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  • Articles  (1,172)
  • Springer  (1,172)
  • Springer Science + Business Media
  • 1980-1984  (1,172)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (1,172)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (1,172)
Collection
  • Articles  (1,172)
Source
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984  (1,172)
  • 1925-1929
Year
Journal
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extracellular proteinases of Claviceps purpurea. Isolation and characterization of an aspartic proteinase (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 129-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An aspartic proteinase was isolated from the culture filtrate of Claviceps purpurea by a method which includes affinity chromatography on immobilized inhibitor pepstatin, gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The isolated enzyme was electrophoretically homogenous, had a molecular weight between 41,000 and 43,000 and pI 4.60. It was most active toward hemoglobin at pH 3.5. The enzyme was unstable above pH 7. It was completely inhibited by pepstatin, whereas diazoacetyl norleucine methyl ester and epoxy(p-nitrophenoxy)propan inactivated the enzyme by 40%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499864
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased degradation of straw by Pleurotus ostreatus sp. ‘florida’ (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 140-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The growth of Pleurotus ostreatus sp. ‘florida’ on cotton and wheat straw supplemented with cotton straw water extract was examined. It was found that degradation of cotton straw was superior to that of wheat straw and that addition of water extract of cotton straw increased the degradation of wheat straw. The growth enhancing effect of this water extract could be eliminated by prior treatment of the straw with polar solvents such as methanol or water but not with non-polar solvents. After separation using preparative thin layer chromotography, a biologically active fraction was isolated. This fraction's spectrum had a sodium methoxide shift characteristic of flavonones and dihydroxyflavonols.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499867
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Limitations of HPLC for the detection of β-exotoxin in culture filtrates of Bacillus thuringiensis (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 231-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect and quantify β-exotoxin, a phosphorylated adenine nucleotide derivative produced as an excreted metabolite by several strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. The assay was rapid and quantitative for purified β-exotoxin standards. However, peak height failed to correlate β-exotoxin concentration in crude culture filtrates with biological activity toward house fly larvae. Unrelated compounds (from non-β-exotoxin producers) co-eluted with β-exotoxin, thereby making the technique an unreliable method for toxin detection and quantification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00510421
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of Aspergillus niger for bioconversion of apple distillery waste (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 243-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The bioconversion of waste material remaining after apple brandy distillation was investigated. Different cellulolytic fungi were tested for their ability to convert the waste organic substances into microbial biomass. An Aspergillus niger strain was chosen as the most convenient microorganism. By growing this mold on the apple slop the following results were obtained: filtration time was shortened by 30 times, reduction of the chemical oxygen demand in the liquid phase in the range of 50–80% depending on the substrate dilution and a dry filter cake enriched with fungal biomass to about 12 g/l containing up to 22% raw proteins and certain amounts of cellulolytic enzymes in the filtrate. The influence of the initial pH, the salt addition and the dilution of the substrate were studied as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00510423
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mixed culture of Saccharomycopsis fibuliger and Zymomonas mobilis on starch-use of oxygen as a regulator (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 269-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The conversion of starch to ethanol in a mixed culture of an amylolytic yeast, Saccharomycopsis fibuliger and an anaerobic bacterium, Zymomonas mobilis, was studied. Interactions between the component cultures were commensalism and competition for glucose. Control of oxygen supply to the culture was used as an external regulator of growth and competition. No accumulation of reducing sugars was observed in the mixed culture when compared to a monoculture of Saccharomycopsis fibuliger grown on starch. The glucose formed was instantly used by Zymomonas mobilis for ethanol production and the glucose inhibition of hydrolysis of non-glucose reducting sugars was released. The final concentration of ethanol, 9.7 g·l−1, produced from 30 g·l−1 of starch, shows out that all the glucose available from starch hydrolysis was converted to ethanol. Glucose production from starch was the rate-limiting reaction in the system, causing a lower ethanol production rate in the mixed culture than in the monoculture of Zymomonas mobilis, grown on glucose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508019
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fermentation of xylose with the yeast Pachysolen tannophilus (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 287-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Pachysolen tannophilus IfGB 0101, is able to grow aerobically on xylose, glucose and fructose. Galactose too is assimilated after long adaption times. In the complete absence of oxygen, xylose is fermented, forming mainly xylitol, lower amounts of ethanol and CO2. According to the mass balance, it may be concluded that the pentose phosphate enzymes together with the oxidative phosphogluconate way are in action simultaneously. At semi-aerobic conditions (0.45 l air per liter, per hour) ethanol production is somewhat increased but no aeration conditions could as yet be found at which ethanol was the main fermentation product. The significance of xylitol formation seems to be mainly that of an electron sink of the phosphogluconate pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508022
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of cellulases by HPLC separation (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 314-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The proteins in the supernatant of Trichoderma reesei were separated by HPLC and exo-, endo-β 1,4-glucanase, and β-glucosidase activities for the various fractions obtained were measured. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), chymotrypsin, β-glucosidase, endoglucanase and other cellulase preparates were used as reference substrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508028
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of carboxymethyl-cellulose addition on extracellular enzyme formation in Trichoderma pseudokoningii (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 339-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The addition of carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC) to a medium containing crystalline cellulose (avicel) as a carbon source resulted in increased production of β-glucosidase (up to 6-fold) and exo-β-1,3-glucanase (12-fold) by Trichoderma pseudokoningii. Less pronounced stimulation of production was observed for laminarinase (2-fold) and mannanase (2-fold), whereas other enzymes (filter-paper activity, amylase, amyloglucosidase, acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase) were only insignificantly influenced. In the case of β-glucosidase, the effect depended on the presence of high (2%, w/v) concentrations of cellulose and 0.2% (w/v) peptone. The stimulating effect of CMC was not observed when lactose was used as a carbon source. CMC could not relieve β-glucosidase from repression by glucose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499500
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and partial characterization of large plasmids in hydrogen-evolving bacterium Clostridium butyricum (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 349-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The hydrogen-evolving bacterium Clostridium butyricum IFO 3847 was found to carry three plasmids: pSSK1, pSSK2, and pSSK3. The molecular weights of pSSK1, 2 and 3, determined by agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy, were about 51, 32, and 9.4 megadaltons respectively. The two larger plasmids were analysed by digestion with several restriction enzymes such as AvaII, BamHl, EcoRl, Pst1, and Sall. With each enzyme, 10–20 fragments were produced from pSSK1 and five to six fragments from pSSK2. Since in each digestion some fragments were common to both plasmids, the two plasmids pSSK1 and pSSK2 must be related to each other to a high degree. The other small plasmid pSSK3 was digested by restriction endonucleases, EcoR1, Pst1, and Sall at single sites, so that this plasmid might be a candidate as a vector for gene cloning in Clostridium species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499502
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasmid heterogeneity in various strains of Bacillus megaterium (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 248-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Seven different strains of Bacillus megaterium, obtained from strain collections, were investigated for the presence of plasmids. 6 of these contained up to four plasmids which although having identical buoyant density, could be attributed to at least 8 different size classes with contour lengths ranging from 0.63 to 8 μm. With one exception, an identity of these do not appear to the 10 previously described plasmids in strain 216 which until now was the only strain of B.megaterium to be analysed genetically. This is further indicated by the heterogeneity of the physical map of one of these plasmids to strain 216. One strain was found to contain no plasmids and thus may be used as an ideal recipient strain for molecular cloning within this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00510424
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foam behavior of biological media (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 258-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Potato protein liquor (PPL)+glucose solutions were heat treated and sterilized in the absence and presence of an antifoam agent at temperatures between 80 and 120 °C for a period of 5.0 s to 30 min. The foaminess, Σ, of nonsterile and sterile solutions was measured at different aeration rates. The foaminess of PPL solutions was negligible before sterilization. After sterilization at 120 °C for 30 min the foaminess increased by a factor of more than 2·103. With decreasing temperature and duration of heat treatment, with decreasing pH and increasing antifoam concentration the foaminess of the sterilized PPL solution diminishes considerably. Foam formation is caused by protein denaturation and by the Maillard reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00510427
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Utilization of glucose and cellobiose by Candida wickerhamii (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 281-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Candida wickerhamii produced ethanol under aerated and nonaerated conditions when grown on glucose but only under non-aerated conditions when grown on cellobiose. When the yeast was grown on 20 g·l−1 glucose in fermentation flasks, the substrate was completely utilized and 9.2 g·l−1 ethanol was produced. When 100 g·l−1 glucose was used, only 60% of the substrate was consumed and 23.4 g·l−1 ethanol was produced fermentatively whereas 31 g·l−1 ethanol was produced in an aerated fermenter. Ethanol toxicity was confirmed by adding ethanol to the culture. No ethanol was produced at added ethanol concentrations of 24 g·l−1 or higher although growth occurred even in the presence of 74 g·l−1 ethanol. The fermentation of glucose and cellobiose (20 g·l−1) was completed in 24 h and 125 h with specific growth rates of 0.29 and 0.06 h−1 respectively. β-Glucosidase was produced when grown on either glucose or cellobiose but the differential rate of enzyme production was 64 fold higher on cellobiose. Increased aeration stimulated enzyme production. β-Glucosidase was present in the fermentation broth and associated with the cells under non-aerated conditions and almost exclusively cell-associated under aerated conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508021
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of avoparcin on laboratory cultures of rumen bacteria (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 292-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of the feedlot antibiotic avoparcin (trade name Avotan) on pure and mixed cultures of rumen bacteria has been studied. Of the Gram negative bacteria tested, all except Bacteroides succinogenes were able to grow in the presence of 200 μg avoparcin ml−1. Some strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. casei also grew in the presence of high concentrations of avoparcin, but most Gram positive bacteria, even after adaptation, could not grow in the presence of 8 μg avoparcin ml−1. Of the cellulolytic bacteria, Ruminococcus flavefaciens was most susceptible to growth inhibition by avoparcin and this organism, unlike the majority of Gram positive bacteria tested, failed to increase its avoparcin tolerance by adaptation. When added to a mixture of rumen contents and buffer in vitro at 5 and 10 μg ml−1, avoparcin had little effect on the digestion of dried grass and straw. The results are discussed in relation to the possible mode of action of avoparcin on the rumen bacterial flora.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508023
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of temperature on spontaneous wine fermentation (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 311-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The fermentation of mixed cultures of apiculate and Saccharomyces yests at various temperatures was studied employing a selective medium for wine yeasts. In mixed cultures, fermentation at low temperatures (10°C) did not permit suitable propagation of Saccharomyces yeast, contrary to pure culture fermentations. It is suspected that under these conditions the apiculate yeasts produce inhibitory substances that prevent normal reproduction of wine yeasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508027
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Nutritional, temperature, pH, and oxygen requirements of Candida wickerhamii (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 334-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A defined growth medium was determined for the cellobiose fermenting yeast Candida wickerhamii. Biotin and calcium pantothenate were required for growth while thiamine stimulated growth and ethanol production. The optimum temperature and pH for growth and ethanol production were 30°C and between pH 3 and pH 5 respectively. Oxygen availability played an important role in the fermentation of cellobiose and glucose. The optimum oxygen transfer rate for maximum ethanol production from glucose was 1.75 mmol (g dry biomass · h)−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499499
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of glycosidase activity by Cellulomonas during growth on various carbohydrate substrates (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 100-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A Cellulomonas mutant previously shown to be improved over its parent with respect to cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities, has now been shown to produce enhanced activity towards galactomannan. The mutant produced a range of glycosidase activities during growth on various carbohydrate substrates. Changes in the proportions of β-glucosidase, β-mannosidase, β-xylosidase and α-arabinosidase levels with variation in growth substrate indicate specific produciton patterns for these four enzymic activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500831
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biosynthesis of flavor compounds by microorganisms 4. Characterization of the major principles of the odor of Pleurotus euosmus (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 124-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The volatile constituents of Pleurotus euosmus, grown on synthetic liquid medium, have been enriched and analysed by gas chromatography, sniffing analysis and coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Linalool and coumarin were identified as main compounds (900 resp. 2460/ug/l), and were found to be responsible for the intensive sweet flowery odor of the cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500836
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct monitoring of the liquid and gas phases during a fermentation in a computer-mass-spectrometer-fermentor system (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 135-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Measurement of chemical concentrations is a weak link in the monitoring of fermentations. The use of a computer-controlled mass spectrometer (MS) has made possible the measurement of one or more volatile compounds on an essentially continuous basis, both in the liquid (broth) and the gas (headspace) phases. For our purposes, the MS was used, not as a spectrometer for chemical identification, but as a programmable detector for measuring concentrations of different compounds. Specifically, a computer-controlled MS was employed during the fermentation of Saccharomyces italicus, to monitor N2, O2, and CO2 concentration in the gas phase, and N2, O2, CO2, and ethanol in the liquid phase. The performance of the MS was carefully analyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498034
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pore size and properties of spherical Ca-alginate biocatalysts (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 86-91 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A method for the production of spherical alginate gels from few μm up to several mm diameter is described. Alginate beads with diameters from 0.5 to 3 mm are used to immobilize microorganisms as biocatalysts. Micro size alginate gels are used as column packing material for inverse steric exclusion chromatography to determine their pore sizes from dextran standards of known molecular weight. The results indicate that alginate gels have pores which are large enough to release catalytic acting enzymes out of the matrix.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500829
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  • 20
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    Solid state fermentation and fractionation of oat straw by Basidiomycetes (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 120-123 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Seventee white-rot and brown-rot fungi were screened for their ability to fractionate the lignocellulose structure of oat straw through the preferential attack of lignin or cellulose. Fermentations were carried out under solid-state conditions with 25 g quantities of straw. The fermented straw was analyzed for weight loss, Klason lignin loss and cellulase digestion. All the fungi attacked both lignin and carbohydrate fractions causing 3–28% weight losses and 26–34 g/100 g enzymatic digestibility. Polyporus tulipiferae, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Polyporus sp. were tested for the effects of various nitrogen, phosphate and carbon levels, incubation temperatures and incubation time. The three fungi had different responses to these factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500835
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  • 21
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    Influence of partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide on Methylomonas clara in continuous culture (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 131-134 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The inhibitory effect of high partial pressures of O2 and CO2 on Methylomonas clara growing on methanol was assessed. Above a pO2 of 700 mbar and a pCO2 of 330 mbar the cell mass yield decreased with increasing pO2 and pCO2. No washout was observed even when pure oxygen was used, but the cell mass yield was very low. High pCO2 increased the aminoacid and nucleic acid content. CO2 fixation by this organism seems to be feasible, but it was not possible to determine if high pCO2 stimulates CO2 assimilation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498033
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  • 22
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    Determination of effectiveness factor for immobilized cells on solid supports (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 249-253 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A combination of Monod kinetics and diffusion equation was used for evaluating the effectiveness factor for immobilized cells on solid supports. This has revealed that there is an optimal value of biofilm thickness which results in a maximum for the effectiveness factor. The optimal value of biofilm thickness becomes smaller with increasing values for the Thiele modulus. The effectiveness factor increases as the saturation constant increases for a given value of the Thiele modulus. Furthermore, optimal range of biofilm thickness becomes broader with increasing values for the saturation constant. At large Thiele moduli, an analytical solution based on approximate kinetics is sufficiently accurate to permit a useful estimation of the effectiveness factor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00501518
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  • 23
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    Morphological and physiological changes in bacterial cells treated with acrylamide (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 264-270 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary On exposure to acrylamide, in the course of immobilization in polyacrylamide gel and treatment with 10%–20% monomer or introduction of 1%–3% acrylamide into the growth medium, Escherichia coli cells undergo the following changes: blockage of cell division, elongation of cells, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis (mostly DNA), decrease in osmotic stability and ultrastructural alterations of the outer membrane. Mg2+ ions have a protective effect on bacteria treated with monomeric acrylamide but are ineffective in the course of cell immobilizationin polyacrylamide. Clones of E. coli and Pseudo monas putida with an increased resistance to monomeric acrylamide and immobilization in polyacrylamide have been selected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500490
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  • 24
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    Interspecific protoplast fusion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces mellis (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 320-322 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Protoplasts of auxotrophic mutants of the highly fermentative Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the osmotolerant S. mellis were fused. The frequency of appearance of prototrophic hybrids was 0.75–1.6 per 105 protoplasts. Biochemical analysis of the stable hybrids revealed the characteristics of both parents in about 50% of the recombinants. Fermentation at high glucose concentrations by some of the hybrids was considerably improved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500499
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  • 25
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    Purified penicillin acylase performance in a stabilized ultrafiltration membrane reactor (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 333-338 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A new simplified technique is discussed for quantitative penicillin acylase extraction from mutant Escherichia coli cells which is based on freezing and thawing followed by an osmotic pressure shock. The purification steps are also briefly illustrated. Purified acylase was employed in an unstirred ultrafiltration membrane reactor. Different linear-chain soluble polymers were tested as potentially stabilizing macromolecules. Reference runs were performed both with homogeneous native enzyme when operating in the homogeneous phase and with the membrane reactor with one addition of other macromoleculars. Promising results were obtained in terms of enzyme stabilization, although considerable reduction in activity levels also occurred.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504741
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    Production of itaconic acid by Aspergillus terreus immobilized in polyacrylamide gels (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 358-360 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Living Aspergillus terreus cells were entrapped in polyacrylamide gels and employed in both replacement batch and continuous column reactors to produce itaconic acid from glucose. With the replacement batch reactor, maximum itaconic acid productivity was observed under the following conditions: pH 2.50, temperature at 35°C, addition of NH4H2PO4 and MgSO4·7H2O. Using the continuous reactor, the maximum itaconic acid yield was 60 mg/h/40 g of gel. The biocatalyst activity or half-life was about 10 days.
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    Physiological requirements for degradation of lignin and lignin-related substances by Sporotrichum pulverulentum (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 374-380 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Vanillic and syringic acid metabolism in the white-rot fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum Nov. at varied concentrations of glucose and nitrogen was investigated. Vanillic acid metabolism was stimulated by 20.6 mM nitrogen and repressed by 1% glucose when measured as formation of 14CO2 from 14C-labelled vanillic acids. Metabolism of 14C-methoxy labelled syringic acid was initially most rapid in the presence of 0.25% glucose and 20.6 mM nitrogen but total 14CO2 evolution was higher in cultures containing 1% glucose. The metabolism of veratrylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether by S. pulverulentum was repressed by high nitrogen in the medium in the same way as lignin degradation. Conversion of labelled spruce and poplar lignins to 14CO2 by S. pulverulentum was highest in the presence of 1% glucose and 2.6 mM nitrogen, while 0.1% yeast extract had a repressive effect. The results indicate that monomers are degraded during both primary and secondary metabolism of the fungus, whereas dimers and more complex lignin structures are attacked during the secondary phase. The switch in metabolism of lignin degradation products seems to occur when these products have a structure between monomeric and dimeric forms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504748
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    Mannitol dehydrogenase from industrial waste mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum. Purification, properties and possible use in cofactor regenerating systems in vitro (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 7-12 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Mannitol dehydrogenase, NADP specific (EC 1.1.1.138), was purified 823 fold from industrial waste mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum. The enzyme had a molecular weight of 160,000 and was composed of four subunits of equal size. The pH optimum for activity was 7.3 and for stability 6.0. The substrate specificity was limited to d-mannitol for the purified enzyme. Zinc and cadmium ions as well as sulphhydryl compounds were inhibitors of the enzyme. The enzyme had a Km for mannitol of 760 mM and a Km for NADP of 14μM. Mannitol dehydrogenase in crude extracts made from mycelium harvested before 92 h of fermentation had double the half life compared to extracts made from mycelium harvested after this time. The use of mannitol dehydrogenase in an in vitro NADPH regenerating system is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00510564
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    Production of extracellular thermostable pullulanase by an amylolytic obligately thermophilic soil bacterium, Bacillus stearothermophilus KP 1064 (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 24-29 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An amylolytic obligate thermophile producing high amounts of extracellular pullulanase was isolated from soil. The isolate (KP 1064) that grew from 45°C to 69°C was identified as a strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus. Maximal enzyme activity was achieved after 18 h of shaking cultivation at 60°C and at an initial pH of 7.1–7.5, on a medium composed of 1.2% (w/v) soluble starch, 1.4%–1.6% peptone, 0.3% yeast extract, 0.3% K2HPO4, and 0.1% KH2PO4. Pullulanase synthesis was significantly enhanced by dextrin, amylopectin, soluble starch as well as maltose, but not at all by pullulan. A large enzyme accumulation in the culture broth took place in the early stationary phase of growth, but the exoenzyme activity rapidly disappeared in the late stage of this period with a rate of 0.074 unit decreased/ml of culture/10h.
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    Effect of carbon dioxide on toxin production by Clostridium botulinum (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 53-56 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Ten strains of Clostridium botulinum (5 type A and 5 type B) were combined and tested for their ability to produce toxin in modified reinforced clostridial medium, pH 5.7, under different amounts of pressure of carbon dioxide at 30° C. At atmospheric pressure (101 kPa), 100% CO2 delayed toxin production when compared with an atmosphere of 100% N2. Increasing the pressure level of CO2 further delayed the onset of toxin production; however, CO2 at 891 kPa absolute did not totally inhibit production of toxin, as two of 10 samples became toxic between 4 and 8 weeks of incubation. Pressurized CO2 was lethal to C. botulinum, with the rate of decrease of recoverable colony-forming units being dependent on the amount of pressure of CO2 and the length of exposure. However, CO2 at 816 kPa absolute did not serve as a fully protective antibotulinal agent as some of the surviving spores were capable of germination and producing toxin within 8 weeks at 30° C.
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    Attempts at improving citric fermentation on molasses solutions (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 69-72 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The addition of sodium dithionite, potassium pyrosulphite or acid sodium bisulphite at concentrations of 0.005 to 0.015% to solutions of molasses of different origin, purified by potassium ferrocyanide, caused considerable increases in the yield of citric acid synthesis in five different strains of Aspergillus niger. This ranged from 13.5 to 86.6% with molasses mash not treated with stimulators. In the case of fermentations conducted by using A. niger Lcz strain in beakers containing molasses solutions having a total depth of 8 em, citric acid yield also increased considerably under the influence of the stimulators added and it ranged from 18.6 to 67.0%.
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  • 32
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    Purification and properties of the assimilatory nitrate reductase from the yeast Hansenula anomala (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 90-95 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The assimilatory nitrate reductase from Hansenula anomala has been purified to homogeneity, and 934-fold purification was achieved with a specific activity of 45.8 U/mg. From sedimentation coefficient (8.0 S) and Stokes radius (6.5 nm) the molecular weight of the native enzyme was calculated to be 215,000 dalton. The enzyme is composed of four subunits of 52,000 dalton; it contains a heme component and essential SH-groups. FAD is necessary as cofactor but is lost during the purification procedures. The activities with different substrates, the kinetics of inhibition and the mechanism of NADPH-dependent nitrate reduction were investigated.
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    Application of immobilized lipase to hydrolysis of triacylglyceride (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 107-112 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Lipase from Candida cylindracea was immobilized by entrapment with photo-crosslinkable resin prepolymers or urethane prepolymers, and by covalent binding or by adsorption to different types of porous inorganic or organic supports. All of the immobilized lipase preparations thus obtained showed some activity for hydrolysis of olive oil. Lipase entrapped with a hydrophobic photo-cross-linkable resin prepolymer exhibited the highest activity, which was about 30% of that of the free counterpart. Entrapment method enabled lipase to gain operational stability. Semicontinuous hydrolysis of olive oil using immobilized lipase was also accomplished in a packed-bed reactor with a recycling system. In this reactor, immobilized lipase was observed to have the sufficient activity and stability.
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    Sphaeroplast formation and regeneration in Trichoderma reesei (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 121-128 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Sphaeroplasts from several genetically marked strains of Trichoderma reesei were readily prepared through enzymatic hydrolysis of mycelial suspensions utilizing Driselase, a commercially available lytic enzyme preparation. Sphaeroplasts were released from the apical tips of hyphae after 90 min exposure to the enzyme and, with longer treatments, from other regions of the hyphae. The efficiency of sphaeroplast formation was dependent upon a number of factors. Young mycelium was far more susceptible to lysis than older hyphae. Additionally, the yields of sphaeroplasts were directly proportional to the mycelial concentration within the range tested (0.7–7.0 mg dry weight of mycelium). Ammonium sulfate (0.6 M) was the most effective osmotic support in relation to sphaeroplast stability during their release from the mycelium and subsequent purification. The most prominent enzymatic activities of Driselase were endo-β-(1→4)-glucanase, β-glucosidase and β-(1→3)-glucanase. No chitinase activity was detected. The combined application of Driselase and chitinase (Streptomyces griseus) to mycelial suspensions resulted in increased sphaeroplast yields from young (18 h) as well as older (24 h) mycelia. The parameters defined here allow the rapid (〈6h), inexpensive production of 107 sphaeroplasts/ml. Regeneration of T. reesei sphaeroplasts proceeded by the production of chains of sphaeroplast-like cells followed by true hyphal formation. The frequency of regeneration to mycelial form was dependent upon the length of exposure of mycelium to the lytic enzyme. Less than 1% of the sphaeroplasts prepared from 24 h hydrolytic treatment of mycelia regenerate to form colonies while virtually 100% of the viable sphaeroplasts prepared from 6 h treatment form colonies in regeneration medium.
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    Production of ethanol by yeasts immobilized in pectin (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 148-151 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Yeasts cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were immobilized by occlusion in pectin gel, no significant changes in their biological activity being observed. The ethanol production rate was found to be negatively affected by the diameter of the beads when the cell concentration in them was high. The fermentative activity was only slightly modified by pectin concentration. Cells maintained their growth capacity and the beads could be reutilized several times in succesive batch fermentations. After freeze-drying and storage at room temperature the beads retained both their morphological and mechanical characteristics as well as 93% of their initial fermentative activity.
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    On-line estimation of cell growth for glutamic acid fermentation system (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 168-172 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary For glutamic acid fermentation system using molasses, on-line estimation of cell growth during the exponential growth phase was investigated based on the measurement of carbon dioxide evolution rate (CER). The CER was continuously calculated using microcomputer together with O2 and CO2 analyzers. It was found that a linear relationship existed between CER and cell concentration. Therefore it was possible to determine specific growth rate and specific CER accurately by measuring CER with time.
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    Increased biooxidation of lignosulfonates by Sporotrichum pulverulentum in the presence of polyacrylic acid (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 182-186 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The superiority of polyacrylic acid used as a buffer at 0.25% (w/v) during biodegradation of high molecular weight 14Cβ-labeled lignosulfonates (LS) by the white rot fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum is demonstrated. Compared to 2,2-dimethylsuccinate (DMS) the release of 14CO2 from the LS occurs earlier, does not show the levelling-off symptom and reaches higher levels. Changes in pH values of the medium cannot be correlated with the stimulating effects of polyacrylic acid on the ligninolytic activity of the fungus. It seems that interaction between LS and also of dehydropolymers of coniferyl alcohol (DHP) with the polymeric buffer increases the accessibility to the fungus.
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    Immobilization of Trichoderma reesei cells by radiation polymerization (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 197-198 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Trichoderma reesei cells were immobilized by radiation polymerization 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate monomer at low temperature. Cellulase production resulting from the growth of the cells in the porous polymer matrix of immobilized cell composites was confirmed by measuring the cellulase activity and pH during the culture.
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    Foam behavior of biological media (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 221-226 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Several antifoam agents were tested under standardized conditions with regard to their foam-reducing effect on BSA solutions. The surface tension of these systems was measured as well. There is no simple relationship between foaminess and surface tension in the systems employed in this case. According to these investigations polyethers are the most effective antifoam components. Of the silicone components organic polyether modified dimethyl polysiloxanes + silica seem to be most efficient.
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    Increased L-ornithine production by an arg mutant of Acinetobacter lwoffi (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 252-253 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The metabolic production of L-ornithine by an arg mutant of Acinetobacter lwoffi using n-hexadecane as sole carbon source was studied. Time course experiments under optimised conditions showed that L-ornithine production was growth-related, with maximum concentrations (10.5 gl−1) accumulating in the late exponential phase of growth.
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    The effect of glucose on the sucrose hydrolysing activity of Zymomonas mobilis (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 261-263 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Sucrose hydrolyses rates are independently regulated from glucose phosphorylation and uptake rates. Whereas sucrose hydrolysis increases with substrate concentration, glucose uptake rates remain relative constant. The resultant free glucose accumulation obtained from high sucrose hydrolyses rates and relatively constant and much lower glucose uptake rates antagonize the stimulatory effect of sucrose on levan sucrase. Using repeated fed-batch cultivation systems, it could be demonstrated that glucose inhibits sucrose hydrolysis and ethanol inhibits glucose uptake.
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    Permeabilization of immobilized plant cells, resulting in release of intracellularly stored products with preserved cell viability (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 275-280 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Plant cells, entrapped in agarose or alginate, were permeabilized in a new procedure that retain cell viability, permitting the possibility of reusing biomass after release of intracellular products. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was used to make the cells permeable. The activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase, an intracellular enzyme, was used as an indicator of plasma membrane permeability. Cells from three plant species require different concentrations of DMSO for complete permeabilization (i.e., for maximal isocitrate dehydrogenase activity). Cells of Catharanthus roseus permeabilized with up to 5% DMSO remained viable, and released 85–90% of the intracellularly stored products (ajmalicine isomers). In model production systems, C. roseus cells entrapped in agarose or alginate beads were intermittently permeabilized for release of products in a cyclic process. An increase in product yield was observed for each cycle because of increase in biomass (cell growth) within the beads.
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    Preparation and regeneration of mycelial protoplasts of Collybia veltipes and Pleurotus ostreatus (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 298-300 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The preparation and regeneration of mycelial protoplasts from Collybia veltipes and Pleurotus ostreatus were examined. Composition of liquid medium for cultivation, culture aging of mycelium, and the combination of enzymes had important effects on the isolation of protoplasts. Three characteristic patterns were observed in the regeneration of hyphae from protoplasts.
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    A general method for the immobilization of cells with preserved viability (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 319-326 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Microbial, algal, plant and animal cells have been immobilized, with preserved viability, by entrapment in various matrices according to a new bead polymerization technique. The cell polymer/monomer mixture is kept suspended in a hydrophobic phase such as soy, paraffin, or silicon oil, tri-n-butylphosphate, or dibutyphtalate, which is compatible with the cells. The various monomers or polymers tested include agarose, agar, carrageenan, alginate, fibrin, and polyacrylamide. Furthermore, by adjustment of the stirring speed of the suspension, beads of desired diameter can easily be obtained. The entrapped cells are fully viable and biosynthetically active.
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    Foam behavior of biological media (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 371-375 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Surface tension, surface viscosity and foaming were investigated as functions of the BSA concentration, salt type, and concentrations of salts and antifoam agent (Desmophen 3600). The same surface properties were measured with defined media of Hansenula polymorpha and Escherichia coli. Salts and the antifoam agent considerably influence the surface properties. The cultivation time and the soluble protein content (above 5 mg l−1) have only a slight effect on the surface properties.
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    Transformation of tetralin by whole cells of Pseudomonas stutzeri AS39 (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 6-10 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A bacterium capable of growing on tetralin (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene) as the sole source of carbon and energy has been isolated from soil of a coal dump. It has been identified as Pseudomonas stutzeri. The organism converts tetralin to 1-tetralol and 1-tetralone. The generation time is 50 h with tetralin, and 1.2 h with salicylate, respectively, as carbon source. Under conditions where the cells grow on tetralin the highest yield of 1-tetralol and 1-tetralone so far obtained is about 3% of the tetralin-input. The oxidation of an alicyclic ring structure by an arene-degrading bacterium is being discussed.
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    Intraspecific, interspecific, and intergeneric recombination in β-lactam producing fungi via protoplast fusion (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 38-46 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Five β-lactam producing fungi were selected to elaborate techniques for parasexual recombination with respect to a transgression of the species and genus limits. 1. These fungi, obtained from strain collections, were reclassified according to the morphological properties and in using biochemical methods as: Emericellopsis glabra, Emericellopsis salmosynnemata, Cephalosporium acremonium, Cephalosporium spec., and Paecilomyces carneus. 2. Techniques were developped to produce variants as genetic markers and heterokaryons via protoplast fusion. 3. It was possible to obtain parasexual recombinants of the marker genes not only in intraspecific but also in interspecific and intergeneric crosses. However, the number of recombinants decreased from 10−4 via 5 · 10−5 to 10−5 with increasing taxonomic diversity. 4. Mophological characters, such as conidiation and to a certain extent also the ability to produce antibiotics, may be transferred via protoplast fusion and subsequent parasexual recombination. It becomes obvious that this technique may be used for strain improvement in Biotechnology.
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    Bacterial diversity in thermophilic aerobic sewage sludge (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 47-51 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary During a period of 2 years the active biomass in thermophilic aerobic sewage sludge, sampled from a continuous 8 m3 — pilot plant operated under varying cultural conditions, was analyzed for viable cell counts. Mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms were detected in every case. The viable counts varied up to five orders of magnitude at the respective sludge temperatures between 50 and 67°C. The percentage of bacteria able to grow on either starch or casein (or both) as sole carbon source was occasionally found to be as high as 100% when determined exactely at the sludge temperature. High stability of the mixed thermophilic population was observed even in the case of abrupt changes of cultural conditions such as mean hydraulic retention time, aeration rate, or temperature. Never were less than 105 viable thermophilic organisms g−1 sludge detected.
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    Bioconversion of cellulose to α-1,4-glucan (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 64-66 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A biochemical procedure to convert β-1,4-glucosepolymer (cellulose) to α-1,4-glucosepolymer (starch) has been studied in vitro. Cellulose was hydrolyzed to cellobiose by cellobiose producing cellulase which was isolated from culture filtrates of Cellvibrio gilvus. A 90% hydrolysation was obtained after 12 h at 37 °C. The product was found to contain only cellobiose when examined paperchromato-graphically. The second step was the conversion of cellobiose to glucose 1-phosphate by cellobiose phosphorylase, purified from extracts of C. gilvus. After incubation for 1 h at 37 °C, the percentage conversion of cellobiose into glucose 1-phosphate was approx. 20%. The third step, the bioconversion of glucose 1-phosphate to α-glucose polymer, was carried out by α-glucan phosphory lase, incubated with primer at 37 °C for 24 h; about 55% conversion was obtained. The products formed white precipitates, gave a blue colour on treatment with iodine and were hydrolyzed by glucoamylase. This result shows that approx. 10% of cellulose could be converted to α-1.4-glucan, could be converted to α-1.4-glucan, such as amylose, via glucose 1-phosphate.
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    Quantitation of coenzyme F420 in methanogenic sludge by the use of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and a fluorescence detector (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 67-69 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary With the use of acetone extraction, reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and fluorimetric monitoring, the quantity of coenzyme F420 in mixed liquors and rumen contents can be measured. A synthetic analog of coenzyme F420 is used as an internal standard to compensate for differences in fluorimetric monitoring. The method allows the detection of one picomol of coenzyme F420 and the differentiation between different forms of the coenzyme known to be present in various methanogenic bacteria.
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    Effect of different environmental parameters on the biofilm build-up of Pseudomonas putida ATCC 11172 in chemostat (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 114-119 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The influence of carbon source, cell concentration, oxygen tension, pH and temperature on the biofilm build-up of Pseudomonas putida ATCC 11172 was studied. The experiments were performed in a carbon and energy limited chemostat (asparagine). When the asparagine was replaced by glucose the biofilm build-up was decreasing. Cell concentration, oxygen tension or temperature did not to any significant degree affect the biofilm build-up. Temperature, however influenced the size of the suspended cells. The cell size successively increased with decreasing temperature. A similar change in cell size could be accomplished by increasing the dilution rate from 0.2 h−1 (small cells) to 0.7 h−1 (large cells). The biofilm build-up increased with increasing pH in the interval of 5.5–6.7. The viable count of the biofilm after 24 h exposure of test surface increased from 8×106 cfu/cm2 to 1.6×108 cfu/cm2 while the biomass increased by a factor of about 70.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500834
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    Demonstration of aflatoxins in agricultural products: A simple method suitable for developing countries (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 128-130 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500837
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    Saccharomyces uvarum inulyticus var. nov., a new high-concentration ethanol tolerant yeast from rice wine (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 148-152 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A new alcohol tolerant yeast which had the ability to ferment glucose, galactose, maltose, trehalose, melizitose, α-methyl-d-glucoside, melibiose and raffinose (complete) was isolated from fermented rice wine. This new isolate which was morphologically, culturally and physiologically similar to type species Saccharomyces uvarum Beijerinck was considered as a variety of the species, hence, designated as Saccharomyces uvarum inulyticus var. nov., because of its extraordinary ability to ferment inulin into ethanol and hyper-tolerance to high concentration of ethanol at a wide range of temperature. The new variant produced 21.6%, 20%, 18.6%, and 9.8% v/v ethanol at 15, 20, 30, and 40° C, respectively, when fermentation was carried out by the stepwise addition of sucrose to the synthetic medium. The addition of fungal mycelia into the synthetic medium increased the fermentation rate and ethanol concentration up to 22.4%, 21.8%, 20.1%, and 11.6% v/v at 15, 20, 30, and 40° C, respectively. The new variant was found to grow well at 40° C and did not require any vitamin or growth factor, such as biotin, calcium pantothenate, inositol, niacin, p-aminobenzoic acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride, riboflavin and thiamine hydrochloride for normal growth.
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    Improvement of the cellulolytic activity of a natural population of aerobic bacteria (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 163-167 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Populations enriched in cellulolytic flora were obtained from natural samples after several transfers in liquid medium containing cellulose. Cellulolytic activity increased with repeated transfer, then stabilized. A method was also used to obtain an enrichment in populations attached to cellulose fibres. Yeast extract (0.5 g/l) is essential to obtain growth of the enriched cultures. Cellulolytic strains which have been isolated from these populations belong to the genus Cellulomonas. The cellulolytic properties of the enriched cultures and isolated strains were similar. They could hydrolyse 60% of Whatman cellulose in 7 days. The isolated strains showed higher extracellular activity against microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) than against carboxymethyl cellulose.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498039
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    Improved membrane gas sensor systems for on-line analysis of ethanol and other volatile organic compounds in fermentation media (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 197-200 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Two systems for sample treatment of valatile organic compounds in combination with silicone gas sensors for continuous on-line analysis are described. By using continuous dilution of liquid or gas flow streams the low limit of detection for ordinary gas detectors has been extended to operate within concentration ramges of importance in biotechnological processes. The study of the systems has comprised the analysis of ethanol, butanol, acetone, formic acid, acetic acid, and formaldehyde. In all cases the performance of both systems was maintained for long periods of time.
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    Growth of the thermotolerant yeast, Candida valida, on ethanol: Dependences of maximal growth rate and cell biomass yield on temperature (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 225-228 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Growth of Candida valida on ethanol in pH-auxostat and chemostat has been studied. Maximal growth rate, μm, and cell biomass yield, Y s, display the Arrhenius dependence on temperature within the ranges 18°–30° C and 30°–36° C and an abrupt fall above 36° C. The temprature dependence of both parameters has breaks at 30° C and 36° C. Activation energies have been measured for both μm and Y s. The reason for a weaker effect of temperature on Y s than on μm is discussed.
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  • 57
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    Continuous production of acetone butanol on an optimized synthetic medium (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 246-248 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Acetone and butanol are produced by continuous culture of Clostridum acetobutylicum on an optimized synthetic medium containing 45 g/l glucose. Overall results in terms of conversion yields, solvent productivity and residual glucose concentration are similar or superior to previously reported results with continuous fermentation.
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    Direct measurement of methanogenesis in anaerobic digestors by membrane inlet mass spectrometry (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 236-241 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Membrane inlet mass spectrometry has been used to measure the concentrations of dissolved CH4, H2, CO2, and O2 in samples of digestor sludge taken from laboratory scale anaerobic digestors. Addition of low levels of O2 or H2 to samples of sludge in a reaction vessel closed to the atmosphere caused the concentration of dissolved methane to rise by about 7%, concomitant rapid O2 uptake and H2 utilisation. The apparent Km for H2 was 8.6 μM; the Vmax was 124 μM·min−1. The addition of acetate or glucose to samples in an open reaction vessel resulted in increased methanogenesis but no detectable increase in the concentration of H2. The addition of formate resulted in increases of both H2 and CH4 production. Changes previously observed by other workers in gas composition and production on a time scale of hours upon the addition of substrates and inhibitors are no true estimate of the much more rapid changes in rates of production observed in the liquid phase (time scale of minutes).
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    Variations of solvent yield in acetone-butanol fermentation (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 279-286 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Calculation of a “theoretical yield” of microbial process is often a subject of controversy. Theoretical yield values of the solvents (butanol-acetone-ethanol) produced in the cultivation of Clostridium acetobutylicum on glucose have been calculated for 30 different culture conditions. Two different approaches were taken based on expressing the stoichiometric relationship between the substrate and the products of the process. The maximum theoretical yield under acceptable conditions was established ranging from 38.6% to 39.9%. It was considered for an ideal biosynthetic situation when no intermediate acids were left over in the system and no carbon was utilized in the production of biomass. The values of the solvent yield are dependent on the ratio between the solvent products. The coefficients of the process stoichiometric relationship and the ratios between hydrogen gas and butanol are presented for each set of process conditions. A three-dimensional plot of the yield versus the weight fractions of butanol and ethanol in the system has been developed reflecting the continuous variations of this parameter with the solvent ratio.
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    Interrelationships between the fatty acid composition and metabolic pathways upon dehydration-rehydration of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 298-302 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Changes in the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids during drying and rehydration of native yeast are shown as well as changes in the indices of direction and intensity of alternative metabolic pathways — activities of alcohol dehydrogenase [E.C. 1.1.1.1], glucoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [E.C. 1.1.1.49], and mytochondrial ATPase [E.C. 3.6.1.5]. Populations more resistant to drying-rehydration were found to be capable of varying their enzymatic behaviour within a wider range than sensitive populations, mainly as a result of an increase in the alcohol dehydrogenase activity, i.e., by intensifying the fermentative pathway upon rehydration of dry yeast.
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    Influence of pretreatments on the fermentation of barley straw by undefined mixed bacterial populations (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 308-314 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Fermentation of straw by anaerobic mixed cultures coming from different biotopes was studied. The influence of pretreatments by alkali and by cellulases has been estimated using both gas chromatography and microcalorimetry. It was shown that pretreatment with caused a four-fold cheap alkali increase in the quantity of barley straw fermented by all the mixed cultures studied. Pretreatment with cellulases is also effective and the effects of both forms of pretreatment are additive. In this way it has been possible to increase straw fermentation by a factor of 6. It was demonstrated that it is mainly the hemicelluloses of the straw which are fermented and that cellulose is poorly degraded. The influences of the inoculum and of endogenous flora have also been considered.
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    The application of a mathematical model to an appraisal of the cellulose-azure method for determining cellulase activity (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 344-349 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The use of a dye bound substrate, cellulose-azure, for determining cellulase activity was investigated and found to be of comparable sensitivity to determinations involving measurment of sugar release from cellulose power. A mathematical model of cellulose breakdown was developed and used in conjunction with the cellulose-azure method to estimate several important characteristics of cellulolysis. The methodology was compared with traditional techniques using Clostridium thermocellum cellulase. Further applications of the model are discussed.
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    Diauxic utilization of glucose-cellobiose mixtures by Candida wickerhamii (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 369-373 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Glucose and cellobiose are the principle sugars released during cellulose hydrolysis. The utilization of mixtures of these sugars (10 g·l−1) by Candiada wickerhamii in batch cultures under aerobic and non-aerated conditions was investigated. Glucose was utilized first followed by cellobiose after a diauxic lag. Ethanol was produced from glucose under both aerobic and non-aerated conditions. Following glucose depletion under aerobic conditions, ethanol (produced during growth on glucose) and cellobiose were utilized simultaneously. Under non-aerated conditions ethanol was produced from cellobiose after the diauxic lag. When the glucose concentration was increased from 2 to 8 g·l−1 in glucose: cellobiose mixtures (total sugar 10 g·l−1), decreases of 66–91% were observed in the specific rates of growth, ethanol production, β-glucosidase production and sugar utilization on cellobiose as well as an increase in the diauxic time lag under aerobic and non-aerated conditions. After depletion of glucose, the viability of C. wickerhamii decreased during cellobiose utilization.
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    Production of single cell protein from green plantain skin (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 361-368 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Pichia spartinae was grown on the skin of green plantain (Musa paradisiaca). Green plantain skin constitutes an agro-industrial waste with a high level of total carbohydrates, 3% simple sugars, 50% starch, 9% cellulose, and 12.4% hemicellulose. The hydrolysate of the filtrate of plantain skin (4% w/v) was used as a substrate. Hydrolysis was performed by one of three methods: A. Acid hydrolysis with 1.5% (w/v) sulfuric acid, at a temperature of 110° F for 15 min. The optimum growth of the yeast in the acid hydrolyzed filtrate was obtained at a pH of 4 and at a temperature of 30°C. After the addition of 0.2% (w/v) yeast extract (optimum concentration to the medium), the biomass obtained was 7.8 mg/ml with a yield of 37%–40%. The biomass contained 52% protein, 10% RNA, and 0.5 DNA. B. Microbial hydrolysis was used with the yeast Endomycopsis fibuliger grown on unfiltered, nonhydrolyzed substrate. After microbial hydrolysis, the medium was filtered and used as a substrate for the growth of Pichia spartinae. C. A combination of acid and microbial hydrolysis. The optimum pretreatment time of the substrate with E. fibuliger was 24h. Higher biomass production was obtained with acid hydrolysis. The results obtained demonstrate that the skin of plantain could serve as a low-cost substrate for the production of microbial proteins.
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    Ethanol production by Zymomonas and Saccharomyces, advantages and disadvantages (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 387-391 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In order to evaluate the potential of Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for biotechnological ethanol production both microbes were grown aerobically and anaerobically at different glucose concentrations. The optimal values for ethanol production related to the theoretical values are 94% for Zymomonas and 88% for Saccharomyces, both under anaerobiosis. The corresponding figures for biomass are 2.5 g/l and 6.5 g/l and for total acid content 16 mM/l and 12 mM/l respectively: for other byproducts (such as aldehydes, ketones, esters) 330 mg/l and 280 mg/l respectively. For industrial fermentation Z.mobilis seems to be inferior to S.cerevisiae, because the advantage of higher ethanol and the lower biomass production of the bacterium is disadvantaged by the decrease in pH from 6.3 to 3.3 during yeast fermentation thus making sterilization of the medium unnecessary. The formation of acids and other byproducts may be neglected in practice, since in contrast to previous assumptions they are easy to separate during the rectification.
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    Bioaccumulation of copper by a defined community of activated sludge bacteria (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 30-34 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A stable, ten-membered bacterial community has been isolated from activated sludge contaminated with heavy metals, using continuous culture enrichment in the presence of 1 mmol·l−1 Cu2+. The community was resistant to a range of other heavy metals. In the presence of 1 mmol·l−1 Cu2+ the specific growth rate of the community was significantly higher than any of the component bacteria. Copper tolerance (15 mmol·l−1) was very stable and the community was maintained in the presence of Cu2+ ions for 1,500 generations. Cu2+ ions were accumulated from solution up to 30±6% of the dry weight in a continuously-stirred tank reactor. Accumulation was dependent upon the biomass being attached to the reactor walls. Preliminary evidence suggested that the copper was bound to the outside of the bacteria. Bioaccumulation rates fell rapidly upon detachment of the biomass.
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    A radiorespirometric method for evaluating inhibitors of sulphate-reducing bacteria (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 49-52 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A relatively simple, rapid and sensitive technique developed for measuring respiration of the sulphate-reducing bacteria which utilises a paper wick saturated with zinc acetate to trap 35S-sulphide produced by the bacteria from 35S-sulphate, has been adapted to compare the efficiencies of inhibitors of sulphate-reducing bacteria. The method was used to compare a glutaraldehyde-based, a formaldehydebased and a quaternary-ammonium compound (q.a.c.)-based inhibitor against a North Sea strain of sulphate-reducing bacteria. The results indicated that with a contact time of 1–2 h, and under the test conditions, 100 ppm of the glutaraldehyde and the q.a.c.-based inhibitors would be more effective inhibitors of this sulphate-reducing bacterium than would 100 ppm of the formaldehyde-based inhibitor. The method can be used to assess inhibitor efficiency and yield results in as little as 6 h.
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    Continuous production of acetone and butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum in a two-stage phosphate limited chemostat (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 73-73 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    The effect of high ethanol and CO2 concentrations on the ultrastructure of Zymomonas mobilis (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 44-48 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Zymomonas mobilis cells were examined by electronmicroscopy at various stages of fed-batch cultivation. Using the agar-diffusion method, significant changes in the morphology were observed under low glucose and increasing ethanol and CO2 concentrations. High concentrations of these products cause the appearance of extensive slime and granular layers around the cells. The reasons for and the possible implications of the observed changes in ultrastructure on industrial ethanol production are discussed in view of the presently experienced limitations in product formation.
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    Biomass production by Candida species from n-alkanes in a film-submerged reactor in comparison with known culture methods (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 64-68 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The growth of Candida oleophila with n-alkanes as sole carbon source was investigated in a film-submerged reactor and compared with other usual processes (standing culture, rollacell culture, shaking-flask culture, stirred tank). It was shown that the film-submerged reactor with a stirring baffle-plate was especially suitable for the alkane fermentation with yeasts because the alkanes were distributed sufficiently, and the medium was stirred carefully so that the formation of aggregates consisting of alkanes, cells and air bubbles was not significantly affected.
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    Oxidation of n-alkanes: Isolation of alkane hydroxylase from Pseudomonas putida (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 57-63 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The disruption of Pseudomonas putida cells capable of n-alkane assimilation was investigated by enzymic lysis and mechanical disruption in a high pressure-homogeniser, with a view to the isolation of alkane hydroxylase activity. Examination of the conditions for enzymic lysis showed that disruption with lysozyme/EDTA could be replaced effectively with lysozyme alone in phosphate buffer, pH 8.0 (I=0.05). This allowed inclusion of DNase during the lysis procedure for high bacterial concentrations and gave improved cell disruption. Mechanical disruption resulted in the solubilisation of alkane hydroxylase activity. In contrast enzymic lysis allowed the isolation of an insoluble fraction containing alkane hydroxylase activity, and although some solubilisation of the enzyme system did occur much of the activity was retained in the insoluble fraction. This fraction also contained a high level of n-alkane or diethoxymethane inducible, NAD-independent alcohol dehydrogenase activity.
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    Crystallographic monitoring of microbiological steroid transformations (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 80-84 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Product crystal formation has been observed for the transformation of pregnenolone triacetate to Reichstein-S-17α-acetate with Flavobacterium dehydrogenans ATCC 13930 at a concentration of 20 g/l, and for the conversion of hydrocortisone-17α-acetate to prednisolone-17α-acetate with Arthrobacter simplex ATCC 6946 (2 g/l). Hydrocortisone-17α-acetate was obtained from pregnenolone triacetate by a two-stage fermentation with F. dehydrogenans and Curvularia lunata NRRL 2380. At the concentration used (1 g/l) for the second stage, crystal formation of hydrocortisone-17α-acetate could not be observed. It was demonstrated that the progress of the first stage of the transformation may be studied by the powder diffraction technique. Crystal data and structures have been determined for five of the steroids involved in the above conversions.
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    Aeration-provoked formation of bacteriophage in cultures of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis (Berliner) (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 103-106 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Forced aeration, as used in large-scale production of a bio-insecticidal preparation based on Bacillus thuringiensis, can cause the appearance of a bacteriophage which lyses the bacteria and thus lowers the yield in active components.
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    Effect of immobilizing Scenedesmus obliquus cells in a matrix on oxygen evolution and fluorescence properties (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 254-257 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cells of the green microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus have been immobilized in alginate or serum albumin glutaraldehyde matrices. The alginate matrix conserved the properties of the algae (photosynthetic activity and fluorescence characteristics). On the contrary, the serum albumin glutaral dehyde matrix inhibited the photosynthetic activity, and modified the kinetic of the room temperature 690 nm fluorescence. This suggests that the electron transfer from Q to plastoquinone is altered in this case. The 77 K emission spectra was however found to be the same in free and in algae immobilized in the serum albumin glutaraldehyde matrix.
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    Production of intracellular serine protease during sporulation of Bacillus brevis ATCC9999 (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 227-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary It has been reported (Slapikoff et al. 1971) that Bacillus brevis ATCC9999, the producer of gramicidin S, makes no extracellular or intracellular protease in complex medium which supports sporulation. We have found that intracellular protease is made by this strain; however, the activity requires the presence of the reducing agent dithiothreitol in the extraction buffer. B. brevis intracellular protease appears at the time that refractile spores are visible in the mother cells. Its pH optimum is 8.0. The enzyme is inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride but not by o-phenanthroline, boronic acids, and only slightly by p-chloromercuribenzoate. This inhibitor pattern is similar to that of intracellular proteases of B. megaterium and B. subtilis, classifying the B. brevis protease as an intracellular seryl protease.
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    The translocation of mercury and cadmium into the fruiting bodies of six higher fungi (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 358-364 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The species- and metal-specific translocation of cadmium and mercury from the substrate to the fruiting bodies of six higher fungi has been investigated. Species Specific Translocation. The six species differed greatly in their ability to translocate cadmium and mercury. The highest translocation rates displayed Pleurotus flabellatus: 75.0% of the applied cadmium and 38.5% of the mercury could be recovered from the fruiting bodies. High translocation rates were also found with Pleurotus ostreatus (19.3 and 38.5% for cadmium and mercury, respectively). This compares with only 1.27% of cadmium and 8.42% of mercury in Agaricus bisporus or 3.71% of cadmium and 3.63% of mercury in Pleurotus sajor caju. For Agaricus bisporus it was shown that there was proportionality of translocation over a 1∶10 concentration range. Translocation in Consecutive Crops. In four out of six species there was a tendency towards higher heavy metal contents in later crops, when calculated on the basis of μg/g of dry fruiting body. Metal Specific Translocation. In four out of six species (Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes and Agrocybe aegerita) more mercury than cadmium was translocated into the fruiting bodies, the Cd/Hg ratios being 6.6, 2.0, 5.6, and 3.2, respectively. In Pleurotus sajor caju the ratio was about 1. Only in Pleurotus flabellatus more cadmium than mercury was found in the fruiting bodies (Cd/Hg ratio 0.65).
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    Cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 29-37 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A model is proposed for the enzyme production by Trichoderma reesei (QM 9414), which assumes control of the active enzyme transport through the cell membrane as a key parameter for the enzyme activity change in the culture filtrate. In a stirred tank reactor, continuous cultivation of the fungus was carried out in the dilution rate range of D=0.01–0.032 h−1. After changing the dilution rate it took 3–4 weeks to attain a steady state in enzyme activity. Reducing sugars, dissolved protein, enzyme activity (filter-paper and glucosidase activities), cellulose and nitrogen content of the sediment, the elementary analysis of the cell and the composition of the outlet gas were all determined during cultivation. At a dilution rate of D=0.025 h−1 all of these properties change due to derepression (for D〈0.025 h−1) or repression (for D〉0.025 h−1) of the enzymes which are responsible for the active transport of cellulases from the cell into the medium. The cellulase excretion causes a decrease of the yield coefficient of growth and a reduction of the nitrogen content of the cells. In a two-stage system the time to attain a steady state increases to 4–6 weeks. At low dilution rates the enzyme activity is only slightly higher in the second stage than in the first. At high dilution rates, at which the enzyme is not excreted into the medium in the first stage, enzyme activity can be increased considerably in the second stage.
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    Foam behavior of biological media (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 60-63 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The influence of the concentrations of NaCl, NaJ, KJ and/or Na2SO4 on the foaminess of BSA solutions is investigated. The foaminess increases with increasing salt concentrations as expected for NaCl, NaJ and Na2SO4. With KJ the foaminess exhibits an anomaly. The dependence of the foaminess on the pH is complex. In the presence of buffer there is a minimum at 4.81 and a maximum at 4.7. In the absence of buffer the foaminess reaches a maximum at pH 4 and a minimum at 3. The anomaly of BSA solutions is well-known but not yet fully understood.
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  • 79
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    Increased ethanol production and tolerance by a pyruvate-negative mutant of Clostridium saccharolyticum (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 71-74 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary To improve the conversion of hexoses and pentoses to ethanol, a pyruvate-negative (PN) mutant of Clostridium saccharolyticum, having lower acetate kinase activity, was obtained. The PN mutant used more substrate (glucose or xylose) and produced more biomass and ethanol, but less acetic acid. This shift in catabolism raised the ethanol/acetate ratio from 6.7 to 13. The PN mutant converted both glucose and xylose to ethanol at an efficiency of 80% of the theoretical yield as compared to 64% for C. saccharolyticum wild type. This improved production of ethanol was also accompanied by an increased tolerance to ethanol. The PN mutant showed 50% growth inhibition at an ethanol concentration of 6.5% (v/v) as compared to 3.5% for the parent strain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500827
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    Investigation on the operating, variables of potato starch fermentation by Schwanniomyces castellii (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 92-99 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The fermentation of potato starch by Schwanniomyces castellii IMAT 3754 was studied at differentsubstrate concentrations, pH values, and nutrient supplementation in a shaken-flask fermenter in a composite design experiment. The experimental biomass yields were fitted to the only two significant factors (“substrate inhibition” and “nutritional” factors) with a mean percentage error smaller than 10% by means of multiple regression analysis. The optimal conditions for maximum cell yield were first established experimentally, and then applied to other starchy materials, such as soluble maize starch, maize starch, tapioca and rice flour. They were then scaled-up in a laboratory fermenter, thus allowing a preliminary kinetic analysis of this fermentation process to be performed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500830
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  • 81
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    Selection of gamma-ray mutants from a strain of Humicola lutea 72, producing acid proteases (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 355-357 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Gamma-ray exposure was used as a mutagenic agent for mutant induction from a strain of Humicola lutea 72 producing acid proteases. The second stage of irradiation resulted in a double active mutant (H. lutea 120–8). Further treatment gave rise to a triple active mutant (H. lutea 120–5) with a maximal proteolytic activity of 1,800 μg tyrosine liberated from 2% casein/ml−1 culture filtrate/min−1 at pH 3,0 and 40°C. A change in the composition of proteolytic enzymes caused by gamma-ray exposure was established, using chromatography on DEAE-cellulose.
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    Toxicity of heavy metals to thermophilic anaerobic digestion (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 365-370 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effects of heavy metals on the thermophilic digestion of sewage sludge was studied in three semicontinuous digesters step-fed with cadmium, copper and nickel, respectively. The daily gas production, gas composition, the quantitative accumulation of volatile fatty acids, and the distribution of the heavy metals were measured. The fermentations were carried out at 58°C with a retention time of 10 days and an addition of 1.7 g volatile solids/l of reactor volume per day. Nickel was found to be 2–3 times more water soluble than cadmium and copper when the digesters were fed raw sludge containing heavy metals. The three digesters all showed tendencies to acclimate to the heavy metals up to a certain level. 200 mg nickel/l was completely inhibitory while the same response was observed for cadmium and copper at 300 mg/l.
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    Comparative study on rheological properties of mycelial broth in filamentous and pelleted forms (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 11-16 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The rheological properties of mould suspensions were investigated to find out the effect of mycelial morphology on the apparent viscosity with two different growth forms, filamentous and pelleted forms of Absidia corymbifera. By using a helical ribbon impeller system, the rheological properties could be satisfactorily measured. The experimental data obtained with the filamentous mycelial suspensions showed a marked deviation from Newtonian behaviour and were correlated by a pseudoplastic model. With the pelleted mycelial suspensions, the tendency of Newtonian behaviour was observed. However, at the higher mycelial concentration (〉28 g/l) its rheological behaviour was changed toward a pseudoplastic. The parameters in the pseudoplastic model were compared between these two different morphologies. The consistency indices were correlated with the mycelial dry weight by a simple power law equation and the power law constants found were 2.3 for the filamentous mycelial suspension and 11.3 for the pelleted one.
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    Parameters affecting protein production from brewery waste water in a multi-channel laboratory-scale activated sludge system (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 52-59 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary With the aim of studying the possible utilization of brewery waste water activated sludge for animal feeding, the influence of the solids retention time (SRT) and nitrogen supplementation were investigated, especially with respect to biomass production and biomass composition. It was found that the SRT strongly influenced both parameters. At an SRT of from 4 to 6 days excellent biomass production was obtained. This biomass had the highest protein content and the daily protein production was four times higher than at a SRT of 20 days. Supplementation with urea doubled the protein production, lowered the carbohydrate and poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid content, but increased the nucleic acid content. The COD removal was better and phosphorus removal increased. In order to study these variables, a multi-channel laboratory system was designed. Because of its simplicity in operation and its versatility this system is described in detail.
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    Large scale production of d-lactate dehydrogenase for the stereospecific reduction of pyruvate and phenylpyruvate (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 75-85 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary To initiate studies of the stereospecific reduction of pyruvate and phenylpyruvate to the corresponding d-2-hydroxyacids a limited screening was carried out for microorganisms possessing a high NADH-dependet d-lactate dehydrogenase activity. Lactobacillus confusus was found to produce the desired dehydrogenase, which showed also relatively high activity towards phenylpyruvate, so this strain was selected for large scale production of the enzyme. A procedure for large scale purification of the enzyme starting with 24 kg wet cells is described including liquid-liquid extraction, ultrafiltration and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, yielding a catalyst with specific activities of 216 U×mg−1 for pyruvate reduction and 15 U×mg−1 for phenyl-pyruvate reduction. A further tenfold purification can be achieved by affinity chromatography on Blue-Sepharose C-6B. Parameters which are important for industrial application of the enzyme were determined: substrate specifity, pH and temperature optimum, temperature stability, stability at different pH-values, and the storage stability of the enzyme in crude extracts.
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    Incorporation of [14C]acetate into aflatoxin by resting cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus in the presence of antifungal agents (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 103-108 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Resting cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus were treated with sorbic acid (200 ppm), Nα-palmitoyl-l-lysyl-l-lysine ethyl ester dihydrochloride (PLL) (300 ppm), nisin (30 ppm), nystatin (30 U/ml), dichlorvos (9 ppm), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (30 ppm) and isoprothiolane (30 ppm). Incorporation of [14C]acetate into aflatoxins B1 and G1 by the mold in the presence of these antifungal agents was measured after 12 h of agitated incubation at 28°C. Nystatin and BHA effectively inhibited incorporation of the label into aflatoxin B1 (73.1 and 56.9%) and G1 (68.9 and 91.6%), respectively, whereas PLL and nisin, at the levels used, were less effective. Sorbic acid caused greater inhibition of de novo synthesis of aflatoxin B1 than of G1 while isoprothiolane exhibited the opposite effect. Because the compounds tested had dissimilar physical, chemical and antimicrobial properties, it is likely that they inhibited synthesis of aflatoxin by different mechanisms. Generally, inhibition of aflatoxin synthesis by the test chemicals under resting conditions was more pronounced than what was reported earlier when the same chemicals (at the same levels) were tested with growing cultures of the mold.
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    The pellicle-growth of Candida ingens; an organism for the treatment of anaerobically fermented animal waste and the production of protein (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 109-113 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A process for the treatment of animal wastes and the production of protein is under development at the University of Queensland. Animal wastes are fermented to produce organic acids which are then utilised by a pellicle-forming yeast, Candida ingens. This is harvested by skimming. The process removes carbon and minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorus, from the medium and Salmonella and Escherichia coli in the wastes are killed. The dry matter yield of C. ingens and its utilisation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and oxygen were studied in order to improve the understanding of the process. When C. ingens was grown on a synthetic medium containing seven VFA and salts there was a significant increase in yield when the medium was reduced with sodium sulphide or cysteine hydrochloride. The VFA were utilised continuously over 24 h. After inoculation there was a shorter lag phase for the straight chain acids than for propionic and the branched chain acids, isobutyric, and isovaleric, but all acids showed a similar rate of utilisation of carbon during the period of most rapid utilisation. Candida ingens is an aerobe which, when growing as a pellicle, requires a reduced medium analogous to that used by anaerobes. It was concluded that pellicle growth on a medium containing several VFA takes place by utilising oxygen from the gaseous phase above, while all other nutrients are obtained from the reduced liquid phase below.
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    Control of glucose-fed batch cultivations of E. coli by means of an oxygen stabilized enzyme electrode (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 141-147 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The design of an autoclavable oxygen stabilized electrode based on immobilized glucose oxidase and catalase, with electrolytic generation of oxygen, is presented. The electrode's behaviour was investigated in relation to parameters such as ion strength, buffer capacity, DOT in the broth and enzyme inhibition by Cl−. It was used in fed-batch cultivations of Escherichia coli for control and monitoring of glucose feeding. Use of liquid feeding data from glucose- as well as from pH control for growth characterization is outlined.
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    Growth, sporulation and larvicidal activity of Bacillus sphaericus (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 168-173 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A new medium (MBS) for optimal sporulation of Bacillus sphaericus was defined. With the two main mosquito pathogenic strains grown in this medium, 1593-4 and 2297, highest cell and spore yields were obtained, concomitantly with an highest larvicidal activity against Culex pipiens. Study of both strains asporulated mutants showed a decrease in larvicidal power. After plasmid curing treatments, toxicity of strain 1593-4 did not decrease, neither toxic parasporal inclusion bodies of strain 2297 disappear.
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    Conversion of sucrose to ethanol by a flocculent Zymomonas sp. strain in a continuous upflow floc reactor (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 186-188 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A flocculent strain of Zymomonas sp. isolated from sugar cane juice was used to produce ethanol (EtOH) from sucrose in a 50 ml upflow floc continuous reactor. A maximun productivity of 92 g EtOH/l per hour (estimated on a total volume basis) with 10% sucrose feed and 60% conversion to ethanol was achieved at a dilution rate (D) of 3 h−1. At D=2 h−1 the productivity was 80 g EtOH/l per hour and the yield 0.4 g EtOH/g sucrose supplied. Dilution rates up to 7 h−1 were assayed and even when no wash out occurred, productivity dropped to 63 g EtOH/l per hour and conversion was very low (16%). These results are compared with those obtained using Zymomonas mobilis ATCC 10988 under the same conditions.
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    Diffusion of oxygen in alginate gels related to the kinetics of methanol oxidation by immobilized Hansenula polymorpha cells (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 189-196 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In the yeast Hansenula polymorpha an oxygen-requiring enzyme, alcohol oxidase, catalyzes the conversion of methanol into formaldehyde. After growth on methanol cells of the organism were harvested and entrapped in barium-alginate gels. The diffusion of oxygen towards these cells is seriously hindered by the polymer network. This caused significant changes in the kinetics of methanol oxidation by the immobilized cells as compared to that observed with cells free in suspension. The apparent K S(O2) of the immobilized cells was dependent upon the density of the cells in the alginate beads and the bead radius. Using a well-known theoretical model, originally developed to describe the kinetics of oxygen diffusion in mold pellets, the diffusion coefficient for oxygen in barium-alginate gels was estimated. This coefficient was only 25% of that in water. The model also allowed an adequate simulation of the observed kinetics of methanol oxidation by the immobilized cells.
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    The role of redox balances in the anaerobic fermentation of xylose by yeasts (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 287-292 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of glucose and xylose utilization by batch cultures of Candida utilis were studied under aerobic and anaerobic conditions during growth in complex media. Rapid ethanol formation occurred during growth on glucose when aerobic cultures were shifted to anaerobic conditions. However, with xylose as a substrate, transfer to anaerobiosis resulted in an immediate cessation of metabolic activity, as evidenced by the absence of both ethanol formation and xylose utilization. The inability of the yeast to ferment xylose anaerobically was not due to the absence of key enzymes of the fermentation pathway, since the addition of glucose to such cultures resulted in the immediate conversion of glucose to ethanol. Furthermore, when the enzyme xylose isomerase was added to an anaerobic xylose culture, immediate conversion of xylose to ethanol was observed. This indicates that the inability of the yeast to form ethanol from xylose under anaerobic conditions is caused by metabolic events associated with the conversion of xylose to xylulose. A hypothesis is put forward which explains that ethanol production from xylose by yeast under anaerobic conditions is negligible. It is suggested that the failure to ferment xylose anaerobically is due to a discrepancy between production and consumption of NADH in the overall conversion of xylose to ethanol. When a hydrogen acceptor (i.e. acetoin) was added to anaerobic cultures of C. utilis, xylose utilization resumed, and ethanol and acetate were produced with the concomitant stoicheiometric reduction of acetoin to 2,3-butanediol.
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    Measurement of the maximum specific growth rate in chemostat of Pseudomonas spp. with different abilities for biofilm formation (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 303-307 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Attempts to measure the maximum specific growth rate (μmax) using the method of wash-out were made on two Pseudomonas spp. with different abilities for biofilm formation. The apparent “μmax” of the strain with the highest biofilm activity (P. putida ATCC 11172) was governed by the dilution rate of the steady-state preceding the wash-out experiment. The apparent “μmax” was increased from 0.4 to 3.8 h−1 by changing the dilution rate of the preceding steady-state from 0.3 to 2.5 h−1. The μmax determined from a single batch culture was 0.59 h−1. The apparent “μmax” of the strain with the lower biofilm ability (P. fragi 72) was also influenced, but to a lesser extent, by the steady-state preceding the wash-out experiment. The apparent “μmax” was altered from 0.39 h−1 to 0.59 h−1 by changing the preceding dilution rate from 0.34 h−1 to 0.49 h−1. It was experimentally demonstrated that μmax cannot be measured in a carbon and energy limited chemostat using the wash-out method, if the organism has any tendency towards biofilm formation. It was also indicated that the reciprocal plot of specific growth rate against substrate concentration, using data from a chemostat with attached growth, was unlinear and hence μmax could not be calculated in this way. It is suggested that instead of using invalidly estimated μmax as a measurement of the “maximal growth capacity” of an organism in continuous culture, the dilution rate where the biomass of the steady-state starts to decrease should be given.
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    A preliminary investigation into the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on pesticide concentration during fermentation (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 323-325 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The experiment was set up to investigate whether degradation of residual pesticides during fermentation might be influenced by yeast action. Six products commonly used in viniculture were tested. After fermentation, 2 of the fungicides (Folpet and Metalaxyl) remained unaffected; the fungicide Vinclozolin and 2 of the insecticides (Carbaryl and Tetrachlorvinphos) suffered degradation not attributable to the yeast; the pyrethroid insecticide, Deltametrin, suffered complete degradation attributable to the yeast.
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    Extracellular production of Bacillus penicillinase by Escherichia coli carrying pEAP2 (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 339-343 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Escherichia coli HB 101 containing the plasmid pEAP2 with alkalophilic Bacillus no. 170 penicillinase gene was found to produce large amounts of penicillinase in LB-broth containing 0.2% glycerol. Extracellular production of the enzyme was not induced by lysis of the cells but was strongly stimulated by the addition of Na+, K+ or Li+, with about 90% of total activity being recovered in the culture fluid. Without the addition of these ions, however, more than 80% of the enzyme activity remained in the cellular fraction. The enzyme produced was very stable and no decrease in activity was observed after long cultivation.
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    Uranium resistance of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 392-395 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The toxicity of uranium to several isolates of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was determined. Plasmid DNA of approx. 13±0.5 megadaltons was detected in four cultures that exhibited the highest resistance to UO2 2+. One isolate, TFI-7, always contained a 13 megadalton plasmid and was always resistant to uranium. Another isolate, TFI-13, showed increased resistance to uranium only after a long lag period during which the cell numbers declined 1000-fold when uranium was added to the medium. The surviving TFI-13 population was able to grow with no further loss of viability upon re-exposure to uranium and it contained a 13 megadalton plasmid. Upon subculture in the absence of uranium this resistance declined. Concurrent with the loss of uranium resistance, the 13 megadalton plasmid could no longer be detected. Attempts to cure plasmids by elevated temperatures and chemical agents were unsuccessful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504751
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Purification and properties of the β-glucosidase of a yeast capable of fermenting cellobiose to ethanol: Dekkera intermedia van der walt (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The intracellular enzyme β-glucosidase of Dekkera intermedia was partially purified by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The molecular weight of this enzyme was 310,000; its optimum pH was 5.0 and optimum temperature was 55°C. This enzyme was active against different β-glucosides and was inhibited by p-chloromercurybenzoate, gluconolactone, and glucose. A “glucosyltransferase” activity appeared in the presence of ethanol. The biosynthesis of this enzyme was constitutive but repressed by glucose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00510563
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Problem of oxygen transfer during degradation of lignin by Phanerochaete chrysosporium (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 113-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Partial oxygen limitation was shown to be the main reason for slow and incomplete degradation of lignin by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in non-agitated cultures. No oxygen could be measured in the mycelial mat deeper than 1 mm from the surface although the cultures were incubated under a 100% oxygen atmosphere. When the depth of the mycelial mat was reduced below the limiting thickness, the organism was able to degrade lignin in air at a rate comparable to that measured under 100% oxygen atmosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499861
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serial production of nucleoside-5′-triphosphates and uracil from 3′-mononucleotides by intact yeast cells (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 137-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Nucleoside-5′-triphosphates such as 5′-ATP and 5′-GTP can be produced efficiently and continuously from 3′-mononucleotides such as 3′-AMP and 3′-GMP by a series of processes consisting of two reaction phases using dried cells of Candida sp. N-25-2 (a hydrocarbon assimilating yeast). Moreover, incidentally to the 5′-triphosphates, free uracil is yielded almost stoichiometrically from 3′-CMP and 3′-UMP which, as is well known, are main concomitant products depolymerized from RNA. Uracil is then also available for many usage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499866
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of immobilized, non-growing cells for continuous production of metabolites (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 143-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A technique for maintaining constant activity during continuous production with immobilized, non-growing cells has been developed. A single stage continuous system with alginate immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum, was mainly fed with a glucose medium that supported fermentation of acetone-butanol but did not permit microbial growth. The inactivation that occured during these conditions was prevented by pulse-wise addition of nutrients to the reactor. Using this technique the ratio of biomass to butanol was reduced to 2% (w/w) compared to 34% in a traditional batch culture. At steady state conditions butanol was the major end product with a yield coefficient of 0.20 (g/g glucose). The productivity of butanol was 16.8 g/l·day during these conditions. In a corresponding system with immobilized growing cells the ratio of biomass to butanol was 52–76% and the formation of butyric and acetic acid increased thereby reducing the yield coefficient for butanol to 0.11 (g/g). With the intermittent nutrient dosing technique constant activity from immobilized non-growing cells has been achieved for 8 weeks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00505878
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