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  • Drosophila  (23)
  • 42.55
  • seaweed
  • Springer  (36)
  • 1980-1984  (36)
  • 1983  (36)
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  • 1980-1984  (36)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New FIR laser lines from optically pumped DCOF (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Twenty FIR laser lines with wavelengths between 146 and 2000 μm have been observed from deuterated formyl fluoride (DCOF) optically pumped with isotopic CO2 lasers. Tunable diode laser measurements on thev 4 band of DCOF were combined with earlier high precision spectroscopic data on thev 3 andv 4 bands, and enabled identification of the transitions responsible for 9 of the new FIR lines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692650
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theory of synchronously pumped dye lasers (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.60 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of cw synchronously pumped dye lasers is presented. Under the assumption that the cavity (tuning element) bandwidth is much wider than the bandwidth of the transform limited pulses generated, the pulse forming dynamics is rigorously treated. It is shown that for a finite mismatch between the lengths of the dye and the pump lasers, a steady-state pulse develops in the dye laser cavity with a conserved pulseshape. The characteristics (energy, shape, peak power, duration) of these pulses of ultimate width are quantitatively determined as a function of cavity mismatch. An analytical solution for the pulse envelope is determined, which yieldsI(t)∝Sech2(t/t p ) to a good approximation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695468
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of added nitrogen on multiphoton absorption by ammonia (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 75-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33 ; 34 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Multiphoton absorption (MPA) of the CO2 laser 9 μmR(30) line (pulse width 60 ns, FWHM) by NH3 and NH3/N2 mixtures was studied as a function of gas composition, pressure and laser fluence (Φ). MPA occurs for Φ smaller than those that have been used for optically pumped NH3/N2 lasers; consequently a simple two-level absorption model will not adequately describe laser action in these systems. The photon energy deposited in NH3/N2 mixtures can be calculated from the MPA cross-section and the fluence dependence of the illumination geometry. An examination of the efficiency of conversion of this absorbed energy to the reported radiant energy of optically pumped NH3/N2 lasers shows an optimum value which depends on pressure, and gas composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688546
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Power enhancement of the cw 12.08 μm NH3 Raman laser with the addition of H2/He buffer gases (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of H2, He, and N2 buffer gases on the efficiency of the cw 12.08 μm NH3 Raman laser are studied experimentally. The laser output power is increased by nearly 60% with the addition of H2 or He, which we essentially attribute to the high thermal conductivity of these buffer gases. In the optimum conditions (NH3/H2:1/1 mixture with 0.35 Torr partial pressure of NH3) 3.3 W output power at 12.08 μm is obtained which corresponds to 11% power conversion efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688814
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A cw uv copper hollow cathode laser in the 260 nm region (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 127-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A cw uv copper hollow cathode laser is described, which could be operated for a longer time duration with an output power of 7 mW in the 260 nm region. A double-cathode configuration with a protection for the mirrors from metal-vapour deposition is presented. Characteristics of the laser output power, the spontaneous emission, and the ion densities in the negative glow were measured as depending on the discharge current, the neon gas pressure, and the size of the cathode slit. The observed saturation of the laser output power at high discharge current (1 A/cm2) and the optimum slot size are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688818
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population inversion in thallium by flashlamp-photodissociation of TII (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 83-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 33.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A population inversion between the 62 P 3/2 and 62 P 1/2 state of thallium has been achieved for the first time by incoherent photodissociation of TII. This is accomplished by using wall-ablating flashlamps of short risetime and appropriate light filtering. The inversion lasts about 4 μs and is terminated by quenching collisions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688548
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The vibrational relaxation time constant for theB v=0 level of XeCl (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 193-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 33 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The vibrational relaxation time constant for theB v=0 vibrational level of XeCl* has been investigated by observing the coupling between theB v=1 andB v=0 vibrational levels under saturated lasing conditions. Based on this observation, estimates of the expected extraction efficiency from theB-state have been made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688287
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further study of continuous-wave CO flame chemical laser of the CS2/O2/N2O type (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 29-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This report describes an experimental examination of the output characteristics of the continuous-wave (cw) carbon monoxide flame chemical laser (FCL) of the CS2/O2/N2O type in case of small CS2/O2 reactants ratios (tipically CS2/O2≦1/10). A linear burner which gives a homogeneous and stable flame was used during the experimental study. The measurements of temperature distribution in CS2/O2 as well as CS2/O2/N2O flames show maximum temperatures of 1040 and 890 K, respectively. The addition of nitrous oxide (N2O) leads to dramatically enhanced output laser power caused primarily by V−V transfer processes. A chemical efficiency, based on the reaction O+CS→CO*+S, of 3% was achieved. The spectral composition of the CO FCL of the CS2/O2/N2O type shows lasing in the region from 5.130 to 5.586 μm. Experimental results were obtained with a nondispersive optical cavity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692655
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FIR NH3 cascade laser excited by a Q-switch laser (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 31 (1983), S. 5-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Short FIR laser pulses of high repetition rate are obtained by pumping NH3 with the pulses of a passively Q-switched IR laser. The two cascade laser transitions observed show coupled relaxation oscillations. The pulse shapes and delay times are qualitatively in agreement with a four-level rate-equation model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00693899
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Repetitive passive Q-switching and bistability in lasers with saturable absorbers (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 57-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report detailed experimental data on the passive Q-switching operation in a CO2 laser with CH3I saturable absorber, and on the transient behaviour in the near-Q-switching situation. Under suitable operating conditions, we found bistability in the output power. In some cases, we observed the simultaneous presence of bistability and passive Q-switching. The theoretical part of the paper starts from the four-level model of laser with saturable absorber, as formulated by other authors. By adiabatically eliminating the variables of the resonant levels, we reduce the problem to a set of three differential equations, from which we derive explicit analytical conditions for the rise of passive Q-switching. These conditions turn out to be in good qualitative and partially quantitative agreement with our experimental findings as well as with other experimental data previously obtained by other authors. Finally we classify the possible combinations of passive Q-switching and bistability that one can find in this type of experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688479
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dye stability under excimer-laser pumping (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stability of polymethine dyes under XeCl laser excitation has been investigated. (For these dyes emitting in the ir the difference between absorbed and emitted photoenergy is 2 eV.) The stability was measured in an amplifier device operating in the saturated regime. While the influence on dye concentration is negligible, the fluence dependence shows the importance of two photon absorptions. A meausure for the stability is the number of photons which can be emitted per dye molecule before the dye solution has degraded to 50% of the initial value. This value is in the range of 150–280. The stability is clearly related to the formation of photoproducts absorbing at the pump and the laser wavelength. A model starting from the change in the dye solution absorption spectra is in very good agreement with the observed energy decays.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695464
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of radiation in nonstationary resonant media (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 41-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.10 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We study the propagation of radiation in a gas, the resonant frequency of which changes with time when affected by external electric and magnetic fields. It is shown that for an harmonic change of the resonant frequency under appreciable energy exchange between electromagnetic field and medium, deep amplitude modulation of radiation may be achieved. The analytical expressions obtained for a field in a gas allow rather accurate calculation of the space-time structure of the radiation penetrated through the medium layer. The numerical calculations are compared with the known experiment [4], good agreement is obtained. The transformation of radiation between dispersive branches with adiabatic stepwise variation of the resonant frequency has been also studied. Branch-tobranch transformation is investigated and the adiabatic invariant is found to be the total number of the high and low frequency radiation quanta corresponding to two dispersive branches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692657
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    cw far-infrared lasing in15NH3, stark resonantly pumped by a CO2 or N2O laser (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 79-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract 48 new resonant pumping schemes, by ir Stark tuning, have been performed on15NH3, with cw CO2 and N2O lasers. Among the 25 different fir wavelengths obtained, 15 correspond to new emissions, raising thus to 45 the total number of cw fir emissions from this gas, in the presence of electric field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688547
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of the peripodial membrane in the morphogenesis of the eye-antennal disc ofDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 164-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal disc ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The early morphogenesis of the eye-antennal disc ofDrosophila in response to 20-hydroxy ecdysone involves the curling of the eye anlagen dorsally over the antenna. During this process, the area of the peripodial membrane is substantially reduced. The peripodial membrane is taut at this stage, and if it is cut the curling of the disc cannot continue, and the eye anlagen returns to its original position within one minute of the operation. In contrast, cutting the columnar epithelium between the eye and antennal anlagen does not disrupt curling, but actually facilitates it. During curling, the cells of the peripodial membrane appear healthy, and exhibit basal extensions. We suggest that the curling of the eye is mediated by the conversion of cuboidal peripodial membrane cells into pseudostratified columnar epithelium at the edges of the peripodial membrane. Subsequently, cells of the peripodial membrane secrete first a pupal cuticle, and then an imaginal cuticle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848686
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The evagination of the genital imaginal discs ofDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 275-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Evagination ; Morphogenesis ; Metamorphosis ; Female genital disc ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the evaginating female genital disc ofDrosophila melanogaster was examined at different stages of metamorphosis. The observations show that the internal genital organs are derived from the anterior half of the disc and that their morphogenesis is mainly a protrusion of the different primordial areas of the disc epithelium. The external genital and anal derivatives originate from the posterior half of the disc, which undergoes complex rearrangements during metamorphosis. The disc opens along the posterior margin and the dorsal and ventral epithelia evert and thereby completely reverse their anteroposterior orientation. Dramatic elongation has been observed during the formation of the seminal receptacle. The cells of the repressed male genital primordium do not form any recognizable structures and are assumed to be eliminated during metamorphosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848660
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of 5-azacytidine and cytidine analogs onDrosophila melanogaster cells in culture (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 299-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Teratogens ; Drosophila ; 5-Azacytidine ; Methylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of cytidine and cytidine analogs were studied inDrosophila embryonic cell cultures and two wild-type established cell lines, Oregon-R and Schneider line 2. Primary embryonic cultures have been shown to be an excellent system for the study of embryonic development; a number of cell types undergo normal differentiation in vitro. Treatment of these cultures with putative teratogens resulted in an inhibition of muscle and/or neuron differentiation in our study. Treatment of these cells with cytidine and seven other analogs had no effect on neuron and muscle differentiation. The compound 5-azacytidine, when added to primary cell cultures, inhibited normal differentiation at subtoxic doses while inducing the production of three proteins that comigrate with the heat-shock proteins, hsp 23, 22a and 22b. 5-Azacytidine did not stimulate differentiation in Oregon-R or SchneiderDrosophila cell lines. The in vitro blockage of differentiation by 5-azacytidine suggests that it may act as a teratogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848664
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    The evagination of the genital imaginal discs ofDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 280-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Evagination ; Morphogenesis ; Metamorphosis ; Intersexual genital disc ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Morphogenetic movements of the intersexual genital disc of thedoublesex-dominant mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster were followed during metamorphosis. Intersexual genital discs contain well developed genital primordia of both sexes as well as an anal primordium, and all of these primordia evaginate simultaneously. The female genital primordium is deflected to the ventral side by the male genital primordium which is located anterior to it. Subsequently the anterior parts of the two genital primordia project their internal appendages in parallel in the anterior direction. The morphogenetic movements closely resemble those of the corresponding parts of normal males and females. The disc opens at the stalk along the posterior edge and the two genital primordia completely evert their posterior parts. These areas undergo complex rearrangements whereby the anlage for the male genital arch as well as that for the 8th tergite evert and move around the lateral side of the disc. They both fuse dorsally after enclosing the anal tube. The formation of the characteristic abnormalities of the intersexual genitalia seems not to result simply from spatial problems of the simultaneous evagination of the genital anlagen but rather to be a direct result of the ambiguous genetic signalling in the intersexual cells of these primordia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848661
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  • 18
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    Cell lineage restrictions in the genital disc ofDrosophila revealed byMinute gynandromorphs (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 337-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Gynandromorphs ; Genital disc ; Compartments ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genital imaginal disc ofDrosophila differentiates the terminalia, i.e. the genitalia and analia, of both sexes. It represents a composite anlage, containing a female genital primordium, a male genital primordium and an anal primordium. In normal males and females, only one of the two genital primordia differentiates; the other is developmentally repressed. Therefore, cell-lineage relationships between the male and female genital primordia can only be studied in sexual mosaics which differentiate female and male cells. We producedMinute (M)‖non-Minute(M+) gynandromorphs and selected those with sexually mosaic terminalia for a cell-lineage analysis. In these mosaics, either the male (XO) or female (XX) cells wereM + and thus had a growth advantage. The differential growth rates served as a tool to detect clonal restrictions. In control gynandromorphs (M +‖M +), the amount of female genitalia differentiated was largely independent of the amount of male genitalia present. In contrast, male and female anal structures, as a rule, added up to one full set. The same was true for the experimentalM‖M + gynandromorphs, but the contribution ofXX andXO cells to mosaic terminalia changed drastically due toM + cells competing successfully against the more slowly growingM cells. Specific subsamples ofM‖M + gynandromorphs showed thatM cells in a non-mosaic primordium are shielded from cell competition taking place in the neighbouring mosaic primordium. We conclude that the three primordia of the genital disc represent developmental compartments. In the genital primordia, even developmentally repressedM + cells compete successfully against developmentally activeM cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848814
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  • 19
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    Development of imaginal discs from lethal hybrids betweenDrosophila melanogaster andDrosophila mauritiana (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 48-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Hybrid lethality ; Imaginal discs ; Interspecific transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Females ofDrosophila melanogaster, crossed with males ofDrosophila mauritiana, produce only female offspring. The male hybrid larvae grow very slowly, fail to pupate and die after prolonged larval life. Imaginal discs from these male hybrids transplanted into Drosophila melanogaster larvae can give rise to adult structures with normal patterns. Differentiation of hybrid imaginal disc tissue is improved by short term culture in non-hybrid larvae prior to metamorphosis, suggesting that the hybrid larval haemolymph is inadequate to sustain normal imaginal disc growth. This may represent the physiological basis of the reproductive isolating mechanism separating the twoDrosophila species
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848770
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Three-dimensional fate map of the female genital disc ofDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 270-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Fate map ; Repressed primordium ; Sex determination ; Genital disc ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The female genital disc ofDrosophila melanogaster was cut into distinct fragments, and the prospective fates of the fragments were determined by putting them through metamorphosis in host larvae. The dorsal epithelium contains the anlagen for the anal plates and parovaria, as well as the repressed male genital primordium. The ventral epithelium gives rise to all of the female genital structures except for the parovaria. The results were compared with published fate maps and observations made in experiments with sex-transforming mutations. This allowed us to establish a detailed three-dimensional fate map of the female genital disc, which shows a well-developed female genital primordium in the ventral epithelium, a repressed male genital primordium in the anterior part of the dorsal epithelium and an anal primordium in the posterior region of the dorsal disc epithelium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848659
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  • 21
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    Cell degeneration and elimination in the imaginal wing disc, caused by the mutationsvestigial andUltravestigial ofDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 285-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Cell degeneration ; Imaginal disc ; Basal lamina ; Blood cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mutationsvestigial (vg; recessive) andUltravestigial (vg U; dominant) ofDrosophila melanogaster give rise to identical mutant adult phenotypes in which much of the cases this results from cell death in the presumptive wing margin of the wing disc in the third larval instar, but the process of cell degeneration is quite different in the two mutants. Invg cell death occurs continuously throughout the third larval instar, while invg U it occurs only in the early third instar. Cells fragment and some of the fragments condense, becoming electron dense (“apoptosis”). Both condensed and ultrastructurally normal cell fragments are extruded to the basal side of thevg disc epithelium. They accumulate under the basal lamina in the wing pouch area until they are phagocytosed by blood cells entering the wing pouch during the six hours following pupariation. Fragments are not extruded from thevg U epithelium but are apparently phagocytosed by neighboring epithelial cells. The basal lamina undergoes mophological changes following pupariation and is phagocytosed by blood cells in both wild-type andvestigial, but investigial the degenerated cell fragments are also engulfed by the same blood cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848662
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  • 22
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    Topological specificity of phenotype expression of neurogenic mutations inDrosophila (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 317-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neurogenic mutations ; Topological specificity ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Neurogenic mutations have been found to cause the neuralization of certain regions of the ectoderm and yet to permit normal development of the remaining embryonic cells. Thus, it seems that the activity of the wild-type alleles of these genes is dispensable in a considerable fraction of the embryo during wild-type development. This effect might be a consequence of the cells' position within the embryo; alternatively, it might be independent of the position but be due rather to the genetic activity experienced by the cells previous to their commitment. The results described in this paper indicate that genes controlling patterning along the embryonic dorso-ventral perimeter (dorsal and Toll) are epistatic to genes controlling neurogenesis, their activity deciding which ectodermal cells are susceptible to neurogenesis. Using alleles with low expressivity, evidence was obtained showing that the tracheal placodes define the boundary of the territory which has neurogenic abilities at thoracic and abdominal levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848811
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  • 23
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    On the phenotype and development of mutants of early neurogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 62-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Early neurogenesis ; Neurogenic mutants ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The central nervous system (CNS) ofDrosophila develops from precursor cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts segregate in early embryogenesis from an apparantly undifferentiated ectoderm and move into the embryo, whereas most of the remaining ectodermal cells continue development as epidermal cell precursors. Segregation of neuroblasts occurs within a region called the neurogenic field. We are interested in understanding how the genome ofDrosophila controls the parcelling of the ectoderm into epidermal and neural territories. We describe here mutations belonging to seven complementation groups which effect an abnormal neurogenesis. The phenotypes produced by these mutations are similar. Essential features of these phenotypes are a conspicuous hypertrophy of the CNS accompanied by epidermal defects; the remaining organs and tissues of the mutants are apparently unaffected. The study of mutant phenotype development strongly suggests this phenotype to be due to misrouting into the neural pathway of development of ectodermal cells which in the wildtype would have given rise to epidermal cells, i.e. to an initial enlargement of the neurogenic region at the expense of the epidermogenic region. These observations indicate that the seven genetic loci revealed by the mutations described in this study contribute to control the neurogenic field. The present results suggest that in wildtype development neurogenic genes are supressed within all derivatives of the mesoderm and endoderm and some derivatives of the ectoderm, and conditionally expressed in the remaining ectoderm. The organisation of the neurogenic field in the wildtype is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848482
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    Drosophila lactate dehydrogenase: Developmental aspects (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 199-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; lactate dehydrogenase ; isozymic pattern ; development ; isozymic conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Partially purified lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from third-instar larvae displays two bands (one major and one minor) on polyacrylamide gels. Analogous preparations from pupae and adults exhibit three LDH-staining bands (one major and two minor) in a similar pattern. The migration of the major band is similar for larvae, pupae, and adults, while the two minor LDH bands of pupae and adults migrate more slowly than the minor larval band. It has been shown that larval LDH incubated with β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exhibits two additional minor bands with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of the minor bands of both pupae and adults. The intensity of the minor larval LDH band (exhibited also by untreated preparations) is drastically reduced. This fact indicates that the life-cycle stage-dependent LDH isozymic distribution is possibly due to a posttranslational effect(s). Highly purified LDH from larvae, pupae, or adults, obtained by an affinity chromatography procedure, displays just one dispersed band, located in the area between the band 5 and the band 6 exhibited by crude extract preparations. These data, in combination with the lack of difference in catalytic properties among enzymes from larvae, pupae, and adults, suggest that LDH synthesis is controlled by the same single structural gene at all developmental stages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000018
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drosophila lactate dehydrogenase: Developmental aspects (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 199-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; lactate dehydrogenase ; isozymic pattern ; development ; isozymic conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Partially purified lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from third-instar larvae displays two bands (one major and one minor) on polyacrylamide gels. Analogous preparations from pupae and adults exhibit three LDH-staining bands (one major and two minor) in a similar pattern. The migration of the major band is similar for larvae, pupae, and adults, while the two minor LDH bands of pupae and adults migrate more slowly than the minor larval band. It has been shown that larval LDH incubated with β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exhibits two additional minor bands with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of the minor bands of both pupae and adults. The intensity of the minor larval LDH band (exhibited also by untreated preparations) is drastically reduced. This fact indicates that the life-cycle stage-dependent LDH isozymic distribution is possibly due to a posttranslational effect(s). Highly purified LDH from larvae, pupae, or adults, obtained by an affinity chromatography procedure, displays just one dispersed band, located in the area between the band 5 and the band 6 exhibited by crude extract preparations. These data, in combination with the lack of difference in catalytic properties among enzymes from larvae, pupae, and adults, suggest that LDH synthesis is controlled by the same single structural gene at all developmental stages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02395404
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    Alcohol dehydrogenase thermostability variants in Drosophila melanogaster: Comparison of activity ratios and enzyme levels (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 1071-1088 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; enzyme polymorphisms, activity ratios
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Representatives of five allozymic classes of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase have been compared with respect to their activity levels on two alcohol substrates, quantities of ADH protein, and stability in crude extracts. Within each allozymic class, strains from widely diverse geographic locations differ in their enzyme activity levels but are identical for a measure known as “activity ratio,” which is obtained by dividing the average activity reading on isopropanol by that obtained with ethanol. They are also similar in the rate at which ADH activity declines in crude extracts held at 25°C. For several of the fast-resistant and fast-moderate strains, differences in ADH activity are associated with differences in the amount of enzyme present. The catalytic efficiencies of the fast-resistant forms are considerably lower than those of the fast-moderate allozymes. The origin and persistence of the rare but ubiquitous fast-resistant allozyme is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00488460
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    Genetic localization and sequential electrophoresis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 703-711 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ; polymorphism ; sequential electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were undertaken to investigate two critical aspects of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster. The first investigation unequivocally maps the genetic site of the G6PD locus to the X chromosome. The second study subjects a set of isochromosomal lines to sequential electrophoresis in an attempt to uncover common molecular heterogeneity within the global polymorphism, assuming that this variation may have gone undetected under conventional electrophoretic conditions. The genetic site was mapped following the segregation of the two common electrophoretic alleles, a so-called null allele, and two rare electrophoretic variants. From the pooled results, the Zw locus mapped to 62.9 on the X chromosome relative to the flanking markers car (at 62.5) and sw (at 64.7). A set of 126 iso-X chromosomal lines of diverse geographic origin was subjected to sequential electrophoresis under three different acrylamide conditions in addition to the conventional starch electrophoretic system. No additional variation beyond the common diallele polymorphism was seen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498917
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    Pupation site selection inDrosophila simulans (1983)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 13 (1983), S. 17-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: pupation site ; pupation height ; artificial selection ; Drosophila ; density-dependent behavior ; genotype-environment interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Selection for increased pupation height was carried out for 17 generations in two lines ofDrosophila simulans derived from a genetically heterogeneous base population. The realized heritability for mean pupation height in each line, calculated over the 17 generations, did not differ significantly from zero. Both selected lines tended to pupate away from the center of the culture medium to a greater extent than the control in the latter generations of the experiment but not in earlier generations. Pupation height may have been refractory to artificial selection because of an adaptation of this species to pupate on the larval food source. In a subsequent experiment, each line was tested at three larval densities in an apparatus different from the one used for selection. Each successively higher density showed a corresponding increase in pupation height. Both selected lines had higher mean pupation heights than the control line. The differences between lines became more pronounced as the larval density increased.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01071741
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    The effect of alcohol stress on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels in Drosophila (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 365-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; NAD+ levels ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies carried out in mammalian systems indicated that an organism's NAD+/NADH balance is carefully regulated but can be destabilized by dietary stresses. Since Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) uses NAD+ to remove a hydrogen from ethanol in the first step of alcohol catabolism, it is possible that under alcohol stress conditions the in vivo NAD+ levels in Drosophila may decrease. In this study genetically homozygous flies were stressed with maximally sublethal concentrations of ethanol (10%) for periods of up to 24 hr. The results indicate that NAD+ levels do in fact drop by at least 20% in response to ethanol stress. Evidence is presented that suggests that this decrease is the direct result of ADH-mediated catabolism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499145
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    Effects of disruptive selection on genetic variance (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Disruptive selection ; Linkage disequilibrium ; Genetic variance ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Theoretical predictions of changes in variance with disruptive selection have used models of infinitely many genes so the increase in variance was necessarily due to linkage disequilibrium. With small numbers of loci, the disequilibrium is shown still to comprise the major part of the changes in variance. In a replicated experiment with Drosophila melanogaster, disruptive selection was practised for three generations, and this was followed by 5 or 7 generations of random mating. The heritability, as estimated from regression of progeny on parent, rose from 37% to 68% on selection, and subsequently declined to 45% on random mating. Changes of variance can be interpreted invoking the build up of linkage disequilibrium during selection followed by its breakdown upon relaxation. The results agree well with those obtained from Monte Carlo simulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264888
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    Latitudinal variation in octanol dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase allele frequencies in Drosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 191-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Enzyme polymorphisms ; Latitudinal clines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The octanol dehydrogenase (Odh) and acid phosphatase (Acph) loci of Drosophila melanogaster are each polymorphic for two electrophoretically detectable alleles. The frequencies of the Odh and Acph alleles have been analysed in populations sampled from up to a 40 ° latitudinal range in each of Australasia, North America and Europe/Asia. Odh S frequency is found to be significantly negatively associated with distance from the equator in all three zones. The relationship of Acph S frequency to distance from the equator is significant and negative in Australasia but neither significant nor consistent in sign in North America and Europe/Asia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00308064
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    An altered electroretinogram transient associated with an unusual jump response in a mutant ofDrosophila (1983)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 3 (1983), S. 143-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: electroretinogram ; visual mutants ; visual sensitization ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Mutations at thestoned locus ofDrosophila melanogaster produce a reversible temperature-sensitive debilitation. At permissive temperatures they also exhibit an unusual jump response to a light-off stimulus. 2. An increase in the amplitude of the off-transient of the electroretinogram (ERG) is associated with this abnormal jump. Both the jump response and the increased amplitude of the off-transient are shown to be dependent on the duration of the light pulse prior to the light-off stimulus. 3. Instoned flies which are light adapted, the jump response, as measured by recording from the indirect flight muscles, is seen to habituate with increasing light-off frequency. This habituation corresponds to the decrease in the amplitude of the off-transient that also occurs with high-frequency stimulation. 4. Another visual mutanttan, removes the off and on-transients of the ERG. 5. The combining of thestoned mutation withtan in thetan, stoned double mutant results in the loss of the jump behavior as well as the partial restoration of the off-transient to an otherwisetan-like ERG. The relationship between the increase in the amplitude of the off-transient instoned flies and the eliciting of the jump response is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00735278
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    The regulation of phosphorylation of a specific protein in synaptosomal fractions fromDrosophila heads: The effects of light and two visual mutants (1983)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 3 (1983), S. 127-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: cyclic adenosine monophosphate ; calmodulin ; phosphorylation ; visual mutants ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Protein IV from synaptosomal fractions ofDrosophila heads is phosphorylatedin vitro by an endogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase. Thein vivo phosphorylation of this protein is affected by light. 2. Two visual mutants,tan andstoned, exhibit altered levels ofin vivo phosphorylation of protein IV. Thetan strain shows depressedin vivo levels of phosphorylation of protein IV, whereasstoned shows an increase in thein vivo level of phosphorylation of this same protein. 3. Protein D is phosphorylatedin vitro by an endogenous Ca2+/calmodulindependent protein kinase and has a molecular weight identical to that of protein IV. Thestoned mutant strain shows an increase in thein vivo level of phosphorylation of protein D. 4. The data presented here suggest that the phosphorylation of protein IV, and perhaps D, may play a role in the early processing of visual information in the fly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00735277
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    Activities of the nuclear envelope in the salivary glands of Drosophila (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 497-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Larval salivary glands ; Nuclear “oval bodies” ; Annulate lamellae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological data are presented concerning the single-membrane-bound vesicles (“oval bodies”) associated with the nuclear envelopes of larval salivary gland cells of Drosophila. Data are also presented concerning the existence of cytoplasmic annulate lamellae in these same cells. The mode of formation of these structures, as well as the relationships between them and with other cytoplasmic organelles are described. The possible functional significance of these phenomena is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211471
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    Ultrastructure of the compound eye and first optic neuropile of the photoreceptor mutant ora JK84 of Drosophila (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 305-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Freeze fracture ; HVEM ; Retina ; Optic neuropile ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developmental mutant of Drosophila (ora JK84) is characterized by nonfunctional photoreceptor cells (R1–6), while the R7/R8 cells are normal. A fundamental question is: Does the near absence of photosensitive membranes inhibit development of the Rl-6 axons and their synapses at the other end of the cell? The retina and first optic neuropile (lamina ganglionaris) were examined with freeze-fracture technique and high voltage electron microscopy. R1–6 have reduced rhabdomere caps; rhabdomeric microvilli have about 50% of the normal diameter and 20% of the normal length. Affected cells exhibit prominent vacuoles which appear to communicate with some highly convoluted microvillar membranes. Almost no P-face particles (putative rhodopsin molecules) are present in the R1–6 rhabdomeres, and particle densities are lower in R7 than previously reported. Near the rhabdomere caps, microvilli of R1–6 are fairly normal, but at more proximal levels they are greatly diminished in length and changed in orientation, while at still more proximal levels they are lost. R1–6, R7, and R8 axons from each ommatidium are bundled into normal pseudocartridges beneath the basement membrane. No abnormalities are found in the lamina ganglionaris, and all synaptic associations as well as the presumed “virgin” synapses (of R1–6) appear normal. No glial anomalies are present, and R7/R8 axons project through the lamina in the usual fashion. These fine structural findings are correlated with known electrophysiological, biochemical, and behavioral correlates of both sets of photoreceptors (R1–6, and R7/R8).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238298
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    Multiple effects of colchicine on oogenesis in Drosophila: Induced sterility and switch of potential oocyte to nurse-cell developmental pathway (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 21-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Oogenesis ; Colchicine ; Microtubules ; Sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adult female fruitflies exposed to colchicine admixed to the culture medium show a series of dosage-related abnormalities that affect oogenesis and may induce sterility. Among the effects observed were decreased fecundity and hatchability of laid eggs, formation of oocytes lacking chorionic appendages, abnormal distribution and diminution in number of yolk spheres, inhibition of oocyte growth and abnormally located oocyte nuclei. Potentially the most significant effect was the development of egg chambers which contained the normal complement of 16 cells but in which all the cells had the nuclear morphology of nurse cells. The approach provides for the first time an experimental means to divert a potential oocyte into the developmental pathway of the nurse cell in a wild-type fly, and hence should be helpful in the elucidation of factors which control oocyte and nurse cell differentiation. In addition, the results serve to expand the usefulness of oogenesis in Drosophila as a model system for the evaluation of drug-induced metabolic-morphologic abnormalities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206261
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