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  • Articles  (1,452)
  • Springer  (1,452)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (1,452)
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  • 1985  (1,452)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (1,372)
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  • Articles  (1,452)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (1,452)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenol degradation by microorganisms adsorbed on activated carbon (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 32-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The phenol degradation by Candida sp. and Pseudomonas sp. immobilized on activated carbon was investigated. Thanks to its great adsorptive surface, activated carbon is suited as supporting material for microorganisms and also provides a high adsorption capacity for phenol. The immobilization by adsorption avoids any unphysiological treatment of the microorganisms. One gram activated carbon adsorbed in 10 h about 4×109 Pseudomonas cells and 3×108 Candida cells. While the free cells did not tolerate more than 1.5 g/l phenol, the adsorbed microorganisms survived at temporary high phenol concentrations up to 15 g/l, and they degraded about 90% of the adsorbed phenol. The activated carbon operated like a “depot”: the adsorbed phenol diffused out of the carbon and could be metabolized by the microorganisms. The results give an explanation of the stimulating effect of activated carbon in the treatment of waste waters observed until now.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252358
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacillus stearothermophilus KP 1064 pullulan hydrolase (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 20-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A pullulan hydrolase of Bacillus stearothermophilus KP 1064 was purified homogeneously. The molecular weight, Stokes radius, sedimentation coefficient (s20, w), extinction coefficient at 280 nm and pH 6.8, and isoelectric point were estimated as 115,000, 4.16 nm, 5.5 S, 1.92 cm2·mg-1 and 4.4, respectively. The enzyme consisted of two identical subunits each comprising a methionine residue at the NH2-terminus. The enzyme hydrolysed pullulan, amylopectin, soluble starch, amylose, α-and β-limit dextrins, α- and β-cyclodextrins, phenylα-d-maltoside, maltotriose, and maltopentaose. The main products from amylose and pullulan were maltose and panose, respectively. The substrate specificity, along with the pattern of products, suggested the assignment of the enzyme to a unique type of maltogenic α-amylase (1,4α-d-glucan glucanohydrolase, EC. 3.2.1.1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252356
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrolysis and acidogenic fermentation of gelatin under anaerobic conditions in a laboratory scale upflow reactor (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 50-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Gelatin was dissolved in a mineral salts medium for growth under carbon limitation and fed to a mixed population of bacteria in a lab-scale upflow reactor for hydrolysis and acidogenic fermentation under anaerobic conditions, at pH=7 and 30°C. With the shortest applied liquid retention time (30 min), 84% of the protein was hydrolysed. The majority (85%) of the hydrolysed protein was fermented. The ammonia concentration in the reactor was about 1,400 mg N·l-1. The fermentation products were mainly acetate, propionate, and valerate. Iso-butyrate, butyrate, and iso-valerate were formed to a limited extent. Gas production was very low and consisted of carbon dioxide and methane. The product composition was independent of the retention time applied. The sludge formed was slimy. No granules were formed, however a hold-up factor of 46 could be obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252361
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting broth viscosity and coenzyme Q10 production by Agrobacterium species (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 55-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In the production of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) by Agrobacterium sp. the culture broth becomes highly viscous. In an attempt to improve the production process, the effects of chemical and physical factors on broth viscosity and CoQ10 production were studied, using Agrobacterium sp. KY-8593. A particular concentration ratio of sugar to ammonium-nitrogen (NH4−N) in the medium could effectively enhance CoQ10 production without increasing broth viscosity. An increase in culture temperature to between 32°C and 34°C lowered broth viscosity without reducing CoQ10 production. NH4−N concentration and temperature had a correlative effect on broth viscosity. At a temperature of about 33°C, there was a wide range of NH4−N concentration which was optimal for both broth viscosity and CoQ10 production. In optimal conditions with 8% sugar the apparent broth viscosity was reduced to less than 10 pseudo-cP and CoQ10 production was increased to more than 80 mg/l.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252362
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conversion of cellulose into fungal cell mass in solid state culture (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 189-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary To satisfy the demand for simple production technology (simple and cheap reactor, cheap recovery and finishing), solid state cultivations were carried out with pretreated straw in a simple fixed bed reactor under nonsterile conditions. The results of these investigations were compared with those evaluated in a stirred tank reactor. The same cell mass fractions were obtained in both reactors. However, about double the cultivation time is necessary for a solid state cultivation as compared to a submerse cultivation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295119
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen supplementation on the longevity of antibiotic production by immobilized cells of Penicillium urticae (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 220-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Conidia of Penicillium urticae were immobilized in Kappa-Carrageenan beads (2–3 mm) by a previously described procedure to yield an in situ grown immobilized cell population which could be induced to produce the antibiotic and mycotoxin, patulin. When repeatedly transferred into a nitrogen-free production medium every 2 days, the patulin productivity of these cells gradually decreased to 50% within 14 days while the total cell protein remained constant. This decline was due to the gradual loss of the cells' catalytic capacity for converting glucose to 6-methylsalicylic acid (6-MSA), the first metabolite of the patulin pathway, as well as for converting 6-MSA to patulin. When these 14 day-old cells were incubated in a nutrient rich growth medium for 2 days their patulin producing activity increased from 50% to 130%. On the other hand the addition of a protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, to the N-free production medium drastically reduced the patulin producing activity of the immobilized cells; in particular, their capacity for converting 6-MSA to patulin. The cells' patulin producing activity was maintained at 〉100% for longer than 15 days when the cells were repeatedly transferred into a yeast extract supplemented production medium or when they were occasionally transferred into 10 or 20% strength growth medium. Repeated transfers to a 10% strength growth medium appeared to stabilize the cells' capacity for converting 6-MSA to patulin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295126
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method for identifying colonies of bacteria possessing mosquito larvicidal effects (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 250-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The method described provides a new, relatively rapid tool for the tracing or identification of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis among indigenous bacteria and even closely related variants of B. thuringiensis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295131
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aerobic spore-forming bacteria as detrimental infectants in plant tissue cultures (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 245-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Aerobic spore-forming bacteria were isolated from plant tissue cultures from a commercial plant cultivation station. Bacillus circulans was found to be a detrimental infectant as a serious consequence of the heat-resistance of the endospores of these bacteria. They were extremely motile, utilized several growth-promoting factors, and could be eliminated by early microscopical identification, killing by heat treatment, or by using antibiotics or disinfecants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295130
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of mead by immobilized whole cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 280-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The continuous production of mead was achieved with whole cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized in calcium alginate gels. The alcohol production was stable in the pH range of 2.5–6.0 and a temperature range of 18–30°C with a sharp increase at 35°C. The process reduced the problems of contamination and secondary fermentation which are associated with traditional mead production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252704
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Batch growth of Saccharomycopsis lipolytica on animal fats (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 292-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Solid animal fats aggregated when first added to aqueous media and strong agitation was necessary to accomplish and maintain their dispersion. The growth rate of Saccharomycopsis lipolytica accelerated as fat dispersion proceeded until similar rates of exponential growth were attained with either lard, mutton tallow or beef tallow as sole carbon source. The major fatty acids in all substances were oleic, palmitic, and stearic. A major proportion of both saturated acids were consumed during the yeast's growth on animal fats, but the growth rates were greatly reduced after exhaustion of the preferentially consumed unsaturated acid. At this time, substantial amounts of saturated acids, present both as free fatty acid and in glycerides, remained. The amounts of these residual acids were markedly affected by the distribution of acyl groups within the original triglycerides. With individual fatty acids as the sole carbon source, the yeast grew at comparable rates on palmitic and oleic acids but did not grow on stearic acid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252707
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uranium mobilization from low-grade ore by cyanobacteria (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 374-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Three cyanobacterial isolates (two LPP-B forms and one Anabaena or Nostoc species) from different environments could mobilize uranium from low-grade ores. After 80 days, up to 18% uranium had been extracted from coal and 51% from carbonate rock by the filamentous cyanobacterium OL3, a LPP-B form. Low growth requirements with regard to light and temperature optima make this strain a possible candidate for leaching neutral and alkaline low-grade uranium ores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249983
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ activation of β-galactosidase of Kluyveromyces bulgaricus resting cells by sodium and potassium phosphates and chlorides (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 390-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Incubation of Kluyveromyces bulgaricus in sodium and potassium salts led to in vivo activation of β-galactosidase. The activation reaction was relatively slow since, at 37°C, it took 30 min to come to completion. The reaction was irreversible and was favoured by high salt concentrations with chlorides proving to be more efficient than phosphates. After incubation in KCl, the final activity obtained was 1.49 U/mg dry yeast and this represented a 10-fold increase in activity compared with the control value measured in ammonium phosphate. Hydrolysis of onitrophenyl-β-galactoside (ONPG) was insensitive to inhibitors of the transport systems and energy metabolism. There results suggest that K. bulgaricus resting cells take up substrates and ions that readily influence β-galactosidase activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249986
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of Gluconobacter oxydans immobilized in calcium alginate (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Gluconobacter oxydans cells were immobilized in calcium alginate and the preparation was used for the oxidation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone. The characterization was done according to the guidelines given by the Working Party on Immobilized Biocatalysts of the European Federation of Biotechnology. The pH optimum of the preparation was found to be 5.0 and the temperature optimum was 40°C. However, the operational stability was better at 30°C. The glycerol concentration required to obtain half the maximal reaction rate was about 5 mM for both immobilized and free cells. At low concentrations of glycerol and high concentrations of dihydroxyacetone a slight inhibition was noted. No loss of activity of the immobilized preparation was observed after storage for 68 days at +4°C. Investigation of the operational stability revealed a half-life of 5 days. Studies of the influence of particle size and cell densities as well as that of oxygen concentration revealed that the oxygen supply was the rate limiting step.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252148
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of effectiveness of pretreating rice straw with n-butylamine for improvement of sugar yield (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 19-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary n-Butylamine (n-BA) pretreatment extracted a part of the holocellulose (cellulose and hemicellulose) in rice straw into the liquid phase, as a mixture of oligosaccharides and a small amount of monosaccharides. However, there was loss of sugars resulting mainly from decomposition of monomers by a long exposure to a high n-BA concentration. Approximately 70% of the total sugars in the pretreatment solutions was converted enzymatically into reducing sugars (mainly monomers). On the other hand, more than 90% of holocellulose in the residual rice straw after the optimal pretreatment was solubilized enzymatically in 120 h of reaction time with 10 w/v% substrate and 6 mg protein/ml cellulase. The main action of n-BA on rice straw was delignification, and highly crystalline cellulose was not swollen. Thus the enhancement of the enzymatic solubilization rate of rice straw appeared to be due to the increase of surface area accessible to the enzyme by delignification. It was demonstrated by the relationship of the vapour-liquid equilibrium of the n-BA/water system that the n-BA used was recovered easily. The loss of n-BA, at most, was 30% in the case of the weight ratio of n-BA to rice straw of 0.1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252151
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting growth physiology of Bacillus thuringiensis (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 50-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Physiological studies on Bacillus thuringiensis var. entomocidus revealed the failure of the organism to survive or sporulate under low aeration levels, notably in the presence of high sugar concentrations. Cell counts, sporulation titers and potency of resulting endotoxin were found to vary with the level of aeration. The incremental feeding of glucose with continuous pH adjustment prevented cell injury and death which results from prolonged exposure to acidity liberated at the high sugar concentrations which occur when glucose is added batchwise. Increasing of dipotassium phosphate concentration in growth medium increased the potency of the resulting endotoxin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252156
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  • 16
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    A comparison between the cellulase systems of Trichoderma harzianum E58 and Trichoderma reesei C30 (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 139-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Nearly all of the filter paper, endoglucanase and β-glucosidase activities of T. harzianum E58 were located extracellularly, with low amounts of these activities detected in the cell extracts and relatively little associated with the cell wall. Most of the filter paper and endoglucanase activities of T. reesei C30 were detected extracellularly. The half lives of the different cellulase activities were assayed at various temperatures over a period of time. When the pH of the filtrate was adjusted to 4.8, the cellulase activities were considerably enhanced, with the average half-life at 50°C extended to 25 hrs. When various lignocellulosic substrates were hydrolyzed by T. harzianum E58 cellulases approximately 90% of the reducing sugars were present as glucose while 50–60% of the reducing sugars were detected as glucose when T. reesei C30 cellulases were used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250034
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Formation of giant protoplasts from protoplasts of Pleurotus cornucopiae by the cell wall lytic enzyme (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 328-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary When purified protoplasts of Pleurotus cornucopiae IFO9614 were incubated with a mixture of cell wall lytic enzymes, they were found to increase their size. Their average diameter increased from 4.3 μm to 31 μm after 65 h incubation at 24° C. The presence of cellulase “ONOZUKA”RS in the enzyme mixture had a significant effect on the formation of giant protoplasts. Regeneration frequency of giant protoplasts in a medium containing 0.5 M sucrose was 3.5%, approximately six times that of normal protoplasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252712
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Albomycin: Studies on fermentation, isolation and quantitative determination (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 341-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Streptomyces griseus TÜ 6 produces the sideromycin antibiotic albomycin δ2 in concentrations of approximately 1 mg/l. The production depends on the phosphate, iron, and ornithine concentrations in the medium. In optimized conditions, the production of albomycin could be increased to 25 mg/l in a fedbatch fermentation. Isolation and purification could be achieved by reversed-phase and size-exclusion chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The detection limit in quantitative determination of albomycin by HPLC was reached at a concentration of 1 μg/ml, which was 100 times less sensitive than biological testing, but this method, although time-consuming, was more selective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249977
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  • 19
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    Immobilization of rat erythrocytes for aflatoxicol production (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 361-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A modified procedure for preparing alginate gel was developed and used to entrap rat erythrocytes. The immobilized erythrocytes showed high enzyme activity for the reduction of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxicol. The production of aflatoxicol from aflatoxin B1 by immobilized erythrocytes was studied for over 3 weeks and the half-life of such a preparation was shown to be about 10 days. The immobilized erythrocytes can be repeatedly used at 37° C for the batch-wise mode of aflatoxicol production without substantial loss of enzyme activity. Haemolysis of immobilized erythrocytes was not observed upon prolonged storage at 4° C. As compared with free erythrocytes, the immobilized erythrocytes were more temperature resistant at 40° C incubation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249980
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Immunological studies on β-amylase of Bacillus cereus (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 383-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An antiserum against the β-amylase from Bacillus cereus BQ10-S1 Spo II was prepared using rabbits. The antiserum obtained was confirmed to form a specific immunoprecipitate with the purified β-amylase and showed a single band of protein with a molecular weight of 6.0x104 on the nitrocellulose sheet by the Western-Blotting method. The antiserum showed a precipitin line with the β-amylase from B. megaterium strain no. 32 by the Ouchterlony technique. However, the spur was formed on the Ouchterlony plate between the line of immunoprecipitin of the β-amylase from B. cereus BQ10-S1 Spo II and that from B. megaterium strain no. 32. On the other hand, no immune reaction occurred with the β-amylase from B. polymyxa no. 72 and those from higher plants such as soybean and barley. B. cereus BQ10-S1 Spo II was found to secret β-amylase mainly from the mid to the late logarithnic phase of cell growth. With the use of antiserum, the amount of the β-amylase secreted was estimated to be about 52 μg/109 cells, that of the parent strain (B. cereus BQ10-S1) about 14 μg/109 cells. These quantities of β-amylase corresponded in each case with enzyme productivity of the two strains (about 1,100 U/ml and 270 U/ml).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249985
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  • 21
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    The decolorization of the polymeric dye Poly-Blue (polyvinalamine sulfonate-anthroquinone) by lignin degrading fungi (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 394-396 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In this work we have investigated the decolorization of the polymeric dye Poly-B411 by several fungi. Only fungi with known lignin degrading ability were able to decolorize the dye. Pleurotus ostreatus sp. ‘florida’ decolorized the dye both in solid and liquid media. Decolorizing ability developed in the absence of the dye but only when the fungus had been previously cultivated on lignin containing substrates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249987
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  • 22
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    Regulation of α-aminoadipyl-cysteinyl-valine, isopenicillin N synthetase, isopenicillin N isomerase and deacetoxycephalosporin C synthetase by nitrogen sources in Streptomyces lactamdurans (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 32-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Ammonium and asparagine produced a concentration-dependent reduction of cephamycin C biosynthesis by Streptomyces lactamdurans. Addition of ammonium salts at 1 mM concentration reduced cephamycin biosynthesis by resting cells of S. lactamdurans, whereas concentrations of asparagine above 10 mM were required to get the same effect. High ammonium concentrations decreased glutamine synthetase activity in cell extracts of S. lactamdurans in parallel to the reduction of antibiotic biosynthesis. Ammonium supplementation decreased the pool of glutamic acid and glutamine whereas the intracellular content of ammonium, alanine, and phosphoserine increased significantly. The pool of the tripeptide δ(l-α-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine, an intermediate in cephamycin biosynthesis, was greatly reduced in ammonium-supplemented cultures. Isopenicillin N synthetase, that converts the tripeptide δ(l-α-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine to isopenicillin N, isopenicillin N isomerase (that isomerises isopenicillin N to penicillin N) and deacetoxycephalosporin C synthetase (converting penicillin N into deacetoxycephalosporin C) were also reduced in ammonium-supplemented cultures. However, the activities of these enzymes were not inhibited in vitro by 40 mM ammonium, suggesting that the enzymes were repressed but not inhibited by ammonium in vivo.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252153
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  • 23
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    Growth inhibition of Clostridium thermocellum by carboxylic acids: A mechanism based on uncoupling by weak acids (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 53-62 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The inhibition of Clostridium thermocellum strains by acetate and other organic acids (propionate, butyrate) can be explained by a model based on the chemiosmotic theory and uncoupler action. It is proposed that the charged permeant species in the process of anion exclusion is the dimer HA - 2 . Evidence for this mechanisms is provided by 31P-NMR studies of whole cells and cell extracts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252157
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  • 24
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    Expression in Escherichia coli of a cloned β-glucanase gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 63-71 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The recombinant phage λG1 has been identified by screening 700 plaques of a Charon 4A library, containing DNA of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, for phage clones directing the hydrolysis of lichenan in Escherichia coli, as indicated by haloes surrounding plaques on lichenan agar. The gene coding for an endo-β-1.3–1.4-glucanase was recloned within a 3.6 kb EcoRI fragment into the EcoRI site of plasmid pBR322, in both orientations. The location and extent of the bgl gene on the 3.6 kb Bacillus DNA insert was estimated by insertion mutagenesis with transposon Tn5 and restriction mapping of Tn5 insertions within or near to the bgl gene. The β-glucanase synthesized by E. coli harbouring plasmids pEG1 or pEG2 was shown to accumulate mainly in the periplasmic space but β-glucanase activities were also detected extracellulary and in the cytoplasm. The molecular weight of the enzyme synthesized in E. coli harbouring pEG1 was estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be about 24000. It was shown that the level of bgl gene expression in E. coli varies about 10-fold, depending on the orientation of the 3.6 kb DNA-fragment cloned within the EcoRI site of pBR322. After insertion of HindIII-DNA fragments from phage into the HindIII site of the β-glucanase-high-expression plasmid pEG1, we obtained clones also showing an approximately 10-fold reduction in β-glucanase activites. It was thus concluded that on plasmid pEG1 the leftward acting Apr (PI) promotor of plasmid pBR322 strongly increases the expression in E. coli of the cloned B. amyloliquefaciens bgl gene.
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    Galactose inhibition of citric acid production from glucose by Aspergillus niger (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 98-102 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Previous work in this laboratory has demonstrated that although Aspergillus niger can readily utilize galactose, no citric acid is produced from this carbon source (Hossain et al. 1984). Experiments were now conducted where galactose was added at various concentrations to synthetic growth medium containing glucose as carbon source, so that the effect of galactose on citric acid production from glucose could be observed. The results showed that the presence of galactose or a product of galactose metabolism caused inhibition of citric acid production, and also reduced the rate of glucose utilization. Enzyme analyses using mycelial cell-free extracts indicated that galactose interfered with the glucose-repression of the key enzyme 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250027
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    Intraspecific heterokaryon and fruit body formation in Coprinus macrorhizus by protoplast fusion of auxotrophic mutants (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 121-127 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Fusion of protoplasts of Coprinus macrorhizus mutants with different amino acid requirements resulted in the production of prototrophic clones at frequencies of 1–4% of the protoplasts surviving the fusion treatment. The frequencies were at least 200 times higher than those of the appearance of revertants. Few prototrophic colonies appeared also when the mutant protoplasts were individually subjected to fusion treatment, or when they were mixedly cultured without fusion treatment. It was thus concluded that intraspecific heterokaryons were formed by protoplast fusion. The auxotrophic mutants did not form fruit bodies when cultured singly or mixedly with each other. In contrast, the heterokaryons produced by protoplast fusion between the mutants of compatible mating types developed into fruit bodies with intermediate morphology of those of the strains from which the mutants were derived. Heterokaryons were also formed by fusion of mutant protoplasts with identical mating genotype, but they failed to form fruit bodies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250031
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    Effect of nitrogen source on aroma production by Trichoderma viride (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 146-147 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of nitrogen source on the aroma production of a strain of Trichoderma viride was investigated. The compound giving the culture its characteristic coconut-like aroma was identified as 6-pentyl-α-pyrone. Variation of the nitrogen source affected the quantity of the lactone produced but did not cause a significant difference in the aroma of the culture. The lactone formation was also affected by the method of cultivation, and sporulation was not essential for its formation.
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    An aminoglycoside biosensor incorporating free or immobilized bacterial cells (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 165-168 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Immobilized and free bacterial cells stored at 4° C in substrate free buffer were found to exhibit two phases of oxygen uptake on resuspension in an oxygen rich growth medium in the well of a standard polarographic Clarke electrode. A rapid oxygen uptake phase 1, followed by a stower, phase 2 associated with cellular division. The duration (ΔmV) and rate of phase 1 oxygen uptake (ΔmV min-1) was a linear function of cell concentration. Phase 1 duration was sensitive to the presence of the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamycin. For a fixed cell concentration the inhibition of phase 1 was a direct function of gentamycin concentration. Whole cells stored at 4° retained phase 1 activity for at least one month.
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  • 29
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    Photoproduction of molecular hydrogen from waste water of a sugar refinery by photosynthetic bacteria (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1985), S. 147-151 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary From enrichment cultures inoculated with water and sediments of a waste-water pond of a sugar refinery several photosynthetic nonsulphur bacteria have been isolated and tested for the ability to produce molecular hydrogen in the light. Strains have been found that utilize the freshly used, untreated waste substrate with higher yields than the laboratory strain used so far. Under the test conditions one strain showed higher hydrogen production rates from waste water than from any synthetic substrate.
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    Formation and location of glucose oxidase in citric acid producing mycelia of Aspergillus niger (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 27-31 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The formation and location of glucose oxidase was studied in Aspergillus niger, which was pregrown under citric acid producing conditions. Glucose oxidase could be “de novo” induced by a shift in pH from 1.7 to 5.5. The induction required the intracellular presence of either glucose or glucose-6-phosphate. Glucose oxidase so produced was rapidly secreted into the medium, which was not due to autolysis.
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    Automated determination of glucose in fermentation broths with p-hydroxy-benzoic-acid hydrazide (p-HBAH) (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 78-84 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The substrate concentration is usually the most important process variable for automatic control of cultivation and for product formation. Glucose is the most popular substrate. An on-line technique for glucose analysis is described which is based on the p-HBAH method. The influence of medium components and metabolites was determined. Their influence on the measurement can be taken into account based on the calibration curves presented. This method attains the sensitivity of enzymatic glucose analysis and is less expensive and easier to handle.
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    Estimation of fungal biomass in a solid substrate by three independent methods (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 108-112 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Dry matter increase of Agaricus bisporus mycelium in liquid culture, was found to be directly proportional to quantities of fungal derived chitin and extracellular laccase for up to 28 days following inoculation. Fungal ergosterol showed a similar relationship to mycelial growth which was sustained for 56 days of culture. In cultures grown on autoclaved rye grain a correlation was found between the three biochemical indices and linear extension of the mycelium. Each method gave a similar biomass estimate for cultures grown on cereal grains.
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    The effect of streptomycin and hypotonicity on survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1985)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 129-131 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary P. aeruginosa proliferates well in a water environment; however, when subjected to high doses of streptomycin or gentamicin, the residual viable bacteria are killed by moderate water dilution of their media. These results lead to the suggestion that the mechanism of lethal action of aminoglycosides may operate through interference with the water balance system of the P. aeruginosa.
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    The utilization of metabolic inhibitors for shifting product formation from xylitol to ethanol in pentose fermentations using Candida tropicalis (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 167-172 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Xylose, glucose and xylose/glucose mixtures were fermented with Candida tropicalis ATCC 32113 under aerobic, oxygen limited and anaerobic conditions. Ethanol yields were highest under oxygen limited conditions with xylose and xylose/glucose. Anaerobic conditions were best for glucose fermentations. The effect of four metabolic inhibitors (azide, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), oligomycin A and valinomycin-K+) were then studied under oxygen limited conditions. Only azide had a significant influence on ethanol production. At 2¢10-4 M concentrations, ethanol yield increased up to two times and xylitol levels were repressed by 90% for xylose and glucose/xylose fermentations. 4.2×10-3 M azide gave highest ethanol yields in glucose fermentations. At this concentration of azide, however, cell growth was inhibited, which seemed to prevent ethanol production in xylose fermentations. The effect of azide is discussed in terms of “fine-tuning” the respiratory activity necessary for metabolism.
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    Production, purification, and properties of β-glucosidase from Candida wickerhamii (1985)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 148-153 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Candida wickerhamii growing on cellobiose produced β-glucosidase with high activity against φ-nitrophenyl glucoside (PNPG) but low activity against cellobiose. β-glucosidase production was constitutive, and was repressed by β-glucosides and glucose. β-glucosides containing an aromatic moiety in the aglycon were the best substrates for β-glucosidase indicating that the enzyme is an aryl-β-glucosidase. A β-glucosidase from C. wickerhamii cells was purified by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, dialysis, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The purified enzyme was homogeneous as shown by sodium-dodecyl-sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and discontinuous gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme hydrolysed PNPG but not cellobiose. The Km of the enzyme was 0.185 mM. Glucose inhibited the enzyme competitively and the Ki was 7.5 mM. The apparent molecular mass was 97,000. The optimum pH and temperature for enzyme activity were between pH 7 and 7.4 and 40°C respectively. At temperatures of 45°C and greater the enzyme was inactivated. The activation energy of the enzyme was 29.4 kJ · mol-1.
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    Immunofluorescence for the quantitative determination of nitrifying bacteria: interference of the test in biofilm reactors (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 125-128 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The direct and the indirect fluroescent-antibody techniques (FA-technique) were applied to determine the number of specific cells in the biofilm of a fixed-bed reactor which is used for the secondary treatment of wastewater. The immune-reaction between fluorescing antibodies and the antigenic surface of the specific cells was prevented by slime covering the bacteria in thick layers. The masking effect could not be removed by physical (heat, ultrasonication, washing) and chemical (detergents, chelating, agents, salts) treatment of the cells.
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    Effects of magnesium ion and chelating agents on enzymatic production of ATP from adenine (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 143-147 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary As reported previously, enzymatic production of ATP from adenine by resting cells of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes (Fujio and Furuya 1983) accumulated 13.0 mg of ATP · Na2 · 3H2O/ml, but ATP formation ceased within 6–8 h. Simultaneous addition of magnesium ion and phytic acid, a chelator of divalent cations, allowed ATP formation to continue longer, and 24.2 mg of ATP · Na2 · 3H2O/ml was accumulated in 10 h. However, ATP formation ceased thereafter. This second cessation was found to be caused by the lack of magnesium ion active as a co-factor (Mgact). The Mgact was tentatively taken as the difference between soluble magnesium ion (Mgsol) and the ion chelated by an equimolar amount of ATP (MgATP), namely Mgact=Mgsol-MgATP. In order to provide Mgact, sufficient phytic acid had to be added at the beginning of the reaction and magnesium ion was also added intermittently. Under these conditions ATP formation continued further, and the rate of ATP formation was increased; 37.0 mg of ATP · Na2 · 3H2O/ml was accumulated in 13 h. Since whole culture broth is preferable to frozen cells as a practical enzyme source, the conditions neccessary for use of whole culture broth of B. ammoniagenes were also investigated.
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    The potential use of silicon compounds as oxygen carriers for free and immobilized cells containing l-amino acid oxidase (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 162-166 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The relatively low solubility of oxygen in water presents a problem in particular when immobilized cells are used or enzymes are applied for oxygen dependent reactions. The other main purpose is the requirement of oxygen for the increase of biomass. In this investigation the usefulness of silicon emulsions as oxygen carriers is demonstrated. In case of l-amino acid oxidase activity of immobilized cells, an increase by a factor of four was found in the presence of silicon emulsions. Likewise, growth medium enriched with silicon emulsions showed a significantly increased growth of cells inside alginate beads compared to normal growth medium.
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    Performance, kinetics, and substrate utilization in a continuous yeast fermentation with cell recycle by ultrafiltration membranes (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 69-77 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A continuous single stage yeast fermentation with cell recycle by ultrafiltration membranes was operated at various recycle ratios. Cell concentration was increased 10.6 times, and ethanol concentration and fermentor productivity both 5.3 times with 97% recycle as compared to no recycle. Both specific growth rate and specific ethanol productivity followed the exponential ethanol inhibition form (specific productivity was constant up to 37.5 g/l of ethanol before decreasing), similar to that obtained without recycle, but with greater inhibition constants most likely due to toxins retained in the system at hight recycle ratios. By analyzing steady state data, the fractions of substrate used for cell growth, ethanol formation, and what which were “wasted” were accounted for. Yeast metabolism varied from mostly aerobic at low recycle ratios to mostly anaerobic at high recycle ratios at a constant dissolved oxygen concentration of 0.8 mg/kg. By increasing the cell recycle ratio, “wasted” substrate was reduced. When applied to ethanol fermentation, the familiar terminology of substrate used for “Maintenance” must be used with caution: it is not the same as the “wasted” substrate reported here. A general method for determining the best recycle ratio is presented; a balance among fermentor productivity, specific productivity, and wasted substrate needs to be made in recycle systems to approach an optimal design.
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    Cross-breeding of selected and mutated homokaryotic strains of Phanerochaete chrysosporium K-3: New cellulase deficient strains with increased ability to degrade lignin (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 320-327 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A strain of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, designated strain K-3, was isolated from a monosporous conidiospore culture of Sporotrichum pulverulentum. This strain produces fruit bodies with only four sterigmata. From basidiospores of this culture, the homokaryotic strain 31 with high lignin degrading capacity was selected and subjected to ultraviolet irradiation to obtain cellulase deficient (Cel-) strains. By cross-breeding one of these Cel- variants with selected Cel+ homokaryotic strains from K-3 with high lignin degrading capacity, new Cel- mutants were isolated which exceeded K-3 in their capacity to degrade lignin. The Cel- strains were totally incapable of degrading cellulose but were able to degrade xylan. Evolution of 14CO2 from 14C-ring-labelled synthetic lignin a dehydrogenation polymerizate (DHP) was used to screen for strains with high lignin degrading capacity. Studies of weight loss on birch and spruce wood revealed that the weight losses caused by strain K-3 exceeded, in all cases, those caused by the Cel- strains. However, higher lignin losses in birch wood were obtained with several of the Cel- strains than with the K-3 strain. After 2 weeks, one strain caused a lignin loss in birch wood of 21% of the initial amount of lignin, while with another strain there was, after 3 weeks incubation, a 28.5% decrease in the lignin content.
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    Interrelation between penicillin productivity and growth rate (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 348-355 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Fermentations were carried out in an 801 tower-loop reactor with pellets of Penicillium chrysogenum. The development of the inner structure of the pellets with regard to various fermentation conditions was observed by means of histological preparations of the pellets. Under conditions of energy-source-limitation mycelial tip growth and lysis of other mycelial parts exist simultaneously. Thus the net growth rate (formation rate of cell mass) is higher than the gross growth rate (multiplication rate of cell mass). Under conditions of nitrogen limitation, gross growth rate and net growth rate are identical. A very strict correlation between gross growth rate and penicillin production rate was found as long as sufficient oxygen supply could be maintained and carbon catabolite repression was avoided. The energy source requirement of the biomass can be described with the sum of three terms that correspond to gross growth, lysis compensation growth and maintenance.
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    Large scale production of chromatophores from Rhodospirillum rubrum by light-fed-batch cultivation (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 83-87 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary With the purpose of large scale production of chromatophores, the photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodospirillum rubrum was cultivated in a 50 l illuminated fermenter. The influence of light intensity on the production of cell mass and the production of intracellular membrane, from which the chromatophores can be prepared, were studied. A high constant specific rate of intracellular membrane production could be obtained by successively increasing the light intensity i.e., by light fed batch cultivation.
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    Effect of increased hydrogen partial pressure on the acetone-butanol fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 103-107 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Elevated H2 partial pressure in the acetone-butanol fermentation increased the butanol and ethanol yields on glucose by an average of 18% and 13%, respectively, while the respective yields of acetone and of the endogenous H2 decreased by an average of 40% and 30%, and almost no effect was observed on the growth of the culture. The butanol to acetone ratio and the fraction of butanol in the total solvents were also increased with the H2 pressure. There were no major differences in the observed pattern of change with pressurization at either t=0 or t=18 h. The results demonstrate the importance of H2 partial pressure in the regulation of the C. acetobutylicum metabolism.
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    Properties of the β-d-glucosidase (cellobiase) from the wood-rotting fungus, Coriolus versicolor (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 128-131 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Structural and kinetic parameters of the β-d-glucosidase (cellobiase, β-d-glucoside glucohydrolase) from Coriolus versicolor have been determined. It is a high molecular weight glycoprotein (300,000 d) composed 10% by weight of protein, 90% by weight of carbohydrate in which glucose is the primary hexose sugar. The Km for 4-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (4 NPG) and cellobiose are 0.276 and 2.94 mM respectively at pH 4.5 and 40°. d-Glucose is a competitive inhibitor with a Ki of 1.8 mM with 4 NPG as substrate, and at high concentrations, cellobiose exhibits a substrate inhibition effect on the enzyme, so negating attempts to overcome the competitive inhibition of glucose by increasing the concentration of the substrate.
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    Biotechnology in Japan 1984 (1985)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 157-164 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Xylanase production in solid-state fermentation: a study of its properties (1985)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 177-180 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Xylanase production by Aspergillus niger van Tieghem was studied in solid-state cultivation. The screening of substrates was carried out in column incubators aerated with humidified air at 30°C. Results of physiological studies showed that the best yield of xylanase was 2500 U/g dry matter on a mixture of straw+bran 1:1 at 70% of moisture content. In order to compare some properties of the xylanase produced in both liquid and solid cultures, A. niger was also grown on xylan in submerged cultures. The enzymes produced in solid and liquid cultures have an optimum pH of about 3.8 and 4.5, respectively. Xylanase synthetized in solid fermentation is a little more thermostable than that from liquid culture and is maximally active at 50° C, compared to 45° C for enzyme from liquid culture.
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    Hollow-fibre fermenter using ultrafiltration (1985)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 190-194 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A novel bioreactor with hollow fibres was developed to facilitate substrate transfer across membrane walls as well as to retain a continuous cell growth in the shell side. Ultrafiltration was induced through membrane by pressurizing feed solution to the inside of a hollow fibre with inlet and outlet pumps. The ultrafiltrate accumulated outside the hollow fibres was recirculated through a reservoir where a part of solution containing cells and substrate was removed to keep the level of reservoir solution constant. Ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae was carried out to test the feasibility of this reactor. The productivity of this reactor was compared with that of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR).
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    Transformation of lithocholic acid to a new bile acid, 3α, 15β-dihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid by Cunninghamella blakesleeana ST-22 (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 211-216 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A fungus identified as Cunninghamella blakesleeana (Lendner) can carry out 15β-hydroxylation of lithocholic acid to a new bile acid (3α,15β-dihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid). By optimizing the fermentation conditions, the amount of the product increased from 0.17 g/l to 1.2 g/l. Hydrophilicity measurements and in vitro cholesterol solubilization tests showed that 3α, 15β-dihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid was as effective as ursodeoxycholic acid in cholesterol solubilization.
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    Direct alcoholic fermentation of starchy biomass using amylolytic yeast strains in batch and immobilized cell systems (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 237-245 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Direct alcoholic fermentation of dextrin or soluble starch with selected amylolytic yeasts was studied in both batch and immobilized cell systems. In batch fermentations, Saccharomyces diastaticus was capable of fermenting high dextrin concentrations much more efficiently than Schwanniomyces castellii. From 200 g·l−1 of dextrin S. diastaticus produced 77 g·l−1 of ethanol (75% conversion efficiency). The conversion efficiency decreased to 59% but a higher final ethanol concentration of 120 g·l−1 was obtained with a medium containing 400 g·l−1 of dextrin. With a mixed culture of S. diastaticus and Schw. castellii 136 g·l−1 of ethanol was produced from 400 g·l−1 of dextrin (67% conversion efficiency). S. diastaticus cells attached well to polyurethane foam cubes and a S. diastaticus immobilized cell reactor produced 69 g·l−1 of ethanol from 200 g·l−1 of dextrin, corresponding to an ethanol productivity of 7.6g·l−1·h−1. The effluent from a two-stage immobilized cell reactor with S. diastaticus and Endomycopsis fibuligera contained 70 g·l−1 and 80 g·l−1 of ethanol using initial dextrin concentrations of 200 and 250 g·l−1 respectively. The corresponding values for ethanol productivity were 12.7 and 9.6 g·l−1·h−1. The productivity of the immobilized cell systems was higher than for the batch systems, but much lower than for glucose fermentation.
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    Changes of ergosterol content and resistance of population upon drying-rehydration of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 265-267 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An investigation was made of changes in ergosterol content of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae upon drying and subsequent rehydration. It was established that drying increases, but rehydration diminishes ergosterol content in yeasts. A statistically reliable multiple correlation was established between the resistance of population to drying, decrease of ergosterol content and a diminishing degree of fatty acid unsaturation during dehydration of dry yeasts.
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    Biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol by entrappedAlcaligenes sp. A 7-2 (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 301-305 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The degradation of 4-chlorophenol by free and by Ca-alginate-immobilized cells ofAlcaligenes sp. A 7-2 has been studied. Increasing concentrations of 4-chlorophenol (0.4–0.55 mM) were better tolerated and more quickly degraded by the immobilized organisms than by free cells. The capability for haloarene-degradation is inducible. In semicontinuous fermentation at pH 7 a minimal degradation time of 5 h for degrading 0.2 mM 4-chlorophenol was reached. Fermentation temperature was shown to be important for inducing the degradation capability, but to be less important for the degradation rate by induced organisms. High-frequency feeding of small amounts of 4-chlorophenol (0.05 mM) was more favourable than low-frequency feeding of larger amounts (0.15 mM). Continuous fermentation with unbuffered medium allowed a degradation rate of about 2 mmol·l-1·d-1; with buffered medium a higher degradation rate of nearly 4 mmol·l-1·d-1 was reached, but the Ca-alginate beads dissolved.
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    Construction ofClostridium butyricum hybrid plasmids and transfer toBacillus subtilis (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1985), S. 114-122 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Small plasmids were isolated from type strains ofClostridium butyricum. Strain NCIB 7423 carries one plasmid (pCBU1) of 6.4 kb, whereas strain NCTC 7423 carries two unrelated plasmids of 6.3 kb (pCBU2) and 8.4 kb (pCBU3). Cleavage sites for 18 restriction endonucleases have been mapped on these plasmids and detailed physical maps are presented. For the purpose of developing vector plasmids for gene cloning in saccharolytic clostridia these crypticC. butyricum plasmids were joined to a selectable marker that will likely be expressed in clostridia. This was achieved by cloning the clostridial plasmids into theE. coli vector pBR322 carrying the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene from theStaphylococcus aureus plasmid pC194. The recombinant plasmids were tested for their ability to confer chloramphenicol resistance toBacillus subtilis. Hybrid plasmids (pHL105, pHL1051) derived from pCBU2 were identified, which are capable of replication and expression of theS. aureus drug resistance marker in bothE. coli andB. subtilis. No structural instability was detected upon retransformation of pHL105 fromB. subtilis intoE. coli. The recombinant plasmids might thus be useful as shuttle vectors for the gene transfer betweenE. coli and a wide range of bacilli and clostridia.
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    Purification and characterization of glucoamylase from a higher yielding mutant of Aspergillus candidus Link var. aureus (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 181-186 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A higher yielding mutant of Aspergillus candidus Link var. aureus has been isolated using the chemical mutagen N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) at 5 μg/ml concentration of the mutagen. This mutant produces 88 to 111 U/ml of glucoamylase compared with 40 to 50 U/ml produced by the parent strain. The enzyme from this mutant has been purified to homogeneity using hydrophobic interaction chromatography and a DEAE-cellulose column with over 65% recovery of the enzyme activity and 21-fold purification. The mutant protein is very similar to the enzyme from the parent strain in that it cochromatographs with the parent enzyme on phenylglycyl-Sepharose, norleucyl-Sepharose, Sepharose-CL-6B, Concanavalin A-Sepharose, DEAE-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex-A-50. The two proteins exhibit similar electrophoretic behavior and have similar molecular weights and amino acid composition. However, the specific activity of the purified mutant protein is 1125 U/mg compared with 560 U/mg for the parent enzyme. Further genetic analysis of the mutant is needed to explain these observations.
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    Correlation between cell composition and carbon conversion efficiency in microbial growth: a theoretical study (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 201-207 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary As the macromolecular composition of microorganisms varies during their life cycle it was asked whether, and to what extent such changes exert any influence on substrate consumption, i.e. growth yield and carbon conversion efficiency, respectively. This question was dealt with in a theoretical study by use of the Y APT max -concept. The growth substrates considered were methanol, acetate and glucose; the latter was assumed to be assimilated via both the glycolytic and the oxidative hexosemonophosphate pathway. Five fictitious biomasses were used which were altered in their proportion of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, RNA and DNA. As a result, only small variations in the individual “biomass formulae” were obtained. On the basis of the energy balances for the syntheses of all cell constituents it was found that variations in the macromolecular composition of microbial biomass have only a slight effect on carbon conversion efficiency, amounting to maximally 3%. From the material balances it could be calculated that the upper, solely metabolism-determined limit of carbon conversion efficiency is 85% for substrates assimilated glycolytically via phosphoglycerate; for gluconeogenetic substrates, the upper limit was 75%. These limits are essentially determined by carbon loss on the way to amino acid syntheses.
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    Pretreatment of poplar lignocellulose by gamma-ray or ozone for subsequent fungal biodegradation (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 227-234 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Poplar lignocelluloses, 14C-labelled, on all the cell wall components or only the lignin moieties, were either irradiated with γ-rays from 60Co or treated with ozone. The two pretreatments increase the accessibility of cellulose to commercial cellulase and enhance, to the same extent, lignin and polysaccharide biodegradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. As far as delignification is concerned ozone treatment appears, however, to be the most efficient through its effects both on lignin solubilization and lignin biodegradation. Ozone treatment and fungal biodegradation, of poplar sawdust increase its in vitro digestibility when performed independently. Moreover, we have shown that when these treatments are sequentially associated, they make the digestibility of sawdust comparable to that of straw, provided that the pH of the culture medium is controlled. These results open possibilities for the use of such transformed raw materials as animal feed.
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    Purification of two alcohol dehydrogenases from Zymomonas mobilis and their properties (1985)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 249-254 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Two alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHI and ADHII, EC 1.1.1.1) were purified to homogeneity from the cell extract of Zymomonas mobilis. The subunit molecular weights of ADHI and ADHII were 40,000 and 38,000, respectively, and both enzymes were homologous dimers. The optimal pHs of ADHI in ethanol oxidation and acetaldehyde reduction reactions were 9.5 and 4.5, and those of ADHII were 9.5 and 6.5, respectively. The optimal temperatures of ADHI and ADHII were 55° C and 45° C, respectively. ADHI was heat-inactivated at 65° C at a 10-fold higher rate than ADHII. ADHI and ADHII were inhibited by 4 μM and 1 mM p-chloromercuribenzoate, respectively, and the inhibitions were reversed by the addition of 70 mM 2-mercaptoethanol. ADHII activity was enhanced by 0.02 to 2 mM CoCl2 and inhibited by 0.4 mM o-phenanthroline; and the activity of inactivated ADHII was restored by addition of 1 mM CoCl2 or ZnCl2. ADHI was active on most primary alcohols but not secondary alcohols. ADHII was active on only ethanol, n-propanol, allylalcohol, and furfuryl alcohol. In the anaerobic culture of Z. mobilis, ADHII activity accounted for more than 80% of total alcohol dehydrogenase activity. In aerobic culture, ADHII was the main enzyme but was produced only in the early growth phase.
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    Expression of a xylanase gene of Bacillus pumilus in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 259-264 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A hybrid plasmid, pOXN29 (10.4 Mdal), coding the xylanase (xynA) and β-xylosidase (xynB) genes of Bacillus pumilus IPO was constructed by the ligation of pBR322 and a 7.7 Mdal PstI-fragment of chromosomal DNA as reported in our previous paper (Panbangred et al. 1983). A deletion plasmid of pOXN29, pOXN293 (9.2 Mdal), which contains xynA and xynB, was ligated with pUB110 at an EcoRI site, and used to transform B. subtilis MI111. Two selected clones of B. subtilis as xylanase hyper-producers contained plasmids pOXW11 (4.2 Mdal) and pOXW12 (4.0 Mdal), both consisting of only pUB110, xynA, and its flanking regions, as the result of spontaneous deletion. These B. subtilis clones produced 2.7–3.0 times as much xylanase as B. pumilus. Escherichia coli and B. subtilis clones harbouring the hybrid plasmids synthesized xylanase and β-xylosidase constitutively, whereas both enzymes were induced by xylose in B. pumilus. Xylanase synthesized by B. subtilis harbouring pOXW11 or pOXW12 was excreted into the medium like that of B. pumilus IPO, but xylanase synthesized in E. coli harbouring pOXN29, 293 or pOXW1 coding xynA was intracellular. In a previous investigation (Panbangred et al. 1983), xylanase was found to be located in the cytoplasm, not the periplasm nor the membrane fraction in E. coli cells harbouring pOXN29 derivatives. In spite of the abnormal location of xylanase synthesized in E. coli, the signal peptide was processed in the same way as in B. pumilus, with the same molecular weight and the same amino terminal sequences of xylanase prepared from E. coli cells and B. pumilus culture fluid.
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    Autotrophic denitrification by Thiobacillus denitrificans in a packed bed reactor (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 289-296 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An upflow packed bed reactor with lava stones as support for the microbial growth proved to be very useful for the denitrification of industrial waste water by Thiobacillus denitrificans. The application of the plug flow principle allowed higher concentrations of nitrate to be employed than in a stirred tank reactor because inhibitory concentrations of sulfate from thiosulfate oxidation built up only in the upper part of the column — if at all. In experiments with synthetic media nitrate solutions of different strength (NO 3 − g/l: 1.8; 3.0; 4.3; 6.1) were tested, each at 5 different residence times (5; 3.3; 2.5; 2.0; 1.7 h). The combination of the two parameters which still allowed 95% denitrification was 3 g NO 3 - /l and 2.5 h residence time; this corresponded to a volumetric nitrate loading of about 25 kg/m3·d. Higher nitrate loadings led to incomplete denitrification coupled with the occurence of nitrite in the outflow. Below the “critical” loading rate nitrite accumulated only in the lower part of the column and was then gradually reduced. Experiments with simulated middle active waste from processing nuclear fuel which contained numerous heavy metals yielded similar results. — Although pure inorganic media were fed into the reactor the microflora developing as a dense layer covering the lava stones consisted not only of T. denitrificans but also of heterotrophic denitrifiers, mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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    l-leucine dehydrogenase fromBacillus cereus (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 306-317 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An improved method for the production ofl-leucine dehydrogenase is described employing a mutant with a constitutive enzyme and a fed-batch cultivation technique yielding high cell concentrations. Purification ofl-leucine dehydrogenase to homogeneity was carried out starting with 30 kgBacillus cereus cells by heat treatment at 63°C, followed by two liquid-liquid extraction steps and three conventional column chromatographies. Crystals have been obtained from the 95-fold purified enzyme. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was determined by sedimentation equilibrium and gel filtration studies to be 310 000 containing eight identical subunits with a molecular weight of 39 000. The sedimentation coefficient was estimated to 11.65 S. Branched-chain amino acids likel-leucine,l-valine orl-isoleucine are deaminated by the NAD-dependent enzyme. In the reverse reaction a variety of 2-ketoacids, especially 2-ketoisocaproate, 2-ketoisovalerate and 2-keto-3-methyl-valerate, were reductive aminated to the correspondingl-amino acids in the presence of 0.9 M ammonia. The amino acid composition for the subunit ofl-leucine dehydrogenase is presented.
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    Thermostable extracellular α-amylase and α-glucosidase ofLipomyces starkeyi (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 352-358 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Thermostable, extracellular α-amylase and α-glucosidase were produced byLipomyces starkeyi CBS 1809 in a medium containing maize starch and soya bean meal. Contrary to published findings which suggested a single cell-bound amylolytic system for another strain ofL. starkeyi, this study revealed the presence of two enzymes — an α-amylase and an α-glucosidase inL. starkeyi CBS 1809. The enzymes were separated by solvent and salt precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Biogel-A. The α-amylase and α-glucosidase had pH optima at 4.0 and 4.5 and temperature optima at 70°C and 60°C, respectively. While the low pH optima are not unique the enzymes are very distinctive in yeasts in having very high temperature optima. The α-glucosidase had highest activities on maltose and isomaltose (100) with relative rates of activity on maltotriose, isomaltotriose and p-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucoside of 59, 48 and 22, respectively. It was inactive towards sucrose. Both the α-amylase and α-glucosidase ofL. starkeyi were located extracellularly and had molecular weights of 76,000 and 35,000, respectively.
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    The Survival of antibiotic resistant and sensitiveEscherichia coli strains during anaerobic digestion (1985)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 373-377 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Keywords: Anaerobic digestion ; Antibiotic resistance ; Survival of bacteria during anaerobic digestion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Total counts ofEscherichia coli were followed during anaerobic digestion of pig slurry laboratory scale digesters at 37° C. Counts decreased rapidly during anaerobic digestion. Antibiotic resistant strains in most cases appeared to be more persistent in anaerobic digesters than sensitiveE. coli strains as calculated from the decimal decay rates.
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    The production of ethanol from sucrose using Zymomonas mobilis (1985)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 405-410 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A new single-batch fermentation process for the commercial production of ethanol from refined sucrose, raw sugar, sugar cane juice and sugar cane syrup has been developed using a highly adapted and efficient strain of Zymomonas mobilis. The process gives a 94–98% sucrose hydrolysis efficiency and a 95–98% ethanol conversion efficiency. Within 24–30 h, 200 g/l sucrose is converted to produce 95.5 g/l ethanol. Reinoculation is carried out from the fermented broth without the need for centrifugation or membrane filtration.
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    Use of controlled-release polymer to feed ammonium to Streptomyces clavuligerus cephalosporin fermentations in shake flasks (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 424-427 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Controlled-release polymers containing NH4Cl were used to feed NH 4 + to Streptomyces clavuligerus cultures making cephalosporins in shake flasks. Production was improved in comparison to free NH4Cl included in the medium at various concentrations; it approached the performance of l-asparagine, the best single nitrogen source for production.
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    Inactivation of alkene oxidation by epoxides in alkene-and alkane-grown bacteria (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 428-433 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The oxidation of propene by resting-cells of ethene-grown Mycobacterium E3 was inactivated by 1,2-epoxypropane. Inactivation increased with increasing epoxide concentrations with 50% inactivation at approximately 30 mM epoxide. Other lower epoxides as epoxyethane and 1,2-epoxybutane also inactivated oxidation of propene as well as of other alkenes. Propene oxidation by resting-cells of ethane-grown Mycobacterium E20 and resting-cells of methane-grown Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b was inactivated for 50% at much lower 1,2-epoxypropane concentrations of approximately 1 and 3 mM respectively. It was demonstrated that in vivo the predominant effect of 1,2-epoxypropane was on the epoxidizing enzyme, i.e. alkene mono-oxygenase (strain E3), alkane mono-oxygenase (strain E20) and methane mono-oxygenase (methylotroph) and that the effect of the epoxide on the alkene mono-oxygenase was irreversible.
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    Microbiology of sayur asin fermentation (1985)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 442-445 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Sayur asin is a fermented mustard cabbage product of Indonesia. The cabbage is fermented naturally in the presence of brined water taken from boiled rice. Fermentation was characterized by a sequential growth of the lactic acid bacteria, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus confusus, Lactobacillus curvatus, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Lactobacillus plantarum. Starch degrading species of Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium exhibited limited growth during the first day of fermentation. The yeasts, Candida sake and Candida guilliermondii contributed to the fermentation. Lactic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, ethanol and glycerol were products of fermentation. Glucose, generated by the degradation of rice starch and maltose, was metabolized by the species that grew.
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    Ethanol production by nitrogen-deficient yeast cells immobilized in a hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1985), S. 85-91 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4126, immobilized within the macroporous walls of asymmetric hollow-fiber membranes, were alternately perfused with 10% glucose complex medium and with 10% glucose defined medium which was deficient in nitrogen. Using complex growth medium, ethanol productivities during the initial 10 h of culture attained a maximum level of 133 g/l-h based on the total fiber volume (3% ethanol). Productivities during nitrogen deficiency stabilized at 10 g/l-h (0.5 ethanol). In subsequent growth phases, ethanol production rates increased to levels 40–70% of initial growth-phase values, but the ability to regenerate the fermentation activity decreased with culture age. During nitrogen deficiency, the fermentation efficiency declined with a concomitant reduction in the total protein concentration of immobilized cells within the hollow-fiber membranes. The molar ratio of acetaldehyde to ethanol increased seven-fold during nitrogen deficiency, indicating that the overall decline in glycolytic activity was accompanied by preferential reduction in alcohol dehydrogenase activity. The molar ratio of glycerol to ethanol increased two-fold during nitrogen deficiency, and large lipid-like droplets accumulated within the nitrogen-deficient cells. In addition to these findings, we conclude that current hollow-fiber membrane reactors should be limited to cell cultures having low growth rates, low O2 requirements, and low CO2 production rates.
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    Constant copy numbers of plasmids inSaccharomyces cerevisiae hosts with different ploidies (1985)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1985), S. 123-129 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The cellular β-galactosidase activities produced by thelac'Z gene ofEscherichia coli, cloned on YEp, YRp, or YCp-type plasmids in host cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae with different ploidies, and which was expressed by a modified jeastHIS5 promoter, showed characteristic differences depending on the plasmid. But for any given plasmid, the isogenic diploid and tetraploid transformants showed slightly lower enzyme activities than their respective haploid transformants. This was due to the similar copy numbers of the plasmids in host cells. Since the cell number per unit volume of the culture decreased with increasing cell ploidy, the enzyme activity per unit volume of the culture decreased significantly. The holding stability of plasmids increased with increasing ploidy of the host cell, especially that of the YRp plasmid. On the YRp plasmid, thelac'Z gene showed higher productivity withTRP1 thanLEU2 as the selection marker for the plasmid.
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    The influence of oxygen concentrations on denitrification in soil (1985)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1985), S. 152-155 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Oxygen ; Nitrite ; Nitrate ; Soil ; Acetylene blockage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The influence of different O2 concentrations on denitrification was studied in an agricultural soil. In both nitrate and nitrite amended soil, denitrification was not observed until the O2 concentration decreased to 0.20 and 0.21 μmol/ml, respectively. Denitrification was not observed in soil samples with O2 concentrations above 0.28 μmol/ml in the gas phase. These findings suggest that a completely anoxic environment is not required for denitrification to occur in soil.
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    Growth and hydrocarbon production ofBotryococcus braunii immobilized in calcium alginate gel (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1985), S. 99-105 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The colonial microalgaB. braunii, immobilized in calcium alginate beads, shows active photoautotrophic growth. Nevertheless, the rates of increase in cell number and, to a lesser extent, in biomass are substantially lower when compared to free cultures. Such features are related to steric contraints which occasion also the formation of large spherical colonies in the gel, showing an unsual “mulberry” organization. Some cracks due to the development of underlying colonies appear at the surface of the beads. Alga release remains low, however, during the cultures. EntrappedB. braunii retain the ability to produce extracellular hydrocarbons; the structure of the latter is not affected by immobilization but their relative abundances can undergo some variations. Entrapment leads to marked improvements in hydrocarbon production; decrease in growth rates is therefore associated, in alginate gel, with a still more pronounced diversion ofB. braunii metabolic activity towards hydrocarbon generation. It appears also that the improvements in hydrocarbon production, due to strain selection and to culture condition adjustment, obtained in free cultures, can be directly applied toB. braunii immobilized in alginate beads.
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    Constant copy numbers of plasmids inSaccharomyces cerevisiae hosts with different ploidies (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1985), S. 123-129 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The cellular β-galactosidase activities produced by thelac'Z gene ofEscherichia coli, cloned on YEp, YRp, or YCp-type plasmids in host cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae with different ploidies, and which was expressed by a modified jeastHIS5 promoter, showed characteristic differences depending on the plasmid. But for any given plasmid, the isogenic diploid and tetraploid transformants showed slightly lower enzyme activities than their respective haploid transformants. This was due to the similar copy numbers of the plasmids in host cells. Since the cell number per unit volume of the culture decreased with increasing cell ploidy, the enzyme activity per unit volume of the culture decreased significantly. The holding stability of plasmids increased with increasing ploidy of the host cell, especially that of the YRp plasmid. On the YRp plasmid, thelac'Z gene showed higher productivity withTRP1 thanLEU2 as the selection marker for the plasmid.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982728
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  • 71
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    The influence of oxygen concentrations on denitrification in soil (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1985), S. 152-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Oxygen ; Nitrite ; Nitrate ; Soil ; Acetylene blockage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The influence of different O2 concentrations on denitrification was studied in an agricultural soil. In both nitrate and nitrite amended soil, denitrification was not observed until the O2 concentration decreased to 0.20 and 0.21 μmol/ml, respectively. Denitrification was not observed in soil samples with O2 concentrations above 0.28 μmol/ml in the gas phase. These findings suggest that a completely anoxic environment is not required for denitrification to occur in soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982733
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  • 72
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    Continuous butanol production from whey permeate with immobilized Clostridium beyerinckii LMD 27.6 (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 282-286 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to find the conditions necessary for the continuous butanol production from whey permeate with Clostridium beyerinckii LMD 27.6, immobilized in calcium alginate beads. The influence of three parameters on the butanol production was investigated: the fermentation temperature, the dilution rate (during start-up and at steady state) and the concentration of calcium ions in the fermentation broth. It was found that both a fermentation temperature of 30° C and a dilution rate of 0.1 h-1 or less during the start-up phase are required to achieve continuous butanol production from whey permeate. Butanol can be produced continuously from whey permeate in reactor productivities sixteen times higher than those found in batch cultures with free C. beyerinckii cells on whey media.
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  • 73
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    Aryl hydrocarbons as inducers of cytochrome P-450 in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 309-312 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The inducibility of cytochrome P-450 in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus by some compounds known as typical inducers of hepatic cytochromes P-450 was investigated. Besides biphenyl also indene and phenanthrene are inducers, whereas compounds of the so-called “phenobarbital type” are not. Biphenyl appears to be the most effective inducer with regard to the yield of cytochrome P-450/mg of cell protein. By addition of the compounds in the vapour phase an induction of the protein by naphthalene could be demonstrated. The results are indicative of the existence of bacterial cytochromes P-450 that resemble hepatic cytochromes.
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  • 74
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    The effect of antimetabolites on the microbial biosynthesis of vitamin B12 and related compounds (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 331-335 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Two compounds which are both antimetabolites and precursors of vitamin B12, o-phenylendiamine, and 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, stimulated the production of vitamin B12 by Propionibacterium freudenreichii at concentrations which were subinhibitory for growth. The stimulatory effect of the compounds depended not only on their concentration, but also on the time of addition. During cultivation, two chromatographically distinguishable fractions with vitamin B12 activity were formed. At concentrations which stimulated production of vitamin B12, only the biosynthesis of true vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) took place, while the biosynthesis of the analogue with a higher molecular weight was inhibited.
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  • 75
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    Continuous production of gluconic acid by immobilized Gluconobacter oxydans cell bioreactor (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 356-360 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Living Gluconobacter oxydans cells were attached on fibrous nylon carrier. Free gluconic acid was directly continuously produced in an aerated tubular immobilized-cell bioreactor for at least 6 months, with a volumetric productivity of at least 5 g/lh at 100 g/l substrate glucose and about 80 g/l product gluconic acid concentrations. The highest volumetric productivity in respect to glucose concentration was obtained with 175 g/l glucose, with about 120 g/l product gluconic acid level. With self-directing optimization procedure in respect to maximum product gluconic acid level, productivities as high as about 12–15 g/lh were obtained at relatively high substrate feed rate of 0.166 l/lh and relatively low aeration rate of 0.5 l/lmin. The highest glucose conversion of about 96% was obtained with a long residence time, at the lowest substrate feed rate used at a relatively low aeration rate, resulting however in a significant increase in ketogluconic acid production.
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  • 76
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    Data consistency, yield and maintenance coefficient for the growth of Candida lypoytica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on n-hexadecane (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 368-373 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary When more than the minimum number of variables are measured, and measurement error is taken into account, the results of parameter estimation depend on which of the measured variables are selected for this purpose. The reparameterization of Pirt's models for growth produces multiresponse models with common parameters. By using the covariate adjustment technique, a unit variate linear model with covariates is obtained. This allows a combined point and interval estimates of biomass energetic yield and maintenance coefficient to be obtained using standard multiple regression programmes. When this method was applied using form I and form II of the Pirt's models, good combined estimates were obtained and compared. Using data from the literature for Candida lipolytica produced reliable results. However, for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which has been known to produce intermediate products, a modified Pirt's model is required for a good estimate of the biomass energetic yield.
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  • 77
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    Production of citric acid by Aspergillus niger immobilized in polyacrylamide gels (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 8-12 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Living Aspergillus niger cells were entrapped in polyacrylamide gels and employed in both replacement batch and continuous column bioreactors to produce citric acid from sucrose. With the replacement batch bioreactor, increase of citric acid was observed under conditions of higher aeration and of wider surface of immobilized cells. With the continuous bioreactor, the maximum citric acid yield was 39.1 mg/h per 40 g gels. The biocatalyst activity or half-life was 105 days.
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  • 78
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    Significance of partial pre-acidification of glucose for methanogenesis in an anaerobic digestion process (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 404-408 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of partial pre-acidification of carbohydrate containing wastewaters on anaerobic digester performance was investigated. The influent was a 1% (w/v) glucose solution in a mineral salts medium imposing carbon-limited growth conditions. Up to 13% of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was added as volatile fatty acids (VFA). In all cases, addition of VFA to the glucose medium resulted in significant increases in the maximum specific COD-conversion rates of the sludge (both with respect to continuous feeding and following a shock loading), as compared with values found on digestion of glucose media alone.
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  • 79
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    Effect of medium composition on microbial utilisation of citrus waste by mixed fungal culture (1985)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 26-31 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The growth behaviour of Memnoniella echinata and Fusarium roseum was examined in slurry fermentation systems using untreated orange peel as substrate. A composite experiment was then designed to study the effect of orange peel initial concentration and the effect of the nitrogen: peel ratio on crude protein yidld (Y p ) and protein enrichment (Z p ) of the final biomass. The more concentrated the peel slurry, the greater the substrate inhibitory effect on microbial growth becomes. Finally, multiple regression technique allowed both the experimental values of Y p and Z p to be reconstructed with mean percentage errors smaller than 4% and 8%, respectively, and the optimal operating strategy for such SCP production process to be determined.
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  • 80
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    Modification of fatty acid composition of lipid accumulating yeasts with cyclopropene fatty acid desaturase inhibitors (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 42-45 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of cyclopropene fatty acids, sterculic and malvalic, on the lipids of yeasts grown under nitrogen limiting, lipid accumulating, conditions was studied. The ratio of stearic to oleic acid showed a dose response effect, with an increase in stearic acid content as the dose of cyclopropene fatty acid increased, and a corresponding reduction in oleic acid. Linoleic and linolenic acids were not affected to the same extent. These effects are shown for the yeasts Candida sp. 107, Trichosporon cutaneum, and Rhodosporidium toruloides.
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    Somatic cell fusion of Trichoderma reesei resulting in new genetic combinations (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 72-76 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A selection method has been developed for the isolation of recombinant strains of Trichoderma reesei QM 9414. The method is based on somatic hybridization via anastomosis or protoplast fusion, and on the difference in growth rate of the resulting heterokaryons and synkaryons. The more intensive growth of the synkaryons as due to allelic complementation of adenine-requiring auxotrophic strains mutated in the adenylosuccinate synthetase gene. The synkaryons appeared is energetically growing spots in the heterokaryotic background. Stable diploids could not be isolated, which points to the transient nature of the diploid state in this species.
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    Application of response surface methodology to optimization of glutaraldehyde activation of a support for enzyme immobilization (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 88-91 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary We have studied the influence of several parameters (glutaraldehyde concentration, pH and contact time) on the activation of an amine silica with glutaraldehyde. In order to take interactions between parameters into consideration, we have used the Response Surface Methodology which allows us to obtain an equation (not a single estimation). The optimal conditions for glutaraldehyde activation of amine Spherosil beads were as follow: the porous silica was activated for 1 h at 25°C with an 8% (V/V) solution of glutaraldehyde at pH 6.4 these conditions were the same with RNA or CMP used as substrates.
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    The fermentation process for l-phenylalanine production using an auxotrophic regulatory mutant of Escherichia coli (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 108-113 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A process for l-phenylalanine production was studied using a tyrosine auxotrophic regulatory mutant of Escherichia coli, resistant to both β-2-thienyl-dl-alanine and p-fluoro-dl-phenylalanine. Fermentations were carried out in a 30-1 fermentor with intermittent feeding of glucose plus phosphate. The mutant accumulated l-phenylalanine in the fermentation broth up to 15 g/l at pH 7.0 and 33°C. Column chromatography on a strong cation exchanger was employed as the most effective step in the purification of l-phenyl-alanine from the broth. This step brought about 4-fold concentration of the product with 96% recovery.
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  • 84
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    Screening of white-rot fungi on (14C)lignin-labelled and (14C)whole-labelled wheat straw (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 132-138 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary 74 Basidiomycetes have been tested for ligninolytic capability on (14C)lignin-labelled wheat straw. Fifteen strains were selected and rested more accurately for ligninolytic activity and the capacity to degrade wheat straw. The asymptote, inflexion point and degradation rate were determined using a model approach. The fungi exhibited very different responses with respect to lignin biodegradation: high asymptote for Pleurotus ostreatus (77%), low inflexion points for Sporotrichum pulverulentum Nov. (6.1 days) and Pycnoporus spp. (2.7 to 4.7 days) with high and slow degradation rates, respectively (0.91% and 0.45% of 14CO2 release/day). Degradation values for (14C)whole-labelled wheat straw exhibited less variation. Finally, the strains Pleurotus ostreatus, Dichomitus squalens and Bjerkandera adusta showed the highest selectivity of lignin removal.
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    Safe biotechnology general considerations (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252353
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    Enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis of the diesters of cis- and trans-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acids (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 16-19 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Pig liver esterase (EC 3.1.1.1) catalyzed hydrolysis of the dimetrhy ester of meso-cis-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid yielded the optically pure (1S,2R)-monoester. The corresponding diethyl ester yielded racemic monoester. The diethyl ester of racemic trans-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid was kinetically resolved by partial hydrolysis with subtilisin (EC 3.4.21.14) or pig liver esterase. The (1R,2R)-monoester had an enantiomeric excess of 45% and was obtained in an enantiomerically pure form through recrystallisation. The remaining (1S,2S)-diester exhibited an enantiomeric excess of 83%. The nature of the ester function (methyl, ethyl, and propyl esters) had a great influence on the enantiomeric excess obtained and on the kinetic parameters.
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    Cellulase immobilized on a soluble polymer (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 37-41 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Aspergillus niger cellulase was imobilized on cyanogen bromide activated dextran of varying molecular weights. The effect of different concentrations of cyanogen bromide used for the activation process was also studied. About 50% conjugation and 70% retention activity was achieved in the immobilized cellulase. The pH activity of immobilized enzyme was unchanged, but exhibited more stable activity at acidic pH than the free enzyme. Higher resistance to heat inactivation was also observed.
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    Rheological characteristics of suspensions of Aspergilus niger: correlation of rheological parameters with microbial concentration and shape of the mycelial aggregate (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 60-64 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The influences of microbial concentration and the shape of the mycelial aggregate upon the rheological properties of suspensions of a microorganism (Aspergilus niger) were investigated using a pipe-flow viscometer in an air-lift fermenter. Both factors affect the rheological behaviour of the suspensions which was found to be non-Newtonian, being pseudoplastic and obeying the power-law equation. Each power-law constant was correlated with an equation which included the effect of microbial concentration and the shape of the mycelial aggregate. There is an indication that the power-law constant and these factors could be correlated by a similar form of relationship in other mycelial broths, but with different numerical coefficients.
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  • 89
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    Serological classification of Bacillus sphaericus strains on the basis of toxicity to mosquito larvae (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 85-90 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A toxicity study of 54 Bacillus sphaericus strains isolated from vectors or breeding sites has led to a relatively homogeneous grouping of mosquito pathogenic strains into five H-serotypes among the nine serotypes determined. Each serotype seems to be characterized by a different level of toxicity and a classification of these five serotypes can be made on the basis of this toxicity. Within these serotypes, a scale of toxicity has been tentatively fixed and an arbitrary limit of toxicity suggested.
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  • 90
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    Hydrolysis of lactose solutions and wheys by whole cells of Kluyveromyces bulgaricus (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 103-107 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Some factors affecting the hydrolysis of lactose solution and whey by whole cells of Kluyveromyces bulgaricus were studied. The Km values were 59 mM and 32 mM for whole cells and cell-free extracts respectively. Optimum hydrolysis activity was observed at 48°C. At this temperature, 80% hydrolysis was obtained in lactose solution and whey after 3.5 and 9 min respectively by yeast cells (15 mg/ml) with an activity of 1.13 U/mg. Protein concentration in whey did not have an inhibitory effect. In whey permeate, cells were reused eight times with a hydrolysis degree of more than 80% but in lactose phosphate buffer, the hydrolysing capacity was lost quickly.
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  • 91
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    Methanol formation during lignin degradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 96-102 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Methanol formation during the degradation of synthetic lignin (DHP), spruce and birch milled wood lignin (MWL) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burds. was studied under different culture conditions. When 100-ml flasks with 15–20 ml volumes of culture media containing high glucose and low nitrogen concentrations were used the metabolism of methanol to formaldehyde, formic acid and CO2 was repressed thereby facilitating methanol determination. In standing cultures with oxygen flushing the fungus converted up to 25% of the DHP-methoxyl groups to methanol and 0.5–1.5% to 14CO2 within 22–24 h. Methanol formation from methoxyl-labelled DHP was strongly repressed by high nitrogen in the medium, by addition of glutamic acid and by culture agitation. These results indicate that methanol is formed only under ligninolytic conditions and during secondary metabolism. Methanol is most likely released both from the lignin polymer itself and from lignin degradation products. Methanol was also formed from MWL preparations with higher percentage yields produced from birch as compared to spruce MWL. Small amounts of methanol detected in cultures without lignin probably emanated from demethoxylation of veratryl alcohol synthesized de novo from glucose by the fungus during secondary metabolism. Catalase or superoxide dismutase added to the fungal culture prior to addition of lignin, did not decrease methanol formation. Horseradish peroxidase plus H2O2 in vitro caused 5–7% demethoxylation of O14CH3-DHP in 22 h, while laccase gave smaller amounts of methanol (1.8%). Since addition of H2O2 gave similar results as peroxidase plus H2O2, it seems likely that the main effect of peroxidase demethoxylation emanates from the hydrogen peroxide.
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    Characterization of a new gram-negative filamentous bacterium isolated from bulking sludge (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 118-124 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A new gram-negative filamentous and sheath-forming bacterium with hardly visible rod-shaped single cells was isolated from bulking sludge. Three strains of this type grow aerobically, produce carotenoid pigments especially, on rich media and exhibit gliding motility on solid surfaces. Even numbered straight-chain acid were predominating in total fatty acid patterns, whereas a branched-chain odd numbered fatty acids, although occurring in lower amounts, is discussed as an appropriate chemotaxonomical marker for this bacterium. As respiratory quinones only menaquinones could be detected. The whole cell proteins of the isolates showed identical electropherograms on polyacrylamide slabs. The G+C-content was found to be 59 mol%. Morphological, physiological, and chemotaxonomical features imply that the strains belong to a new genus of the gliding bacteria. Taxonomically they have to be placed near Herpetosiphon and Chloroflexus These results could be confirmed by the sequence analysis of the 16 S r-RNA performed by Ludwig and Stackebrandt (1984, personal communication).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252373
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  • 93
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    Shifting product formation from xylitol to ethanol in pentose fermentations using Candida tropicalis by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 173-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary When Candida tropicalis fermented xylose under oxygen limited conditions in the presence of increasing concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG), the ethanol production increased by a factor of two and the xylitol production was repressed by about 25%. Xylose assimilation and cell growth were not affected by the presence of PEG. The fermentation of glucose was not as strongly influenced by the presence of PEG as were xylose fermentations. The results are discussed in relation to the physico-chemical properties of a medium containing increasing concentrations of PEG. It is suggested that the presence of PEG might result in a fine-tuning of the teration in the medium, necessary for ethanol production from xylose with Candida tropicalis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295114
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  • 94
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    Continuous fermenter growth of a methionine-overproducing mutant of Candida utilis (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 182-186 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An ethionine resistant mutant of Candida utilis was found to maintain an expanded intracellular pool of free l-methionine in batch and continuous cultures. During glucose-limited growth in mineral salts medium in a continuous fermenter, the free l-methionine pool of the mutant was 40–80% higher than in batch cultures, and varied in the range of 25–30 μmoles/g dry cells (3.7–4.5 mg/g dry cells).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295117
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  • 95
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    Microbial sensor for aspartame (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 180-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A microbial amperometric sensor using immobilized Bacillus subtilis cells was developed for the determination of the dipeptide sweetener aspartame (l-aspartyl-l-phenylalaninemethylester). From 0.07 to 0.6 mmol/l aspartame, a linear dependence of the initial current change (i.e., change in respiration rate) was obtained. The sensitivity for aspartame was one order of magnitude higher than for its amino acid constituents. The microbial sensor was stable for 8 weeks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295116
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  • 96
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    Total biodegradation of 4-chlorobiphenyl (4 CB) by a two-membered bacterial culture (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 192-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Several bacterial strains that can oxidize mono- and dichlorinated biphenyls with one unsubstituted ring have already been described. The major route for this biodegradation leads ultimately to the corresponding chlorobenzoic acid, but several other minor chlorinated metabolites that might possibly be of concern for the environment have also been described previously. Since none of the bacterial strains that are able to oxidize these chlorinated biphenyls in pure culture are known to degrade chlorobenzoic acid, the oxidation of these substrates by axenic cultures always generates chlorobenzoates plus several other metabolites. In the present study, we have estimated the biodegradation of 4-chlorobiphenyl (4CB) by a two-membered bacterial culture containing one strain able to grow on 4CB and to transform it into 4-chlorobenzoate (4CBA) and one strain able to degrade 4CBA. The results were encouraging, since it was shown that the degradation of 4CB was more rapid and complete with the double bacterial culture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295120
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  • 97
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    Proline production by regulatory mutants of Serratia marcescens (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 213-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Proline-producing strains of Serratia marcescens Sr41 were constructed by three rounds of mutagenesis. A strain SP103 which did not degrade l-proline carried the putA mutation leading to lack of proline oxidase. A 3,4-dehydroproline-resistant mutant SP105, derived from strain SP103, carried the dpr-1 mutation which resulted in desensitization of the feedback inhibition of glutamate kinase. Strain SP103 produced 5.5 mg of l-proline per ml of fermentation medium containing sucrose and urea. Growth inhibition by proline analogs was enhanced when succinate was used as a carbon source in the medium. A thiazolidine-4-carboxylate-resistant mutant SP126 derived from strain SP105 produced 20.5 mg of l-proline per ml of medium. The mutation carried by strain SP126 might be distant from dpr-1 and putA mutations on the chromosome. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase was not repressed by proline in S. marcescens Sr41.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295125
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  • 98
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    Studies on the extracellular xylanase activity of some thermophilic actinomycetes (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 238-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An agar plate-clearing assay was used to screen 37 thermophilic actinomycete strains for extracellular xylanase production. The xylanase activity in culture supernatants of strains representing Saccharomonospora viridis and three Thermomonospora spp. was characterised by measurement of reducing sugar released from oat spelt xylan and analysis of degradation products by thin-layer chromatography. In all four species, xylanase activity was optimal within the temperature range 60–75°C and between pH 5 and pH 8. While culture supernatants of Thermomonospora strains incubated at 70°C for 60 min retained 〉80% of their activity, that of S. viridis was almost, totally inactivated. All of the culture supernatants initially hydrolysed xylan to a mixture of oligomeric products, indicating that the main activity was of the endoxylanase type. Prolonged incubation for 24h resulted in the hydrolysis of xylan to d-xylose by T curvata and T. fusca preparations, indicating the additional presence of exoxylanase or β-xylosidase activity. Xylanase production was induced by growth on xylan although low levels of activity were also detected in glucose-grown cultures. Thermomonospora curvata MT815 culture supernatant was the most active and produced d-xylose from milled wheat straw in yields approximately 10% of those from oat spelt xylan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295129
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  • 99
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    Inductive formation of celluases by L-sorbose in Trichoderma reesei (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 235-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary L-Sorbose, which is known as an inhibitor of β-1,3-glucan synthesis in fungi, induces the production of cellulases in strains belonging to Trichoderma reesei. Especially, mutant strains PC-3–7 and X-31, which were obtained by several steps of mutation from QM 9414, have the most effective cellulase inducibility by L-sorbose comparing with other mutants of Trichoderma reesei. They synthesized cellulases effectively in liquid culture, whenever the alkaline treated sugarcane bagasse was used as a main carbon source for lowering the cost of cellulase production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253616
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  • 100
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    Synthesis of l-tyrosine by immobilized Escherichia intermedia cells (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cells of Escherichia intermedia were immobilized by entrapment in a polyacrylamide gel and used for the enzymatic production of l-tyrosine from phenol, pyruvate, and ammonia. A preparation containing 50 mg of cells/g of gel retained 60% of its original activity. The effect of temperature, pH and substrate concentration on the activity of free cells was almost identical with the effect on immobilized cells. Phenol showed inhibition and inactivation of the catalyst at high concentration. Synthesis of l-tyrosine (up to 10 g/l) was demonstrated in batch reactors with high conversion yields (95–100%) and a maximal productivity of 2 g/l/h. In continuous reactor the catalyst showed a very high operational stability (more than 54 days without losses).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252703
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