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  • Chemistry  (13,580)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (1,328)
  • ASTROPHYSICS  (1,156)
  • Magnetism
  • 1980-1984  (16,064)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (7,800)
  • 1981  (8,264)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984  (16,064)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
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    Rational approaches to chemotherapy: antisickling agents (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-08-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klotz, I M -- Haney, D N -- King, L C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Aug 14;213(4509):724-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7256275" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anemia, Sickle Cell/*drug therapy ; Aspirin/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Hemoglobin, Sickle ; Humans ; Protein Binding/drug effects ; Protein Conformation ; Salicylates/*therapeutic use ; Solubility ; Structure-Activity Relationship
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Phase transition and crystal structure of the 37 degrees C form of cholesterol (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-05-06
    Description: Crystalline cholesterol undergoes a phase transition a few degrees below human body temperature. The high-temperature form has an unusually complex structure with 16 independent molecules. In the transition two molecules change side chain conformation, four reorient about their long axes, and ten remain unchanged. The transition mechanism implies relatively nonspecific intermolecular interactions, qualitatively consistent with the behavior of cholesterol in biomembranes. The transition preserves a remarkably closely obeyed pseudosymmetry present in the structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hsu, L Y -- Nordman, C E -- GM15259/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 May 6;220(4597):604-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6836303" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Body Temperature ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Cholesterol ; Crystallization ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Conformation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Leukotrienes: mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-05-06
    Description: Arachidonic acid plays a central role in a biological control system where such oxygenated derivatives as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes are mediators. The leukotrienes are formed by transformation of arachidonic acid into an unstable epoxide intermediate, leukotriene A4, which can be converted enzymatically by hydration to leukotriene B4, and by addition of glutathione to leukotriene C4. This last compound is metabolized to leukotrienes D4 and E4 by successive elimination of a gamma-glutamyl residue and glycine. Slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis consists of leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4. The cysteinyl-containing leukotrienes are potent bronchoconstrictors, increase vascular permeability in postcapillary venules, and stimulate mucus secretion. Leukotriene B4 causes adhesion and chemotactic movement of leukocytes and stimulates aggregation, enzyme release, and generation of superoxide in neutrophils. Leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4, which are released from the lung tissue of asthmatic subjects exposed to specific allergens, seem to play a pathophysiological role in immediate hypersensitivity reactions. These leukotrienes, as well as leukotriene B4, have pro-inflammatory effects.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Samuelsson, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 May 6;220(4597):568-75.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6301011" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arachidonic Acids/metabolism/pharmacology/physiology ; Bronchi/drug effects ; Cats ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cricetinae ; Guinea Pigs ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity, Immediate/*physiopathology ; Inflammation/*physiopathology ; Leukocytes/drug effects/metabolism ; Leukotriene B4/pharmacology/*physiology ; Mice ; Microcirculation/drug effects ; Rabbits ; Rats ; SRS-A/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Bromine residue at hydrophilic region influences biological activity of aplysiatoxin, a tumor promoter (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-12-16
    Description: Aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin, which are isolated from the seaweed, Lyngbya gracilis, differ in their chemical structure only by the presence or absence of a bromine residue in the hydrophilic region. The function and the structure-activity relation of the hydrophilic region are not known. Aplysiatoxin increased malignant transformation, stimulated DNA synthesis, and inhibited the binding of phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate and epidermal growth factor to cell receptors. Debromoaplysiatoxin inhibited the binding of these two substances as strongly as aplysiatoxin but did not increase malignant transformation or stimulate DNA synthesis. These results indicate that a slight change in the chemical structure of the hydrophilic region of aplysiatoxin affects its abilities to increase cell transformation and stimulate DNA synthesis and that the abilities of the tumor promoters to inhibit the binding of phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate and epidermal growth factor are dissociable from their abilities to increase cell transformation and stimulate DNA synthesis under some circumstances.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shimomura, K -- Mullinix, M G -- Kakunaga, T -- Fujiki, H -- Sugimura, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Dec 16;222(4629):1242-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6316505" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Carcinogens/*pharmacology ; Carrier Proteins ; Cell Line ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/*drug effects ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; DNA/biosynthesis ; Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism ; Lactones/analysis/*pharmacology ; *Lyngbya Toxins ; Mice ; Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate ; Phorbol Esters/metabolism ; *Protein Kinase C ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; *Receptors, Drug ; Structure-Activity Relationship
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    DNA-binding proteins (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-09-09
    Description: The structures of three proteins that regulate gene expression have been determined recently and suggest how these proteins may bind to their specific recognition sites on the DNA. One protein (Cro) is a repressor of gene expression, the second (CAP) usually stimulates gene expression, and the third (lambda repressor) can act as either a repressor or an activator. The three proteins contain a substructure consisting of two consecutive alpha helices that is virtually identical in each case. Structural and amino acid sequence comparisons suggest that this bihelical fold occurs in a number of proteins that regulate gene expression, and is an intrinsic part of the DNA-protein recognition event. The modes of repression and activation by Cro and lambda repressor are understood reasonably well, but the mode of action of CAP is still unclear.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takeda, Y -- Ohlendorf, D H -- Anderson, W F -- Matthews, B W -- GM20066/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM28138/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM30894/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Sep 9;221(4615):1020-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6308768" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *DNA Helicases ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Models, Chemical ; Protein Conformation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Automated synthesis of gene fragments (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-10-16
    Description: The DNA/RNA Synthesizer provides a complete and automated procedure for the synthesis of DNA sequences. Each base unit is added in a 30-minute cycle, permitting a tetradecamer to be constructed in 6 1/2 hours. The complete procedure is described, including a practical procedure for isolation and purification of the desired DNA sequence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alvarado-Urbina, G -- Sathe, G M -- Liu, W C -- Gillen, M F -- Duck, P D -- Bender, R -- Ogilvie, K K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Oct 16;214(4518):270-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6169150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Automation ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; DNA/*chemical synthesis ; *Genes, Synthetic ; RNA/*chemical synthesis ; Solubility
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Chitin: New facets of research (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-05-15
    Description: Research on chitin as a marine resource is pointing to novel applications for this cellulose-like biopolymer. Discovery of nondegrading solvent systems has permitted the spinning of filaments, for example, for use as surgical sutures. New methods for preparing the bioactive alkyl glycoside of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (the monomer unit of chitin) and a microcrystalline chitin has encouraged their use as promoters for growth of bifidobacteria and as an aid in digestion of high-lactose cheese whey by domestic animals. Chitin-protein complexes of several crustacean species show great variability in ratios of chitin to covalently bound protein and in residual protein in the "purified" chitins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Austin, P R -- Brine, C J -- Castle, J E -- Zikakis, J P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 May 15;212(4496):749-53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7221561" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cheese ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chickens ; *Chitin ; Crystallography ; Lactose/metabolism ; Proteins/analysis ; Sutures ; *Technology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    DNA sequencing and gene structure (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gilbert, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Dec 18;214(4527):1305-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7313687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; DNA/*genetics ; Eukaryotic Cells/physiology ; *Genes ; Hydrazines ; Lac Operon ; Methylation ; Prokaryotic Cells/physiology ; Sulfuric Acid Esters
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Reversible chemical modification of the scrapie agent (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-12-11
    Description: The scrapie agent causes a degenerative nervous system disease in sheep and goats. Studies with extensively purified preparations demonstrated that the agent contains a protein that is required for infectivity. Chemical modification of the scrapie agent by diethyl pyrocarbonate reduced the titer 1000-fold. Exposure of the inactivated agent to hydroxylamine, a strong nucleophile, resulted in complete restoration of infectivity. Presumably, nucleophilic residues within a scrapie agent protein undergo carbethoxylation on reaction with diethyl pyrocarbonate, and subsequent addition of hydroxylamine displaces these carbethoxy groups.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McKinley, M P -- Masiarz, F R -- Prusiner, S B -- NS14069/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Dec 11;214(4526):1259-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6795721" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Assay ; Brain/microbiology ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cricetinae ; Diethyl Pyrocarbonate/pharmacology ; Histidine/pharmacology ; *Prions ; Ribonucleases/pharmacology ; Serum Albumin, Bovine/pharmacology ; Viral Proteins/*isolation & purification/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Nonenzymatic browning in vivo: possible process for aging of long-lived proteins (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-01-30
    Description: The incubation of lens proteins with reducing sugars leads to the formation of fluorescent yellow pigments and cross-like similar to those reported in aging and cataractous human lenses. Called nonenzymatic browning or the Maillard reaction, this aging process also occurs in stored foods. Reducing sugars condense with the free amino group of proteins, then rearrange and dehydrate to form unsaturated pigments and cross-linked products. Although most proteins in living systems turn over with sufficient rapidity to avoid nonenzymatic browning, some, such as lens crystallins and skin collagen, are exceptionally long-lived and may be vulnerable.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Monnier, V M -- Cerami, A -- AM 19655/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jan 30;211(4481):491-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6779377" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; Cattle ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Crystallins ; Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology ; Glucose ; Glucosephosphates ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lysine ; *Proteins ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    The National Science Foundation looks to the future (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-03-13
    Description: Great advances have been made in fundamental scientific research in recent years. The new knowledge gathered, in addition to deepening our understanding of the physical universe, contributes a range of abilities and opportunities to society that would not otherwise be available. Much research that may be called applied because it addresses needs of society is quite fundamental in character, and support of such research at the National Science Foundation is to be handled in tandem by the research directorates. Other areas that require a refocusing of support are engineering science and education, at all levels, in science and engineering. Increasing our strength in these areas is essential to achieve our national economic, social, and political goals. Steps are being taken by the National Science Foundation to make its structure better able to deal with engineering and applied research and to provide greater mutual reinforcement between applied and basic research.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Slaughter, J B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Mar 13;211(4487):1131-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7466384" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Biology ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Forecasting ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; *Government Agencies ; Molecular Biology ; Neurochemistry ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Antiviral agents (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-06-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krenitsky, T A -- Beauchamp, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Jun 10;220(4602):1106.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6857236" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acyclovir/metabolism ; *Antiviral Agents/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Humans ; Vidarabine/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Metastable species of hemoglobin: room temperature transients and cryogenically trapped intermediates (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-05-06
    Description: Resonance Raman spectra of photolyzed carbonmonoxyhemoglobin obtained with 10-nanosecond pulses are compared with the spectra of photolyzed carbonmonoxyhemoglobin stabilized at 80 K. In comparing the deoxy with the photodissociated species, the changes in the Raman spectra are the same for these two experimental regimes. These results show that at ambient and cryogenic temperatures the heme pocket in liganded hemoglobin is significantly different from that of deoxyhemoglobin. It is concluded that measurements of the properties of intermediate species from photodissociated hemoglobin stabilized at low temperatures can be used to probe the short-lived metastable forms of hemoglobin present after photodissociation under biologically relevant solution conditions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ondrias, M R -- Friedman, J M -- Rousseau, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 May 6;220(4597):615-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6836305" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carboxyhemoglobin ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Freezing ; *Hemoglobins ; Humans ; Ligands ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Irreversible ligands with high selectivity toward delta and mu opiate receptors (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-04-15
    Description: Alkylating agents that display strong selectivity for opiate receptor types delta or mu were prepared by appropriate modification of the structures of the strong analgesics fentanyl, etonitazene, and endoethenotetrahydrooripavine. The availability of these substances should facilitate studies of the structural basis of receptor specificity and of the physiologic roles of these receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rice, K C -- Jacobson, A E -- Burke, T R Jr -- Bajwa, B S -- Streaty, R A -- Klee, W A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Apr 15;220(4594):314-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6132444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkylation ; Animals ; Benzimidazoles/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Brain/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Enkephalin, Methionine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Fentanyl/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; *Isothiocyanates ; Ligands ; Rats ; Receptors, Opioid/*metabolism/physiology ; Thebaine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Microwave remote sensing experiment (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: Operation of the microwave instrument as a two frequency scatterometer, a synthetic aperture radar, and a passive microwave radiometer is planned. Operation of the instrument in each of its three modes is discussed and the antenna system described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 16
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    A comparison of stratified versus regression estimators (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: LANDSAT data acquired over an agricultural area along with ground enumeration of the same area are used to obtain crop acreage estimates which are better (as measured in terms of bias and variance) than can be obtained from either data source alone. Two basic approaches considered within the AgRISTARS program are a stratified crop acreage estimator and a regression estimator. A statement of the problem was mathematically formulated and some theorems were proved which relate to the variance of the two estimators. For a particular set of data, the regression and stratified estimators are compared in terms of certain easily computed parameters.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 2; 17 p
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 17
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    X-ray spectra of young supernova remnants (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Einstein solid-state-spectrometer (SSS) spectra are presented for the Crab Nebula, Cas A, SN 1006, the Tycho SNR, and the Kepler SNR. The history of X-ray observations of SNRs is reviewed; the SSS instrument is briefly characterized; a reduction technique which accounts for all background sources in the 0.5-4.5-keV band is applied; and the physical models of SNRs constructed to reproduce the refined spectra are discussed. The limitations of the modeling methods and the need for further observations, especially of localized regions, are indicated.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 18
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    Magnetic topology and the heating of extended chromospheres (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: New data indicate that red giants are surrounded by geometrically thick chromospheres of several stellar radii extent. Such chromospheres occur among stars which apparently lack coronae. Maintenance of this extended warm region may require non-compressional wave heating of a magnetic character, and this may provide a crucial clue to the mechanism of rapid mass loss from red giant stars.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 19
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    A sampling procedure to guide the collection of narrow-band, high-resolution spatially and spectrally representative reflectance data (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A multistage sampling procedure using image processing, geographical information systems, and analytical photogrammetry is presented which can be used to guide the collection of representative, high-resolution spectra and discrete reflectance targets for future satellite sensors. The procedure is general and can be adapted to characterize areas as small as minor watersheds and as large as multistate regions. Beginning with a user-determined study area, successive reductions in size and spectral variation are performed using image analysis techniques on data from the Multispectral Scanner, orbital and simulated Thematic Mapper, low altitude photography synchronized with the simulator, and associated digital data. An integrated image-based geographical information system supports processing requirements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 20
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    Radiometric calibration of Seasat SAR imagery (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A goal of future synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system design is to yield the radiometrically accurate imagery necessary for use in classification problems. To accomplish this, a reliable calibration technique must be developed. Many such techniques have been proposed (e.g., Stiles and Holtzman, 1982); however, until now, none have been tested on spaceborne SAR digital data. In this paper, a method of significantly increasing the reproducibility of several independent Seasat SAR data sets of a test site using an automated correction procedure is described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    A note on the oxygen gradient in NGC 628 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Kitt Peak 2.1-m telescope and Intensified Image Dissector Scanner have been used to gather spectrophotometric data in the 3600-5200 A spectral region for five H II regions in the spiral galaxy NGC 628. The Pagel et al (1979) technique was then applied to determine the relative number abundances of O to H in each of the H II regions. An examination of the abundance values obtained as a function of the radial coordinate yields an O gradient of -0.05 + or - 0.03 dex/kpc.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Publications (ISSN 0004-6280); 95; 986-988
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    Testing for a cosmological influence on local physics using atomic and gravitational clocks (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The existence of a possible influence of the large-scale structure of the universe on local physics is discussed. A particular realization of such an influence is discussed in terms of the behavior in time of atomic and gravitational clocks. Two natural categories of metric theories embodying a cosmic infuence exist. The first category has geodesic equations of motion in atomic units, while the second category has geodesic equations of motion in gravitational units. Equations of motion for test bodies are derived for both categories of theories in the appropriate parametrized post-Newtonian limit and are applied to the Solar System. Ranging data to the Viking lander on Mars are of sufficient precision to reveal (1) if such a cosmological influence exists at the level of Hubble's constant, and (2) which category of theories is appropriate for a descripton of the phenomenon.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields, 3rd Series (ISSN 0556-2821); 28; 1822-182
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  • 23
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    Observations of NGC 7027 from 5.2 to 7.5 microns - The detection of Ni II and additional dust features (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: NGC 7027 was observed with a multichannel grating spectrometer from 5.2 to 7.5 microns at a spectral resolving power of 120-200. Two new dust emission features are resolved at 5.62 and 6.95 microns, and for the first time the Ni II fine-structure line at 6.64 microns is detected. It is shown that a single molecular dust constituent might account for six of the nine observed dust features between 2 and 14 microns. The strength of the Ni II line indicates either that Ni is not depleted in the neutral gas, or that the line is formed at high density.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 274; 666-670
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  • 24
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    A new calibration of the extragalactic distance scale using Cepheids and RR Lyrae stars (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Visual absolute magnitudes of classical Cepheids, metal-poor RR Lyrae stars and short-period type II Cepheids have been determined with very high precision by combining a large number of old and new astrophysical data. Five independent methods (four observational and one theoretical) have been successfully used: (1) secular and statistical parallaxes; (2) moving-group parallaxes; (3) cluster main-sequence fitting; (4) the Baade-Wesselink method and its modifications; and (5) light-curve and velocity-curve fitting (the theoretical method). With these five adopted methods, the zero point of the galactic and extragalactic distance scale can be set on a relatively firm and self-consistent basis. Classical Cepheids and RR Lyrae stars now provide essentially identical distances to nearby galaxies: the distance modulus to the Large Magellanic Cloud is 18.5 and to the Small Magellanic Cloud is 18.8, both with an uncertainty of 0.1. The distance to the center of our Galaxy is 8.6 plus or minus 0.5 kiloparsecs. The major uncertainty in these values lies in the correction for interstellar extinction.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 274; 20-30
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  • 25
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    On the line profile coefficient for stimulated emission (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is pointed out that the line profile coefficients for spontaneous and stimulated emission are identical in low-intensity radiation fields. In more intense radiation fields, however, the stimulated emission profiles in the radiative transfer equation and in the rate equations for the atomic level populations may differ from each other, owing to their different physical nature. A seeming discrepancy between the stimulated emission profiles of the usual semi-classical aproach and a recent quantum mechanical approach by Cooper et al. (1982), which should also be valid for intense 'broadband' fields, is discussed and shown to have negligible consequences for low-intensity radiation fields.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 127; 1, Oc; 224-226
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  • 26
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    Observational tests of baryon symmetric cosmology (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observational evidence for Baryon symmetric (matter/antimatter) cosmology and future observational tests are reviewed. The most significant consequences of Baryon symmetric cosmology lie in the prediction of an observable cosmic background of gamma radiation from the decay of Pi(O)-mesons produced in nucleon-antinucleon annihilations. Equations for the prediction of the gamma ray background spectrum for the case of high redshifts are presented. The theoretical and observational plots of the background spectrum are shown to be in good agreement. Measurements of cosmic ray antiprotons and the use of high energy neutrino astronomy to look for antimatter elsewhere in the universe are also addressed. Previously announced in STAR as N83-10996
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    Remote sensing technology transfer at the NASA Technology Application Center, University of New Mexico (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 28
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    Segmentation of remotely sensed data using parallel region growing (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The improved spatial resolution of the new earth resources satellites will increase the need for effective utilization of spatial information in machine processing of remotely sensed data. One promising technique is scene segmentation by region growing. Region growing can use spatial information in two ways: only spatially adjacent regions merge together, and merging criteria can be based on region-wide spatial features. A simple region growing approach is described in which the similarity criterion is based on region mean and variance (a simple spatial feature). An effective way to implement region growing for remote sensing is as an iterative parallel process on a large parallel processor. A straightforward parallel pixel-based implementation of the algorithm is explored and its efficiency is compared with sequential pixel-based, sequential region-based, and parallel region-based implementations. Experimental results from on aircraft scanner data set are presented, as is a discussioon of proposed improvements to the segmentation algorithm.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 29
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    Interacting binary stars - Freaks or rosetta stones (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Attention is given to semidetached binaries of the Algol type and to related interacting systems, such as Beta Lyrae and the W Serpentis stars. A brief description is given of observational problems. The basic properties of the Algol variables are satisfactorily explained by means of evolutionary models that assume considerable mass transfer between the components. It is pointed out that ultraviolet spectra obtained with the IUE satellite corroborate the view that the present subgiant secondary component was initially the more massive star and that it has been stripped of a large fraction of its mass so that the deep layers affected by CNO processing are now denuded. It is believed that the present-day 'classical' Algols must have undergone a phase of rapid mass transfer in the past and that Beta Lyrae and the W Serpentis stars are probably closer to that stage than ordinary Algols. Around the accreting star a complex structure is formed, and an induced stellar wind may blow a large part of the transferred matter out of the system.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Journal (ISSN 0035-872X); 77; 283-304
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    The SIR-A radar of the American Space Shuttle - Technical characteristics and overview of French experiments (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The scientific instruments comprising the OSTA-1 package flown on the second Shuttle mission (November 12-14, 1981) are listed, and the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A) experiments are examined in detail: SIR-A operated for 8 h and obtained images covering more than 10 million sq km at 40-m resolution. The images were recorded on photographic film and processed in holographic form at JPL, and data for Southern Europe and parts of Africa were distributed to French scientists by the Groupement pour le Developpement de la Teledetection Aerospatiale. The main areas of research were environmental studies and geology, and the SIR-A images were used in combination with aerial photography, thematic maps, and Landsat images. The technical specifications of the SIR-B radar planned for STS-17 in 1984 are compared with those of SIR-A and Seasat SAR in tables.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Societe Francaise de Photogrammetrie et de Teledetection, Bulletin (ISSN 0244-6014); 91, 1; 5-9
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  • 31
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    Remote sensing for exploration - An overview (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of remote sensing in resource exploration is reviewed, with emphasis placed on new developments in high spectral resolution remote-sensing techniques for mineralogic and vegetation mapping. Topics discussed include aerial photography and satellite remote sensing, concepts and principles of spectral data collection, spectral properties of rocks and minerals, spectral properties of vegetation, and botanical aspects of geochemical stress. The discussion also covers applications of Landsat multispectral scanner data to lithologic and geobotanic studies and the future development of data acquisition and data interpretation techniques.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Economic Geology and Society of Economic Geologists, Bulletin (ISSN 0361-0128); 78; 573-590
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  • 32
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    Monte Carlo simulation of the effect of soil moisture variation on the microwave emission from soils (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In this paper, results of a Monte Carlo simulation of the effect of noise on the relationship between the microwave emissivity of soil and its moisture content are presented. It is found that whenever the magnitude of the noise for the independent variable, in this case the soil moisture, is increased, both the slope of the regression and the correlation coefficient decrease. In particular, when the noise has magnitude equivalent to a coefficient of variation of 0.25, the slope and correlation coefficient are in good agreement with those obtained from the data of a 21-cm airborne microwave radiometer which was flown over a test site in hand county, South Dakota. The comparison was made using a linear relationship to determine the estimated emissivity from the ground measurements of soil moisture. The linear relationship was derived from a radiative transfer model calculation of the microwave emissivities using realistic soil-moisture profiles. The effect of surface roughness was included in the relationship, and the variability of the surface roughness was also simulated by a Monte Carlo technique.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-21; 473-479
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    What causes the buoyancy reversal in compressible convection? (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The problem posed by the existence of a negative buoyancy work region at the top of cellular type convection in a deeply stratified superadiabatic layer (Massaguer and Zahn, 1980) is addressed. It is approached by studying two-dimensional cellular compressible convection with different physical parameters. The results suggest that a large viscosity, together with density stratification, is responsible for the buoyancy reversal. The numerical results obtained are analyzed. It is pointed out, however, that in an astrophysical situation a fluid involved in convection will generally have very small viscosity. It is therefore thought unlikely that buoyancy reversal occurs in this way.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X); 95; 2, Se; 453-457
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    On a vibronic origin for the diffuse band spectrum (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Duley (1982) has proposed that many of the diffuse interstellar bands in the wavelength interval 542-677 nm arise from vibronic transitions of Cr (3+) ions in MgO grains. No explanation has been offered for the fact that as many as 85 of the possible 108 transitions of this system have not been observed in the interstellar medium. Moreover, the relative intensities of the diffuse bands which are observed appear to be inconsistent with their assignment. It is therefore concluded that this model is not consistent with the observations.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X); 95; 1, Se
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    A note on the composition and structure of interstellar grains (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The plausibility of relatively pure diatomic oxide crystals forming in the expanding atmospheres of cool stars is commented on, and the likelihood of SiO grains condensing is discussed on the basis of laboratory nucleation experiments. Results of annealing experiments are used to consider the further evolution of silicon oxide and silicate grains. The evidence shows that SiO solids form only when SiO condenses directly onto surfaces, and that the probability of pure crystalline SiO grains forming is rather small.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X); 95; 1, Se
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    Planetary nebulae and stellar evolution (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Newly defined characteristics of planetary nebulae (PN) derived from analysis of a photometric survey of 57 PN are reported. The data were combined with measurements of 27 other PN made since 1918 and were found to indicate core masses ranging from 0.55-1.0 solar mass. N/O elemental abundance ratios observed were correlated with the planetary nuclei masses, and were in direct proportion. IUE data on PN that overlapped a large part of the survey indicated that the PN in the galactic disk are more massive than PN in the halo. It is suggested that PN evolve into white dwarfs, a hypothesis supported by astrometric solutions for three nearby visual binaries featuring white dwarfs with well-determined masses. It is noted, however, that PN with masses exceeding one solar mass have been sighted in the Magellanic Clouds.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 305; 670
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    Development of the JSC Thematic Mapper quick-look preprocessing capability (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development of a preprocessing unit for Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data for the Earth Observations Data Laboratory at Johnson Space Center is reported. The background of the project is sketched, including the greatly increased data-handling requirements compared to MSS, the influence of the JPL VICAR system on the system design, and the completeness of the GSFC SCROUNGE (LASLIB) TM data tapes. The design approach and realization are discussed, and the performance and transportability of the preprocessor programs (totaling about 2000 lines of source code in FORTRAN and IBM Assembly languages) are indicated. The system is able to read the TM image tapes, extract areas of interest to particular studies, and register the extracted imagery to suitable references. Ancillary programs include image enhancement, rotation, filtering and pixel-size modification.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    NASA technology transfer in the southwest states - Arizona, Colorado, Nevada and Utah (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Features of the NASA Regional Application Program for providing state and local land management agencies an opportunity to assess the usefulness of emerging remote sensing technology are described. The Program guidelines necessitated configuring software for local facilities, assuring that the aggncy involved furnished manpower, and applying the technology to local needs. The study focused on the southwestern U.S., particularly for purposes of water management, federal/state ownership/policy, energy development, environmental impact issues, timber and range inventory, fire control, and urban expansion. Demonstration projects were conducted in various topics, according to the state surveyed, with the success of the projects determined by the willingness of the agencies to continue with the technology, which happened in several cases.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Two new possible planetary nebulae (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Two new possible planetary nebulae have been identified using the Parker, Gull, and Kirshner (1979) emission-line survey of the galactic plane. Both objects exhibit very strong forbidden O III lambda 5007 line emission, a symmetrical morphology, and a faint blue central star.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Publications (ISSN 0004-6280); 95; 614-618
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    Ultraviolet observations of M1-2 (= VV 8) (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: First IUE spectrograms of the peculiar emission-line object M1-2 (= VV 8) are presented. In the wavelength region 1150-3200 A this object is characterized by emission lines superposed on a moderately strong continuum. Some ultraviolet and optical properties of M1-2 are discussed in the context of symbiotic stars and protoplanetary and planetary nebulae. An E(B-V) extinction of 0.37 mag is obtained from the ratio of the He II flux at 1640 and 4686 A and is compared with values derived from other parameters. The ultraviolet observations suggest that M1-2 is a young, high-density planetary nebula of excitation class 5 or 6 with characteristics similar to IC 4997.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 275; 628-635
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    The origin of the Gum nebula (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Obsrvations and theoretical investigations of the Gum nebula (GN) since about 1971 are reviewed. Direct observations of the GN, the Vela X supernova remnant (SNR), the Vela pulsar, and other stars in or near the GN are discussed with those of related phenomena such as the radio loops and known SNRs; the emphasis is on studies of the interstellar absorption lines, the evidence for hot gas in the GN, and the extended diffuse emission. The four basic models proposed for the GN are considered: a fossil Stromgren sphere, an old SNR, an H II region, or a superbubble. The GN physical parameters predicted by each model are listed in a table and compared. A minimum explanation which attributes the 36 x 36-deg filamentary structure and the 125-pc radius structure to the action of the stellar winds from Zeta Pup and Gamma-2 Vel (and perhaps the effect of a Vel X supernova explosion 20,000 years ago) is found most appropriate, at least until the questions of the net expansion rate of the GN (about 20 km/sec or about zero?) and the existence of the diffuse emission beyond the filamentary structure are resolved by observations.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Comments on Modern Physics, Part C - Comments on Astrophysics (ISSN 0146-2970); 10; 1-14
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    Electron velocity distributions near interplantary shocks (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previous work on electron heating mechanisms operating at the supercritical earth's bow shock is extended to the generally lower Mach number interplanetary shocks. This is done by studying electron velocity distributions observed both upstream and downstream of interplanetary shocks observed by ISEE 3 between August 1978 and December 1979. It is found that perpendicular heating accompanied by little or no parallel heating occurs at the weaker shocks but that parallel heating is dominant for the stronger shocks. When perpendicular heating is dominant, downstream velocity distributions are for the most part Gaussian at low energies (core) and Lorentzian at high energies (halo). When parallel heating is dominant, however, these distributions are flat-topped at low energies, having power law extensions to higher energies. At the weaker shocks, the observations are consistent with electron heating resulting from conservation of the magnetic moment, whereas at the stronger shocks the heating is quite similar to that observed at the earth's bow shock.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 9949-995
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    Sharp shortward-shifted features in the spectra of O subdwarfs (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Preliminary inspection of archival high-dispersion ultraviolet spectra obtained by the International Ultraviolet Explorer reveal sharp shortward-shifted features in the spectra of O subdwarfs. In three examples presented here, BD + 75.325 deg, HD 128220 B, and BD + 28.4211 deg, stable, multiple, discrete shortward-shifted components of the N V, C IV, and Si IV resonance doublets are seen. The available data suggest that some of these features are persistent, being relatively stable in velocity and intensity over at least 9 months. It is tentatively suggested that the mechanism, or mechanisms, producing these discrete features operates universally in hot stars, from luminous O and B stars down through the O subdwarfs to include the hot white dwarfs. If true, this has important ramifications for current knowledge of mass loss in hot stars.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 274; L87-L91
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    Images in the rocket ultraviolet - The starburst in the nucleus of M83 (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Ultraviolet images of the SAB(s)c I-II galaxy M83 (NGC 5236) obtained with a rocketborne telescope in broad bandpasses centered at 1540 A and 2360 A show a bright resolved nuclear source which accounts for approximately 20 percent of the flux of the galaxy in both bandpasses. Low-resolution International Ultraviolet Explorer spectra of this source reveal an energy distribution similar to that of the starburst nucleus of NGC 7714. Strong blueshifted absorption lines can be interpreted as evidence for a nuclear wind powered by supernovae. Observations from UV, X-ray, optical, and far-infrared bandpasses are consistent with a starburst approximately one-sixth as strong as that in M82. A scaling of the M82 models of Rieke et al. (1980) predicts that the nucleus of M83 contains 10 to the 6th - 3 x 10 to the 7th solar masses in young stars and has a supernova rate of approximately 0.01 per yr.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 274; L53-L56
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  • 45
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    X-ray observations of LMC X-3 with the monitor proportional counter aboard the HEAO 2 Einstein observatory - A comparison with Cygnus X-1 (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A comparison is presented of the black hole candidates LMC X-3 and Cygnus X-1 based on Einstein observations of LMC X-3 with the monitor proportional counter. A spectral analysis shows LMC X-3 to be more like the typical bright galactic X-ray source than Cygnus X-1. A search for periodic pulsations over a period range from 0.2 ms to over 1000 s set upper limits at the 90 percent confidence level of the order of 10 percent. An analysis of the aperiodic variability of LMC X-3 shows none of the shot noise behavior characteristic of Cygnus X-1. The absence of distinctive X-ray properties common to both sources suggests that the identification of black hole candidates on the basis of X-ray properties similar to Cygnus X-1 (or LMC X-3) is not reliable.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 274; L65-L69
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    Stellar evolution in N-body simulations of disk galaxies. I (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Kalnajs (1972, 1976) Omega models of global mass and velocity distributions are employed in the present two-dimensional N-body simulation, which allows for a spectrum of particle masses, stellar explosions, explosion remnant interactions with an interstellar medium, and the creation of new stars from the gas. Two sequences of runs using the Omega values of 0.8 and 0.9 examine the separate and combined effects of particle mass distribution, the gravitational influence of an interstellar gas distribution on the N-body particles, and stellar evolution, allowing for stellar explosions and star formation from the gas. It is found that both Omega values' nonequilibrium results dramatically change when evolution is allowed to occur. These results call for more realistic coupled N-body and evolution simulations in order to improve the understanding of disk galaxy evolution.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 274; 595-610
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  • 47
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    The (an)isotropy of the X-ray sky (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An assessment is made of the extent to which the study of the isotropy of the X-ray sky has contributed to the present understanding of the structure of the universe at moderate redshifts. It is, of course, the anisotropic character of the sky flux that is valuable in this context. Although it is not currently possible to undertake measurements with the precision and small solid angles that are typically achieved in the microwave range, the comparatively crude limits from the X-ray fluctuations place limits on the largest scale structure of the universe. After indicating the nature of measurements made, with the HEAO 1 A-2 experiment, of the X-ray sky and its anisotropies, it is shown how these place limits on the origin of the X-ray sky and on any large scale structure of the universe.
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    Comments concerning magnetic fields as a possible cause of rapid, irregular variability of early-type stars (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is noted that it is helpful to divide the atmosphere of an early-type star into two parts: a photosphere and a mantle. The photosphere can be modeled satisfactorily by normal model-atmosphere procedures. When modeling the mantle, one must take account of the deposition of nonradiative heat and momentum and one should recognize that the mantles of hot stars do not appear to be uniform or spherically symmetric. Five areas of discrepancy between classical theory and observation are noted and a possible way of modeling the mantles of early-type stars is outlined. The model consists of arcades of magnetic loops which form helmet-type structures in the equatorial band of the star, and of coronal-hole-type structures emmanating from weak unipolar regions which are chiefly distributed at polar latitudes.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Hvar Observatory, Bulletin (ISSN 0351-2651); 7; 1, 19
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    Observational knowledge about the physical properties of O stars (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Information about the effective temperatures, radii, and masses of O-type stars is presented. It is argued that rapid variations in the amount of light from O stars and the spectral distribution are a result chiefly of changes which occur in the envelope of the star. The stability of the photospheric layers of O stars against convection is reviewed and it is noted that late O stars and early B stars have a convection zone in the deeper parts of the photosphere. This convection zone is due to the second ionization of helium. Evidence is reviewed that most of the line-profile changes seen for O stars are generated by changes in the physical state of the mantle of the star, that is of the outer atmosphere where the deposition of non-radiative energy and momentum controls the physical state of the atmosphere. The physical state of the mantle may change in response to changes in the upper envelope of a star with a different time constant than the photosphere does.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Hvar Observatory, Bulletin (ISSN 0351-2651); 7; 1, 19; 1-15; Di
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    On the generation and maintenance of turbulence in the interstellar medium (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The broad spectrum of turbulent motions observed in the interstellar medium may be produced by the shearing action of differential galactic rotation. A steady state eddy distribution is maintained as energy cascades down the eddy hierarchy to smaller-scale motions. The characteristic decay time for interstellar turbulence is found to be 50-billion yr. Objections frequently raised against the presence of long-lived turbulent motions in the interstellar medium are therefore invalid, since these arguments usually presuppose that there is no source of fresh turbulent energy.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 246
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    First detection of line emission from the hot interstellar medium with solid state detectors (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previously reported enhanced soft X-ray emission from the North-Galactic Polar region supports the theory of a hot interstellar component. This paper reports the first detection of line emission from the hot interstellar component in the North-Galactic-Polar region. Measurements were made with solid state Si(Li) detectors aboard a spin-stabilized rocket launched from the White Sands Missile Range on March 22, 1980. Two features are clearly present in the low energy portion of the spectrum derived from the data. They correspond to emission lines from C V (300 eV) and C VI (360 eV), and from O VII (560 eV) and O VIII (650 eV). The detection of emission lines coming from these highly stripped ions is direct evidence for the thermal origin of the emission and confirms the presence of a hot (1-million K) component in the interstellar medium.
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    Determination of growth stage from reflectance spectra of crops (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The spectral reflectance characteristics of vegetation have been studied with the objective to learn how to extract useful information about the state of surface vegetation from space-borne observing systems, with emphasis on agricultural applications. Results of simulation studies based on high-resolution airborne spectrometer data indicate that changes in biomass, plant pigment, and leaf water content can be independently tracked by monitoring the reflective properties of vegetation with an appropriate selection of bands.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Effects of gamma-ray, neutrino, and particle production on the energetics and dynamics of compact extragalactic radio sources (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Consideration is given to particle production and high-energy radiation within apparently superluminal radio components of extragalactic radio sources forming within the apparent region of nuclear activity of a quasar or active galaxy. The physical conditions in compact components observed as radio emitters are derived for the quasars 3C 273 and 3C 345 and extrapolated to those of initial components of sizes on the order of 10 to the 15th cm on the basis of two-dimensional relativistic jet and relativistic three-dimensional models of component expansion. Probabilities that a given particle avoids an inelastic collision in the relativistic plasma are calculated for both cases which show that collisions which produce particles and radiation may be very important during the formation of a compact radio component. The consequences of electron-positron production, bremsstrahlung and proton-proton inelastic collisions ultimately giving rise to neutrinos and gamma rays for the development and energetics of the radio component are then examined, and upper limits to the amount of energy which can be channeled into radio components from an active region without giving rise to a high-energy X-ray source are derived.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 245
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    An 81 minute modulation of the X-ray flux from 2A 0311-227 (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is demonstrated that the X-ray flux from 2A 0311-227 is modulated at the 81 minute orbital period of its optical counterpart. An absorption dip with N sub H approximately equal to 5 x 10 to the 22nd H atoms per sq cm is observed at magnetic phase 0.42 that is interpreted as the accretion column of a magnetic white dwarf passing in front of the X-ray source. The spectrum is thermal with a temperature of 18 keV and a 300 eV equivalent-width iron line at 6.6 keV.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 244
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    Azimuthal radiometric temperature measurements of wheat canopies (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effects of azimuthal view angle on the radiometric temperature of wheat canopies at various stages of development are investigated. Measurements of plant height, total leaf area index, green leaf area index and Feeks growth stage together with infrared radiometric temperature measurements at 12 azimuth intervals with respect to solar azimuth and at different solar zenith angles were obtained for four wheat canopies at various heights. Results reveal a difference on the order of 2 C between the temperatures measured at azimuths of 0 and 180 deg under calm wind conditions, which is attributed to the time-dependent transfer of heat between canopy component surfaces. The azimuthal dependence must thus be taken into account in the determination of radiometric temperatures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Apr. 1
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    Comparison of reflectance with backscatter and absorption parameters for turbid waters (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The relation of reflectance to backscatter and absorption parameters is investigated for waters more turbid than those of previous investigations. Experimental data are examined for river waters in which beam attenuation values range from 8.9 to 18.9 per m at 550 nm. Attenuation, absorption, backscatter, and irradiance reflectance spectral properties are presented for wavelengths between 450 and 800 nm. Comparisons of reflectance with backscatter to absorption ratio and backscatter with absorption plus backscatter ratio indicate that data for turbid waters do not fit linear or polynomial models which are presently available in the literature.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Feb. 1
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    Field site selection (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Several general guidelines should be kept in mind when considering the selection of field sites for teaching remote sensing fundamentals. Proximity and vantage point are two very practical considerations. Only through viewing a broad enough area to place the site in context can one make efficient use of a site. The effects of inclement weather when selecting sites should be considered. If field work is to be an effective tool to illustrate remote sensing principles, the following criteria are critical: (1) the site must represent the range of class interest; (2) the site must have a theme or add something no other site offers; (3) there should be intrasite variation within the theme; (4) ground resolution and spectral signature distinction should be illustrated; and (5) the sites should not be ordered sequentially.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Field Study for Remote Sensing; p 29-33
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    Why surface-truth field study is needed in remote-sensing instruction (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Especially designed field studies are needed in remote sensing technology transfer courses regardless of the field work provided by the students'/trainees' major disciplines because the remote sensing discipline has unique emphases and needs. Modification of existng schedules to include field work provides the equivalent of extending the duration of the program with the added benefit of enhancing learning achievements per actual program day. The process of surface truth field instruction, levels of student capabilities and stages in the development of surface truth field studies are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Field Study for Remote Sensing; p 9-15
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    LANDSAT C workshop field/laboratory exercises (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Collection of ground information and supportive materials are absolutely necessary to verify and substantiate data extracted by the interpretation process regardless of sensor type and scale. Field observation and notes, the use of topographic and thematic maps, crop calendars, and climate records are just four examples of supportive materials which often are used in conjunction with remotely sensed materials. Illustration of this integrated multisensor approach is provided by four examples from the March, 1978 Santa Maria LANDSAT C Conference and Workshop. Four distinctive window sites were selected to demonstrate the usefulness of remotely sensed materials to solve geographic problems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Field Study for Remote Sensing; p 45-59
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    The workshop (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The plan is presented for a two day workshop held to provide educational and training experience in the reading, interpretation, and application of LANDSAT and correlated larger scale imagery, digital printout maps, and other collateral material for a large number of participants with widely diverse levels of expertise, backgrounds, and occupations in government, industry, and education. The need for using surface truth field studies with correlated aerial imagery in solving real world problems was demonstrated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Field Study for Remote Sensing; p 5-7
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    An industrial perspective of the LANDSAT opportunity (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The feasibility of enhancing LANDSAT products to provide the greatest usability low cost data possible can be determined through government sponsorship and finance of one or more task forces composed of a critical number of experts in multiple disciplines from many industries and academia. The synergism of multiple minds addressing singular problems without the creation of permanent or perpetual structures must yield output in the form of implementable specifications, even if presented as alternatives. Changes are needed within the spacecraft in order to account for Sun angle changes. The use of pointing accuracy to make geometric corrections (and possible radiometric corrections, is needed more than onboard data reduction and information extraction, which assume a proper knowledge of application and reduce potential utilization. Multilinear arrays need to be investigated and methods for sensor calibration and for determining the effects of atmospheric inversion, as well as the best way to back out the modulation transfer function must be determined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Field Study for Remote Sensing; p 1-3
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    Solar flare theory (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Solar flare models are briefly reviewed with emphasis on the physical mechanisms invoked to explain the flare. The physics of each mechanism and their interrelations are discussed in detail. Mechanisms are classified by their drivers (the source of energy on which they feed). The application of these mechanisms to coronal heating is evaluated.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Sun as a Star; p 413-470
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    Heating and acceleration of the solar wind (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The dynamics of the expanding corona are discussed emphasizing the physical processes which accelerate the plasma as it flows away from the Sun. The solar wind plays a dominant role in the energy balance of the part of the corona in which it originates. The wind acceleration processes, in large part, with the mechanisms that transport energy to the corona in the first place.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Sun as a Star; p 373-384
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    Oscillations and pulsations (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A theory to describe the observed photospheric 5 minute oscillations, chromospheric 3 minute oscillations, and possible motions of the interior with periods ranging from 40 to 160 minutes is discussed. It is similar to the theory of nonradial stellar oscillations developed to describe the low angluar order modes (one or two wavelengths around a circumference); however, the solar oscillations have thousands of wavelengths around a circumference. The properties of waves in stars, their restoring forces, periods and wavelengths, and their propagation and motions are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Sun as a Star; p 263-287
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    Remote sensing investigations of wetland biomass and productivity for global biosystems research (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Monitoring biomass of wetlands ecosystems can provide information on net primary production and on the chemical and physical status of wetland soils relative to anaerobic microbial transformation of key elements. Multispectral remote sensing techniques successfully estimated macrophytic biomass in wetlands systems. Regression models developed from ground spectral data for predicting Spartina alterniflora biomass over an entire growing season include seasonal variations in biomass density and illumination intensity. An independent set of biomass and spectral data were collected and the standing crop biomass and net primary productivity were estimated. The improved spatial, radiometric and spectral resolution of th LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper over the LANDSAT MSS can greatly enhance multispectral techniques for estimating wetlands biomass over large areas. These techniques can provide the biomass data necessary for global ecology studies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 4 p
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    An evaluation of LANDSAT-4 thematic mapper data for their geometric and radiometric accuracies and their relevance to geologic mapping (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Thematic mapper scenes for Washington, D.C. and Macon, Georgia were examined to determine their radiometry and geometric accuracy. Specific band ratios were used to determine their effectiveness in defining vegetation and rock mineralogy. the TM 3/4 band ratio was used to define vegetation and the 5/2 band ratio was used to define limonitic rocks. The 5/7 band ratio was evaluated to test the effectiveness of the 1.6 and 2.2 mm bands in detecting clay and carbonate bearing rocks. Preliminary results show that clay minerals containing absorption bands at 2.2 mm, which are centered in the TM band 7, can be readily detected when the band ratio images are suitably contrast stretched. Bright rocks, such as marbles, which contain absorption bands in the 2.33 mm region, near the wavelength of TM band 7, are only evident upon harsher contrast stretching of the 5/7 band ratio. Geobotanical studies of Washington, D.C. show that monospecific forest canopies can be differentiated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 5 p
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    Thematic mapper intraband radiometric performance (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: There are small differences between the average DN for the 16 detectors in each band, typically 0.8 DN; the standard deviations also differ typically by 0.4 DN. Differences of mode in a band are as large as 6 DN. Some DN levels appear to be strongly favored over adjacent levels. Differences between forward and reverse scans are approximately 0.1 DN in the mean, and 0 to 0.6 DN in the standard deviation. Geometrically resampled images (P data), in which the fixed correspondence between lines and single detectors is lost, are statistically similiar to the ensemble of detectors in each band in A data. The magnitude of inter-detector variation is readily seen by making an image of the first derivative in the vertical (line) direction of a flat field and stretching progressively wider ranges to gray; most detectors differ from their neighbors by 1 to 2 DN. The film output from the GSFC filmwriter used for TM images was found to have scale errors in both sample and line directions corresponding to four pixels in a TM image, and skew corresponding to three pixels.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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    In-progress absolute radiometric inflight calibration of the LANDSAT-4 sensors (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An approach is described for providing periodic inflight absolute radiometric calibrations of the LANDSAT-4 sensors by reference to selected, instrumented ground areas. Results of some early ground measurements and computer simulations are presented. Selection of a suitable ground reference site, accurate measurement of the spectral reflectance of the selected area, determination of atmospheric characteristics during the morning of the sensor overpass, reduction of the measured data and their use in an appropriate atmospheric radiative transfer program, and comparison of the radiance level data with the digital counts of for the images of the selected areas are discussed. Preliminary measurements of gypsum are being made as an aid in defining the characteristics of field equipment to be constructed and calibrated for use over the White Sands Missile Range.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 3 p
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    Spectral characterization of the LANDSAT-4 thematic mapper sensors (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data collected on the spectral characteristics of the LANDSAT-4 and LANDSAT-4 backup thematic mapper instruments, the protoflight (PF) and flight (F) models, respectively are analyzed and summarized. Tests were conducted on the instruments and their components to determine compliance with two sets of spectral specifications: Band-by-band spectral coverage and channel-by-channel within-band spectral matching.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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    Thermal band characterization of LANDSAT-4 thematic mapper (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The TM band 6 shutter background and the 34.7 C internal black body signal were measured over 50 day dates. Variability of the shutter background temperature was from 7 C to 11 C. For ten specific images, the digital counts of the calibration data were measured. The average pulse value of the black body peak decreased from 174 to 149 counts while the shutter background counts varied as a function of shutter temperature from 77 to 85. Relative internal gains between the four channels were calculated and compared to prelaunch values. They showed gains over 9 months of up to 5%. Frequency histograms of number of pixels vs. digital counts from a night scene were used to determine gain relative to the mean and to discern a systematic along-scan pattern in a difference between forward and reverse scan counts of up to 0.5. A corrected digital image was obtained. A temperature estimate for and area of Lake Erie of 18.5 C to 19.9 C was obtained. Local temperature records showed 21 C.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 3 p
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    Impact of LANDSAT MSS sensor differences on change detection analysis (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Differences in overall sensor response, due to both factors within the sensor system, and external factors such as atmospheric effects, must be dealt with before change detection techniques using image differencing can be successfully implemented. The approach used to be coregister data to a base, followed by between image scatterogram generation and evaluation, and image differencing. Data from LANDSAT 2 and 3 were registered to LANDSAT 4 data. The area was limited to a small protion of the scene near the City of Santa Cruz because this was the only area cloud and haze free on all the images. Visual examination of each image, as well as the between image scatterograms, provide information on radiometric characteristics of each sensor. The image differencing, after normalizing for radiometric differences, provides a visual depiction of geometric distortions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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    Investigation of radiometric properties of LANDSAT-4 MSS (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Two full frames of radiometrically corrected (Type A) LANDSAT-4 MSS data were analyzed digitally and visually for evidence of residual calibration differences between detectors, quantization effects, and other sensor-related artifacts. Both standard statistical and Fourier analysis techniques were employed. Opportunities for coincident coverage by LANDSATS 3 and 4 were identified in the contiguous 48 states. Paired acquisitions for two scenes were obtained and analyzed to establish relationships between signal values from common areas imaged by the two MSS Systems. Initial findings on detector-to-detector differences, coherent noise, and LANDSAT 4 to LANDSAT 3 calibration are summarized. Results show that LANDSAT 4 MSS produces data of generally good quality with dynamic ranges and target responses similar to those of previous sensors.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 3 p
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    TM report (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Key spectral, radiometric, and geometric characteristics of the TM sensor are examined. Spectrally, band 5 is slightly wider than specified and its upper edge at 50% of miximum of 1784 nm includes some unintended overlap with water absorption bands. Thermal band 6 is half the expected width. Radiometrically, the TM has extreme linearity and stability in comparison with previous MSS photomultiplier systems. Forward and reverse scans on TM show some unexplained radiometric differences of up to four digital levels. Primary focal plane bands show a monotomic decrease in gain of about 5% in the five months since launch. The relative internal gains of bands 5 and 7 varied with a period of about 60 days and an amplitude of about 6%. Radiometric calibration must be applied before histogram equalization algorithms to preserve radiometric accuracy. Geometrically, channel 4 in band 2 has a smaller modulation transfer function than desired. There is apparent misregistration of .75 pixels along scan and 0.2 pixels across scan.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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    LANDSAT-4 evaluation program and scientific characterization activities (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The characterization objectives of the LANDSAT 4 Science Office at GSFC are to: (1) determine the accuracy and precision of sensor and spacecraft performance, image data quality, and derived information; (2) recommend LANDSAT 4 system improvements; and (3) communicate results to the research community. In-house activities are directed toward full access and utilization of the prelaunch and in-orbit engineering test data on the sensor and spacecraft. Principle scientists in remote sensing are involved as part of a major scientific characterization effort, and workshops were held for these investigative teams. A symposium is scheduled prior to turnover of the TM to NOAA.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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    LANDSAT-4 hightlights (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The LANDSAT 4 thematic mapper sensor possesses approximately twice the spectral resolution, three times the spatial resolution, and four times the spectral sensitivity of the MSS sensor on earlier LANDSAT satellites. Spectral bands on the TM, particularly those at wavelengths of 1.6 and 2.2 micrometers are useful for: (1) distinguishing crops such as rice and soybeans; (2) surveying areas that are cultivated in strip crop fashion; (3) determining clay variations and abundances and rock classifications; and (4) differentiating nutrients and sediments found in coastal waters. The sensor can identify surface features 30 meters on a side, which roughly corresponds to a standard city block. Highway construction, land excavation, urban growth, and the health and extent of vegetation can be detected.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 3 p
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    Data acquisition and projected applications of the observations from LANDSAT-D (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The capabilities of the multispectral scanner and thematic mapper aboard LANDSAT-D are reviewed in terms of spectral, spatial, and radiometric resolution. The applications made possible by increased sensor sensitivity are discussed. Communication relay systems and the ground segment are also described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 217-230
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    SEASAT Synthetic Aperture Radar Data (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The potential of radar imagery from space altitudes is discussed and the advantages of radar over passive sensor systems are outlined. Specific reference is made to the SEASAT synthetic aperture radar. Possible applications include oil spill monitoring, snow and ice reconnaissance, mineral exploration, and monitoring phenomena in the urban environment.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 209-215
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    Forestry: Forum summary (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A synopsis of a forum addressing the use of LANDSAT data in forestry is given. Broad inventory studies, clear-cut monitoring, and insect and disease detection were among the subject areas discussed. Concerns regarding the vailability of data, cloud cover, resolution and classification accuracy, and product format were expressed by foresters.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 167-168
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    Land cover classification in southern Rhode Island using multidate LANDSAT MSS data (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of LANDSAT multispectral scanner data from several different dates to classify ground cover in Rhode Island is discussed. The advantage of using several dates is that seasonal data can be incorporated in the classification. In order to circumvent the problem of increased computer computation time, the dimensionality of the input data is reduced by the 'principal components method'. This technique and its implementation are described along with regisration, classification, and verification tasks.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 163-166
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    Modeling a beaver population on the Prescott Peninsula, Massachusetts: Feasibility of LANDSAT as an input (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A preliminary dynamic model of beaver spatial distribution and population growth was developed. The feasibility of locating beaver ponds on LANDSAT digital tapes, and of using this information to provide initial conditions of beaver spatial distribution for the model, and to validate model predictions is discussed. The techniques used to identify beaver ponds on LANDSAT are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 155-162
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    Remote sensing of coastal processes and resources (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of remote sensors and multispectral analysis techniques in solving environmental and resource management problems in the coastal zone is illustrated. The specific applications discussed include the analysis of coastal vegetation and productivity, remote sensing of estuarine fronts and their effects on oil dispersion, drift and dispersion of ocean-dumped wastes, and multispectral analysis of water pollutants and suspended sediment concentration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 139-154
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    Massachusetts: The establishment of a remote sensing center (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The objectives of the remote sensing center at the University of Massachusetts are described. These include research, facilities development, applications, education, and regional cooperation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 137-138
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  • 83
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    The Vermont operational LANDSAT data analysis system (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The implementation of the Office of Remote Sensing of Earth Resources (ORSER) software package from Pennsylvania State University onto the University of Vermont's IBM model 3031 computer is discussed. This version of ORSER was found to be much more user-friendly than remote access to the Penn State ORSER package.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 135
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  • 84
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    Minnesota Land Management Information Center (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A brief history of the Minnesota Land Management Information Center is given and the present operational status and plans for future development are described. The incorporation of LANDSAT data into the system, hardware and software capabilities, and funding are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 129-133
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    Lake trophic applications: Wisconsin (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Efforts to classify the water quality characteristics of lakes using LANDSAT imagery are reported. Image processing and registration techniques are described. A lake classification scheme which involves the assignment of a trophic class number was used in the data analysis. The resulting values were compared to the corresponding rank assignment derived from field measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 123-125
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    Forestry applications of LANDSAT data in New Hampshire (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The applications of forest clearcut maps derived from LANDSAT data are dicussed. Such maps provide harvest location information useful in general management and indicate the stage of regrowth which helps determine timber stand improvement practices. The clearcut maps are also used in fire control planning and in determining wildlife habitats.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 119-122
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  • 87
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    LANDSAT, a data supplement to forest survey (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of LANDSAT in providing forest data on a county basis was investigated. Image interpretation and classification techniques and their accuracy are addressed. LANDSAT data was also used to detect and delineate defoliation caused by tent caterpillars.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 111-113
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  • 88
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    Clearcut mapping and forest type mapping in eastern forests with LANDSAT data (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development and use of signature packages which provide a forest type map and which identify clearcut areas is discussed. The type map divides the forest land into three categories: softwood, mixed wood, and hardwood. The user defines each of these categories and adjusts the signature package to fit his needs. Success in identifying clearcuts and their stage of regrowth was demonstrated in New Hampshire where clearcuts range in size from 5 to 100 acres with between 30 and 40 acres being the most common.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 115-118
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  • 89
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    A proposed model for applied remote sensing in Indiana (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A model for the effective interaction of user, technical and consultant groups in incorporating remote sensing into applied research conducted by local, regional, and state agencies is outlined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 105-109
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    Remote sensing in West Virginia (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Low altitude black and white aerial photography is the prinicipal remote sensing tool for geologic investigations in West Virginia, although side looking radar and color infrared photography are also used. The first land use/cover map for the state was produced in color infrared and is being digitized. Linear features in Cabell and Wayne Counties, as revealed by LANDSAT, were evaluated to test the possible correlations with rock fractures and gas production from shales. A LANDSAT linear features map (1:250,000) was prepared for the entire state, also. Presently investigations are being made to understand karst and to predict areas that should not be used for development. Aerial photography and field mapping is being conducted to detect the location and causes of landslides.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 99-104
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  • 91
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    Land cover analysis of James City County, Virginia (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The approach used to obtain reliable countywide forest resource data, including statistics and a forest cover distribution map from LANDSAT data is described. Comparison of results of the LANDSAT anlysis and U.S. Forestry Survey data is presented in a table. Pine, oak/pine, and oak/hickory accounted for 22.3%, 32.6% and 45.2% respectively of the total forest area in the LANDSAT analysis, compared to 22.8%, 30.1%. and 47.1% in the Forest Survey. The corresponding figures for each forest type differ at most 2.5% for the mixed forest. The total county area in forest land measured using LANDSAT was underestimated by 1,409 acres, a 2.2% error based on the Forest Survey statistics. However, the estimate of 61,242 acres fell well within the known 4% uncertainty of the estimate for the Forest Survey figures (62,651 acres + or - 2,544 acres).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 91-97
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    Wildlife habitat evaluation demonstration project (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: To support the deer range improvement project in Michigan, the capability of LANDSAT data in assessing deer habitat in terms of areas and mixes of species and age classes of vegetation is being examined to determine whether such data could substitute for traditional cover type information sources. A second goal of the demonstration project is to determine whether LANDSAT data can be used to supplement and improve the information normally used for making deer habitat management decisions, either by providing vegetative cover for private land or by providing information about the interspersion and juxtaposition of valuable vegetative cover types. The procedure to be used for evaluating in LANDSAT data of the Lake County test site is described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 87-89
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    LANDSAT data for coastal zone management (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The lack of adequate, current data on land and water surface conditions in New Jersey led to the search for better data collections and analysis techniques. Four-channel MSS data of Cape May County and access to the OSER computer interpretation system were provided by NASA. The spectral resolution of the data was tested and a surface cover map was produced by going through the steps of supervised classification. Topics covered include classification; change detection and improvement of spectral and spatial resolution; merging LANDSAT and map data; and potential applications for New Jersey.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 77-85
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    Correlation of LANDSAT lineaments with Devonian gas fields in Lawrence County, Ohio (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In an effort to locate sources of natural gas in Ohio, the fractures and lineaments in Black Devonian shale were measured by: (1) field mapping of joints, swarms, and fractures; (2) stereophotointerpretation of geomorphic lineaments with precise photoquads; and (3) by interpreting the linear features on LANDSAT images. All results were compiled and graphically represented on 1:250,000 scale maps. The geologic setting of Lawrence County was defined and a field fracture map was generated and plotted as rose patterns at the exposure site. All maps were compared, contrasted, and correlated by superimposing each over the other as a transparency. The LANDSAT lineaments had significant correlation with the limits of oil and gas producing fields. These limits included termination of field production as well as extensions to other fields. The lineaments represent real rock fractures with zones of increased permeability in the near surface bedrock.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 69-73
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    Irrigation survey in Sherburne County, Minnesota (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Approximately 70% of Minnesota's irrigation is with center pivot distribution systems whose diagnostic appearance on remotely sensed imagery is a circular pattern which can be readily identified on LANDSAT MSS band imagery. Fields irrigated with traveling guns, laterals, booms, or cornering systems either result in angular field patterns or obscure the circular patterns normally visible on imagery. The IDMS system at Goddard was used to develop a LANDSAT digital classification of the Sherburne County area, which located fields regardless of shape, and was not dependent of visual interpretation. Ground truth collection and classification attempts are described in an effort to inventory all wells in the area.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 63-68
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    Land use project (comparison of LANDSAT with aircraft-derived land cover data for a proposed highway project) (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Maryland Automated Geographic Information System is described as well as the development of a general land cover classification with level 2 separation for vegetation categories for a 95,000-acre study area in Howard and Anne Arundel Counties. An accuracy analysis was performed on two subsections of the entire study area. The 1:24,000 scale land use map and the high in altitude infrared photography were determined to the best source of ground truth for the analysis. Results show that (1) delineation of deciduous and coniferous forested areas from LANDSAT data compared well with results from infrared photography; (2) general classification of agricultural areas showed acceptable results; (3) delineation of residential areas had the highest error rates (difference in interpretation and cover type assignment methods was a primary factor); and (4) LANDSAT-derived land cover data is to be used as an ancillary data source in a Maryland statewide land cover inventory.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 45-53
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    The Western Regional Applications Program (WRAP) (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The states encompassed by the Western Regional Applications Program (WRAP) include Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. The features of the western United States which both help and hinder the use of LANDSAT are discussed as well as their effects on the institutional approaches used for resources management in these states. Operational alternatives and some of the representative LANDSAT projects that WRAP is engaged in are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 31-37
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    NASA's Eastern Regional Remote Sensing Applications Program (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The goals of the Eastern Regional Remote Sensing Applications Program are to establish capability for using LANDSAT technology in state institutions and organizations in an operational mode, and to assist in handling new data, introducing new techniques as they become available, and in building and nurturing the technology within the states. Techniques for application development are supported and workshops and demonstrations are provided to pass information on to users. Major areas of project interest are forest inventory, water inventory, and water clarity, and land cover change detection. Another activity is in adopting software, modifying it to work on users' computers, and in identifying hardware that can be used and tied to user computer systems. Involvement of universities as resources for state and local governments is another element of the program.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 39-42
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    Earth Resources Laboratory technology transfer program (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The approach to the transfer of satellite remote sensing technology used at the National Space Technology Laboratories'/Earth Resources Laboratory represents an effective program for the assigned area and is composed of demonstrations; a comprehensive in-house training program; user awareness activities (brochures, slide sets, and documentation); university short courses to stimulate university capabilities; and a technical awareness effort aimed at providing the states with consultation in the areas of hardware/software systems and advice on specific applications. Particular focus is on the transfer of LANDSAT technology in the context of geobased information system development, as well as on how the states approach the problem of institutionalizing the capabilities. The status of demonstration projects and of the state LANDSAT geographic information systems is examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 25-29
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    The Earth Resources Data Project (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Council of State Planning Agencies, in consultation with the National Governor's Association and NASA, initiated the Earth Resources Data Project to encourage the appropriate application of cost-effective science and technology to state natural resources issues and problems. This project was established to provide a focal point for identifying those issues associated with state use of remote sensing and related technology. One project goal is to elevate to the consciousness of state policy and program officials new technologies, such as LANDSAT, by association with major issues to which policy officials are attuned. The project assists the coordination between the states and NASA and promotes communication on those issues. A related project objective is to encourage technical assistance opportunities for states that will promote better use of remote sensing and natural resources data in state programs.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 19-24
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