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  • 1
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    Influence of dissolved organic materials on turbid water optical properties and remote-sensing reflectance (1982)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
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    Comparison of reflectance with backscatter and absorption parameters for turbid waters (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The relation of reflectance to backscatter and absorption parameters is investigated for waters more turbid than those of previous investigations. Experimental data are examined for river waters in which beam attenuation values range from 8.9 to 18.9 per m at 550 nm. Attenuation, absorption, backscatter, and irradiance reflectance spectral properties are presented for wavelengths between 450 and 800 nm. Comparisons of reflectance with backscatter to absorption ratio and backscatter with absorption plus backscatter ratio indicate that data for turbid waters do not fit linear or polynomial models which are presently available in the literature.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Feb. 1
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Sea foam reflectance and influence on optimum wavelength for remote sensing of ocean aerosols (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: According to previous investigations, sea foam is a major variable in the accurate determination of aerosol turbidity over the oceans with remote-sensing systems. As a result, tests have been conducted to measure sea foam reflectance at wavelengths from 0.55 micron to 2.8 microns. Data from the tests offer an improved knowledge of the effects of sea foam on radiation upwelled from the ocean surface at near-infrared wavelengths. Application of the new data suggests potential for a 40 percent improvement in signal to noise characteristics of aerosol measurements over the oceans if a 1.56 micron waveband is used instead of 0.75 micron.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 9; June 198
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Influence of dissolved organic materials on turbid water optical properties and remote-sensing reflectance (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effects of dissolved organic materials on turbid-water optical properties are assessed, by means of field measurements and laboratory simulations in which upwelled reflectance, attenuation, absorption, and backscatter spectral properties at wavelengths from 450 to 800 nm are examined in relation to water chemistry. The data show that dissolved organic materials decrease upwelled reflectance from turbid waters, and that the decrease in reflectance is a nonlinear function of concentration with the largest gradients at low carbon concentrations, depending on wavelength. Upwelled reflectance is found to be highly correlated with two backscatter-absorption parameters used in some optical models, which are nonlinear with dissolved organic material concentration change.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Jan. 20
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Penetration depth at green wavelengths in turbid waters (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A laboratory and field measurement program was conducted to determine apparent remote sensing penetration depths at a wavelength of 520 nm. Tests were made for various types of sediments under controlled conditions in a laboratory. Field tests were conducted in several different water bodies over a wide range of solar elevation angles. Laboratory results indicate that apparent penetration depth is significantly influenced by mineral content and/or size of suspended sediments. Field measurements show wide variation in apparent penetration depth, even when suspended solids concentration is nearly constant. Apparent penetration depth does not appear to be a strong function of solar elevation angle so long as the water mixture remains constant.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 44; Nov. 197
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Laboratory measurements of physical, chemical, and optical characteristics of Lake Chicot sediment waters (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Reflectance, chromaticity, diffuse attenuation, beam attenuation, and several other physical and chemical properties were measured for various water mixtures of lake bottom sediment. Mixture concentrations range from 5 ppm to 700 ppm by weight of total suspended solids in filtered deionized tap water. Upwelled reflectance is a nonlinear function of remote sensing wave lengths. Near-infrared wavelengths are useful for monitoring highly turbid waters with sediment concentrations above 100 ppm. It is found that both visible and near infrared wavelengths, beam attenuation correlates well with total suspended solids ranging over two orders of magnitude.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TP-1941 , L-14714
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Laboratory upwelled radiance and reflectance spectra of Kerr reservoir sediment waters (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Reflectance, chromaticity, and several other physical and chemical properties were measured for various water mixtures of bottom sediments taken from two sites at Kerr Reservoir, Virginia. Mixture concentrations ranged from 5 to 1000 ppm by weight of total suspended solids (TSS) in filtered deionized tap water. The two sets of radiance and reflectance spectra obtained were similar in shape and magnitude for comparable values of TSS. Upwelled reflectance was observed to be a nonlinear function of TSS with the degree of curvature a function of wavelength. Sediment from the downstream site contained a greater amount of particulate organic carbon than from the upstream site. No strong conclusions can be made regarding the effects of this difference on the radiance and reflectance spectra. Near-infrared wavelengths appear useful for measuring highly turbid water with concentrations up to 1000 ppm or more. Chromaticity characteristics do not appear useful for monitoring sediment loads above 150 ppm.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: NASA-TP-1993 , L-14992 , NAS 1.60:1993
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Laboratory measurements of upwelled radiance and reflectance spectra of Calvert, Ball, Jordan, and Feldspar soil sediments (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An effort to investigate the potential of remote sensing for monitoring nonpoint source pollution was conducted. Spectral reflectance characteristics for four types of soil sediments were measured for mixture concentrations between 4 and 173 ppm. For measurements at a spectral resolution of 32 mm, the spectral reflectances of Calvert, Ball, Jordan, and Feldspar soil sediments were distinctly different over the wavelength range from 400 to 980 nm at each concentration tested. At high concentrations, spectral differences between the various sediments could be detected by measurements with a spectral resolution of 160 nm. At a low concentration, only small differences were observed between the various sediments when measurements were made with 160 nm spectral resolution. Radiance levels generally varied in a nonlinear manner with sediment concentration; linearity occurred in special cases, depending on sediment type, concentration range, and wavelength.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TP-1039 , L-11854
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Laboratory measurements of radiance and reflectance spectra of dilute secondary-treated sewage sludge (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), in cooperation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), conducted a research program to evaluate the feasibility of remotely monitoring ocean dumping of waste products such as acid and sewage sludge. One aspect of the research program involved the measurements of upwelled spectral signatures for sewage-sludge mixtures of different concentrations in an 11600-liter tank. This paper describes the laboratory arrangement and presents radiance and reflectance spectra in the visible and near-infrared ranges for concentrations ranging from 9.7 to 180 ppm of secondary-treated sewage sludge mixed with two types of base water. Results indicate that upwelled radiance varies in a near-linear manner with concentration and that the sludge has a practically flat signal response between 420 and 970 nm. Reflectance spectra were obtained for the sewage-sludge mixtures at all wavelengths and concentrations.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: NASA-TP-1089 , L-11870
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Laboratory measurements of radiance and reflectance spectra of dilute primary-treated sewage sludge (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The feasibility of remotely monitoring ocean dumping of waste products such as acid and sewage sludge is evaluated. The laboratory arrangement, solar simulator, and test results from three experiments conducted in the laboratory are described. Radiance and reflectance spectra are presented for primary-treated sewage sludge mixed with two types of base water. Results indicate that upwelled reflectance varies in a near-linear manner with concentration and that the sludge has a practically flat signal response between 420 and 970 nm. Well-defined upwelled reflectance spectra were obtained for the sewage-sludge mixtures at all wavelengths and concentrations. The spectral-reflectance values appeared to be influenced by the type of base water, but this influence was small, especially for the mixtures with low concentrations of sewage sludge.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: NASA-TP-1038 , L-11767
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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