. Two separate warming pulses exhibit the same dynamical evolution with a 'cycle' of about two weeks. Two distinct phases of the warming cycle are apparent: (1) the generation of an intense localized warm cell in conjunction with significant adiabatic heating associated with cross-isobar flow which has been induced by vertically propagating long wave disturbances; and (2) the northward transport of that warm cell via advection by the essentially geostrophic windfield corresponding to an intense, offset polar cyclone, in conjunction with a strong Aleutian anticyclone. During the first warming pulse in January, a moderate Aleutian anticyclone was in place prior to the warming cycle and was intensified by interaction with an eastward traveling anticyclone induced by the differential advection of the warm cell. The second warming pulse occurred in early February with a strong Aleutian anticyclone already established. In contrast to the January event, the warming in February culminated with reversal of the zonal westerlies to easterlies over a significant depth of the stratosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Royal Meteorological Society, Quarterly Journal (ISSN 0035-9009); 113; 815-846
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  • 37
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    Refractory interplanetary dust particles (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Criteria are described by which refractory interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) can be differentiated from the products of spacecraft debris. These criteria have been used to discover and characterize IDPs that are composed predominantly of refractory phases. Two of these particles contain hibonite, perovskite, spinel, refractory glass, and a melilite; only hibonite was identified within a third. The grain size for all particles ranges from 0.05 to 1 micrometer, so that they are much finer grained than the refractory calcium- and aluminum-rich inclusions in meteorites. The glass-containing refractory IDPs may be primitive nebular condensates that never completely crystallized and thus have been preserved extant.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 237; 1466-146
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  • 38
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    Application of axisymmetric analog for calculating heating in three-dimensional flows (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 24; 296-302
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  • 39
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    Detection of a hot plasma component within the core regions of Jupiter's distant magnetotail (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Voyager-2 PLS low-energy plasma data and the magnetometer data are combined with the the LECP ion data (E greater than 28 keV) for the distant magnetotail observations (R = 5000-9000 Jupiter radii). A definite enhancement of LECP fluxes within the core regions (where the PLS densities and magnetic-field pressure are lower than in the surrounding regions) is shown, indicating that this hot tenuous plasma is present within the core regions. In general there is a strong anticorrelation between PLS density and LECP fluxes, while a less pronounced anticorrelation between magnetic-field pressure and LECP fluxes is observed. Estimates of LECP pressures suggest that this hot plasma can provide the previously described missing pressure in the core if heavy ions dominate the ion composition. The angular dependence of the LECP data indicates a flow of this hot plasma in the anti-Jupiter direction. This outflowing plasma could be the remnant of the magnetospheric wind observed near Jupiter by LECP. On the basis of this preliminary study, the core regions are found to have similarities to a plasma sheet.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 9943-994
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  • 40
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    A space-time stochastic model of rainfall for satellite remote-sensing studies (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A model of the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is described that produces random spatial rainfall patterns with these characteristics: (1) the model is defined on a grid with each grid point representing the average rain rate over the surrounding grid box, (2) rain occurs at any one grid point, on average, a specified percentage of the time and has a lognormal probability distribution, (3) spatial correlation of the rainfall can be arbitrarily prescribed, and (4) time stepping is carried out so that large-scale features persist longer than small-scale features. Rain is generated in the model from the portion of a correlated Gaussian random field that exceeds a threshold. The portion of the field above the threshold is rescaled to have a lognormal probability distribution. Sample output of the model designed to mimic radar observations of rainfall during the Global Atmospheric Research Program Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE), is shown. The model is intended for use in evaluating sampling strategies for satellite remote-sensing of rainfall and for development of algorithms for converting radiant intensity received by an instrument from its field of view into rainfall amount.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 9631-964
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  • 41
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    Sampling errors in satellite estimates of tropical rain (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The GATE rainfall data set is used in a statistical study to estimate the sampling errors that might be expected for the type of snapshot sampling that a low earth-orbiting satellite makes. For averages over the entire 400-km square and for the duration of several weeks, strong evidence is found that sampling errors less than 10 percent can be expected in contributions from each of four rain rate categories which individually account for about one quarter of the total rain.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 9567-957
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  • 42
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    Shock effects and argon loss in samples of the Leedey L6 chondrite experimentally shocked to 29-70 GPa pressures (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The recovery of polished 600-micron-thick 7-mm-diameter disk samples and powder samples of the Leedey L6 chondrite from 29-70-GPa experimental shocks is investigated experimentally under vacuum conditions, with a focus on the possible direct shock loss of radiogenic Ar. The results of petrographic examination of the shocked samples and Ar isotope measurements are presented in tables, graphs, and micrographs and characterized in detail. The principal damage mechanisms are identified as mechanical disaggregation and increasing cataclasis, with little melting. The degassing of radiogenic Ar is found to be relatively modest and to increase with shock pressure and sample porosity; it is attributed to a combination of mechanical grain disruption and feldspar melting. It is inferred that Ar loss in naturally shocked materials (especially those showing few signs of melting) probably occurs during extended exposure to high temperatures during impact formation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (ISSN 0016-7037); 51; 2035-204
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    Optical efficiencies of lightning in planetary atmospheres (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The first simulations of lightning in planetary atmospheres by laser-induced plasmas are reported. These simulations show that the fraction of the energy in lightning discharge channels that is radiated in the visible spectrum is similar for earth, Venus, and Titan, but quite different for Jupiter. One implication of these results is that the amount of trace gases produced by lightning in the Jovian atmosphere must be larger than previously estimated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 328; 509
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  • 44
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    Effect of ship-stack effluents on cloud reflectivity (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Under stable meteorological conditions the effect of ship-stack exhaust on overlying clouds was detected in daytime satellite images as an enhancement in cloud reflectivity at 3.7 micrometers. The exhaust is a source of cloud-condensation nuclei that increases the number of cloud droplets while reducing droplet size. This reduction in droplet size causes the reflectivity at 3.7 micrometers to be greater than the levels for nearby noncontaminated clouds of similar physical characteristics. The increase in droplet number causes the reflectivity at 0.63 micrometer to be significantly higher for the contaminated clouds despite the likelihood that the exhaust is a source of particles that absorb at visible wavelengths. The effect of aerosols on cloud reflectivity is expected to have a larger influence on the earth's albedo than that due to the direct scattering and absorption of sunlight by the aerosols alone.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 237; 1020-102
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  • 45
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    Prospects for destructive self-induced interactions in a vortex pair (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 24; 433-440
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  • 46
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    Landform identification in lunar radar images (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Lunar radar images have been investigated in order to understand how various radar parameters affect landform identification. The high-resolution (1-2 km cell size) 3.8-cm images of Zisk et al. (1974) were used along with the low and high resolution 70-cm mosaics of Thompson (1974 and 1987). The results indicate that radar cell size is the single most important radar parameter and that lunar features are likely to be correctly identified if they are longer than an 'identification resolution' of five times the radar cell size. The moon is considered here as an analog of Venus, since the two planets have similar mean scattering behavior.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 47
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    Wind measurements for non-uniform wind fields from spaceborne scatterometers (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Radar backscattering coefficient measurements by spaceborne scatterometers are presently simulated for the case of nonuniform wind fields, by means of a detailed numerical integration of the radar equation. The winds thus estimated are then compared with a nominal field which is defined as the average wind vector over the wind cell. The simulation results obtained for the NASA scatterometer are presented for cases of random wind fields whose spectra are consistent with the Seasat scatterometer sea surface wind spectrum. When the nonuniformity is small, system noise dominates the wind error; wind error degradation is therefore small for both perfect and imperfect coregistration cases. When it is relatively large, however, the wind error degradation persistently increases for both perfect and imperfect coregistrations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 48
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    Mapping global winds with satellite borne Doppler lidar - A plan (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The application of the Laser Atmospheric Wind Sounder to the EOS and Space Station is proposed. The use of pulsed, CO2 Doppler lidar to measure wind is described. The design requirements for a Doppler lidar operating in space, and the need to study the global distribution of naturally occurring atmospheric aerosols are discussed. The space-based Doppler lidar wind data will be useful for improving the skill of numerical weather predictions, for studying large-scale atmospheric circulation and climate dynamics, and for analyzing global biogeochemical and hydrological cycles.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Retrieval of total precipitable water using radiometric measurements near 183.3 GHz and 90 GHz frequencies (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Data collected with the Advanced Microwave Moisture Sounder (AMMS), which operates in the 183.3 GHz range, are compared to measurements collected at 22 GHz in order to show that the 183 GHz measurements are more sensitive to total precipitable water (W) values than the 22 GHz measurements. Radiative transfer calculations for the upwelling microwave emission from the ocean surface were performed at the AMMS frequencies with a variety of atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles. The derived brightness temperatures at these frequencies are compared with W values derived from the humidity profiles. It is observed that the sensitivity between the brightness temperatures and W values at the AMMS channel is greater than 130 K/g per sq cm and 12 K/g per sq cm for the 22 GHz frequency.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Conceptual design of a spaceborne radar for global rain mapping (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The conceptual design of a spaceborne rain mapping radar is described. This system has dual frequency channels operating at 14 and 35 GHz. It is capable of measuring precepitation profiles for rainfall rates from 0.3 mm/hr and up to 60 mm/hr. The rain reflectivity measurements obtained by this system are expected to have accuracies better than 10 percent.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 51
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    Influence of forebody cross-sectional shape on wing vortex-burst location (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 24; 645-652
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    Aerothermodynamics of transatmospheric vehicles (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 24; 594-602
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    Investigation of Martian H2O and CO2 via orbital gamma ray spectroscopy (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The capability of an orbital gamma ray spectrometer to address presently unanswered questions concerning H2O and CO2 on Mars is investigated. The gamma ray signal produced by the Martian atmosphere and by several simple models of Martian surface materials is calculated. Results are reported for: (1) the production of neutrons in the atmosphere and in the subsurface material by cosmic ray interactions, (2) the scattering of neutrons and the resultant neutron energy spectrum and spatial distributions, (3) the reproduction of gamma rays by neutron prompt capture and nonelastic scatter reactions, (4) the production of gamma rays by natural radionuclides, (5) the attenuation of the gamma ray signal by passage through surface materials and the Martian atmosphere, (6) the production of the gamma ray continuum background, and (7) the uncertainty in gamma ray line strengths that results from the combined signal and background observed by the detector.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 9153-916
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    Determination of the scaled optical thickness of clouds from reflected solar radiation measurements (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A method for determination of scaled optical thickness from reflected solar radiation measurements is described in which measurements of the reflected function are compared with asymptotic expressions for the reflection function of optically thick layers. Analytic formulas are derived which show the dependence of the reflection and transmission functions of nonabsorbing atmospheres on cloud optical thickness, ground albedo, and the asymmetry factor. An expression is derived which shows that the ground albedo produces a constant bias in the derived optical thickness, regardless of the value of the measured reflection function. Results from an analysis of high-resolution images, obtained in Oklahoma, of the reflection function of clouds shows the impact of details of the single scattering phase function on the derived optical thickness.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 1734-175
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    Comparison of the compositions of Venusian surface rocks with those of the terrestrial ocean floor (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A statistical comparison of data on the composition of the Venusian surface obtained with Venera and Vega lander X-ray fluorescence spectrometers and data on the composition of the terrestrial ocean floor indicates that the Venera 14 data correspond to certain thoeiitic basalts of the Kane fracture zone in the Middle-Atlantic ridge (22-25 deg N). It is suggested that deep magma storage regions exist on Venus and that the separation of tholeiitic and alkali magmas from a single primitive parent magma is an important process on Venus.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomicheskii Vestnik (ISSN 0320-930X); 21; 122-135
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  • 56
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    Vortical flow management techniques (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The aerodynamic performance and controllability of advanced, highly maneuverable supersonic aircraft can be enhanced by means of 'vortex management', which refers to the purposeful manipulation and reordering of stable and concentrated vortical structures due to flow separations from highly swept leading edges and slender forebodies at moderate-to-high angles-of-attack. Attention is presently given to a variety of results obtained in the course of experiments on generic research models at NASA Langley, clarifying their underlying aerodynamics and evaluating their performance-improvement potential. The vortex-management concepts discussed encompass aerodynamic compartmentation of highly swept leading edges, vortex lift augmentation and modulation, and forebody vortex manipulation.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Progress in Aerospace Sciences (ISSN 0376-0421); 24; 3, 19; 173-224
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    Planning the Voyager spacecraft's mission to Uranus (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The application of the systems engineering process to the planning of the Voyager spacecraft mission is described. The Mission Planning Office prepared guidelines that controlled the use of the project and multimission resources and spacecraft consumables in order to obtain valuable scientific data at an acceptable risk level. Examples of mission planning which are concerned with the design of the Deep Space Network antenna, the uplink window for transmitting computer command subsystem loads, and the contingency and risk assessment functions are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Irish Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0021-1052); 18; 40
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  • 58
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    Lower-upper implicit scheme for high-speed inlet analysis (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: (Previously cited in issue 20, p. 2915, Accession no. A86-42687)
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 1052
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  • 59
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    Classification, seasonality and persistence of low-frequency atmospheric circulation patterns (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The seasonality and persistence of the major modes of interannual variability in the low-frequency atmospheric circulation were studied using orthogonally rotated principle component analysis (RPCA) of Northern Hemisphere 1-month mean 700 mb heights. The twice-daily data for the 1950-1984 period were used. Winter results are similar to those of other recent RPCA and teleconnection studies. The strongest summer pattern is the North Atlantic Oscillation, which is also the strongest winter pattern; it systematically contracts northward in summer and expands southward in winter, being the only pattern found for every month of the year. The robustness of the RPCA results was examined through consistency with results of other studies and of adjacent month solutions within this study, as well as by replicating the results using 3-month and 10-day means of 700-mb height. It is concluded that the RPCA method provides a physically meaningful and statistically stable product with the simplicity of teleconnection patterns but with superior pattern choice and depiction.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 1083-112
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    A GCM study on the maintenance of the June 1982 blocking in the Southern Hemisphere (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: GCM experiments are used to study several possible mechanisms associated with the maintenance of the June 1982 blocking in the Southern Hemisphere. The mechanisms considered include changed orography, sea surface temperature anomalies, tropical heating, regional heating in the Pacific area, land-sea contrast, and sensible heating in the Antarctic area. It is concluded that asymmetric heating due to land-sea contrast was the most important boundary forcing associated with maintenance of the block. A 'no Australia' experiment confirms this result and suggests that local land-sea contrast kept the block stationary. High-latitude sensible heating associated with cold air outbreaks from Antarctica was also important in maintaining the block.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 1123-114
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    A VAS-numerical model impact study using the Gal-Chen variational approach (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A numerical study based on the use of a variational assimilation technique of Gal-Chen (1983, 1986) was conducted to assess the impact of incorporating temperature data from the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) into a regional-scale numerical model. A comparison with the results of a control forecast using only conventional data indicated that the assimilation technique successfully combines actual VAS temperature observations with the dynamically balanced model fields without destabilizing the model during the assimilation cycle. Moreover, increasing the temporal frequency of VAS temperature insertions during the assimilation cycle was shown to enhance the impact on the model forecast through successively longer forecast periods. The incorporation of a nudging technique, whereby the model temperature field is constrained toward the VAS 'updated' values during the assimilation cycle, further enhances the impact of the VAS temperature data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 1009-103
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    Atmospheric lateral and longitudinal turbulent length scales (measured at 600 to 800 meters above grade level) (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: NASA's Airborne Doppler Lidar System has been used to obtain a detailed 'instantaneous' mapping of horizontal spatial wind fields at 600-800 m elevations on the east side of the San Gorgonio Pass in California, in the form of checkerboard-fashion horizontal wind vectors spaced at 300 m intervals along and normal to the flight path. Spatial autocorrelations for the lateral and longitudinal components are ensemble-averaged, and integral turbulent length scales are computed for the wind fields' longitudinal and lateral directions. The flow in the region studied does not appear to be isotropic.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    The characteristic Rossby frequency (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The characteristic Rossby frequency is defined for a fixed zonal wavenumber perturbation as the variational integral of the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It is a measure of the time scale of the disturbance. For a disturbance which locally has the shape of an eigenfunction but is not global in extent, the characteristic Rossby frequency is very close to the true eigenvalue, and additionally remains unchanged under linear inviscid dynamics. Results are presented for the shallow water equations, both with and without a mean zonal wind. The characteristic Rossby frequency of a wavenumber 1 perturbation having the shape of the second symmetric Rossby mode but confined to the Northern Hemisphere is close to the corresponding Rossby frequency. This finding is helpful in understanding the behavior of the observed wavenumber 1 pattern of January 1979, which propagated westward with nearly the pure Rossby frequency but was discernible only in the Northern Hemisphere (as discussed by Daley and Williamson).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 1100-110
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    Chemistry of the solar system: An elementary introductionto cosmochemistry (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An introduction is presented to the chemistry of the solar system. The qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis of the solar system is reviewed, and the elemental synthesis processes that led to the formation of the solar system are discussed. The chemical processes of the primordial mixture from which the solar system formed are examined, and the resulting chemical composition of meteorites, asteroids, comets, and planets is described.
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    The stratosphere - Climatologies of the radiative heating and cooling rates and the diabatically diagnosed net circulation fields (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Stratospheric solar, IR, and net radiative heating are calculated on a monthly basis using solar and IR radiative codes and satellite derived distributions of ozone, water vapor, and temperature. Divergence-free, zonally averaged, advective fields are diagnosed using the calculated diabatic heating; associated stream functions are derived. The stratospheric transport of inert tracers is studied. Analysis of the diagnosed advective fields reveal that: (1) entry into the mid- to upper stratosphere of tropospheric air is mainly from altitude regions of + or - 10 deg at the equatorial tropopause; (2) at latitudes poleward of + or - 15 deg, tracers transported from the troposphere into the stratosphere are transported toward the pole and then downward and out of the stratosphere; and (3) the presence of net cooling cells in the lower stratospheric polar regions is important. The interannual variability of the diabatic circulation is estimated using heating and advection fields derived from LIMS data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 5585-560
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    Climate warming due to increasing atmospheric CO2 - Simulations with a multilayer coupled atmosphere-ocean seasonal energy balance model (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The transient response of the climate to increasing CO2 is studied using a modified version of the multilayer energy balance model of Peng et al. (1982). The main characteristics of the model are described. Latitudinal and seasonal distributions of planetary albedo, latitude-time distributions of zonal mean temperatures, and latitudinal distributions of evaporation, water vapor transport, and snow cover generated from the model and derived from actual observations are analyzed and compared. It is observed that in response to an atmospheric doubling of CO2, the model reaches within 1/e of the equilibrium response of global mean surface temperature in 9-35 years for the probable range of vertical heat diffusivity in the ocean. For CO2 increases projected by the National Research Council (1983), the model's transient response in annually and globally averaged surface temperatures is 60-75 percent of the corresponding equilibrium response, and the disequilibrium increases with increasing heat diffusivity of the ocean.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 5505-552
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    Numerical simulations of collisions between rotating particles (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Numerical simulations of Keplerian systems consisting of 200 mutually colliding rotating particles show that friction and surface irregularity reduce the equilibrium velocity dispersion and transfer some of the energy of random velocities to rotational velocities. The results confirm the theoretical predictions of Salo (1987). Simulations are performed for identical and different particle sizes, and for a power-law distribution of sizes. Taking rotation into account is not found to alter the previously observed Rayleigh distribution of eccentricities and inclinations, while the components of the rotational velocities are found to follow a Gaussian distribution. Application to the rarefied regions of Saturn's rings suggests that friction is able to reduce the equilibrium geometric thickness by about one-half.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 70; 37-51
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    Physical and chemical modification of the surface of Venus by windblown particles (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The results of simulations of the Venusian surface environment involving windblown grains are presented which show that significant chemical and physical changes may occur even in the slow-moving winds recorded on Venus. The edges of grains beome worn and shed comminuted debris, which collects on weathered surfaces and grains alike. The resulting transfer of material from loose grains to bedrock surfaces (and vice versa) could yield misleading results on rock composition; moreover, the generation of comminuted debris would enhance chemical reactions that could affect the composition of the atmosphere. The results are thus relevant in assessing rates of surface degradation, the evolution of small-scale surface features as seen in images returned from the Soviet Venera missions, and in the interpretation of compositional data for surface materials.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 327; 313-315
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    IRAS constraints on the sizes of Pluto and Charon (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Thermal emission models indicate that Charon contributes a significant amount of the infrared radiation detected by IRAS during the observation of mutual eclipse events. The IRAS observations also show that the most probable diameters for Pluto and Charon are 2200 and 1300 (+ or - 150) km. These results are consistent with there being some atmosphere on Pluto.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 327; 127-129
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    A study of frontal dynamics with application to the Australian summertime 'cool change' (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The dynamics of frontal evolution is examined in terms of the Australian summertime cool change using a two-dimensional numerical model. The model is synthesized from observational data on surface cold fronts obtained during the Australian Cold Fronts Research Program, and the model develops a quasi-steady surface cold front during the 24 hours of integration. The characteristics of this model are compared with those of a kinematic model; it is observed that the features of the two models correspond. The two-dimensional and kinematic models are also compared with a 24-hour prediction of the cold front of February 1983 using the three-dimensional nested-grid model of the Australian Numerical Meteorology Research Center, developed by Gauntlett et al. (1984). Good correlation between these models is detected.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 687-705
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    Turbulent fluxes of liquid water and buoyancy in partly cloudy layers (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A simple convective mass flux model is used to derive expressions for the fluxes of liquid water and buoyancy in partly cloudy turbulent layers. The results differ radically from those suggested in some previous studies. Physical interpretation is given, and examples are presented. Implications for the dynamics of partly cloudy boundary layers are discussed, and the aftermath of cloud-top entrainment instability is analyzed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 850-858
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  • 72
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    Modeling clear-air turbulence with vortices using parameter-identification techniques (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics (ISSN 0731-5090); 10; 27-31
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    Calculation of external-internal flow fields for mixed-compression inlets (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Supersonic inlet flows with mixed external-internal compressions were computed using a combined implicit-explicit (Beam-Warming-Steger/MacCormack) method for solving the three-dimensional unsteady, compressible Navier-Stokes equations in conservation form. Numerical calculations were made of various flows related to such inlet operations as the shock-wave intersections, subsonic spillage around the cowl lip, and inlet started versus unstarted conditions. Some of the computed results were compared with wind tunnel data.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering (ISSN 0045-7825); 64; 21-37
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    Satellite observation of atmosphere and surface interaction parameters (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Atmosphere and ocean surface parameters are being derived from weather satellite data acquired by the High Resolution Infrared Sounder and the Microwave Sounding Unit. In this paper, the global distribution and accuracy of the derived parameters are described, and the satellite-derived skin surface temperature is compared with available shelter temperature. Seasonal and interannual changes are examined to study the response time of large-scale atmospheric changes to changes in surface conditions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 11, 1; 111-117
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    Temperature and aerosol structure of the nightside Uranian stratosphere from Voyager 2 photopolarimeter stellar occultation measurements (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Voyager 2 UV-photopolarimeter occultation observations toward Gamma Peg, obtained on the nightside of Uranus at planetocentric latitude 68.9 deg N on January 24, 1986, are used to probe the structure of the Uranian atmosphere. The data are presented graphically and compared with the predictions of model atmospheres. The temperature profile for an aerosol-free atmosphere ranges from 85 + or - 2.3 K at 2.7 mbar to 96 + or - 13 K at 370 microbar, and the 1-mbar radius is found to be 25,219 + or - 6.3 km. The extinction coefficient for an aerosol haze layer at 1 mbar or higher is shown to be less than or equal to about 0.0001/km, but it is suggested that a well-mixed haze layer consisting of meteor or ring dust and/or photochemical condensates may well be present below 3 mbar.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 15030-15
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    The helium abundance of Uranus from Voyager measurements (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Voyager radio-occultation and IR spectroscopy measurements are combined to infer an He mole fraction in the upper troposphere of Uranus of 0.152 + or - 0.033; the corresponding mass fraction is Y = 0.262 + or - 0.048. This value is in agreement with recent estimates of the solar He abundance, suggesting that He differentiation has not occurred on Uranus. Comparisons with values previously obtained for Jupiter and Saturn imply that migration of He toward the core began long ago on Saturn and may also have recently begun on Jupiter. The protosolar He abundance inferred from the Uranus measurements and from recent solar evolutionary models is used along with an assumed primordial He mass fraction of 0.23-0.24 to estimate a 3-4-percent enrichment of He in the interstellar medium between the big bang and the origin of the solar system. The result is in agreement with galactic chemical evolution models which include a substantial decrease in D during the evolutionary process.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 15003-15
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    The atmosphere of Uranus - Results of radio occultation measurements with Voyager 2 (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Uranian atmosphere is investigated on the basis of S-band and X-band occultation observations (including measurements of Doppler frequency perturbations) obtained during the Voyager 2 encounter with Uranus in January 1986. The data are presented in extensive tables and graphs and characterized in detail. The atmosphere is assumed to have an H2/He abundance ratio of about 85/15, but also to contain small amounts of CH4 at above-cloud relative humidity 30 percent, cloud-base relative humidity 78 percent, and below-cloud mixing ratio 2.3 percent by number density. Other parameters estimated include magnetic-field rotation period 17.24 h, 1-bar equatorial radius 25,559 + or - 4 km, polar radius 24,973 + or - 20 km, equatorial acceleration of gravity 8.69 + or - 0.01 m/sec sq, and atmospheric temperature 76 + or - 2 K (assuming 85 + or - 3 percent H2).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 14987-15
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    Voyager infrared observations of Uranus' atmosphere - Thermal structure and dynamics (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The temperature structure of the Uranus atmosphere is investigated on the basis of 325/cm and 225/cm Voyager 2 IRIS observations of a layer between 60 and 200 mbar (including the tropopause). The data are presented in graphs and analyzed in detail. The latitudinal variations of the temperature near the tropopause and the inferred thermal winds are shown to be in good agreement with the findings reported for lower altitudes by Hanel et al. (1986), although greater in amplitude. A linear zonally symmetric circulation model with no solar and condensation heating, a frictional damping time 1-2 times the radiative damping time, a subrotating atmosphere at low latitudes, and zonal winds decaying with altitude is proposed to account for the observed structures.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 15011-15
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    Cratering history of the Uranian satellites - Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Crater size-frequency data for Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon are presented, and the implications of those data are discussed in terms of the geologic histories of these bodies and the populations of objects that have cratered them. The surfaces of Oberon and Umbriel are old and are inferred to date to a period early in their histories when the cratering rate was significantly higher than at present. No significant endogenic resurfacing appears to have occurred on either body after that inferred period of intense cratering. Titania exhibits the youngest surface of these three and appears to have undergone almost complete endogenic resurfacing. Among the Uranian satellites the surfaces of Oberon and Umbriel are interpreted to be the oldest, that of Titania intermediate, and those of Ariel and parts of Miranda the youngest. The size-frequency distributions for these satellites have an average slope of about -3, indicative of a steep crater production function. The cumulative size-frequency data for these Uranian satellites may be interpreted to indicate that parts of their surfaces are saturated with craters at small diameters.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 14918-14
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    Zhamanshin and Aouelloul - Craters produced by impact of tektite-like glasses? (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is shown that the enhanced abundance of siderophile elements and chromium in tektite-like glasses from the two impact craters of Zhamanshin and Aouelloul cannot be explained as a result of contamination of the country rock by meteorites nor, probably, comets. The pattern is, however, like that found in certain Australasian tektites, and in Ivory Coast tektites. It is concluded, in agreement with earlier suggestions by Campbell-Smith and Hey, that these craters were formed by the impact of large masses of tektite-like glass, of which the glasses which were studied are fragments. It follows that it is necessary, in considering an impact crater, to bear in mind that the projectile may have been a glass.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114); 22; 219-228
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    An interim reference model for the middle atmosphere water vapor distribution (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Nimbus 7 LIMS data are used to determine monthly and seasonal zonal mean reference stratospheric profiles over selected latitude bands, and other ground and airborne microwave data are combined with the LIMS data to construct an interim reference profile from the tropopause to 80 km for the midlatitude region averaged over the winter and spring periods. The present profiles indicate the presence of a hygropause near 50 mb pressure in the tropics, a relatively constant mixing ratio distribution with a height of 4.7-5 ppmv in the midlatitude and high latitude stratosphere, and a decrease in the midlatitude mesosphere to 1 ppmv at about 80 km.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 9, 19
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    Some effects of interference flowfields on supersonic configurations (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 24; 880-885
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    Supersonic airfoil optimization (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 24; 873-879
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    Algebraic grid generation about wing-fuselage bodies (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An algebraic procedure for generating boundary-fitted grids about wing-fuselage configurations is presented. A wing-fuselage configuration consists of two aircraft components specified by cross sections and mathematically represented by Coons' patches. Several grid blocks are constructed to cover the entire region surrounding the configuration, and each grid block maps into a computational cube. Grid points are first determined on the six boundary surfaces of a block and then in the interior. Grid points on the surface of the configuration are derived from the intersection of planes with the Coons' patch definition. Approximate arc length distributions along the resulting grid curves concentrate and disperse grid points. The two-boundary technique and transfinite interpolation are used to determine grid points on the remaining boundary surfaces and block interiors.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 24; 868-872
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    Planform effects for low-fineness-ratio multibody configurations at supersonic speeds (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 24; 856-860
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    The cometary contribution to the oceans of primitive earth (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The total mass incident on the moon during the period of heavy bombardment is estimated on the basis of recent compilations of the lunar impact record, together with a mass-scaling law for crater diameters in the large-body regime. Using only those craters and basins extant, a lower limit is obtained that is independent of cometary flux models as well as of extrapolations of the lunar impact record or assumptions about the cometary mass spectrum. The results obtained indicate that the earth would have acquired an exogenous ocean of water 4.5-3.8 Gyr ago, if cometary mass constituted more than about 10 percent of the impacting population.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 330; 632-635
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    The doubled CO2 climate - Impact of the sea surface temperature gradient (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) GCM of Hansen et al. (1983) was run, with 4 deg x 5 deg resolution, with doubled CO2 and two sets of sea surface temperature gradient distributions. One set was derived from the equilibrium doubled CO2 run of the 8 deg x 10 deg GISS GCM, with minimal high latitude amplification. The other set resembled closely the GFDL model results, with greater amplification. Both experiments had the same global mean surface air temperature change. The two experiments were often found to produce substantially different climate characteristics. With reduced high latitude amplification (set one), and thus, more equatorial warming, there was a greater increase in specific humidity and the greenhouse capacity of the atmosphere, resulting in a warmer atmosphere in general. Features such as the low-latitude precipitation, Hadley cell intensity, jet stream magnitude, and atmospheric energy transports all increased in comparison with the control run. In contrast, these features all decreased in the experiment with greater high latitude amplification (set two).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 3235-326
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    Comparison of Southern Hemisphere radiosonde and LIMS temperatures at 100 mb (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Radiosonde (RS)and satellite-derived (Nimbus-7 LIMS) 100-mb temperatures over New Zealand at 12 GMT are compared for the 1978-79 summer. The colocated LIMS temperature information consists of synoptically mapped values (for 12 GMT), as well as the primary nighttime orbital retrievals valid at about 1030 GMT. The RS time series of temperature is dominated by temporal fluctuations associated mainly with the eastward passage of waves which have characteristic periods of 4-5 and 11-12 days and peak-to-peak amplitudes of 10-15 K. The LIMS temperatures and the corresponding temperature time series are also found to exhibit quite close agreement (in terms of temporal phase for the latter) with the RS data. However, the LIMS-mapped temperature fluctuations suffer from a noticeable attenuation in amplitude (approaching 50 percent for higher-frequency fluctuations), which will affect the accuracy of LIMS-derived estimates of dynamical quantities such as wind velocity and relative vorticity in the lower stratosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Royal Meteorological Society, Quarterly Journal (ISSN 0035-9009); 113; 1382-138
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    Predictions of the electrical conductivity and charging of the aerosols in Titan's atmosphere (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Computational results are given for Titan atmosphere aerosol electrical conductivity and charge at altitudes up to 400 km, together with a consideration of ionization from such sources as galactic cosmic rays and electron precipitation from the Saturnian magnetosphere. Predicted conductivity shows the existence of substantial electron concentrations up to the Titan surface. At altitudes of more than 100 km, and aerosol concentrations greater than 10/cu cm, electron/positive ion-recombination is found to be controlled by the recombination of the aerosols' surfaces rather than by the gas-kinetic recombination rate.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 72; 604-622
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    Undercooled water in basaltic regoliths and implications for fluidized debris flows on Mars (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Pursuant to the past attribution of many geomorphic features on Mars to the movements of water- or ice-lubricated debris, experiments have been conducted for water freezing in wet, sand-like basaltic substrates. It is found that substantial undercooling can be achieved under Martian conditions, independently of freezing-point depressions due to soluble salts. Attention is given to results for a clay-poor soil with negligible salinity from Mauna Kea, Hawaii, which demonstrate that the degree of undercooling is essentially independent of both soil particle size and water/soil mass ratio, albeit with cooling rate variations.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 72; 519-527
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  • 91
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    Tectonics of Tharsis Dorsa on Mars (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The tectonics of the Tharsis and adjoining areas is considered to be associated with the convection in the Martian mantle. Convection and mantle plume have been responsible for the primary uplift and volcanism of the Tharsis area. The radial compressional forces generated by the tendency for downslope movement of surface strata, vertical volcanic intrusions, and traction of mantle spreading beneath Tharsis were transmitted through the lithosphere to form peripheral mare ridge zones. The locations of mare ridges were thus mainly controlled by the Tharsis-radial compression. The load-induced stresses then contributed to further ridge formation over an extended period of time by the isostatic readjustment, which was responsible for long-term stresses in the adjoining areas. Extrusions, changes in internal temperature, and possible phase changes may also have caused changes in mantle volume, giving rise to additional compressional forces and crustal deformations.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth, Moon, and Planets (ISSN 0167-9295); 39; 275-289
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  • 92
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    Infrared and visible satellite rain estimation. I - A grid cell approach. II - A cloud definition approach (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This study explores the relationships between satellite-viewed cloudy grid cells and the variability of the precipitation contained therein, together with the relationships between the satellite-IR clouds and rainfall and the IR-thresholded visible clouds and rainfall. In the grid cell approach, IR, visible, and radar data for five days of the Florida Area Cumulus Experiment were examined using a 32-km grid and 30-min interval; the results of this experiment indicated that useful, accurate rainfall estimates beyond rain/no rain discrimination are unlikely. In the cloud definition approach, it was found that the cloud IR area was highly correlated with the rain area and with the volume rain rate across the entire spectrum of cloud sizes. It was poorly correlated with mean cloud rain rate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 26; 1553-157
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  • 93
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    Evidence for interstellar SiC in the Murray carbonaceous meteorite (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Silicon carbide has been identified in two separates from the Murray carbonaceous chondrite that are enriched 20,000-fold in isotopically anomalous neon and xenon. The SiC is present in the form of crystalline grains 0.1-1 micron in size. Cubic and 111-plane-twinned cubic are the most common ordered polytypes observed so far. The anomalous isotopic composition of its carbon, nitrogen, and silicon indicates a presolar origin, probably in the atmospheres of red giants. An additional silicon- and oxygen-rich phase shows large isotropic anomalies in nitrogen and silicon, also associated with a presolar origin.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 330; 728-730
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  • 94
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    Planetary satellites (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Spectrophotometric observations of the atmosphereless planetary satellites obtained with the IUE since its launch in 1978 are reviewed. The value of IUE data in complementing the images obtained by planetary probes is indicated; the techniques used to interpret IUE images of the satellites and extract textural information are discussed; and data on the Gallilean satellites of Jupiter and the satellites of Saturn are presented in extensive tables and graphs and characterized in detail. Consideration is given to the broadband geometric albedos, the orbital phase curves, hemispherical spectral asymmetries, spectral orbital phase variations, and the prospects for further observations with the Space Telescope and other earth-orbiting platforms.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 95
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    Cloud chemistry on Jupiter (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Chemical equilibrium models used currently to interpret observations of Jupiter are reexamined using new data defining thermal profiles, which are substantially different from those used in the previous models. A model is developed for the chemical reactions controlling the composition of the upper troposphere on Jupiter, specifically the cloud-forming region from 10 bar to 0.1 bar, which includes, for the first time, the effects of aqueous chemistry on the composition and the vertical distribution of many measurable species in the atmosphere, identifying the factors influencing their abundances above the H2O cloud. The thermodynamic data for potential condensates on Jupiter, i.e., NH3(s), NH4SH(s), (NH4)2S(s), and H2S(s), are reexamined, recognizing the lack of data on sulfides for the temperature range of interest on Jupiter. Vertical profiles of mixing ratios for CO2, H2S, NH3, and H2, obtained for several assumed bulk abundances with respect to solar, are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 322; 559-572
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  • 96
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    The rings of Uranus (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The rings of Uranus are not all circular; nor do they all lie in the plane of Uranus' equator. The epsilon ring of Uranus, which is the largest and outermost one, ranges in width from 20 to 96 km in proportion to the distance of the ring material from Uranus. Typical rings can be modeled by assuming that its edges are defined by a combination of smooth elliptical orbits and random 'wiggles'. A transition from a few large moons in outer regions to many small moons just outside ring-filled inner regions is a feature noted to be held in common by the ring and moon systems of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Scientific American (ISSN 0036-8733); 257; 52-66
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  • 97
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    Evolution of the Southern Oscillation as observed by the Nimbus-7 ERB experiment (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Nimbus-7 satellite has been in a 955-km, sun-synchronous orbit since October 1978. The Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiment has taken approximately 8 years of high-quality data during this time, of which seven complete years have been archived at the National Space Science Data Center. A final reprocessing of the wide-field-of-view channel dataset is underway. Error analyses indicate a long-term stability of 1 percent better over the length of the data record. As part of the validation of the ERB measurements, the archived 7-year Nimbus-7 ERB dataset is examined for the presence and accuracy of interannual variations including the Southern Oscillation signal. Zonal averages of broadband outgoing longwave radiation indicate a terrestrial response of more than 2 years to the oceanic and atmospheric manifestations of the 1982-83 El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event, especially in the tropics. This signal is present in monthly and seasonal averages and is shown here to derive primarily from atmospheric responses to adjustments in the Pacific Ocean. The calibration stability of this dataset thus provides a powerful new tool to examine the physics of the ENSO phenomena.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 2615-262
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  • 98
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    Volcanic input to the atmosphere from Alba Patera on Mars (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Estimates are presented of the amount of water vapor and/or CO2 released from specific volcanic deposits on a relatively young Martian volcanic construct, Alba Patera. Estimates for the corresponding release rates are also given. Values for the constraints on water-supply-driving eruptions are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 330; 354-357
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  • 99
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    Synergistic interactions between an upper-level jet streak and diabatic processes that influence the development of a low-level jet and a secondary coastal cyclone (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A series of numerical simulations of the February 1979 Presidents Day cyclone is presented. The development of the low-level jet (LLJ) associated with the cyclone is described, and the mesoscale numerical model, initial analyses, and experimental design used in the study are discussed. Four numerical simulations are discussed and compared, including an adiabatic simulation that isolates the development of upper-level divergence along the axis of a subtropical jet streak and three other simulations that reveal the contributions of sensible and latent heat release in modifying lower-tropospheric wind fields and reducing the sea-level pressure. The formation of the LLJ is described through an evaluation of trajectories derived from the various model simulations. The effect of the LLJ on secondary cyclogenesis along the East Coast is described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 2227-226
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  • 100
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    Observations of large-amplitude MHD waves in Jupiter's foreshock in connection with a quasi-perpendicular shock structure (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Plasma and magnetic field observations performed onboard the Voyager 2 spacecraft have been used to investigate Jupiter's foreshock. Large-amplitude waves have been detected in association with the quasi-perpendicular structure of the Jovian bow shock, thus proving that the upstream turbulence is not a characteristic signature of the quasi-parallel shock.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 12413-12
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