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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In früheren Untersuchungen langer atmosphärischer Wellen von niedriger Frequenz in der polaren Atmosphäre wurden Zylinderkoordinaten angewendet, wobei die Ebenez=0 die Erdoberfläche am Pole berührt. Dabei wurde mittels numerischer Beispiele gefunden, daß die in Zylinderkoordinaten erhaltenen Resultate gute Annäherungen an die mit Kugelkoordinaten berechneten darstellen. Hier wird gezeigt, daß die Formeln für die Wellenfrequenzen in beiden Koordinatensystemen angenähert gleich sind.
    Notes: Summary In earlier studies of long low-frequency atmospheric waves in the polar atmosphere a cyclindrical coordinate system had been used with the planez=0 tangential to the earth's surface at the pole. It had been found by numerical examples that the results obtained with a cylindrical coordinate system approximate quite well those obtained with a spherical coordinate system. Here, it is shown that the formulae for the wave frequencies in both coordinate systems are the same to a good degree of approximation.
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  • 2
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 269-277 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Auswirkungen der Einbeziehung der vertikalen Scherung in das Problem der stetigen Strömung einer nichtviskosen rotierenden und geschichteten Flüssigkeit um ein isoliertes topographisches Hindernis besprochen. Es wird gezeigt, daß bei Baroklinität in der fern von dem Hindernis ungestörten Strömung, bei dem hier betrachteten Parameterbereich, ein antizyklonaler an das Hindernis gebundener Wirbel erzeugt wird, ähnlich wie im Fall ohne Scherung aber mit durch die Scherung modifizierter Intensität. Im besonderen nimmt, wenn die Geschwindigkeit der Grundströmung mit der Höhe zunimmt, die Intensität des Wirbels im Vergleich zum barotropen Fall wegen der horizontalen Advektion potentieller Temperatur ab. Für den Fall einer geringen Größe der Hindernisse werden analytische Lösungen gebracht.
    Notes: Summary The effects of inclusion of vertical shear in the problem of steady flow of an inviscid, rotating and stratified fluid past isolated topography are discussed. It is shown that the presence of baroclinicity in the undisturbed flow far from the obstacle, in the parameter range considered here, produces an anti-cyclonic vortex bound to the obstacle, like in the unsheared case, but whose intensity is modified by the shear. In particular, if the velocity of basic flow increases with height, the intensity of the vortex is decreased with respect to the barotropic case, because of the horizontal advection of potential temperature. Analytical solutions are presented in the case of small amplitude obstacles.
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  • 3
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 205-217 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe approximierter ageostrophischer Windkomponenten und iterativer Integration in einem quasi Lagrangeschen System werden Trajektorien abgeleitet. Die Verifikation erfolgt an Hand der Verlagerung charakteristischer Wolkensysteme mittels Satellitenbilder.
    Notes: Summary Trajectories are computed with the help of approximated ageostrophic windcomponents and the iterative integration method in a quasi Lagrangian system. The displacement of distinctive cloud systems localized from satellite images is used for verification.
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  • 4
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 219-233 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Parameter zur Feststellung des Minimalbereiches der übergeostrophischen Komponente der zonalen Strömung in einem westlichen Jet Stream aus der Bedingung bestimmt, daß eine geostrophische Bewegung nur in stabil geschichteten Medien möglich ist. Die Größe des übergeostrophischen Zonalwindes im Kerngebiet eines durchschnittlichen westlichen Jet Stream mittlerer Breiten wurde bei nahe von 60% der beobachteten zonalen Windgeschwindigkeit festgestellt. Die durch diese übergeostrophischen Zonalwindkomponenten verursachten nicht geostrophischen Querzirkulationen werden als thermisch indirekt und für die Entwicklung von einigen beobachteten Erscheinungen wie der Jet Stream Front, der Unterbrechung der nördlichen Tropopause quer zum Kern und der Clear air turbulence-Zonen in bestimmten Regionen eines westlichen Jet Stream als günstig erwiesen.
    Notes: Summary A parameter, for determining the minimum super-geostrophic component of zonal flow in a westerly jet stream, was identified, by invoking the condition that geostrophic motion is possible only in stably stratified media. The magnitude of super geostrophic zonal wind in the core region of an average mid-latitudinal westerly jet stream was found to be nearly 60% of the observed zonal wind speed. The non-geostrophic transverse circulations induced by this super-geostrophic zonal wind components were shown to be thermally indirect in nature and favourable for the formation of some of the observed features like jet stream front, break of the northern tropopause across the core and CAT (clear air turbulence) zones in certain regions of a westerly jet stream.
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  • 5
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 249-267 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Verwendung von in der zweiten Phase der Venezueler internationalen meteorologischen und hydrologischen Experimente (VIMHEX-1972) gesammelten Radar-Daten wurde eine Klassifikation von Unwettern in Böenlinien, in Gewittergruppen und in isolierten Gewittern vorgenommen. Die Verhältnisse in der nahen Umgebung während des Vorrückens dieser Typen von Unwetter werden untersucht. Die Modifikation der Umgebung wird, abgeleitet aus der trocken-statischen Energie, aus der feucht-statischen Energie, aus dem latenten Wärmegehalt und aus den relativen Winden, ebenfalls studiert und ein für die Unwetter entwickeltes Modell wird vorgelegt. Schließlich werden einige Aspekte der Bewegung der Unwettergebilde beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary A classification of storms in squall lines, thunderstorm clusters, and isolated thunderstorms was made using radar data collected during the second phase of the Venezuelan International Meteorological and Hydrological Experiments (VIMHEX-1972). The near-environmental conditions in advance of these types of storms are examined. The modification of the environment, as deduced from the dry static energy, moist static energy, latent heat content and relative winds is also studied, and a conceptual model for the storms is presented. Finally, some aspects of storm movement are described.
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  • 6
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 235-247 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung wurde an einem äquivalenten barotropen Modell zum Studium der Stabilität des meridionalen Windes im 200 mb-Niveau im Sommer in den Tropen durch-geführt. Das von Wiin-Nielsen für mittlere Breiten eingeführte äquivalente Modell wurde mit einigen Änderungen auch für die Tropen angenommen. Es wurde gefunden, daß der meridionale Wind einer Anzahl von überlagerten Rossby-Wellen äquivalent ist, so daß sich das Stabilitätsproblem der meridionalen Strömung auf das Stabilitätsproblem von Rossby-Wellen zurückführen läßt. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde die Stabilität einer Rossby-Welle mit einer Störung, die einen zonalen Wind ergibt, geprüft. Es wurde gefunden, daß kurze Rossby-Wellen instabil sind, so daß die kurzen Rossby-Wellen ihre kinetische Energie auf den zonalen Wind übertragen. Das von Lorenz hinsichtlich der Instabilität der Rossby-Welle für mittlere Breiten gewonnene Ergebnis wurde mit dem äquivalenten barotropen Modell verbessert.
    Notes: Summary The present study is conducted in the equivalent barotropic model to study the stability of meridional wind at 200 mb level in tropics during summer. The equivalent barotropic model, which was introduced by Wiin-Nielsen [1] for midlatitude, is accepted for tropics after some possible changes. The meridional wind is found to be equivalent to a number of superposed dispersive Rossby waves, so the stability problem of meridional flow reduces to the stability problem of Rossby waves. In the present study, the stability of single Rossby wave is tested with a perturbation which gives zonal wind. It is found that the short Rossby waves are unstable, so the short Rossby waves release their kinetic energy to the zonal wind. Thus, the short waves of the spectral meridional flow release their kinetic energy to the zonal wind. For midlatitude, Lorenz's problem regarding the instability of Rossby wave is improved using the equivalent barotropic model.
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  • 7
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 279-299 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die monatlichen und jahreszeitlichen Mittel, die Extreme und die Veränderlichkeit des Meereises der Süd-Hemisphäre aufgrund 5jähriger Beobachtungen untersucht. Seine Veränderlichkěit ist am größten in den geographischen Längen der Küsteneinbuchtungen der Antarktis; es wurde auch eine kleine aber allgemeine Abnahme seiner Ausdehnung in allen Jahreszeiten dieser Beobachtungsperiode festgestellt. Zum Maximum der Eisausdehnung (Juli bis November) nimmt das 5jährige Mittel der zonalen Westwinde im Norden des Eises mit zunehmender Eisausdehnung zu; in einzelnen Jahren besteht jedoch zum Maximum der Eisausdehnung keine deutliche Korrelation zwischen der zonal gemittelten Eisausdehnung und der Stärke der zonalen Westströmung im vorhergehenden oder folgenden Monat. Der Vergleich mit dem 5jährigen Mittel der Längenverteilung der atmosphärischen Druck-Maxima und Minima in der Breite des antarktischen Trogs weist allgemein auf Asymmetrien im Eisrand hin, derart, daß er in Gebieten mit häufigem Tiefdruck weiter nördlich liegt und veränderlicher ist und in Gebieten mit relativ hohem Druck weiter südlich liegt. Die Untersuchung einer spezifischen Längenzone zeigt, daß die Verteilung der Eisausdehnung deutlich regional ist und offenbar mit Änderungen in der kombinierten ozeanischen und atmosphärischen Zirkulation in den antarktischen Einbuchtungen in Beziehung steht.
    Notes: Summary The monthly and seasonal means, extremes and variability of the Southern Hemisphere sea ice are examined for a five year period. Its variability is found to be greatest in the longitudes of the Antarctic coastal embayments, and a small but general decline in extent at all seasons throughout the period is observed. At near maximum ice extent (July to November), the 5 year mean of the zonal westerlies to the north of the ice increases with increasing ice extent; however for individual years, at maximum ice extent, there is no clear correlation between zonally averaged ice extent and the strength of the zonal westerlies in the preceding or succeeding month. Comparison with the 5 year mean longitudinal pattern of atmospheric pressure maxima and minima at the latitude of the Antarctic trough points generally to asymmetries in the ice edge, such that it is further north and more variable in regions of frequent low pressure, and further south in regions of relatively high pressure. Examination of a specific longitudinal zone indicates that the pattern of ice extent is clearly regional, and apparently related to variations in the combined oceanic and atmospheric circulation particularly in the Antarctic embayments.
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  • 8
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 327-332 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Maximalwellen energiereicher Erdbeben mit Herd in der oberen Kruste rufen im äußeren Schütterbereich häufig Resonanzeffekte hervor, die eine örtliche Steigerung der Bebenintensität zur Folge haben. Eine Bewertung solcher Intensitäten nach den gebräuchlichen makroseismischen Skalen ist derzeit nicht möglich. Geht man davon aus, daß die primären Bebenwirkungen an der Erdoberfläche eine Folge der vom Bebenherd abgestrahlten Schwingungsenergie sind und daß die makroseismische IntensitätI (oMSK oder MM) ein logarithmisches Maß für die Bebenwirkungen ist, dann gilt offenbarI=log10 E+const, wennE die örtliche Energiestromdichte (Flächendichte der seismischen Energie) ist. Während im Epizentralbereich wegen der Unregelmäßigkeit der Erdstöße ausgeprägte Resonanzeffekte fehlen, muß man in herdfernen Gebieten, wo die Sg-Maximalwellen des Bebens schon weitgehend harmonisch sind, bei schwingungsanfälligen dünnen Bodenschichten und/oder Bauwerken mit entsprechender Eigenperiode Resonanzschwingungen erwarten, die eine Anhebung der lokalen Bebenintensität um ΔI (oMSK oder MM) bewirken. Mit Hilfe von empirischen Näherungsformeln kann man zu einer Abschätzung dieser Intensitätssteigerung kommen. Sie beträgt ΔI=0,28M s+0,4, mitM s als Oberflächenwellen-Magnitude. Die von der Epizentraldistanz und Magnitude abhängigen Resonanzfrequenzen liegen in der Regel zwischen 0,5 und 2 Hz. Die denkbare Intensitätssteigerung durch Resonanz im Falle eines Bebens der Magnitude 4,0 (7,0) liegt bei 1,5° (2,4°) MSK oder MM. Daraus folgt z. B., daß viele der in Hochhäusern bemerkten und mitI=IIo bewerteten Beben eigentlich mitI=Io zu klassifizieren sind und daß das Anschlagen kleiner Glocken oder das Stehenbleiben von Pendeluhren am Rande des Schüttergebietes eines energiereichen Bebens nichtI=Vo (−VIo), sondernI=IIIo (−IVo) entspricht. Die 12teiligen makroseismischen Skalen sind daher in entsprechender Weise zu ergänzen.
    Notes: Summary In the epicentral area of an earthquake with the focus within the upper crust the rocking is irregular and therefore resonance effects are lacking, but far off the hypocentre, where theSg maximum waves are nearly sinusoidal, thin layers of soil and/or buildings with an appropriate natural period react with resonance oscillations, by which the local macroseismic intensity is increased by ΔI (oMSK or MM). The resonance frequencies — functions of magnitude and hypocentral distance — mostly range from 0.5 to 2 Hz. The increase of intensity can be assessed by the aid of the formula ΔI=0.28M s+0.4, found by the author (M s=surface wave magnitude). Hence, in case of an earthquake withM s=4.0 (7.0) the marginal increase of intensity by resonance amounts to 1.5° (2.4°) MSK or MM. This implies, e. g., that many earthquakes perceived in tall buildings and considered asI=IIo has to be classified asI=Ic correctly, and the ringing of small bells or the stopping of pendulum clocks in the outskirts of the shaken area of a strong earthquake corresponds toI=IIIo (−IVo), and not toI=Vo (−VIo). A valuation of such intensities by the aid of the usual macroseismic scales is not possible, and therefore these scales are to be supplemented in an appropriate way.
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  • 9
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 67-87 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem Artikel von Garrat ([5], S. 915), der sich zusammenfassend und kritisch mit der jüngsten Forschung über die aerodynamische Reibung über einer Wasseroberfläche auseinandersetzt, heißt es: “Die Auswirkungen des Fetches, der Dauer und der Unstetigkeit eines Windes sind unbekannt und verstecken sich wohl hinter der Streuung der experimentellen Resultate”. In unserem Artikel ist ein Versuch unternommen worden, vorhandene Resultate von Experimenten am Genfersee auf eine Fetchabhängigkeit zu untersuchen. Dabei wird eine funktionelle Beziehung zwischen dem lokalen Reibungs- oder Widerstandskoeffizienten,C 10, und einer Fetch-Reynoldszahl, (U 10 F)/ν, mit einer dimensionslosen Rauhigkeit,F/y 0, als Parameter vorgeschlagen. Weiter wird gezeigt, daß eine Beziehung zwischen dem Rauhigkeitsparameter und dem Seegang (ausgedrückt als signifikante Welle,H 1/3) möglich ist. Diese Studie sollte als Vorstudie angesehen werden; sie diente unter anderem als Grundlage für ein größeres aerodynamisches Projekt am Genfersee.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans un article récent sur le coefficient de frottement, Garrat ([5], p. 915) laisse supposer que «les effets du fetch, de la durée et de la variabilité du vent s'ils existent, demeurent obscurs dans la dispersion des données expérimentales». Dans cet article, on essayera d'analyser l'éventuelle dépendance du fetch sur les données obtenues au cours des campagnes de mesures sur le Léman. On admettra qu'une relation entre le coefficient de frottement local,C 10, et le nombre de Reynolds de fetch,(U 10 F)/ν, existe, avec la rugosité adimensionelle,F/y 0, comme paramètre. Puis on discutera de l'éventuelle relation entre le paramètre de rugosité et l'état de surface du lac (exprimé ici en fonction de la vague significative). Cette étude est à considérer plutôt comme un travail préliminaire à l'établissement d'un nouveau programme expérimental projeté sur le Léman.
    Notes: Summary In a recent review on the drag coefficient, Garrat ([5], p. 915) pointed to the fact that “The effect (if any) of the fetch, wind duration and unsteadyness remains obscure in this experimental data scatter”. The present paper makes an attempt to analyse, in the light of a fetch dependency, data which have been accumulated on the Lake of Geneva. Postulated is a possible functional relationship between the local drag coefficient,C 10, and a fetch Reynolds number, (U 10 F)/ν, with a dimensionless roughness,F/y 0, as parameter. Subsequently, a possible relationship between the roughness parameter and the sea state (expressed presently with the significant wave) is discussed. The present study should be considered as preliminary in as much as it served to establish another field programme on Lake Geneva.
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  • 10
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 89-107 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There are typical cloud configurations in satellite images which are produced and/or maintained mainly by vorticity. These are: comma, enhanced cumuli, wave in a frontalband, upper level low and the cloud spiral of a low. Looking at satellite images there can be observed sometimes an increase sometimes a decrease during the further development of the cloud systems. The type of further development is also dependent on the value of the associated vorticity. In this paper there is examined the relationship between cloud systems and vorticity and there are investigated thresholds of vorticity. Are these thresholds, which are different for the different cloud systems, exceeded, one can conclude — with a certain degree of probability — that cloud systems will increase (that means a further weather activity). Are the thresholds not exceeded one can expect a decrease of the cloud systems.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es gibt typische Bewölkungskonfigurationen, die überwiegend durch Vorticity produziert und/oder aufrecht erhalten werden. Dazu gehören: Komma, enhanced Cumulibewölkung, Welle im Frontalband, Höhentief und Kern eines Tiefdruckwirbels. Aus Satellitenbildern kann beobachtet werden, daß sich die Bewölkungssysteme manchmal während ihrer Entwicklung verstärken, manchmal abschwächen. Die Art der Weiterentwicklung hängt unter anderem von der Stärke der zugeordneten Vorticity ab. In dieser Arbeit werden die Zusammenhänge zur Vorticity untersucht und Schwellwerte der Vorticity aufgestellt. Werden die Schwellwerte, die für die einzelnen Systeme verschieden sind, überschritten, so kann mit einer bestimmten Wahrscheinlichkeit auf Verstärkung (weitere Wetterwirksamkeit) geschlossen werden. Werden die Schwellen unterschritten, kann Abschwächung des Systems angenommen werden.
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  • 11
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 119-130 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Analyse einer großen Zahl von Groß-Regenfällen in Verbindung mit tropischen Depressionen, Zyklonen und schweren Unwettern hat ergeben, daß Groß-Regenfälle im September 1880 und im Juli 1927 über die Niederung des Landes die größten Flächenniederschlagshöhen in Indien brachten. Diese Rekord-Niederschlagshöhen wurden für verschiedene Flächengrößen und Andauern bestimmt und mit ähnlichen Rekord-Flächenniederschlagshöhen über dem tropischen Gebiet der USA verglichen. Diese Untersuchung hat gezeigt, daß für Andauern von zwei und drei Tagen die Rekord-Flächenniederschlagshöhen in Indien größer waren als in den USA. Für die Andauer von einem Tag waren bis zu einer Fläche von 5180 km2 (2000 Quadratmeilen) diese Flächenniederschlagshöhen in den USA größer, für größere Flächen waren sie aber in Indien entweder größer oder nahezu gleich wie in den USA.
    Notes: Summary On the basis of analysis of a large number of rainstorms associated with tropical disturbances such as depressions, cyclonic storms and severe storms, it has been found that September, 1880 and July, 1927 rainstorms over the plain areas of the country gave the highest areal rain depths in India. These rain depths have been worked out for different areas and durations and have been compared with the similar areal rain depths over the tropical region of USA. This study has shown that for durations of 2 and 3 days, Indian areal rain depths have been higher in magnitude when compared to USA rain depths. For one-day duration, upto 5180 sq.km (2000 sq.miles) area, USA areal rain depths are greater, while for larger areas Indian rain depths are either higher or almost equal with that of USA.
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  • 12
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 131-141 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während der Monsun-, Premonsun- und Postmonsunzeiten über der tropischen Station Calcutta bei Gewittern auftretende Atmospherics zeigen einige typische Charakteristiken. In allen Fällen ist ein stufenweises Ansteigen (GRA) und ein gleichmäßiges Abklinge (SRA) der Atmospherics festgestellt worden. Zwischen diesen zwei Änderungen tritt eine plötzliche Steigerung der Atmospherics (SEA) auf, die manchmal aus zwei Komponenten SEA1 und SEA2 zusammengesetzt ist. Diese bei 10 und 20 kHz beobachteten Tatbstände der integrierten Feldintensität der Atmospherics (IFIA) wurden in ihrer Beziehung zu Monsun-, premonsunalen und postmonsunalen Gewittern kritisch untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der Niederschlag während der Monsun- und postmonsunalen Gewitter mit dem gleichmäßigen Rückgang der IFIA verbunden ist, während er bei den premonsunalen Gewittern mit der zweiten plötzlichen Steigerung der Atmospherics in Verbindung steht. Diese Anomalien wurden mit Ladungstrennungen in Gewittern in Zusammenhang gebracht. Ferner wurden auch die Unterschiede der entsprechenden Amplituden bei 10 und 20 kHz bei den verschiedenen Variationen der IFIA kritisch untersucht.
    Notes: Summary Thunderstorm associated atmospherics during the monsoon, premonsoon and postmonsoon seasons over the tropical station Calcutta show some typical characteristics. In all the cases gradual rise of atmospherics (GRA) and steady recovery of atmospherics (SRA) have been found. In between the above two changes, there is the sudden enhancement of atmospherics (SEA) which is some times composed of two components SEA1 and SEA2. All the above facts of the integrated field intensity of atmospherics (IFIA) observed at 10 and 20 kHz have been critically examined here in relation to monsoon, premonsoon and postmonsoon thunderstorms. The results exhibit that the precipitation is associated with the steady recovery of IFIA during the monsoon and postmonsoon thunderstorms while that during premonsoon thunderstorms is associated with the second sudden enhancement. These anomalies have been interpreted in terms of charge separation within thunderclouds. Moreover, the difference of the respective amplitudes at 10 and 20 kHz of the different variations of IFIA have also been critically focussed.
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  • 13
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 157-165 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine mit der H-N-Methode durchgeführte numerische Berechnung hat die Existenz einer zyklonalen elliptischen Zelle im inneren Teil des Liguirischen Meeres ergeben. Dieses Resultat ist in Übereinstimmung mit dem auf einer Kreuzfahrt im März 1952 im selben Gebiet experimentell entdeckten Wirbel. Es wurde der Einfluß der seitlichen Küstenbergrenzungen am nordöstlichen Zugang zum Becken des Tyrrhenischen Meeres in Rechnung gezogen und die Annahme südlicher Winde als treibenden Mechanismus für diesen Wirbel besprochen.
    Notes: Summary A numerical calculation computed by the H-N method has shown the existence of a cyclonic elliptic cell in the inner part of the Ligurian Sea. This result agrees with an experimental vortex discovered in the same area during a cruise in March 1952. The influence of the lateral coastal boundaries at the north-eastern entrance of the basin into the Tyrrheinian Sea has been taken into account and the hypothesis of southerly winds as the forcing mechanism of this vortex has been discussed.
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  • 14
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 167-178 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Seismic and gravimetric measurements as well as investigations of the orientation of joints were made in the basin of Horn in Lower Austria. In this region, Tertiary sediments overlie mica-schists and phyllites of the Bohemian Massif. The investigations show that the top of the basement can be found with great accuracy by the geophysical methods employed. It is also seen that the joint orientations in the Bohemian Massif correspond to those expectable from the action of the regional “European” neotectonic stress system.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Horner Becken (Niederösterreich) wurden Kluftmessungen, gravimetrische Aufnahmen und seismische Messungen durchgeführt. In dieser Gegend liegen tertiäre Ablagerungen auf Glimmerschiefern und Phylliten der Böhmischen Masse. Die Arbeit zeigt, daß die Anwendung geophysikalischer Methoden die Grenze und den Verlauf des Grundgebirges mit hoher Genauigkeit feststellen läßt. Weiters ist ersichtlich, daß auch in der Böhmischen Masse die Kluftstellungen dem großräumigen neotektonischen Spannungsfeld entsprechen.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 179-191 
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method is described in determining the anisotropic character of rocks concerning its fabric and its electrical properties. Low frequency capacities and high frequency conductivities of brine-saturated rocks and pure electrolytes are used to measure the electrical and fabric characteristics of anisotropic rocks.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gefügeelektrische Parameter von Gesteinen werden unter Verwendung von Kapazitätsbestimmungen bei Niederfrequenz und durch Leitfähigkeitsmessungen bei hohen Frequenzen ermittelt. Diese Untersuchungen werden einerseits an Gesteinsproben, andererseits an reinen Elektrolytlösungen, die zum Sättigen von Gesteinsproben dienen, vorgenommen. Dabei konnten Anisotropieerscheinungen beobachtet werden.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 143-155 
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The device consists of a narrow-band active receiving antenna with two separate antenna bodies for the frequencies of 10 and 27 kHz, respectively. Each body contains a block of ferrite rods with a wire coil and condensers, a fully integrated signal amplifier, an impedance transformer and an electronic thermostat. The received atmospherics impulses are conducted to a signal processor. Here they are transformed to pulses of constant amplitude which are summed up and stored in a sample-and-hold-circuit. After every ten pulses the storage circuit is automatically discharged. The device can separate strong periodical interference pulses from the statistically occurring natural atmospherics and eliminate them. It can also indicate signals originating from blizzards as high narrow peaks. Some examples of registered patterns of atmospherics in different weather situations are shown.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Anlage besteht aus einer schmalbandigen aktiven Empfangsantenne mit zwei getrennten Antennenkörpern für die Empfangsfrequenzen 10 und 27 kHz. Jeder Antennenkörper enthält einen Block von Ferritstäben mit Drahtwicklung und Kondensatoren, einen vollintegrierten Signalverstärker, einen Impedanzwandler sowie einen elektronischen Thermostaten. Die empfangenen Atmospherics-Impulse werden in einer Signalverarbeitungsanlage zu Impulsen konstanter Amplitude verformt und in einer Speicherschaltung (Sample-and-Hold-Schaltung) aufsummiert. Nach Eingang von jeweils 10 Impulsen wird der Speicher automatisch entladen. Die Anordnung hat ferner die Eigenschaft, starke periodische Störimpulse von den stochastischen Atmospherics-Signalen der Natur zu trennen und zu unterdrücken sowie Blitzsignale als hohe Spitzen erkennbar werden zu lassen. Einige Registrierbeispiele zeigen die bei verschiedenen Wetterlagen auftretenden Impulsmuster.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 193-196 
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    Notes: Summary Using the mathematical approach it was shown that it is possible to find the time lag between nucleation acts of two adjacent spherulites from the curved border lines seen in the thin section of a bulk sample. The method of the determining time distribution of the primary nucleation is proposed to be done in the similar way as it was done in the two dimensional case (PAKUŁA et al. 1979). Based on the above the measurements of the nuclei succesion were reconstructed in two different injection moulded poly methylene oxide samples. This shows a marked number of thermal nuclei.
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 25-30 
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    Notes: Summary The theory of ADAM and GIBBS (1965) has been extended to include a description of the composition dependences of relaxation times and of the glass transition temperature of a random copolymer using the known thermodynamic and viscoelastic parameters of homopolymers. Comparison with a number of copolymer systems shows that theoretical equations adequately correspond to experimental data if the sequence distribution effect is not operative.
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 37-42 
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    Notes: Summary The methylene carbon resonance patterns of partially epimerized isotactic polystyrenes were measured and interpreted in terms of tetrad and hexad stereosequence distributions that were calculated by Monte Carlo simulation of the epimerization process. Empirical rules were developed for assigning hexad resonances. Calculated spectra based on these assignments and on the Monte Carlo results were in reasonably good agreement with experimental spectra. The resonances of mmtype methine carbons were noted to occur about 0.2 ppm downfield from other methine carbon resonances.
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    Notes: Summary This paper describes “No-Catalyst Copolymerizations” between ethylene phenylphosphonite (EPO) as MN and four β-hydroxyalkyl acrylates and methacrylates as ME. In all combinations polyphosphinate type copolymers were obtained above 130 °C without added catalyst. The first step of reaction was a proton-transfer step to yield a transient phosphonium-alkoxide zwitterion 5 and generated a phosphorane intermediate like 6. The subsequent reactions of 6 were rather complicated. It was possible to conceive several zwitterions to lead to polymer units. The liberation of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide was observed as a side reaction during polymerization.
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 289-291 
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    Notes: Summary The polymerization of phenylacetylene was investigated using Cp2TiCl2/C2H5AlCl2 (Cp=π-cyclopentadienyl) as the homogeneous catalyst. The mechanism of addition of phenylacetylene is by successive 2+2 cycloadditions, as evidenced by the isolation of a ladder compound composed of fused cyclobutane rings. The ladder compound, which is an intermediate of the reaction, is converted catalytically to the final polyconjugated polymer.
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    Notes: Summary Conductance stopped-flow analysis on the initial phase of cationic polymerizations of p-methoxystyrene and styrene revealed rapid changes in conductance (within 20–50 ms) that were related to the initiation process. Initiation rate constants were obtained for CF3SO3H, CH3COClO4, and BF3O (C2H5)2 initiators in 1,2-dichloroethane at 30°C. They agreed closely with those determined by stopped-flow spectroscopy, and decreased with increasing monomer concentration.
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 337-342 
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    Notes: Summary The enzymatic hydrolysis of well-defined dextran fractions is studied. The results show that the rate constants of degradation are proportional to the molecular weight for molecular weights higher than 5000; for lower molecular weights the rate constants decrease gradually. Enzymatic hydrolysis of dextran is not a statistical reaction, since the individual rate constants of bond cleavage increase from the midpoint of the chain towards both ends. The results are discussed in comparison with acid hydrolysis of dextran, and the characteristic differences between both reactions are pointed out.
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    Notes: Summary Donor or acceptor groups and particularly capto-dative substituants determine the ease of selective hydrogen abstraction but steric factors and the nature of the dehydrogenating agent influence the relative “radical scale”. This study underlines the preparative value of dehydrodimerisations. This method allows in addition the preparation of oligomers and polymers. A continuation of this work will be published in the near future. The industrial synthesis of indigo by dehydrodimerisation of oxindol is a classical example of radical coupling(10) as a reaction type on which this publication focusses:
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 397-402 
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    Notes: Summary Piezoelectric constants of poly(vinylidene fluoride) form I crystal have been calculated to give a good agreement with observed values; d33 = −2.5 × 10−11 C/N (observed: −2 × 10−11 C/N) and d33 = −2.5 × 10−13 C/N (observed: ca. 10−13 C/N). The macroscopic piezoelectric constants have also been calculated using such a model that the piezoelectric crystal form I is embedded in the non-piezoelectric amorphous matrix to be d 31 M $$ \doteqdot $$ 0.6 × 10−11 C/N (at room temperature) and 4.6 × 10−13 C/N (below glass transition temperature), and d 33 M $$ \doteqdot $$ −1.4 × 10−11 C/N and −0.5 × 10−11 C/N, respectively, reproducing well the observed temperature dependence of these constants.
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 427-434 
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    Notes: Summary The synthesis of six novel electrono-donor monomers containing 3,6-dihalogencarbazole [N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-dichlorocarbazolyl methacrylate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-dichlorocarbazolyl acrylate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-dibromocarbazolyl methacrylate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-dibromocarbazolyl acrylate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-diiodocarbazolyl methacrylate and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,6-diiodocarbazolyl acrylate], of the corresponding polymers and of the monomeric models is described. The ionization potentials values of the monomeric models were determined.
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 441-447 
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    Notes: Summary By modifying the copolymerization temperature for the system N-(2-hydroxyethyl) carbazolyl mathacrylate and picryl methacrylate in dioxane, the reactivity ratio values were shown to be determined mainly through the entropic factor. The obtained intramolecular charge transfer complexes copolymers presented a different intramolecular complexation degree.
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    Notes: Summary Spontaneous polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) takes place in the presence of cholesteryl 2-(ethoxy ethoxy) ethyl carbonate (CHEEC) in liquid crystalline phase at 12.5°C and in isotropic phase at 30.0°C. Percentage of conversion increases, whereas molecular weight decreases, with increase in the concentration of CHEEC. Tacticities of the polymers (as analysed by NMR) are independent of the concentration of CHEEC. The interaction between CHEEC and MMA in various solvents are investigated by viscometry and U.V. spectrophotometry. Similar experiments with a mixture of vinyl acetate (VAc) gave no evidence of spontaneous polymerization. A plausible mechanism of the spontaneous polymerization of MMA, involving formation of a complex between MMA and CHEEC, is discussed.
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 505-511 
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    Notes: Summary Radical copolymerization of 2,4-dinitrophenyl methacrylate (DNPM, M2) with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,6-dichlorocarbazolyl methacrylate (HECl2CM, m1) and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,6-dichloro-carbazolyl acrylate (HEC12CA, M1) takes place by the simple terminal mechanism having the parameters: r1=0.13 r2=1.65 (M1=HECl2CM) r1=0.13 r2=1.20 (M1=HECl2CA) Intramolecular complexation differences for the two obtained systems are explained by configurational differences.
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 275-280 
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    Notes: Summary The reaction of poly (ethyl vinyl ketone) with active chlorides in petroleum ether was followed by the electric conductivity measurement. Phosphoryl chloride was found to be an effective reagent to produce a highly conjugated system with an apparent specific conductivity of the order of 10−2 Ω−1cm−1 in petroleum ether. The reaction temperature seems to be important for the electric conductivity of the product, the higher the reaction temperature, the lower the electric conductivity of the reacted film.
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    Notes: Summary Catalysis of cationic polyelectrolytes for the decarboxylation of 6-nitrobenzisoxazole-3-carboxylate anion was studied in a buffer solution (pH=9.0). Cross-linked poly (4-vinylpyridinium) salts prepared from 4-vinylpyridine and α, ω -dibromides were used as cationic catalysts. The cross-linked catalysts were found to accelerate markedly the decarboxylation in comparison with the linear water-soluble analogues. Effect of the polymer structure such as the length of (CH2)x linkages between positive charges on the catalytic activity was examined. It was suggested that the acceleration by the cross-linked polymer catalysts would be due to the hydrophobic microenvironment around the catalytic sites.
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 293-300 
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    Notes: Summary Hot drawing at 150°C has been applied to high molecular weight polyethylene fibers produced by flow induced crystallization in a Couette apparatus, referred to as the ‘surface growth’ technique. A distinct improvement of the tensile properties of the fibers was noticed upon drawing. A tensile strength at break of 4.7 GPa was reached. Drawability is discussed in relation to fiber morphology. The shish-kebab like structure of the ‘surface growth’ fiber was transformed into a morphology consisting of smooth fibrils upon drawing.
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 315-320 
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    Notes: Summary Silica surfaces have been modified by reaction with ClSi(CH3)2CH2-CH2-C6H4CH2Cl (I) and the solids were used in conjunction with Et2AlCl to initiate the surface-graft polymerization of isobutylene. Experimental conditions have been defined to obtain respectable grafting rates, grafting ratios and grafting efficiencies.
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 321-324 
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    Notes: Summary The present paper describes the grafting of vinyl monomers onto cellulose nitrate in non-aqueous medium using benzoyl peroxide as a catalyst. The complete separation of the homopolymers and graft copolymer was carried out by selective solvent extraction. The graft copolymer was characterized by IR spectra. The GPC was used as a technique to differentiate between homopolymer, polymer mixture, polyblend, and graft copolymer.
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 343-349 
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    Notes: Summary The diffusive permeability of cellulose diacetate membranes was measured using NaCl as solute and distribution coefficients were calculated. Water and salt permeability coefficients derived from dialysis-osmosis experiments were also given. The results obtained were discussed with the aid of scanning electron micrographs and chlorine distribution maps.
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 383-388 
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    Notes: Summary In this paper a relationship between the preferential adsorption coefficient and polymer molecular dimensions is proposed $$\lambda \frac{{〈 s^2 〉 ^{3/2} }}{2} = \lambda _\infty \frac{{〈 s^2 〉 ^{3/2} }}{2} + A(\frac{{〈 s_0^2 〉 }}{2})^{3/2} $$ This relationship is found to be valid for all polymers in good theta solvents and for any molecular weight.
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 403-409 
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    Notes: Summary Ultrasonic velocity measurements have been made in solutions of polyesterimide. It has been observed that by the application of Rao relationship and Nomoto equation, the ultrasonic velocity and density measurement can give useful information about the structural parameters of the copolymers.
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    Notes: Abstract A chemical evidence for the fixation of triphenylmethyl cation in the initiation step is given in the case of cyclopentadiene polymerization initiated by stable trityl salts. With SbCl6 as counter ion, negligible transfer reaction takes place at 0°C. The situation is more complex with SbCl5OH−. Mono and bifunctional trityl salts have also been used for the synthesis of AB and ABA block copolymers.
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 137-145 
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    Notes: Summary The synthesis of the copolymer styrene m, p-hydroxystyrene has been carried out by chemical modification of polystyrene. The initial polystyrene has been lithiated by the complex of sec-butyllithium with N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine in cyclohexane and hexane. The lithiated sites have been quenched with oxygen. From the physicochemical characterization we have observed that the initial polystyrene is not degraded and that the oxidation reaction is quantitative. This reaction yields a styrene m,p-hydroxystyrene copolymer. The hydroxy groups are located in the meta(2/3) and para-positions of the aromatic ring.
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    Notes: Summary DSC studies of the bulk polymerization of ethyl acrylate have revealed the occurrence of irregular kinetic behaviour during the initial stage of the reaction at less than 5 per cent monomer conversion. Simultaneously, a maximum in the 90° Rayleigh scattering was observed. The transient inhomogeneity and the shoulders on the rate-time curves are attributed to a localized gel effect which precedes the general gel effect.
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    Notes: Summary Polyacrylic and polymethacrylic derivatives containing different contents of pendant uracil and thymine units were prepared by the polymeranalogous reaction using cyclic derivatives of uracil and thymine. The ability of the interaction between thymine bases in the copolymer chain was found to be parallel to the thymine content.
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 637-642 
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    Notes: Summary This paper presents the kinetic study of polymerisation of styrene with Ziegler-Nutta type catalyst system. The components of the catalyst are CuCl2 and Methyl aluminium bromide (DEAB). Out standing observations of the study are as follows. i) The minimum aging period of the catalyst system is 4 hours. ii) The optimum ratio of [Al]/[Cu] is observed to be 2.5. iii) Polymerisation rate is found directly proportional to monomer concentration but inversely proportional to catalyst concentration. iv) Energy of activation obtained is 5.47 K.cal/mole, within the range usually observed in anionic coordinated type mechanism. v) Mol. wt. is of the order of 104 and the polystyrene obtained is partly soluble in acetone.
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 1-6 
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    Notes: Summary Fast spectroscopy experiments have been performed upon the photoinitiation process of a vinyl polymerization with the benzophenone-amine derivative system. The rate constants of the processes in the excited states have been determined. The results make it possible to discuss the rate constant of the polymerization and to deduce the efficiency of the initiating radicals.
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 7-12 
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    Notes: Summary New small angle X-ray diffraction data of a series of mostly low density PE samples isothermally crystallized from the melt are reported to discern between the existing ambiguities concerning the alternative of one or two lamellar periodicities. The ratio of X-ray spacings turns out to be dependent on the supercooling of the samples. This result together with the analysis of the 1st and 2nd diffraction peaks during and after heat treatments reveals that the two scattering maxima in the samples investigated most probably originate from the coexistence of two different lamellar periodicities.
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    Notes: Summary The degree of conversion, intrinsic viscosity, composition and particle average size distribution of styrene (S)- acrylonitrile (AN) copolymer, formed mainly under heterogeneous conditions and in the presence of EPM, were investigated as function of the reaction time. An induction period, characterized by unstable preferential solvatation phenomena, is followed by a regular copolymerization period which can be described by apparent S and AN reactivity ratios. The regular copolymerization at high conversion is ascribed to the formation of EPM-g-SAN which acts as an emulsifier in the reaction system.
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 521-528 
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    Notes: Summary 13C-NMR spin-lattice relaxation (T1) measurements on syndiotactic and isotactic polymethallylalcohols and poly-(S)-N-1-phenylethylurethanes demonstrate a lack of dependence of T1 on tacticity. On the other hand, the T1-values show a hindered motion of the -CH2OH side chain, which is explained by hydrogen bonding. In an Arrhenius type plot the enthalpy of motion is found to to be very similar for the different groups of polymethallylalcohols, pointing to a common set of motions. The circular dichroism of the polymethallylurethanes is similar to the model compound (S)-N-1-phenylethyl-neopentylurethane, indicating a lack of conformational restrictions of the outer part of the side chains by a polymer effect.
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 437-440 
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    Notes: Summary Preliminary results on plasma-induced bulk homopolymerization of styrene, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate and on plasma-induced solution homopolymerization of N-vinyl carbazole, styrene and acrylamide are presented. Experimental data suggest that a radical mechanism of polymerization has to be considered to explain this new approach to polymer synthesis.
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  • 49
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    Notes: Summary Conventional time-temperature (t-T) superposition appears to be inappropriate to the viscoelastic behaviour of amorphous, peroxide cured EPDM networks. A phenomenological approach is presented that reduces these permanent elastomers to thermorheologically simple materials. Although the origin of the anomalous behaviour observed is not yet completely understood, it is attributed to an unusual variation of the equilibrium modulus with temperature.
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  • 50
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 497-503 
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    Notes: Summary The mechanical, dielectric and rheo-optical behaviour of model networks prepared from OH-terminated poly(oxypropylene)triols and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate with various molar ratios of hydroxyl to isocyanate groups, rH=0.95 to 1.7, was investigated. The observed independence of the stress-optical coefficient of rH indicates the homogeneity of networks. Networks prepared with rH≈1 exhibit a narrow transition zone indicating a narrow chain distribution. With increasing rh, the transition becomes distinctly broader; dielectric measurements are well correlated with the mechanical ones. The equilibrium modulus markedly decreases with increasing rH.
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  • 51
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 97-101 
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    Notes: Summary The present paper deals with the single step syntheses of a few aliphatic polyurethanes using some simple glycols like ethylene, propylene, 1,3- and 1,4-butylene glycols and two different bis(chloromethyl) compounds viz., 1,4-bis(chloromethyl)-2,5-dimethyl benzene (I), and 1,5-bis(chloromethyl)-2,4-dimethyl benzene (II). The glass transition temperatures, Tg, of these polymers were determined using dilatometric techniques and they ranged from −12 to −48°C. The polyurethanes derived from 1,4-butylene and ethylene glycols were amorphous gums with Tg well below −30°C.
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  • 52
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    Notes: Summary The copolymerization of 2-phenoxy-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes (4) with α-keto acids (2) took place at room temperature without added catalyst to produce copolymers (5). The copolymer 5 is composed of phosphoric acid triester unit (5 α) and of α -hydroxy-carboxylic acid ester unit (5 β). Unit 5 α is an alternating unit of monomers 4 and 2 whereas unit 5β is formed by deoxygenating 2 by 4. 5 can be taken as copolymers of units 5 α and 5 β, the formation of the latter involving a deoxygenation process (“Deoxy-Copolymerization”). The ratio of 5 β /5α (m-value in 5) increased in the order of unsubstituted (4a)-, 5,5-dimethyl (4b)-, and 5-t-butyl (4c)-phosphorinane systems. The reaction mechanism is also discussed.
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  • 53
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 559-564 
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    Notes: Summary The dependence of viscosity of cellulose tricarbanilate in tetrahydrofuran on the velocity gradient D 〈2500 s−1 for molecular weights up to 1.2×106 was determined, and an empirical equation for the determination of the limiting viscosity number for zero velocity gradient was derived. Errors involved in the viscosity determination from a single concentration using an approximate formula were also ascertained.
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  • 54
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 565-570 
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    Notes: Summary The changes in molecular orientation occurring during craze initiation and growth are discussed. Craze initiation is considered as a stress-induced, rotational, collective reorganisation of stiff chain sections in volume elements having a particularly large compliance. An energy balance is established for the transformation of a partially oriented matrix into craze fibrils which relates the fibril diameter to fibrillation stress and surface energy parameters. The predicted dependence of fibril diameter on temperature and preorientation is confirmed by experiments on polycarbonate.
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  • 55
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    Notes: Summary Networks were prepared from Poly-(Dimethyl-Siloxane), PDMS, and Poly-(Methyl-Phenyl-Siloxane), PMPS, precursor chains by telechelic condensation. The precursor was of a very low polydispersity. The functionality of the crosslinks was four. Thermomechanic, calorimetric, and swelling experiments were carried out to characterize the resulting rubbers. Generally the results show a good agreement with theory in the case of PDMS.
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 627-631 
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    Notes: Summary The polymerization of acrylamide in presence of some coloured monomers was investigated in order to study a spectroscopic method of titration of very diluted solution of polyacrylamide in water. Best results have been obtained with the N, 2, 4 dinitro-acryline-aerylamide monomer incorporated in low content (1/3000 mole). The presence of such low quantity of dyes does not affect the polymerization and the hydrolysis of the obtained copolymers leaves intact the dye groups. By using different dyes with different spectroscopic behaviour, this method can be very usefull to solve problems of mixture and molecular weight or hydrolysis polydispersity of polyacrylamides.
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  • 57
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    Notes: Summary The kinetics and mechanism of crosslinking and chain scission has been studied on several PVC samples during thermal thermooxidative, dynamic, and HCl catalyzed degradation. During pure thermal degradation crosslinking at a constant rate without scission occurs, while in the presence of oxygen and/or shear scission is not negligible. In the dynamic test, under shear both processes are fast, compared to static tests. The mechanism of benzene formation without main chain scission is discussed.
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 135-142 
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    Notes: Summary A homologous series of cycloalkanes from (CH2)14 up to (CH2)96 as model systems for tight folding in CH2-chain molecules was investigated by infrared spectroscopy. In comparison with the corresponding spectra of the nalkanes we found two additional new absorption bands at 700 cm−1 and 1442 cm−1 which can be assigned to a characteristic fold vibration. The already known fold band in the wagging region at about 1344 cm−1 could also be found in all cycloalkane spectra. A numerical decomposition of the bands enables the calibration of the fold concentration. The Davydov splitting of the (CH2)-rocking and (CH2)-bending vibration in the melt crystallized form of the molecules (CH2)72 and (CH2)96 show the occurence of a orthorhombic subcell of the larger rings whereas the smaller rings and the larger ones in the solution crystallized form only crystallize in a monoclinic form.
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  • 59
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    Notes: Summary The glow discharge electrolysis was carried out to an aqueous solution containing poly(acrylamide). The analytical results of the degradation products showed that the degradation takes place stepwise caused by the cleavages of the main and also the side chains of the polymer.
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  • 60
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    Notes: Abstract A new class of benzoxazine polymers were synthesised from bis(4-amino-3-hydroxymethylphenyl)methane with substituted phthalic acids by solution poly-condensation in polyphosphoric acid. The model compound bis(4H-3,1-benzoxazine)2,2′-p-phenylene was also synthesised. The polymere were characterised by UV and IR spectra, viscosity measurements and thermal analysis.
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 211-217 
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  • 62
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    Notes: Summary (s)-(+)-Ethyl-2-phenylbutanoate was synthesized and polymerizations of propylene and racemic 3-methyl-1-pentene were conducted over TiCl3-AlEt3 combined with the compound. The addition of the compound caused a significant increase in the isotacticity of polypropylene as well as a substantial decrease in the activity. However, stereoelective polymerization of racemic 3-methyl-1-pentene didn't take place at all. Propylene polymerization was also carried out over TiCl3-AlEt3 by using poly(ethylene terephthalate) in place of the compound. The results obtained have led to the conclusion that these additives act mainly as reagents to reduce the concentration of AlEt3 by the formation of the complexes between AlEt3 and these additives.
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  • 63
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of 2-Chloro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane on the AIBN initiated polymerisation of acrylo — nitrile , methyl methacrylate and styrene was investigated kinetically in benzene at 60 – 80°C. With acrylonitrile normal kinetic orders with respect to monomer and AIBN could be observed with the phospholane behaving as a chain transfer agent. With methyl methacrylate and styrene it was observed that the phospholane causes enhancement of the rates due to concurrent radical and ionic polymerisation besides functioning as a chain transfer agent.
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 273-278 
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    Notes: Summary Phase separation temperatures have been determined in the system PMMA/chlorobutane + amyl acetate. This liquid mixture is a co-nonsolvent (co-precipitant) of the polymer. The molecular origin of such co-nonsolvency is discussed in terms of the interactions pressumably present in the system.
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 279-284 
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    Notes: Summary A new experimental technique was developed for the production of crosslinked polystyrene (PS) particles in a suspension crosslinking reaction. The suspending medium being used was silicone oil saturated by 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE),without any suspension stabilizer. Antimony pentachloride, 1,4-dimethyl-2,5-dichloromethyl benzene and DCE were used as a catalyst, crosslinking agent, and polystyrene solvent, respectively. The products were colorless transparent spherical particles of a very high purity and they could be produced in short reaction times.
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 297-299 
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    Notes: Summary The polymeric complexes of cobalt (II) with 5-chloro 2-hydroxyacetophenone oxime and 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyacetophenone oxime were synthesised and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic measurements and spectral studies.
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 319-323 
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    Notes: Summary The possibility of undesirable intramolecular cycloalkylation exists in the polymerization of iso-butylene induced by the p-dicumyl chloride/BCl3 inifer system. A scheme has been proposed which shows the sequence of reactions leading to indane skeletons. The structure of the indane derivatives has been characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Systematic experiments have been carried out using low isobutylene and high p-dicumyl chloride concentrations leading to polyisobutylene oligomers needed for accurate endgroup analysis. The effect of temperature, solvent composition (polar/nonpolar) , isobutylene and BCl3 concentration on the extent of indane skeleton formation has been investigated. Indane skeleton formation can be completely suppressed by the use of relatively non-polar media, e.g., 1∶1 mixture of CH2Cl2 :n-C6H14, at or below −40°C, and conditions under which symmetrical telechelic polyisobutylenes can be obtained have been defined.
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    The European physical journal 5 (1980), S. 27-35 
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    Notes: Abstract The resonating group method is used to study the effective potential between two nucleons, due to the confining potential between quarks taken together with the Pauli principle for quarks. The potential used has harmonic form, unitary spin factor λ(1)·λ(2), and both ordinary and spin-spin components. Its parameters are determined by appeal to experimental data, and phase shifts are calculated for the1 S 0 and3 S 1 states of the nuncleon-nucleon (NN) system. The results indicate that the repulsive core in theNN potential may arise from quark antisymmetrization required if nucleons are composed of quarks.
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    Notes: Abstract We compare the inclusive characteristics of $$\bar pp$$ interactions at 22.4 GeV/c with quark-parton model predictions in terms of collective variables. The model qualitatively agrees with the data in contradiction to the simple cylindrical phase space and randomized charge model. The ways are proposed of a further development of the quark-parton model.
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    The European physical journal 5 (1980), S. 37-42 
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    Notes: Abstract The effective potential is calculated for a two dimensionalU(N) gauge theory with scalar quarks to leading order in the 1/N expansion. If there is noφ 4 interaction present, the potential is unbounded from below. If theφ 4 interaction is present, the potential is bounded from below and there is an unbroken and a spontaneously broken symmetry phase. The bound state spectrum of the unbroken phase is very similar to that of anU(N) gauge theory without theφ 4 term.
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    The European physical journal 5 (1980), S. 43-44 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider the effects of weak symmetry breaking by radiative corrections in a scheme of gauge hierarchies. We obtain new mass bounds on heavy fermions and show how discovery of a Higgs boson may distinguish between two different approaches to hierarchial spontaneous gauge symmetry breakdown. If there are no intrinsic mass scales below ∼1015 GeV then discovery of a Higgs boson at ∼9 GeV implies the existence of heavy fermions.
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  • 73
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    Notes: Abstract We present charge transfer probabilities between CM hemispheres inpn and π+ n interactions at 195 GeV/c. The relative probabilities for charge exchanges |ΔQ|〉1 as a function of rapidity gap length,r, are given. Both results are compared with those of π− p interactions at 200GeV/c. The average ofr, viz. 〈r〉, is given as a function of the gap number and of ΔQ for various multiplicities, and the reduced average gap lengths 〈r〉/y max forpn interactions are compared with data at a lower energy.
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  • 74
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    Notes: Abstract Total and semi-inclusive cross sections, longitudinal and transverse momentum distributions and spin density matrix elements of theK *+(892) andK *0(892) produced in the inclusive reactionsK + p→K *+(892)+X andK + p→K *0(892)+X at 32 GeV/c are studied in detail. The inclusive spectra of theK *(892) and their decay products are compared with pion and neutral kaon production. TheK *+(892) andK *+(892) are dominantly produced by kaon fragmentation processes. The dependence of average transverse momentum 〈p T〉 vs.x for resonances has been investigated for the first time.
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    The European physical journal 5 (1980), S. 239-242 
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    Notes: Abstract We take the recently found charmonium state at 2.976 GeV to be the η c and show that it can be included in a charmonium model with relativistic corrections which reproduces the s-wave spectrum, the leptonic widths Γ(V→e + e−) and the p-wave splittings. The upsilon spectrum is discussed as are the effects of radial and pseudoscalar mixing.
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    The European physical journal 5 (1980), S. 243-246 
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    Notes: Abstract We demonstrate that the constitutent interchange diagram for nucleon nucleon elastic scattering contains a pinch singularity. This means that it predicts that $$\frac{{d\sigma }}{{dt}} \sim s^{ - 9} f\left( \theta \right)$$ for high energy elastic scattering, at least to any finite order in QCD. We also show how the dimensional counting rule may perhaps be recovered by summing a suitable infinite series of graphs.
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    The European physical journal 5 (1980), S. 247-257 
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    Notes: Abstract The vacuum state of gluonic quantum chromodynamics on the lattice is determined up to fifth order in a 1/N c expansion (N c=number of colours). The vacuum expectation value of the gluon field squaredF aμvF a μv is deduced. The quark-antiquark and gluon-gluon potential is calculated in the same limit up to the 1/N c 3 order.
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  • 78
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    Notes: Abstract We present data on $$\bar pn$$ and π− n collisions obtained from an exposure of the 30′' FNAL deuterium filled bubble chamber to a mixed $${{\bar p} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\bar p} {\pi ^ - }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\pi ^ - }}$$ beam with a momentum of 100 GeV/c. We find that in 17±2% of the collisions with the antiproton there is an interaction on the spectator while for the collisions with π− mesons the corresponding number is 15±2%. The $$\bar pn$$ and π− n multiplicity distributions have average charged multiplicities of 6.46±0.07 and 6.53±0.08 respectively. The average multiplicities for both types of interactions are slightly smaller than those for the corresponding reactions on hydrogen by an amount that is the same as observed at other energies. As an estimate of $$\bar pn$$ annihilation we have calculated the difference $$\sigma _n (\bar pn) - \sigma _n (pn)$$ for each prong numbern. We find an average multiplicity of 9±1, a value close to that for $$\bar pp$$ annihilation at the same energy. combining our data with lower energy $$\bar pn$$ annihilation data, we observe that the average negative multiplicity is systematically larger than that for $$\bar pp$$ annihilation similar to the difference between neutron and proton target data with other beam projectiles.
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    The European physical journal 5 (1980), S. 291-297 
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    Notes: Abstract We discuss nuclear effects in hadronic final states in photoproduction and leptoproduction on nuclei. Whereas the final states in photoproduction and leptoproduction on free nucleons are similar, striking differences are predicted for the case of nuclear targets, the differences being largest in multiplicity correlations. Quantitative predictions are given for the cases of practical interest: photoproduction and muonproduction on emulsion nuclei, and neutrino-production in neon and propanefreon bubble chambers. Neutrino-production on nuclei is emphasized as offering the most direct test of the formation length hypotheses.
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    The European physical journal 5 (1980), S. 299-308 
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    Notes: Abstract We analyse the CP N−1 models in two and three dimensions. We discuss the effective potential, Greens functions and β functions to leading order. To non-leading order we formally evaluate and renormalise the effective potential. In three dimensions we also calculate the β function to $$0\left( {\frac{1}{N}} \right)$$ . We show that it has a non-trivial fixed point which corresponds to a phase transition. This phenomenon persists beyond the leading order. The vacuum states are also unchanged by the nonleading order corrections.
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    The European physical journal 5 (1980), S. 313-318 
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    Notes: Abstract It is discussed how two models which were proposed to explain the lifetime difference betweenD 0 andD + mesons can be subjected to further tests. These two models are the “SU (4) 20-plet dominance” model and the “gluon bremstrahlung” model forW exchange. The tests can be performed by studying inclusive decays—e.g.,F + lifetime or semi-leptonic branching ratio—or special exclusive modes in the non-leptonic and semileptonic decays. It is suggested thatF + semi-leptonic decays can lead to glueball production. The decays of bottom mesons are discussed in this context, too.
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    The European physical journal 5 (1980), S. 319-323 
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    Notes: Abstract The recently proposed mechanism of dynamical SU(3) symmetry breaking in linear baryons is applied to the α-γ sector after taking into account two types of α and γ trajectories. The observed splitting pattern of leading strange baryon trajectories is qualitatively explained. The implications of the scheme for ground state baryons are discussed.
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    The European physical journal 5 (1980), S. 325-331 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we study the quark contents of the η, η′ and ηc pseudoscalar mesons using SU(4) mass breaking formalism. We predict a mass value form η c close to the one obtained by the Crystal Ball experiment at SLAC. Our analysis favors the linear mass formula rather than the quadratic one. A definite prediction for the value m η c makes this experiment feasible.
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    The European physical journal 5 (1980), S. 333-336 
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    Notes: Abstract We discuss the inelastic screening corrections to the kaon-nucleon total cross-sections andK S regeneration on nuclei in the framework of the parton model of diffraction scattering.
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    The European physical journal 5 (1980), S. 337-346 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using the propagator formalism we establish more precisely the effects of fermion loops on the boson mass ratioM W 2 /M Z 2 cos2 θ and on the energy dependence of the form factors associated to time-like or space-likeW, Z and γ exchanges. We calculate the corrections due to higher doublets of quarks including vector meson formation and to higher doublets of leptons for example a large number of neutrino types.
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  • 86
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    The European physical journal 6 (1980), S. 3-6 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The contribution to the sixth-order muon anomaly from second-order electron vacuum polarization is determined analytically to orderm e/m μ. The result, including the contributions from graphs containing proper and improper fourth-order electron vacuum polarization subgraphs, is $$\begin{gathered} \left( {\frac{\alpha }{\pi }} \right)^3 \left\{ {\frac{2}{9}\log ^2 } \right.\frac{{m_\mu }}{{m_e }} + \left[ {\frac{{31}}{{27}}} \right. + \frac{{\pi ^2 }}{9} - \frac{2}{3}\pi ^2 \log 2 \hfill \\ \left. { + \zeta \left( 3 \right)} \right]\log \frac{{m_\mu }}{{m_e }} + \left[ {\frac{{1075}}{{216}}} \right. - \frac{{25}}{{18}}\pi ^2 + \frac{{5\pi ^2 }}{3}\log 2 \hfill \\ \left. { - 3\zeta \left( 3 \right) + \frac{{11}}{{216}}\pi ^4 - \frac{2}{9}\pi ^2 \log ^2 2 - \frac{1}{9}log^4 2 - \frac{8}{3}a_4 } \right] \hfill \\ + \left[ {\frac{{3199}}{{1080}}\pi ^2 - \frac{{16}}{9}\pi ^2 \log 2 - \frac{{13}}{8}\pi ^3 } \right]\left. {\frac{{m_e }}{{m_\mu }}} \right\} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ . To obtain the total sixth-order contribution toa μ−a e, one must add the light-by-light contribution to the above expression.
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  • 87
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    The European physical journal 6 (1980), S. 283-283 
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  • 88
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    The European physical journal 6 (1980), S. 165-168 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The spontaneous symmetry breaking of SO(n) is investigated by studying the most general quartic SO(n)-invariant Higgs potential with two multiplets of scalars belonging to a vector and to an adjoint representation. In the most general cases largest residual symmetry is found to be SU(l), SU(l-1), SO(l), SO(l-1) or SO(n-2) wherel is the rank of SO(n). In particular, the breaking of SO(n) into SU(n 1)×SU(n 2) is found to occur only in special cases.
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  • 89
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    The European physical journal 6 (1980), S. 175-185 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We consider Higgs models on a lattice in 3 or 4 dimensions. Higgs scalars are assumed to transform trivially under a finite subgroup Γ of the compact gauge groupG. We adopt 't Hooft's definition of the Higgs phase, it is characterized by a nonvanishing free energy per unit length (area) of a vortex in 3 (4) dimensions. By using a Peierls argument we show that the models are in the Higgs phase in this sense for suitable coupling constants.
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  • 90
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    The European physical journal 6 (1980), S. 217-221 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Continuing our previous work we determined the gluonic vacuum state up to sixth order and the lowest states with external quark-antiquark and (unscreened) gluon-gluon sources up to fourth order in the strong coupling 1/N c expansion on the lattice. Unlike previously, we used here the colour electric flux operators on the links to define the colour electric energy. Additional remarks concerning the screening of external gluon sources and the analytic continuation toN c =3 and zero lattice spacing are also included.
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  • 91
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    The European physical journal 6 (1980), S. 1-2 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The decay of a neutral heavy Higgs bosonH to a weak vector bosonV+lepton pair is discussed and found to be relevant. Its width is strongly growing with increasingm H and fromm H≈200 GeV it exceeds ≈10 MeV.
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  • 92
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    The European physical journal 6 (1980), S. 21-26 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The British-French-Scandinavian collaboration has recently studied the non trigger charged mean momentum in different rapidity regions on the trigger hemisphere, 〈p x〉, in the collision of two hadrons at the CERN Intersecting Storing Rings (ISR). In particular, they give for the rapidity regions |y|〈0.5 and |y|〈1 the values of the slope, α, of 〈p x〉 with the trigger momentum,p T t . Several authors have analysed those values of α in the framework of hard scattering models which predict values independent ofp T t for 〈z c〉, the longitudinal momentum fraction of the outgoing hard scattered system taken by the trigger. From this analysis they give estimates of 〈z c〉 of very difficult reconcilliation with those calculated in the Feynman, Field and Fox hard scattering model or in the QCD treatment of highp T hadron production. The authors of the present paper have looked for, and found, other data whose model independent analysis is more feasible than that of the data mentioned above. More specifically, we analyse in the framework of the hard scattering models, but otherwise model independently, data on 〈p x〉 in two other rapidity regions (|y|〈3, 2〈|y|〈3) and find that consistence of the average slopes, α, in these two regions is only achieved with mean values of 〈z c〉 significantly, increasing withp T t and close in value to those obtained by Feynman et al. [6, 7].
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  • 93
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    The European physical journal 6 (1980), S. 41-46 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Lagrangian for a SU(2) Yang-Mills field interacting with a massless isospin 1/2 Dirac field is conformally invariant. Finite energy solutions are obtained by a conformal mapping of Minkowski space onto the compact manifoldS 1×S3 with pseudo-Riemannian metric. They are symmetric with respect to the isometric group SO(2)×SO(4) ofS 1×S3.
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    The European physical journal 6 (1980), S. 57-68 
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    Notes: Abstract Within the framework of the non-relativistic quark model we present a detailed description of structures inR around 4 GeV. We take full account of all suppression mechanisms which exist in the model.
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  • 95
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    Notes: Abstract The reactionsπ −p→K 0 ∑ 0(1385) andπ − p→K + ∑ −(1385) are studied at an incident momentum of 3.95 GeV/c using data from a high statistics bubble chamber experiment corresponding to approximately 90 events/μb. The total and differential cross sections and the density matrix elements of the Σ(1385) are presented. The results are compared with those obtained for the related processesπ pp→K + ∑ +(1385) and $$K^ - p \to \pi ^ \mp \sum ^ \pm (1385)$$ in this energy range. Evidence is presented for the existence of production mechanisms with exotic exchanges in thet channel.
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  • 96
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    The European physical journal 36 (1980), S. 209-214 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The averaged moments of the eigenfunctions (including the inverse participation ratio) of a particle in a random potential are considered near the mobility edge. The exponents of the power laws are given in anε-expansion in one-loop order for ad=2+ε dimensional system. The calculation is based on a recent formulation of the mobility edge problem which maps it onto a model of interacting matrices.
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    The European physical journal 36 (1980), S. 215-225 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In the last few years tunneling transitions have been observed for the highly symmetric groups CH4, CD4, NH 4 + , and CH3 rotating in various environments. Typically the tunneling lines shift to lower energies with increasing temperatures. In this paper the shift of the tunneling energy is calculated in a microscopic approach to the problem. The coupling of the rotating groups to the lattice modes is studied in two stages. First the rotating group is coupled to a single oscillator, then to the modes of a Debye crystal. The first calculation leads to a set of discrete tunneling lines with an energy that diminishes as the oscillator is excited into higher levels. The second approach yields a single tunneling line shifted down-wards with increasing phonon population. The shiftΔ ω is proportional toT 4. The calculation explains the energy shift of the tunneling lines with reasonable values for the coupling parameters. In some cases also a broadening has been observed which does not follow from our calculations.
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    The European physical journal 36 (1980), S. 227-233 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The elastic scattering of atoms and molecules by solid surfaces is treated in a nonperturbative way using the single particle Green's function of the scattered particles. For sufficiently short ranged interactions the elastic reflection coefficient is found to approach unity in the limit of zero energy of the incident particles. Unitarity then implies zero total reaction coefficient including the sticking coefficient. The findings of the first order distorted wave Born approximation are thus generalized. The result is not in contradiction to the experimental observation of sticking coefficients increasing with decreasing energy, since quantitative approximate calculations show that the limit is reached only at extremely low energies.
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    The European physical journal 36 (1980), S. 235-243 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A model for mixed valency and phase transitions at (001) SmS is suggested. Focussing on the electron-lattice coupling as a mechanism potentially responsible for both phenomena, the problem of the semi-infinite crystal is factorized and reduced to the investigation of a low-dimensional effective Hamiltonian matrix. Surface geometry and electronic structure are obtained simultaneously by numerical minimization of the free energy. The possible appearance of mixed valency and of phase transitions confined to the surface region and involving relaxed or reconstructed geometry is demonstrated.
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  • 100
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    Notes: Abstract We define a renormalization group transformation for the generatorL of infinitesimal time translations in near-critical systems. We argue that a convolutionless generalized master equation must be used if formal ghost interactions of noninteracting subsystems are to be avoided inL. For the critical dynamics of Ginzburg-Landau models in 4—ε dimensions our transformation reproduces results previously obtained by other methods. We apply a real-space version of our transformation to the two-dimensional kinetic Ising model. Our findings generalize and partially contradict previous results. Due to the nonexistence of a “canonical” form of the generatorL any arbitrary value can be given to the dynamical exponentz by an “appropriate” choice of the form ofL, as long as the real-space renormalization group transformation is implemented by finite-order cumulant expansions.
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