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  • Chemistry  (123)
  • Female  (106)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (229)
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  • 1980-1984  (120)
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  • 2015-2019  (109)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (120)
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  • 1
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    Left- or right-handed C-H bond activation (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Comment on "Selective anaerobic oxidation of methane enables direct synthesis of methanol" (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Description: The comment and response concerning the report of oxidation of methane to methanol by water (Reports, 5 May 2017, p. 523) do not fully capture the implications of thermodynamic limitations. A nonisothermal process in which each cycle requires a large temperature swing and permits only substoichiometric methane conversion surely could not be carried out on any practical scale.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Response to Comment on "Selective anaerobic oxidation of methane enables direct synthesis of methanol" (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Description: Labinger argues that stepwise reaction of methane with water to produce methanol and hydrogen will never be commercially feasible because of its substoichiometric basis with respect to the active site and the requirement of a large temperature swing. This comment is not touching any new ground, beyond describing the thermodynamic feasibility, thermal cycling, and the role of water as discussed previously. Most important, it does not have a solid numerical basis.
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Silicon smooths the way to vinyl cations (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-27
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Teaching an old carbocation new tricks: Intermolecular C-H insertion reactions of vinyl cations (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-27
    Description: Vinyl carbocations have been the subject of extensive experimental and theoretical studies over the past five decades. Despite this long history in chemistry, the utility of vinyl cations in chemical synthesis has been limited, with most reactivity studies focusing on solvolysis reactions or intramolecular processes. Here we report synthetic and mechanistic studies of vinyl cations generated through silylium–weakly coordinating anion catalysis. We find that these reactive intermediates undergo mild intermolecular carbon-carbon bond–forming reactions, including carbon-hydrogen (C–H) insertion into unactivated sp 3 C–H bonds and reductive Friedel-Crafts reactions with arenes. Moreover, we conducted computational studies of these alkane C–H functionalization reactions and discovered that they proceed through nonclassical, ambimodal transition structures. This reaction manifold provides a framework for the catalytic functionalization of hydrocarbons using simple ketone derivatives.
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Separation of enantiomers by their enantiospecific interaction with achiral magnetic substrates (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Description: It is commonly assumed that recognition and discrimination of chirality, both in nature and in artificial systems, depend solely on spatial effects. However, recent studies have suggested that charge redistribution in chiral molecules manifests an enantiospecific preference in electron spin orientation. We therefore reasoned that the induced spin polarization may affect enantiorecognition through exchange interactions. Here we show experimentally that the interaction of chiral molecules with a perpendicularly magnetized substrate is enantiospecific. Thus, one enantiomer adsorbs preferentially when the magnetic dipole is pointing up, whereas the other adsorbs faster for the opposite alignment of the magnetization. The interaction is not controlled by the magnetic field per se, but rather by the electron spin orientations, and opens prospects for a distinct approach to enantiomeric separations.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Inspiration from a vitamin (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-29
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Observation of the geometric phase effect in the H + HD -〉 H2 + D reaction (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Theory has established the importance of geometric phase (GP) effects in the adiabatic dynamics of molecular systems with a conical intersection connecting the ground- and excited-state potential energy surfaces, but direct observation of their manifestation in chemical reactions remains a major challenge. Here, we report a high-resolution crossed molecular beams study of the H + HD -〉 H 2 + D reaction at a collision energy slightly above the conical intersection. Velocity map ion imaging revealed fast angular oscillations in product quantum state–resolved differential cross sections in the forward scattering direction for H 2 products at specific rovibrational levels. The experimental results agree with adiabatic quantum dynamical calculations only when the GP effect is included.
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Photocatalytic upgrading of natural gas (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Radically transforming light hydrocarbons (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Stereodivergent synthesis of 1,4-dicarbonyls by traceless charge-accelerated sulfonium rearrangement (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Description: The chemistry of the carbonyl group is essential to modern organic synthesis. The preparation of substituted, enantioenriched 1,3- or 1,5-dicarbonyls is well developed, as their disconnection naturally follows from the intrinsic polarity of the carbonyl group. By contrast, a general enantioselective access to quaternary stereocenters in acyclic 1,4-dicarbonyl systems remains an unresolved problem, despite the tremendous importance of 2,3-substituted 1,4-dicarbonyl motifs in natural products and drug scaffolds. Here we present a broad enantioselective and stereodivergent strategy to access acyclic, polysubstituted 1,4-dicarbonyls via acid-catalyzed [3,3]-sulfonium rearrangement starting from vinyl sulfoxides and ynamides. The stereochemistry at sulfur governs the absolute sense of chiral induction, whereas the double bond geometry dictates the relative configuration of the final products.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Four varieties of carbonyl sandwich (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Selective functionalization of methane, ethane, and higher alkanes by cerium photocatalysis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Description: With the recent soaring production of natural gas, the use of methane and other light hydrocarbon feedstocks as starting materials in synthetic transformations is becoming increasingly economically attractive, although it remains chemically challenging. We report the development of photocatalytic C–H amination, alkylation, and arylation of methane, ethane, and higher alkanes under visible light irradiation at ambient temperature. High catalytic efficiency (turnover numbers up to 2900 for methane and 9700 for ethane) and selectivity were achieved using abundant, inexpensive cerium salts as photocatalysts. Ligand-to-metal charge transfer excitation generated alkoxy radicals from simple alcohols that in turn acted as hydrogen atom transfer catalysts. The mixed-phase gas/liquid reaction was adapted to continuous flow, enabling the efficient use of gaseous feedstocks in scalable photocatalytic transformations.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Hot lithium-oxygen batteries charge ahead (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-24
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    A preference for acids (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-24
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    18 electrons and counting (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-31
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    Directional control of a processive molecular hopper (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-31
    Description: Intrigued by the potential of nanoscale machines, scientists have long attempted to control molecular motion. We monitored the individual 0.7-nanometer steps of a single molecular hopper as it moved in an electric field along a track in a nanopore controlled by a chemical ratchet. The hopper demonstrated characteristics desired in a moving molecule: defined start and end points, processivity, no chemical fuel requirement, directional motion, and external control. The hopper was readily functionalized to carry cargos. For example, a DNA molecule could be ratcheted along the track in either direction, a prerequisite for nanopore sequencing.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
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    Unlocking P(V): Reagents for chiral phosphorothioate synthesis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-21
    Description: Phosphorothioate nucleotides have emerged as powerful pharmacological substitutes of their native phosphodiester analogs with important translational applications in antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapeutics and cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) synthesis. Stereocontrolled installation of this chiral motif has long been hampered by the systemic use of phosphorus(III) [P(III)]–based reagent systems as the sole practical means of oligonucleotide assembly. A fundamentally different approach is described herein: the invention of a P(V)-based reagent platform for programmable, traceless, diastereoselective phosphorus-sulfur incorporation. The power of this reagent system is demonstrated through the robust and stereocontrolled synthesis of various nucleotidic architectures, including ASOs and CDNs, via an efficient, inexpensive, and operationally simple protocol.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 19
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    Self-assembly of lattices with high structural complexity from a geometrically simple molecule (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-21
    Description: Here we report an anomalous porous molecular crystal built of C–H···N-bonded double-layered roof-floor components and wall components of a segregatively interdigitated architecture. This complicated porous structure consists of only one type of fully aromatic multijoint molecule carrying three identical dipyridylphenyl wedges. Despite its high symmetry, this molecule accomplishes difficult tasks by using two of its three wedges for roof-floor formation and using its other wedge for wall formation. Although a C–H···N bond is extremely labile, the porous crystal maintains its porosity until thermal breakdown of the C–H···N bonds at 202°C occurs, affording a nonporous polymorph. Though this nonporous crystal survives even at 325°C, it can retrieve the parent porosity under acetonitrile vapor. These findings show how one can translate simplicity into ultrahigh complexity.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 20
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    Two ways out of an oxetane (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 21
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    Arenes and amides from a single source (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 22
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    Interrupted carbonyl-olefin metathesis via oxygen atom transfer (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Description: Some of the simplest and most powerful carbon-carbon bond forming strategies take advantage of readily accessible ubiquitous motifs: carbonyls and olefins. Here we report a fundamentally distinct mode of reactivity between carbonyls and olefins that differs from established acid-catalyzed carbonyl-ene, Prins, and carbonyl-olefin metathesis reaction paths. A range of epsilon, zeta-unsaturated ketones undergo Brønsted acid–catalyzed intramolecular cyclization to provide tetrahydrofluorene products via the formation of two new carbon-carbon bonds. Theoretical calculations and accompanying mechanistic studies suggest that this carbocyclization reaction proceeds through the intermediacy of a transient oxetane formed by oxygen atom transfer. The complex polycyclic frameworks in this product class appear as common substructures in organic materials, bioactive natural products, and recently developed pharmaceuticals.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 23
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    Arylsulfonylacetamides as bifunctional reagents for alkene aminoarylation (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Description: Alkene aminoarylation with a single, bifunctional reagent is a concise synthetic strategy. We report a catalytic protocol for the addition of arylsulfonylacetamides across electron-rich alkenes with complete anti-Markovnikov regioselectivity and excellent diastereoselectivity to provide 2,2-diarylethylamines. In this process, single-electron alkene oxidation enables carbon-nitrogen bond formation to provide a key benzylic radical poised for a Smiles-Truce 1,5-aryl shift. This reaction is redox-neutral, exhibits broad functional group compatibility, and occurs at room temperature with loss of sulfur dioxide. As this process is driven by visible light, uses readily available starting materials, and demonstrates convergent synthesis, it is well suited for use in a variety of synthetic endeavors.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 24
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    Activating plasmonic chemistry (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 25
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    Hot carriers reducing thermal barriers (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 26
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    Quantifying hot carrier and thermal contributions in plasmonic photocatalysis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Description: Photocatalysis based on optically active, "plasmonic" metal nanoparticles has emerged as a promising approach to facilitate light-driven chemical conversions under far milder conditions than thermal catalysis. However, an understanding of the relation between thermal and electronic excitations has been lacking. We report the substantial light-induced reduction of the thermal activation barrier for ammonia decomposition on a plasmonic photocatalyst. We introduce the concept of a light-dependent activation barrier to account for the effect of light illumination on electronic and thermal excitations in a single unified picture. This framework provides insight into the specific role of hot carriers in plasmon-mediated photochemistry, which is critically important for designing energy-efficient plasmonic photocatalysts.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 27
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    An acid inaccessible to aldol products (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 28
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    Iodine smooths the way to ketyl radicals (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 29
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    Ketyl radical reactivity via atom transfer catalysis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Description: Single-electron reduction of a carbonyl to a ketyl enables access to a polarity-reversed platform of reactivity for this cornerstone functional group. However, the synthetic utility of the ketyl radical is hindered by the strong reductants necessary for its generation, which also limit its reactivity to net reductive mechanisms. We report a strategy for net redox-neutral generation and reaction of ketyl radicals. The in situ conversion of aldehydes to α-acetoxy iodides lowers their reduction potential by more than 1 volt, allowing for milder access to the corresponding ketyl radicals and an oxidative termination event. Upon subjecting these iodides to a dimanganese decacarbonyl precatalyst and visible light irradiation, an atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) mechanism affords a broad scope of vinyl iodide products with high Z -selectivity.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 30
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    Confined acids catalyze asymmetric single aldolizations of acetaldehyde enolates (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Description: Reactions that form a product with the same reactive functionality as that of one of the starting compounds frequently end in oligomerization. As a salient example, selective aldol coupling of the smallest, though arguably most useful, enolizable aldehyde, acetaldehyde, with just one partner substrate has proven to be extremely challenging. Here, we report a highly enantioselective Mukaiyama aldol reaction with the simple triethylsilyl (TES) and tert -butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) enolates of acetaldehyde and various aliphatic and aromatic acceptor aldehydes. The reaction is catalyzed by recently developed, strongly acidic imidodiphosphorimidates (IDPi), which, like enzymes, display a confined active site but, like small-molecule catalysts, have a broad substrate scope. The process is scalable, fast, efficient (0.5 to 1.5 mole % catalyst loading), and greatly simplifies access to highly valuable silylated acetaldehyde aldols.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 31
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    Breaking through the nitrogen ceiling (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-21
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Magnetic hysteresis up to 80 kelvin in a dysprosium metallocene single-molecule magnet (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-21
    Description: Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) containing only one metal center may represent the lower size limit for molecule-based magnetic information storage materials. Their current drawback is that all SMMs require liquid-helium cooling to show magnetic memory effects. We now report a chemical strategy to access the dysprosium metallocene cation [(Cp i Pr5 )Dy(Cp*)] + (Cp i Pr5 , penta-iso-propylcyclopentadienyl; Cp *, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl), which displays magnetic hysteresis above liquid-nitrogen temperatures. An effective energy barrier to reversal of the magnetization of U eff = 1541 wave number is also measured. The magnetic blocking temperature of T B = 80 kelvin for this cation overcomes an essential barrier toward the development of nanomagnet devices that function at practical temperatures.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Carbon nanotubes help nickel work in water (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-19
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 34
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    Chiral Lewis acids integrated with single-walled carbon nanotubes for asymmetric catalysis in water (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-19
    Description: The development of highly reactive and stereoselective catalytic systems is required not only to improve existing synthetic methods but also to invent distinct chemical reactions. Herein, a homogenized combination of nickel-based Lewis acid–surfactant-combined catalysts and single-walled carbon nanotubes is shown to exhibit substantial activity in water. In addition to the enhanced reactivity, stereoselective performance and long-term stability were demonstrated in asymmetric conjugate addition reactions of aldoximes to furnish chiral nitrones in high yields with excellent selectivities. The practical and straightforward application of the designed catalysts in water provides an expedient, environmentally benign, and highly efficient pathway to access optically active compounds.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 35
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    Steps to smaller rings (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-02
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 36
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    Pinpointing the role of geometric phase (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 37
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    Salt and iron ease the way to amines (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-26
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 38
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    Catalytic palladium-oxyallyl cycloaddition (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-02
    Description: Exploration of intermediates that enable chemoselective cycloaddition reactions and expeditious construction of fused- or bridged-ring systems is a continuous challenge for organic synthesis. As an intermediate of interest, the oxyallyl cation has been harnessed to synthesize architectures containing seven-membered rings via (4+3) cycloaddition. However, its potential to access five-membered skeletons is underdeveloped, largely due to the thermally forbidden (3+2) pathway. Here, the combination of a tailored precursor and a Pd(0) catalyst generates a Pd-oxyallyl intermediate that cyclizes with conjugated dienes to produce a diverse array of tetrahydrofuran skeletons. The cycloaddition overrides conventional (4+3) selectivity by proceeding through a stepwise pathway involving a Pd-allyl transfer and ring closure sequence. Subsequent treatment of the (3+2) adducts with a palladium catalyst converts the heterocycles to the carbocyclic cyclopentanones.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Heterocycles meet and marry on phosphorus (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-16
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 40
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    A rapid screen for complex reactants (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 41
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    Mapping the dark space of chemical reactions with extended nanomole synthesis and MALDI-TOF MS (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Description: Understanding the practical limitations of chemical reactions is critically important for efficiently planning the synthesis of compounds in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and specialty chemical research and development. However, literature reports of the scope of new reactions are often cursory and biased toward successful results, severely limiting the ability to predict reaction outcomes for untested substrates. We herein illustrate strategies for carrying out large-scale surveys of chemical reactivity by using a material-sparing nanomole-scale automated synthesis platform with greatly expanded synthetic scope combined with ultrahigh-throughput matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 42
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    High-affinity adsorption leads to molecularly ordered interfaces on TiO2 in air and solution (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-24
    Description: Researchers around the world have observed the formation of molecularly ordered structures of unknown origin on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) photocatalysts exposed to air and solution. Using a combination of atomic-scale microscopy and spectroscopy, we show that TiO 2 selectively adsorbs atmospheric carboxylic acids that are typically present in parts-per-billion concentrations while effectively repelling other adsorbates, such as alcohols, that are present in much higher concentrations. The high affinity of the surface for carboxylic acids is attributed to their bidentate binding. These self-assembled monolayers have the unusual property of being both hydrophobic and highly water-soluble, which may contribute to the self-cleaning properties of TiO 2 . This finding is relevant to TiO 2 photocatalysis, because the self-assembled carboxylate monolayers block the undercoordinated surface cation sites typically implicated in photocatalysis.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Tiny cargos ferried along a track (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-31
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 44
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    Carbonyls in the s block (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-31
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 45
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    Observation of alkaline earth complexes M(CO)8 (M = Ca, Sr, or Ba) that mimic transition metals (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-31
    Description: The alkaline earth metals calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba) typically engage in chemical bonding as classical main-group elements through their n s and n p valence orbitals, where n is the principal quantum number. Here we report the isolation and spectroscopic characterization of eight-coordinate carbonyl complexes M(CO) 8 (where M = Ca, Sr, or Ba) in a low-temperature neon matrix. Analysis of the electronic structure of these cubic O h -symmetric complexes reveals that the metal–carbon monoxide (CO) bonds arise mainly from [M(d )] -〉 (CO) 8 backdonation, which explains the strong observed red shift of the C-O stretching frequencies. The corresponding radical cation complexes were also prepared in gas phase and characterized by mass-selected infrared photodissociation spectroscopy, confirming adherence to the 18-electron rule more conventionally associated with transition metal chemistry.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    A radical approach to soot formation (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-07
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 47
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    Resonance-stabilized hydrocarbon-radical chain reactions may explain soot inception and growth (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-07
    Description: Mystery surrounds the transition from gas-phase hydrocarbon precursors to terrestrial soot and interstellar dust, which are carbonaceous particles formed under similar conditions. Although polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known precursors to high-temperature carbonaceous-particle formation, the molecular pathways that initiate particle formation are unknown. We present experimental and theoretical evidence for rapid molecular clustering–reaction pathways involving radicals with extended conjugation. These radicals react with other hydrocarbon species to form covalently bound complexes that promote further growth and clustering by regenerating resonance-stabilized radicals through low-barrier hydrogen-abstraction and hydrogen-ejection reactions. Such radical–chain reaction pathways may lead to covalently bound clusters of PAHs and other hydrocarbons that would otherwise be too small to condense at high temperatures, thus providing the key mechanistic steps for rapid particle formation and surface growth by hydrocarbon chemisorption.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Enantioselective four-component Ugi reactions (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Plastics recycling with a difference (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-27
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 50
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    Light and acid steer a radical addition (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-27
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 51
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    Catalytic enantioselective Minisci-type addition to heteroarenes (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-27
    Description: Basic heteroarenes are a ubiquitous feature of pharmaceuticals and bioactive molecules, and Minisci-type additions of radical nucleophiles are a leading method for their elaboration. Despite many Minisci-type protocols that result in the formation of stereocenters, exerting control over the absolute stereochemistry at these centers remains an unmet challenge. We report a process for addition of prochiral radicals, generated from amino acid derivatives, to pyridines and quinolines. Our method offers excellent control of both enantioselectivity and regioselectivity. An enantiopure chiral Brønsted acid catalyst serves both to activate the substrate and induce asymmetry, while an iridium photocatalyst mediates the required electron transfer processes. We anticipate that this method will expedite access to enantioenriched small-molecule building blocks bearing versatile basic heterocycles.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Reduction can make cobalt act precious (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-05-25
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Transforming nitrogen without carbon (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-05-25
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 54
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    Efficient access to unprotected primary amines by iron-catalyzed aminochlorination of alkenes (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-26
    Description: Primary amines are essential constituents of biologically active molecules and versatile intermediates in the synthesis of drugs and agrochemicals. However, their preparation from easily accessible alkenes remains challenging. Here, we report a general strategy to access primary amines from alkenes through an operationally simple iron-catalyzed aminochlorination reaction. A stable hydroxylamine derivative and benign sodium chloride act as the respective nitrogen and chlorine sources. The reaction proceeds at room temperature under air; tolerates a large scope of aliphatic and conjugated alkenes, including densely functionalized substrates; and provides excellent anti-Markovnikov regioselectivity with respect to the amino group. The reactivity of the 2-chloroalkylamine products, an understudied class of amphoteric molecules, enables facile access to linear or branched aliphatic amines, aziridines, aminonitriles, azido amines, and homoallylic amines.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    The staying power of electron-poor ligands (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-09
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Enantiodivergent Pd-catalyzed C-C bond formation enabled through ligand parameterization (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-09
    Description: Despite the enormous potential for the use of stereospecific cross-coupling reactions to rationally manipulate the three-dimensional structure of organic molecules, the factors that control the transfer of stereochemistry in these reactions remain poorly understood. Here we report a mechanistic and synthetic investigation into the use of enantioenriched alkylboron nucleophiles in stereospecific Pd-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. By developing a suite of molecular descriptors of phosphine ligands, we could apply predictive statistical models to select or design distinct ligands that respectively promoted stereoinvertive and stereoretentive cross-coupling reactions. Stereodefined branched structures were thereby accessed through the predictable manipulation of absolute stereochemistry, and a general model for the mechanism of alkylboron transmetallation was proposed.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Heterobiaryl synthesis by contractive C-C coupling via P(V) intermediates (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-16
    Description: Heterobiaryls composed of pyridine and diazine rings are key components of pharmaceuticals and are often central to pharmacological function. We present an alternative approach to metal-catalyzed cross-coupling to make heterobiaryls using contractive phosphorus C–C couplings, also termed phosphorus ligand coupling reactions. The process starts by regioselective phosphorus substitution of the C–H bonds para to nitrogen in two successive heterocycles; ligand coupling is then triggered via acidic alcohol solutions to form the heterobiaryl bond. Mechanistic studies imply that ligand coupling is an asynchronous process involving migration of one heterocycle to the ipso position of the other around a central pentacoordinate P(V) atom. The strategy can be applied to complex drug-like molecules containing multiple reactive sites and polar functional groups, and also enables convergent coupling of drug fragments and late-stage heteroarylation of pharmaceuticals.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    The dynamic art of growing COF crystals (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-06
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Imaging CF3I conical intersection and photodissociation dynamics with ultrafast electron diffraction (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-06
    Description: Conical intersections play a critical role in excited-state dynamics of polyatomic molecules because they govern the reaction pathways of many nonadiabatic processes. However, ultrafast probes have lacked sufficient spatial resolution to image wave-packet trajectories through these intersections directly. Here, we present the simultaneous experimental characterization of one-photon and two-photon excitation channels in isolated CF 3 I molecules using ultrafast gas-phase electron diffraction. In the two-photon channel, we have mapped out the real-space trajectories of a coherent nuclear wave packet, which bifurcates onto two potential energy surfaces when passing through a conical intersection. In the one-photon channel, we have resolved excitation of both the umbrella and the breathing vibrational modes in the CF 3 fragment in multiple nuclear dimensions. These findings benchmark and validate ab initio nonadiabatic dynamics calculations.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Femtosecond structural photobiology (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-13
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 61
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    Feel the dielectric force (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 62
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    Cancer and diet (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1984-05-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 May 18;224(4650):658,660,662 passim.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6719107" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carcinogens/pharmacology ; Diet/*adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Neoplasms/*etiology
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  • 63
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    Heterochronic mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-10-26
    Description: Mutations in the Caenorhabditis elegans genes lin-14, lin-28, and lin-29 cause heterochronic developmental defects: the timing of specific developmental events in several tissues is altered relative to the timing of events in other tissues. These defects result from temporal transformations in the fates of specific cells, that is, certain cells express fates normally expressed by cells generated at other developmental stages. The identification and characterization of genes that can be mutated to cause heterochrony support the proposal that heterochrony is a mechanism for phylogenetic change and suggest cellular and genetic bases for heterochronic variation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ambros, V -- Horvitz, H R -- GM24663/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM24943/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HD00369/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Oct 26;226(4673):409-16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6494891" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caenorhabditis/*genetics ; Female ; *Genes ; Genetic Variation ; Male ; *Mutation ; *Phylogeny ; Time Factors
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    Cytochrome a3 structure in carbon monoxide-bound cytochrome oxidase (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-07-20
    Description: The iron-carbon monoxide stretching mode and the iron-carbon-oxygen bending mode in carbon monoxide-bound cytochrome oxidase have been assigned at 520 and 578 cm-1, respectively. The frequencies, widths, and intensities of these modes show that the Fe-C-O grouping in carbon monoxide-cytochrome a3 is linear but tilted from the normal to the heme plane; that the iron-histidine bond in both five- and six-coordinate cytochrome a3 is strained; and that the carbon monoxide and the proximal histidine each have characteristic, well-defined orientations in all molecules. These data can account for the binding affinities of carbon monoxide and dioxygen under physiological conditions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Argade, P V -- Ching, Y C -- Rousseau, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jul 20;225(4659):329-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6330890" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon Monoxide/metabolism ; Cattle ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*metabolism ; Myoglobin/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman
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    Rapid expulsion of Trichinella spiralis in suckling rats (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-10-05
    Description: Orally administered Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae were rapidly expelled by rat pups suckling an immune dam. The immunity was delivered in the milk; substantial resistance was conferred on normal rat pups suckled for only 24 hours by a Trichinella-immune foster mother. The pups were protected by oral or systemic administration of specific serum antibodies. When infused into a normal lactating dam, these antibodies accumulated in the serum of her suckling pups.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Appleton, J A -- McGregor, D D -- AI 14490/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Oct 5;226(4670):70-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6474191" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Suckling ; Antibodies/immunology ; Colostrum/immunology ; Female ; *Immunity, Maternally-Acquired ; Immunization, Passive ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/*immunology/parasitology ; Intestinal Mucosa/parasitology ; Milk/*immunology ; Rats ; Trichinella/*immunology/physiology ; Trichinellosis/*immunology/parasitology
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    Inhibition of aldosterone production by an atrial extract (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-06-01
    Description: Crude extracts of rat atria reduced the basal amount of aldosterone released from rat zona glomerulosa cells and partially inhibited aldosterone stimulation by adrenocorticotropic hormone and angiotensin II. The destruction of this activity by trypsin suggests that the active factor is a peptide, possibly atrial natriuretic factor. These data suggest that atrial natriuretic factor affects sodium excretion by the kidneys both directly and through the inhibition of aldosterone production.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Atarashi, K -- Mulrow, P J -- Franco-Saenz, R -- Snajdar, R -- Rapp, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jun 1;224(4652):992-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6326267" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/pharmacology ; Aldosterone/*biosynthesis ; Angiotensin II/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Atrial Function ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney/drug effects/metabolism ; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology ; Natriuresis/drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Trypsin/pharmacology
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    Nuclear magnetic resonance technology for medical studies (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1984-10-19
    Description: Nuclear magnetic resonance proton imaging provides anatomical definition of normal and abnormal tissues with a contrast and detection sensitivity superior to those of x-ray computed tomography in the human head and pelvis and parts of the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems. Recent improvements in technology should lead to advances in diagnostic imaging of the breast and regions of the abdomen. Selected-region nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of protons, carbon-13, and phosphorus-31 has developed into a basic science tool for in vivo studies on man and a unique tool for clinical diagnoses of metabolic disorders. At present, nuclear magnetic resonance is considered safe if access to the magnet environment is controlled. Technological advances employing field strengths over 2 teslas will require biophysical studies of heating and static field effects.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Budinger, T F -- Lauterbur, P C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Oct 19;226(4672):288-98.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6385252" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Blood Circulation ; Bone Diseases/diagnosis ; Breast Diseases/diagnosis ; Central Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis ; Digestive System Diseases/diagnosis ; Female ; Genital Diseases, Female/diagnosis ; Heart Diseases/diagnosis ; Humans ; Ions ; Liver Diseases/diagnosis ; Lung Diseases/diagnosis ; *Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/instrumentation/methods ; Magnetics ; Muscular Diseases/diagnosis ; Splenic Diseases/diagnosis ; Urologic Diseases/diagnosis
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    Cell biology of synaptic plasticity (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-09-21
    Description: The nervous system of mammals retains throughout the animals' life-span the ability to modify the number, nature, and level of activity of its synapses. Synaptic plasticity is most evident after injury to the nervous system, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms that make it possible are beginning to be understood. Transplantation of brain tissue provides a powerful approach for studying mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. In turn, understanding the response of the central nervous system to injury can be used to optimize transplant survival and integration with the host brain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cotman, C W -- Nieto-Sampedro, M -- AG 00538/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- MH 19691/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Sep 21;225(4668):1287-94.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6382610" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Brain/*growth & development/*physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology/transplantation ; Denervation ; Female ; Humans ; Nerve Regeneration ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Peripheral Nerves/physiology ; Pregnancy ; Synapses/*physiology
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    Reinitiation of growth in senescent mouse mammary epithelium in response to cholera toxin (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1984-06-15
    Description: Several lines of mouse mammary tissue that had been serially transplanted until mitotic senescence was reached were exposed in vivo to plastic implants that slowly released cholera toxin. Gland tissue surrounding the implants displayed new end buds, indicating reinitiation of growth and morphogenesis. The ability of cholera toxin, which elevates intracellular adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, to temporarily reverse the senescent phenotype suggests that this mitotic dysfunction results not from generalized cellular deterioration but from specific changes in cell regulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Daniel, C W -- Silberstein, G B -- Strickland, P -- 1050/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jun 15;224(4654):1245-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6328652" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Division/*drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cholera Toxin/*pharmacology ; Cyclic AMP/physiology ; DNA/biosynthesis ; Epithelium/drug effects ; Female ; Fibroblasts/drug effects ; Humans ; Mammary Glands, Animal/*drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mitosis/drug effects
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    Test-tube embryology in the dock (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-08-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dickson, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Aug 10;225(4662):606.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6740327" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Embryo Research ; Embryo Transfer ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro ; *Government Regulation ; Great Britain ; Humans ; *Legislation, Medical ; Oocyte Donation ; Pregnancy ; special license be required for all embryo experimentation and that any ; unlicensed research be considered a criminal offense. Regulation would be by a ; new statutory body responsible for monitoring in vitro fertilization research and ; various types of fertility treatments. Surrogate motherhood would be prohibited. ; Reservations expressed by professional groups as well as by some committee ; members about the restrictions reflect legal and social problems surrounding the ; uses of human embryos.
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    Smell identification ability: changes with age (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1984-12-21
    Description: Smell identification ability was measured in 1955 persons ranging in age from 5 to 99 years. On the average, women outperformed men at all ages, and nonsmokers outperformed smokers. Peak performance occurred in the third through fifth decades and declined markedly after the seventh. More than half of those 65 to 80 years old evidenced major olfactory impairment. After 80 years, more than three-quarters evidenced major impairment. Given these findings, it is not surprising that many elderly persons complain that food lacks flavor and that the elderly account for a disproportionate number of accidental gas poisoning cases each year.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Doty, R L -- Shaman, P -- Applebaum, S L -- Giberson, R -- Siksorski, L -- Rosenberg, L -- NS 16265/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Dec 21;226(4681):1441-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6505700" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; *Aging ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sensory Thresholds ; Sex Factors ; Smell/*physiology ; Smoking
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    Scintigraphy of normal mouse ovaries with monoclonal antibodies to ZP-2, the major zona pellucida protein (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-08-31
    Description: The zona pellucida is an extracellular glycocalyx, made of three sulfated glycoproteins, that surrounds mammalian oocytes. Parenterally administered monoclonal antibodies specific for ZP-2, the most abundant zona protein, localize in the zona pellucida. When labeled with iodine-125, these monoclonal antibodies demonstrate a remarkably high target-to-nontarget tissue ratio and provide clear external radioimaging of ovarian tissue.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉East, I J -- Keenan, A M -- Larson, S M -- Dean, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Aug 31;225(4665):938-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6474160" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/*analysis ; Digestive System/immunology ; *Egg Proteins ; Female ; Glycoproteins/analysis/*immunology ; Iodine Radioisotopes ; Liver/immunology ; Male ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; Mice ; Myocardium/immunology ; Ovary/analysis/immunology/*radionuclide imaging ; Ovum/*analysis ; *Receptors, Cell Surface ; Tissue Distribution ; Zona Pellucida/*analysis/immunology
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    Amphiphilic secondary structure: design of peptide hormones (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-01-20
    Description: Peptide synthesis can be used for elucidating the roles of secondary structures in the specificity of hormones, antigens, and toxins. Intermediate sized peptides with these activities assume amphiphilic secondary structures in the presence of membranes. When models are designed to optimize the amphiphilicity of the secondary structure, stronger interactions can be observed with the synthetic peptides than with the naturally occurring analogs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, E T -- Kezdy, F J -- HL-18577/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jan 20;223(4633):249-55.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6322295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Apolipoprotein A-I ; Apolipoproteins ; Binding Sites ; Calcitonin ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Endorphins ; Glucagon ; Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone ; *Hormones/pharmacology ; Lipoproteins, HDL ; Melitten ; Models, Structural ; *Peptides/chemical synthesis/metabolism/pharmacology ; Protein Conformation ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; beta-Endorphin
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    Coronary arteries of cardiac patients are hyperreactive and contain stores of amines: a mechanism for coronary spasm (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-03-30
    Description: Coronary arteries from hearts of cardiac patients contain significantly higher concentrations of histamine than do those from noncardiac patients. The coronary vessels of cardiac patients are also hyperresponsive to histamine and serotonin. These differences between groups of patients suggest an explanation for coronary artery spasm in heart disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kalsner, S -- Richards, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Mar 30;223(4643):1435-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6701530" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Arteriosclerosis/physiopathology ; Catecholamines/analysis ; Cattle ; Coronary Vasospasm/*physiopathology ; Coronary Vessels/analysis/drug effects/*physiopathology ; Female ; Histamine/*analysis/pharmacology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Norepinephrine/pharmacology ; Serotonin/analysis/pharmacology
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    A novel nuclear form of estradiol receptor in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-09-14
    Description: Nuclear estrogen receptor from MCF-7 cells undergoes a time-dependent, hormone-inducible transformation to a form that is less extractable from nuclei and less exchangeable with ligand. This receptor-modifying, intranuclear event is independent of receptor loss (processing) and appears associated with hormone responsiveness (progesterone-receptor induction) in these cells. The magnitude of receptor loss, however, is variable and apparently not a prerequisite for hormone action to induce progesterone receptor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kasid, A -- Strobl, J S -- Huff, K -- Greene, G L -- Lippman, M E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Sep 14;225(4667):1162-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6474170" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Breast Neoplasms/*metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Female ; Humans ; Receptors, Estradiol ; Receptors, Estrogen/*metabolism ; Receptors, Progesterone/biosynthesis ; Time Factors
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    Evidence for cholinergic neurites in senile plaques (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1984-12-21
    Description: In the neocortices and amygdalae of young and aged macaques, cholinergic axons were identified by means of a monoclonal antibody to bovine choline acetyltransferase. Many fine, linear, immunoreactive profiles were seen in these animals. In the older animals, some cholinergic axons showed multifocal enlargements along their course. In some instances, neurites with choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity were associated with deposits of amyloid (visualized with thioflavin T fluorescence). The appearance of these amyloid-associated abnormal cholinergic processes was similar to that of neurites in senile plaques, as shown by conventional silver impregnation techniques. Cholinergic systems thus give rise to some of the neurites within senile plaques.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kitt, C A -- Price, D L -- Struble, R G -- Cork, L C -- Wainer, B H -- Becher, M W -- Mobley, W C -- NS 07179/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS 10580/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS 15721/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Dec 21;226(4681):1443-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6505701" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Amygdala/enzymology/*pathology ; Amyloid/analysis ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Axons/enzymology ; Cerebral Cortex/enzymology/*pathology ; Choline O-Acetyltransferase/analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Nerve Endings/enzymology ; Parasympathetic Nervous System/enzymology/*pathology
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    NIMH study finds one in five have disorders (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-10-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fox, J L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Oct 19;226(4672):324.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6484573" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Disorders/*epidemiology/therapy ; National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.) ; United States
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    Initiation of angiogenesis by human follicular fluid (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1984-04-27
    Description: Angiogenesis was observed and measured after injection of human follicular fluid into rabbit corneas. Undiluted human follicular fluid stimulated angiogenesis in every case, with new blood vessels visible 3 days after injection and extending 2.0 millimeters from the corneal scleral limbus into the injection site by day 15. Stimulation of angiogenesis was lost by heating or diluting the follicular fluid but was retained after charcoal stripping or dialysis. Human follicular fluid contains an angiogenic factor that may be associated with perifollicular neovascularization during folliculogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frederick, J L -- Shimanuki, T -- diZerega, G S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Apr 27;224(4647):389-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6200930" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiogenesis Inducing Agents/*analysis ; Animals ; Body Fluids/*analysis ; Chorionic Gonadotropin/pharmacology ; Cornea/blood supply ; Dialysis ; Female ; Growth Substances/*analysis ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Menstruation ; *Neovascularization, Pathologic ; Ovarian Follicle/*analysis ; Rabbits
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    Intrahippocampal septal grafts ameliorate learning impairments in aged rats (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1984-08-03
    Description: Grafts of fetal septal tissue rich in cholinergic neurons were implanted as a dissociated cell suspension into the depth of the hippocampal formation in aged rats with severe impairments in spatial learning abilities. After 2 1/2 to 3 months, the rats with grafts, but not the controls, had improved their performance in a spatial learning test. Their improvement was due, at least in part, to an increased ability to use spatial cues in the task. In all animals the grafts had produced an extensive acetylcholinesterase-positive terminal network in the surrounding host hippocampal formation. Thus, the action of cholinergic neurons in the graft onto elements in the host hippocampal circuitry may be a necessary, but perhaps not sufficient, prerequisite for the observed functional recovery.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gage, F H -- Bjorklund, A -- Stenevi, U -- Dunnett, S B -- Kelly, P A -- AG 03766/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Aug 3;225(4661):533-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6539949" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Fetus ; Hippocampus/embryology/growth & development/*transplantation ; Humans ; *Learning ; Memory Disorders/*physiopathology ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 80
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    Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-05-04
    Description: Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or with signs or symptoms that frequently precede AIDS (pre-AIDS) were grown in vitro with added T-cell growth factor and assayed for the expression and release of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV). Retroviruses belonging to the HTLV family and collectively designated HTLV-III were isolated from a total of 48 subjects including 18 of 21 patients wih pre-AIDS, three of four clinically normal mothers of juveniles with AIDS, 26 of 72 adult and juvenile patients with AIDS, and from one of 22 normal male homosexual subjects. No HTLV-III was detected in or isolated from 115 normal heterosexual subjects. The number of HTLV-III isolates reported here underestimates the true prevalence of the virus since many specimens were received in unsatisfactory condition. Other data show that serum samples from a high proportion of AIDS patients contain antibodies to HTLV-III. That these new isolates are members of the HTLV family but differ from the previous isolates known as HTLV-I and HTLV-II is indicated by their morphological, biological, and immunological characteristics. These results and those reported elsewhere in this issue suggest that HTLV-III may be the primary cause of AIDS.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gallo, R C -- Salahuddin, S Z -- Popovic, M -- Shearer, G M -- Kaplan, M -- Haynes, B F -- Palker, T J -- Redfield, R -- Oleske, J -- Safai, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 May 4;224(4648):500-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6200936" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/blood/*microbiology ; Adult ; Antigens, Viral/analysis ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral ; Deltaretrovirus/*isolation & purification/physiology/ultrastructure ; Female ; Homosexuality ; Humans ; Immune Sera/pharmacology ; Interferon Type I/immunology ; Male ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/metabolism ; Risk ; T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
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  • 81
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    Mating and pregnancy can occur in genetically hypogonadal mice with preoptic area brain grafts (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-08-31
    Description: Adult female hypogonadal mice, in whom hypogonadism is secondary to a genetic deficiency in hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), are infertile. Mating, pregnancy, and delivery of healthy litters were achieved after transplantation of normal fetal preoptic area tissue, a major site of GnRH-containing cell bodies, into the third ventricle of adult female hypogonadal mice. Immunocytochemistry revealed GnRH-containing neurons in the grafts and GnRH-containing processes extending to the lateral median eminence of the host brains.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibson, M J -- Krieger, D T -- Charlton, H M -- Zimmerman, E A -- Silverman, A J -- Perlow, M J -- 1RO1NS20335/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Aug 31;225(4665):949-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6382608" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Chemistry ; Cerebral Ventricles/pathology ; *Copulation ; Female ; Hypogonadism/genetics/pathology/*physiopathology ; Infertility, Female/etiology/*therapy ; Male ; Mice ; Neurons/analysis ; Ovulation ; Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones/analysis/*deficiency ; Pregnancy ; Preoptic Area/*transplantation ; *Reproduction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 82
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    Cigarette craving, smoking withdrawal, and clonidine (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-11-16
    Description: Clonidine, an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, significantly reduces opiate withdrawal. Fifteen heavy smokers abstained from cigarettes on three separate occasions and received instead clonidine, placebo, or the benzodiazepine alprazolam. Clonidine and alprazolam diminished withdrawal symptoms. The two drugs suppressed anxiety, tension, irritability, and restlessness equally but clonidine had a greater effect than alprazolam on cigarette craving. These observations suggest that noradrenergic activity is a common feature in the pathophysiology of withdrawal and that a special relationship exists between central noradrenergic activity and craving.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Glassman, A H -- Jackson, W K -- Walsh, B T -- Roose, S P -- Rosenfeld, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Nov 16;226(4676):864-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6387913" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Alprazolam ; Anxiety/drug therapy ; Benzodiazepines/therapeutic use ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Clonidine/*therapeutic use ; Double-Blind Method ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Smoking ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/*drug therapy
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  • 83
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    Neuroendocrine response to estrogen and sexual orientation (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-09-28
    Description: A neuroendocrine component, the positive estrogen feedback effect, thought to be related to sexual orientation and, indirectly, to sexual differentiation, was evaluated in healthy, noninstitutionalized research volunteers. Men and women with a lifelong heterosexual orientation and men with a lifelong homosexual orientation were administered an estrogen preparation known to enhance the concentration of luteinizing hormone in women but not in men. The secretory pattern of luteinizing hormone in the homosexuals in response to estrogen was intermediate between that of the heterosexual men and that of the women. Furthermore, testosterone was depressed for a significantly longer period in the homosexual men than in the heterosexual men. These findings suggest that biological markers for sexual orientation may exist.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gladue, B A -- Green, R -- Hellman, R E -- MH-37412/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- RR-05835-03/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Sep 28;225(4669):1496-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6089349" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Estrogens, Conjugated (USP)/*pharmacology ; Estrone/*blood ; Female ; *Homosexuality ; Humans ; Luteinizing Hormone/*blood ; Male ; Sex Factors ; *Sexual Behavior ; Testosterone/*blood ; Time Factors
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  • 84
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    Fourier transform mass spectrometry (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-10-19
    Description: Fourier transform mass spectrometry will play an important role in the future because of its unique combination of high mass resolution, high upper mass limit, and multichannel advantage. These features have already found application in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, multiphoton ionization, laser desorption, and secondary ion mass spectrometry. However, its most notable feature is the ability to store ions. This characteristic, when combined with the others, will allow expeditious study of the interaction of gas-phase ions with both photons (photodissociation) and neutral molecules, and the convenient application of this fundamental information for chemical analysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gross, M L -- Rempel, D L -- 2-8423576/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Oct 19;226(4672):261-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6385250" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Fourier Analysis ; Ions ; Lasers ; *Mass Spectrometry/instrumentation/methods
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  • 85
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    Defect in phosphorylation of insulin receptors in cells from an insulin-resistant patient with normal insulin binding (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-03-02
    Description: Mononuclear blood cells were obtained from a patient with type A insulin resistance. The cells showed a normal ability to bind iodine 125-labeled insulin. Analysis of solubilized insulin receptors from the patient's cells revealed a defect in insulin-stimulated tyrosine kinase activity, which is closely associated with the receptor itself. The enzyme failed to phosphorylate the insulin receptor and showed a markedly reduced ability to phosphorylate exogenously added substrates. It appears that receptors from this insulin-resistant patient have a defect distal to the insulin-binding site (the alpha subunit of the receptor). The defect could be located in the beta subunit, which has an adenosine triphosphate-binding site, or in another receptor component that transfers a signal of insulin binding into kinase activity. This dissociation between the normal binding and the defective protein kinase component of the insulin receptor represents the first biochemical defect of the receptor distal to ligand binding.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grunberger, G -- Zick, Y -- Gorden, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Mar 2;223(4639):932-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6141638" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Caseins/metabolism ; Female ; Glutamates/metabolism ; Glutamic Acid ; Humans ; Insulin/blood/*metabolism ; *Insulin Resistance ; Monocytes/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Receptor, Insulin/*metabolism ; Syndrome ; Tyrosine/metabolism
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  • 86
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    Studying learning in the womb (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-07-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kolata, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jul 20;225(4659):302-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6740312" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Female ; Fetus/*physiology ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Learning/*physiology ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Rats
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  • 87
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    New neurons form in adulthood (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-06-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kolata, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jun 22;224(4655):1325-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6729456" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; Brain/physiology ; Canaries/physiology ; Female ; Fishes ; Humans ; Male ; Neurons/*physiology ; Rodentia
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  • 88
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    Calcium source for excitation-contraction coupling in myocardium of nonhibernating and hibernating chipmunks (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-08-10
    Description: The amplitude of the early plateau phase of the action potential and the slow action potential of cardiac muscle were much lower in hibernating chipmunks than in nonhibernating chipmunks. The frequency-dependent contraction was decreased in hibernating animals but increased in nonhibernating animals. Caffeine caused a negative inotropic effect in hibernating animals but a positive inotropic effect in nonhibernating animals. Ryanodine caused greater inhibition in hibernating animals than in nonhibernating animals. These results suggest that the respective roles of the sources of calcium for cardiac excitation-contraction coupling are changed during hibernation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kondo, N -- Shibata, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Aug 10;225(4662):641-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6740332" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/drug effects ; Animals ; Caffeine/pharmacology ; Calcium/metabolism/*physiology ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Female ; Heart/drug effects ; *Hibernation ; Male ; *Myocardial Contraction/drug effects ; Sciuridae/metabolism/*physiology
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  • 89
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    Studying enzyme mechanism by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-08-31
    Description: High-resolution carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of enzyme-inhibitor and enzyme-substrate complexes provide detailed structural and stereochemical information on the mechanism of enzyme action. The proteases trypsin and papain are shown to form tetrahedrally coordinated complexes and acyl derivatives with a variety of compounds artificially enriched at the site or sites of interest. These results are compared with the structural information derived from x-ray diffraction. Detailed NMR studies have provided a clearer picture of the ionization state of the residues participating in enzyme-catalyzed processes than other more classical techniques. The dynamics of enzymic catalysis can be observed at sub-zero temperatures by a combination of cryoenzymology and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. With these powerful techniques, transient, covalently bound intermediates in enzyme-catalyzed reactions can be detected and their structures rigorously assigned.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mackenzie, N E -- Malthouse, J P -- Scott, A I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Aug 31;225(4665):883-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6433481" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Carbon Isotopes ; Carboxypeptidases/metabolism ; Carboxypeptidases A ; Catalysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Coenzymes/*metabolism ; Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Enzymes/*metabolism ; Freezing ; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase/metabolism ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Papain/metabolism ; Pepsin A/metabolism ; Peptide Hydrolases/*metabolism ; Protease Inhibitors ; Pterins/metabolism ; Pyridoxal Phosphate/metabolism ; Serine Endopeptidases
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  • 90
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    Prenatal exposure to carbon monoxide: learning and memory deficits (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-01-27
    Description: Exposing pregnant rats to carbon monoxide (150 parts per million) produced only minor reductions in the birth weights of the pups and gave no evidence of overt teratogenesis. However, behavioral evaluation of learning and memory processes in a two-way avoidance task suggested a functional deficit in the central nervous system of the exposed offspring. Multiple dependent measures and specific control groups confirmed that this deficit was independent of nonassociative or motivational alterations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mactutus, C F -- Fechter, L D -- ES 01589/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- ES 07094/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jan 27;223(4634):409-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6691152" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Avoidance Learning/*drug effects ; Birth Weight/drug effects ; Carbon Monoxide/*toxicity ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Female ; Male ; Memory/*drug effects ; Pregnancy ; *Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Rats
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  • 91
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    Simian AIDS: isolation of a type D retrovirus and transmission of the disease (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1984-03-09
    Description: A type D retrovirus related to but distinct from Mason-Pfizer monkey virus was isolated in vitro from the blood of two rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS). Three juvenile rhesus monkeys that were injected intravenously with tissue culture fluids containing this virus developed SAIDS after 2 to 4 weeks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, P A -- Maul, D H -- Osborn, K G -- Lerche, N W -- Moody, P -- Lowenstine, L J -- Henrickson, R V -- Arthur, L O -- Gilden, R V -- Gravell, M -- AI20573-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- N01-CO-23910/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ -- RR00169/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Mar 9;223(4640):1083-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6695196" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/microbiology/transmission/*veterinary ; Animals ; Antigens, Viral/immunology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Macaca/*microbiology ; Macaca mulatta/*microbiology ; Male ; Retroviridae/immunology/*isolation & purification/ultrastructure ; Viral Core Proteins ; Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology ; Viral Proteins/immunology
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  • 92
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    What is the risk from chlorofluorocarbons? (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-03-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maugh, T H 2nd -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Mar 9;223(4640):1051-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6695193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Air Pollutants ; *Atmosphere ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane ; Free Radicals ; Nitrogen Dioxide ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; *Ozone ; Photochemistry ; Risk ; Singlet Oxygen ; Trichloroethanes ; Ultraviolet Rays
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  • 93
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    Dioxin in soil: bioavailability after ingestion by rats and guinea pigs (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-03-09
    Description: Soil environmentally contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was given by gavage to guinea pigs and rats. The development of a characteristic clinicopathologic syndrome in guinea pigs, the induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in rats, and the presence of TCDD in the livers of both species show that TCDD in soil exhibits high biological availability after ingestion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McConnell, E E -- Lucier, G W -- Rumbaugh, R C -- Albro, P W -- Harvan, D J -- Hass, J R -- Harris, M W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Mar 9;223(4640):1077-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6695194" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/biosynthesis ; Biological Availability ; Body Weight/drug effects ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism ; Dioxins/*metabolism ; Eating ; Enzyme Induction ; Female ; Guinea Pigs ; Intestinal Absorption ; Liver/drug effects ; Male ; Microsomes, Liver/enzymology ; Organ Size/drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; *Soil Pollutants/toxicity ; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/*metabolism/toxicity ; Thymus Gland/drug effects
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  • 94
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    Pyrolysis mass spectrometry of complex organic materials (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-10-19
    Description: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry in combination with computerized multivariate statistical analysis enables qualitative and quantitative analysis of nonvolatile organic materials containing molecular assemblies of a complexity and size far beyond the capabilities of direct mass spectrometry. The state of the art in pyrolysis mass spectrometry techniques is illustrated through specific applications, including structural determination and quality control of synthetic polymers, quantitative analysis of polymer mixtures, classification and structural characterization of fossil organic matter, and nonsupervised numerical extraction of component patterns from complex biological samples.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meuzelaar, H L -- Windig, W -- Harper, A M -- Huff, S M -- McClennen, W H -- Richards, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Oct 19;226(4672):268-74.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6484572" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biochemical Phenomena ; Biochemistry ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Coal ; Enterobacteriaceae/analysis/isolation & purification ; Hot Temperature ; Mass Spectrometry/*methods ; Polymers
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  • 95
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    Autoimmunity and increased c-myb transcription (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-11-30
    Description: A single recessive gene, lpr, induces an autoimmune-lymphoproliferative syndrome in several strains of mice. The lymphoid organs of lpr/lpr mice contained cells with increased amounts of myb RNA, which codes for a protein found in the nucleus. A similar human lymphoproliferative disorder also had an increase in c-myb expression. Mouse T cells induced by mitogens to proliferate did not express large amounts of myb RNA, indicating that marked myb expression is not a general feature of lymphocyte activation and proliferation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mountz, J D -- Steinberg, A D -- Klinman, D M -- Smith, H R -- Mushinski, J F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Nov 30;226(4678):1087-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6494925" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autoantibodies/*genetics ; Autoimmune Diseases/*genetics ; Female ; *Genes, Recessive ; Lymphocytes/immunology ; Lymphoproliferative Disorders/*genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Oncogenes ; Species Specificity ; Spleen/immunology ; *Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-12-14
    Description: The possibility that hypersecretion of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) contributes to the hyperactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis observed in patients with major depression was investigated by measuring the concentration of this peptide in cerebrospinal fluid of normal healthy volunteers and in drug-free patients with DSM-III diagnoses of major depression, schizophrenia, or dementia. When compared to the controls and the other diagnostic groups, the patients with major depression showed significantly increased cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of CRF-like immunoreactivity; in 11 of the 23 depressed patients this immunoreactivity was greater than the highest value in the normal controls. These findings are concordant with the hypothesis that CRF hypersecretion is, at least in part, responsible for the hyperactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis characteristic of major depression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nemeroff, C B -- Widerlov, E -- Bissette, G -- Walleus, H -- Karlsson, I -- Eklund, K -- Kilts, C D -- Loosen, P T -- Vale, W -- MH-36157/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH-39415/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Dec 14;226(4680):1342-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6334362" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/*cerebrospinal fluid ; Dementia/cerebrospinal fluid ; Depressive Disorder/*cerebrospinal fluid ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Radioimmunoassay ; Schizophrenia/cerebrospinal fluid
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    Ratio of serum urea to serum creatinine in wild black bears (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-11-16
    Description: In winter, the ratio of serum urea to serum creatinine is 10 or less in denning female and male bears. In midsummer it is 22 or more, similar to that of other mammals. However, in late summer and early fall, while food is available, the urea-to-creatinine ratio approaches or becomes 10 or less. The low value of this ratio appears to indicate the biochemical state of hibernation, and many bears are in this state weeks before they den.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nelson, R A -- Beck, T D -- Steiger, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Nov 16;226(4676):841-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6494914" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Population Groups/*blood ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/*blood/physiology ; Carnivora/*blood ; Creatinine/*blood ; Diet ; Female ; Food Supply ; Hibernation ; Male ; Seasons ; Urea/*blood ; Ursidae/*blood/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    Scoliosis in chickens: responsiveness of severity and incidence to dietary copper (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-07-27
    Description: The severity and incidence of spinal lesions were manipulated in a line of chickens susceptible to scoliosis by varying their dietary intake of copper. A decrease in expression of the lesion was related to increased intake of copper. The change in expression, however, appeared to be related only indirectly to the defects in collagen cross-linking, maturation, and deposition known to be associated with dietary copper deficiency. Thus, a dietary constituent in the range of normal intakes may act as an environmental factor in the expression of scoliosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Opsahl, W -- Abbott, U -- Kenney, C -- Rucker, R -- AM 25358/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jul 27;225(4660):440-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6740317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chickens ; Collagen/physiology ; Copper/deficiency/*physiology ; *Diet ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Scoliosis/*etiology ; Sex Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Lariat RNA's as intermediates and products in the splicing of messenger RNA precursors (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-08-31
    Description: The splicing of messenger RNA precursors in vitro proceeds through an intermediate that has the 5' end of the intervening sequence joined to a site near the 3' splice site. This lariat structure, which has been characterized for an adenovirus 2 major late transcript, has a branch point, with 2'-5' and 3'-5' phosphodiester bonds emanating from a single adenosine residue. The excised intervening sequence retains the branch site and terminates in a guanosine residue with a 3' hydroxyl group. The phosphate group at the splice junction between the two exons originates from the 3' splice site at the precursor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Padgett, R A -- Konarska, M M -- Grabowski, P J -- Hardy, S F -- Sharp, P A -- P01-CA14051/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01-CA26717/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM32467/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Aug 31;225(4665):898-903.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6206566" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoviruses, Human/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleic Acid Precursors/analysis/*metabolism ; Oligoribonucleotides/metabolism ; Phosphates/metabolism ; RNA/analysis/*metabolism ; RNA Precursors ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/*metabolism ; RNA, Viral/analysis/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Lymphokine production by cultured human T cells transformed by human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus-I (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-02-17
    Description: Cell-free conditioned media from human T cells transformed by human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (HTLV-I) were tested for the production of soluble biologically active factors, including several known lymphokines. The cell lines used were established from patients with T-cell leukemia-lymphoma and from human umbilical cord blood and bone marrow leukocytes transformed by HTLV-I in vitro. All of the cell lines liberated constitutively one or more of the 12 biological activities assayed. These included macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF), leukocyte migration enhancing factor (MEF), macrophage activating factor (MAF), differentiation inducing factor (DIF), colony stimulating factor (CSF), eosinophil growth and maturation activity (eos. GMA), fibroblast activating factor (FAF), gamma-interferon and, in rare instances, T-cell growth factor (TCGF). Some cell lines produced interleukin 3 (IL-3), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), or B-cell growth factors (BCGF). Such cells should prove useful for the production of lymphokines and as sources of specific messenger RNA's for their genetic cloning.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Salahuddin, S Z -- Markham, P D -- Lindner, S G -- Gootenberg, J -- Popovic, M -- Hemmi, H -- Sarin, P S -- Gallo, R C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Feb 17;223(4637):703-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6320367" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis ; Bone Marrow ; Cell Line ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cells, Cultured ; Deltaretrovirus/*genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Leukemia/*microbiology ; Lymphokines/*biosynthesis ; Lymphoma/*microbiology ; Phenotype ; Pregnancy ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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