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  • Articles  (1,285)
  • Springer  (1,285)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (1,285)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1925-1929
  • 1980  (1,285)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (1,285)
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  • Articles  (1,285)
Source
Publisher
Years
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (1,285)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of long chain alkanes by bacilli (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 95-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Degradation of tetradecane by two thermophilic Bacillus strains was investigated. It was found that these strains do not grow on this hydrocarbon as sole carbon source but degrade tetradecane in cooxidation cultures partly via monoterminal pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504731
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of steroid-ring-B-seco acid from β-sitosterol and influence of surfactants on sterol uptake in Nocardia sp. M 29–40 (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 99-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of several parameters (temperature; pH; main carbon source; time and amount of β-sitosterol addition; Tween 20, 40, 60, 80; Span 20; pluronic F 68, L 64) on the conversion of β-sitosterol to 3-(5α-hydroxy-7aβ-methyl-1-oxo-3aα-H-hexahydroindan-4α-yl) propionic acid (I) by Nocardia sp. M. 29–40 was investigated. A maximal theoretical yield of 65 mol% I (with respect to substrate added) could be achieved during cultivation at pH 8.0 in presence of 6 g/l Tween 40 or Tween 60. Tween 40 and Tween 60 stimulate β-sitosterol cooxidation not by improving the substrate suspension but by providing a fatty acid component as precursor for biosynthesis of surface active cell wall lipids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504732
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Significance of the estimation light-absorption rate in the analysis of growth of (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 113-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Rhodopseudomonas spheroides S was cultured anaerobically and batchwise in light. The light-absorption rate of the cells was assessed by solving numerically an integro-differential equation (Boltzmann's equation) using end Monte Carlo method. For light-limited growth, the specific growth rate of the cells was correlated linearly with the specific light-absorption rate. The Lambert-Beer law could not be used to assess correctly the light absorption by the bacterial cells in the culture medium, because the scattering of light by the cells could not be neglected. The correlation between the light-absorption rate and the cell concentration in the medium is discussed in relation to the scale-up of bio-photoreactors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504734
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical determination of cell populations (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 125-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Determination of cell populations was carried out using the potentiostatic systems. The system was constructed from two platinum electrodes and a saturated calomel electrode. The anode of a reference system was covered with cellulose dialysis membrane. The response time of the system was 3–5 min, and current differences between the two components were proportional to cell populations in a culture of Bacillus subtilis. Current differences were reproducible with an average relative error of 4%. Cell populations of B. subtilis in a fermentor could be continuously determined by using this new electrochemical method. Moreover, these systems can be sterilized by heat before use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504735
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial production of chenodeoxycholic acid precursor, 12-ketochenodeoxycholic acid, from dehydrocholic acid (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Two kinds of bacteria (DC33 and DC1115) were isolated from soil as biotransformers of dehydrocholic acid to 12-ketochenodeoxycholic acid, and identified to be Brevibacterium fuscum and Lactobacillus xylosus, respectively. Dehydrocholic acid was converted via 7,12-diketolithocholic acid to 12-ketochenodeoxycholic acid by both strains, and the product and the intermediate were isolated and chemically identified. By using a jar fermentor, 12-ketochenodeoxycholic acid was produced with a more than 50% yield after 52 h by Brevibacterium fuscum with aerobic growth and anaerobic conversion, and after 24 h by Lactobacillus xylosus under anaerobic conditions, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504733
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microcalorimetry: A tool for the study of the biodegradability of straw by mixed bacterial cultures (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 133-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The biodegradability of straw by a mixed bacterial culture obtained from a pile of weeds was studied by microcalorimetry. All the cultures were grown at 30°C under anaerobic conditions in microcalorimetric vessels. The fermentation thermograms, obtained using well defined conditions, were very reproducible. The quantities of heat produced during straw degradation were found to be proportional to the quantity of straw introduced at the beginning of the fermentation. The recovered carbon was also found to be proportional to the initial quantity of straw. From both microcalorimetric and chemical analysis it was concluded that the limiting factor of the straw degradation was the cellulolytic activity of the mixed culture. This is supported by the fact that commercially available cellulase added to the growth medium increases the amount of straw degradation by about four times. The heat associated with fermentation of each cellulose monomer (C6H10O5) was found to be 120 kJ, a value which is close to the heat associated with hexose fermentation by pure cultures. In conclusion, we propose that microcalorimetry can be used as a powerful tool for the analysis of the biodegradability of complex heterogeneous substrate by pure or mixed cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504736
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial transformation of sterols (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 167-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Arthrobacter simplex, Serratia marcescens, Fusarium and Mycobacterium were tested for their ability to transform phytosterol to Androsta 1, 4 diene 3, 17 dione (ADD). Arthrobacter simplex ATCC 6946 was found to be more efficient than the other species tested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504739
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacterial bioluminescence as an early indication of marine fish spoilage (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 155-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The relationships between different microbiological and biochemical parameters and the development of bacterial luminescence associated with the spoilage of marine fish from the Mediterranean-Sea was studied during storage at different temperatures. The bioluminescence level of the bacterial suspensions that were taken from the fish skin increased during the storage; at 20°–25°C the growth and luminescence of the luminuous bacteria correlated well with the total bacterial count while at 5°C the bacterial proliferation was not accompanied by a parallel increase in luminescence. The shift in storage temperature from 25°C to 5°C stabilized the level of the luminescence of bacterial suspension taken from the winter fish which were comprised mainly by Photobacterium phosphoreum, and caused a drop in the luminescence of bacterial suspension taken from the fish caught in the summer which were comprised mainly by Beneckea barveyi. The increase in the bioluminescence level appeared earlier than the increase in trimethylamine level and occured approximately at the same time as the increase in the hypoxanthine concentration. The potential value of the use of bacterial bioluminescence as an early indication for marine fish spoilage is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504738
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Translocation of cadmium and mercury in straw columns colonized by the fungus Pleurotus cornucopiae Paul ex Fr. (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 145-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Using straw columns colonized by the lignocellulytic fungus Pleurotus cornucopiae, translocation of 109Cd and 203Hg in the substrate-mycelium complex and via the substrate-mycelium complex into the fruiting bodies was studied. The translocation patterns generated were metal specific and were influenced by the temperature and the physiological conditions of the mycelium (‘growing’ mycelium, ‘established’ mycelium, reproductive stage). Under all conditions, generally more mercury than cadmium was translocated. In ‘growing’ mycelia, for instance, an average of about seven times more mercury than cadmium was translocated. Translocation was greatly enhanced, when fruiting bodies were present. Up to 7% and 20% (average: 3.5% and 12%) of the applied cadmium and mercury, respectively, were found in the fruiting bodies. In ‘old’ columns bearing fruiting bodies (colonized for more than 50 days by the fungus) considerably more heavy metal (up to 45% of the applied radioactivity) was released from the point of application than in younger columns. With one exception, no substantial differences in the translocation patterns of the label in relation to the direction of mycelial growth could be detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504737
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bubble coalescence behaviour in biological media (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 171-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A twin bubble column was used to measure the kLa values for oxygen in model and cultivation media using the steady state method described previously (Adler et al. 1980). Desmophen and soy oil were used as antifoam agents together with model and/or cultivation media for Chaetomium cellulotyticum, Trichoderma reesei, Hansenula polymorpha, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. The bubble coalescence behavior is mainly influenced by antifoam agents and somewhat by protein and alcohol additives. In the range investigated (0.01 to 0.1%.), the kLa values are not influenced by the Desmophen concentration and only slighthly by the soy oil concentration (0.5 to 1.5%.). The coalescence behaviour was characterized by the ratio mcorr=(kLa)corr/(kLa)ref. A nutrient salt solution with Desmophen was used as a reference. The kLa measured in the investigated media were corrected by considering the differences in kLa's in the investigated and reference media. These mcorr values can directly be used for bubble columns close to the optimum aeration rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508605
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The intrinsic microbial stability of water-in-oil emulsions (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In many cases, water-in-oil emulsions appear to be microbiologically more stable against the growth of non-lipolytic microorganisms than the isolated water phase itself. The two main reasons for this intrinsic stability are that only a small fraction of the droplets of the emulsion is occupied by microorganisms originating from the water phase and that the size of these droplets limits the outgrowth of microorganisms. It is possible to give a quantitative description of the intrinsic stability of a water-in-oil emulsion, using the yield coefficient of different microorganisms grown in different media and the size-distribution of the water droplets in the emulsion. Relationships are given between the amount and nature of growth compounds in a water droplet of an emulsion and the growth and fate of microorganisms as a function of storage time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508606
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An inoculum technique for the production of fungal pellets (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 211-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A simple standard inoculation procedure has been developed to obtain growth of fungi in the form of pellets. This technique made use of filamentous mycelium from a preculture as an inoculum, yielding many small pellets with a fairly homogeneous size distribution. At an early stage of growth the presence of a polymer (Carbopol-934) proved to be very important for the way spores germinate and lowered the agglomeration tendency. At a later stage of growth the influence of shearing forces becomes more predominant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508608
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of L-aspartic acid from fumaric acid by a fumaric acid-assimilating obligate thermophile, Bacillus stearothermophilus KP 1041 (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 11 (1980), S. 23-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A fumaric acid-assimilating obligate thermophile having a high aspartase activity was isolated from soil. The isolate (KP 1041) that grew at 45 to 68 °C was assigned to a strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus. The cell suspensions produced L-aspartate from fumarate and ammonium ion, with the rapidest initial rate at 65 °C and pH 9.5. The Michaelis constant for fumarate was 0.2 M. The cellular aspartase was relatively stable for 18 h at and below 50 °C over a pH range 6.7–8.3 in the presence of ammonium fumarate; this substance protected the enzyme from heat inactivation. The best yield in L-aspartic acid production was achieved at 6 h incubation at 53 °C and pH 8.5, using 0.88 M fumarate, 3.1 M ammonium ion, and the cells at 53 mg dry weight per ml. In this case, 85% of fumarate added was converted into aspartic acid. The structure of the product was determined from its infrared spectrum, specific rotation, melting point and ultimate analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00514074
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    A specific microbial sensor for formic acid (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 235-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A microbial sensor consisting of immobilized Clostridium butyricum, two gas permeable Teflon membranes and fuel cell type electrode was suitable for the determination of formic acid. When the sensor was inserted into the sample solution containing formic acid, the current increases to a steady state with a response time of 20 min. The relationship between the steady state current and the formic acid concentration is linear up to 1 000 mg l−1. The currents are reproducible with an average relative error of 5%. Selectivity of the sensor is satisfactory. Results obtained with this sensor and by gas chromatography were in good agreement (regression coefficient; 0.98) when the cultivation medium of Aeromonas formicans was employed. Immobilized Clostridium butyricum is stable for more than 20 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508610
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    A new hydrocarbon degradation fungus: Verticillium ecanii (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 259-260 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Verticillium lecanii was isolated from tar lumps resulting from a marine oil spill. It has not previously been reported to utilize hydrocarbons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508613
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  • 16
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    Denitrification of water using immobilized Pseudomonas denitrificans cells (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 261-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Preparations of living Pseudomonas denitrificans cells immobilized in alginate gel were used in the denitrification of water. In the presence of an exogenous carbon source the entrapped microorganisms reduced nitrate and nitrite to gaseous products and to achieve complete reduction, carbon to nitrogen ratios of over two were required. The effects on denitrification of particle size and the number of bacteria in the gel were investigated. Apparent Km values for nitrate and nitrite reduction were calculated for free and immobilized cells. When the immobilized cells were incubated in nutrient media, an increase in reduction rate was observed and this was shown to be caused by the growth of cells within the gel particles. Immobilized P. denitrificans cells retained 75% of their initial nitrate reduction capacity after 21 days of storage at +4°C. The operational stability of the alginate-immobilized cells was studied both in batch and in a column which was operated continuously. A column (45 g of alginate-cell fibers in 80 ml) denitrified a high nitrate drinking water (100 mg NO3/l) with a rate of 300 ml of nitrate and nitrite free water/day/g of gel. The half life for nitrate reduction was estimated to be 30 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498724
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  • 17
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    Continuous production of ethanol using immobilized growing yeast cells (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 275-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Immobilized growing yeast cells were prepared in kappa-carra-geenan gel. Gel beads containing a small number of cells were incubated in a complete medium. The cells grew very well in the gel and the number of living cells per ml of gel increased to over 10 times that of free cells per ml of culture medium. After growing in the gel, the cells formed a dense layer of cells near the gel surface and produced large amounts of ethanol. The conditions for continuous production of ethanol using immobilized growing yeast cells were investigated. The supply of appropriate nutrients for growth was essential for the continuous production. The living cells in the gel were maintained at the high level of 109 per ml of gel and continuous production of ethanol using the complete medium containing 10% glucose was carried out with a retention time of 1 h. In this operation, a stable steady state was maintained for longer than 3 months. The ethanol concentration was 50 mg/ml and the conversion of glucose utilized to ethanol produced was almost 100% of the theoretical yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498725
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  • 18
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    Effects of growth temperature on maximal specific growth rate, yield, maintenance, and death rate in glucose-limited continuous culture of the thermophilic Bacillus caldotenax (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 303-315 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The influence of temperature on the growth of the theromophilic Bacillus caldotenax was investigated using chemostat techniques and a chemically defined minimal medium. All determined growth constants, that is maximal specific growth rate, yield and maintenance, were temperature dependent. It was striking that the very large maintenance requirement was about 10 times higher than for mesophilic cells under equivalent conditions. A death rate, which was very substantial at optimal and supraoptimal growth temperatures, was estimated by comparing the maintenance for substrate and oxygen. There was no indication for a thermoadaptation as postulated by Haberstich and Zuber (1974).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498727
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  • 19
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    Bioconversion of lipophilic compounds in non-aqueous solvent. Effect of gel hydrophobicity on diverse conversions of testosterone by gel-entrapped Nocardia rhodocrous cells (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 289-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The bioconversion of testosterone (TS) in water-saturated benzene-n-heptane (4:1 by volume) was mediated by Nocardia rhodocrous cells whose steroid Δ1-dehydrogenase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were induced by TS. TS was transformed into 4-androstene-3,17-dione (4-AD), dehydrotestosterone (DTS) and 1,4-androstadiene-3, 17-dione (ADD) by incubating with the cell suspensions in the presence of phenazine methosulfate (PMS). Time-courses of TS transformation revealed that DTS and 4-AD were produced initially and further oxidized to ADD. Thus, the final product, ADD; was formed via two different pathways: TS→4-AD→ADD and TS→DTS→ADD. In these routes, Δ1-dehydrogenation required PMS, while 17β-dehydrogenation could proceed without any exogenous electron acceptor. N. rhodocrous cells entrapped in hydrophilic gels (H-gel) and lipophilic gels (L-gel) prepared by photo-crosslinkable resin prepolymers and urethane prepolymers were useful for effective dehydrogenations of TS. The cells entrapped in L-gels produced 4-AD as the major product, whereas DTS was the main product by the cells in H-gel. The difference in the profiles of dehydrogenation products can be explained by low affinity of PMS for L-gel-entrapped cells and of TS for H-gel-entrapped cells. Inhibitory effect of DTS on 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase also would be responsible for the accumulation of DTS in the latter case. Thus, different routes for product formation could be selected by using resin prepolymers of appropriate hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity for entrapment of biocatalysts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498726
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  • 20
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    Pigment production in chemostat cultures of Streptococcus bovis (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 341-348 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Seven of eight type strains of Streptococcus bovis, including all 6 rumen isolates tested, produced pigment on agar media if the anaerobic atmosphere was supplemented with CO2. Tween 80 or NaHCO3 added to the growth medium could not substitute for gaseous CO2. When one of the best pigment-forming strains, S. bovis 2B, was grown in a glucose-limited chemostat at constant dilution rate (D), decreasing the concentration of the gas overlay resulted in pigment washout and increased lactate and cell mass. Champing pH at a constant D altered the pigment production and glucose end products of the culture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498730
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  • 21
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    Biotransformation of antibiotics (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 317-326 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The absence of a lag period in the bioconversion of chloramphenicol by spores and the pronounced influence of the pH of the medium on this reaction strongly suggested that chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) is located at or near the surface of the spores of Streptomyces griseus. A two-hour exposure of spores to dilute solutions of β-mercaptoethanol or surfactants resulted in significant decrease in activity even in the presence of glucose as an energy source. However, the inclusion of any of the reagents in the reaction mixture neither influenced the conversion activity nor the spore viability. These treatments did not reveal any cryptic activity for CAT in the spores. In addition, more drastic treatment of the spores with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) or with concentrated salt solutions did not reduce the activity nor significantly affect the spore viability. Considering the modes of action of β-mercaptoethanol and the surfactants, a combination of disulfide bridges and lipoprotein interactions may be responsible for the binding of CAT to the surface of the spore. Moreover, results of acid treatment of intact spores indicated that most of CAT activity, if not all, is located at the spore surface. Incorporation of 14C-acetate by cell-free extracts of Streptomyces griseus clearly showed that CAT selectively catalyzed the formation of chloramphenicol-3-acetate at an optimum pH of 6.5. The shape of the pH-activity curve in cell-free extracts is essentially identical to that of the enzyme in intact spores and is additional evidence that the enzyme is located at the spore surface.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498728
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  • 22
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    Reducing sugar accumulation from alkali pretreated sugar cane bagasse using Cellulomonas (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 11 (1980), S. 50-54 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An active cellulolytic culture was obtained following growth of the Cellulomonas strain CS1-17 for 24 h at 32° C on 1 or 2% alkali pretreated sugar cane bagasse. Environmental conditions were then varied to favour reducing sugar accumulation from fresh alkali pretreated bagasse added to the 24 h culture medium at 75 g/l. After incubation for an additional 48 h at 37° C under anaerobic, aerobic and aerobic+0.2% sodium azide conditions, reducing sugar was accumulated at 22.8, 23.7 and 25.6 g/l respectively. Approximately 83% of this release occurred during the first 18 h of incubation and the reducing sugar released contained approximately 14% xylose, 35% glucose, and 26% cellobiose. Addition of exogenous cellobiase resulted in conversion of the cellobiose to glucose.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00514078
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  • 23
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    Element analysis in fungal tissues using laser microprobe (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 11 (1980), S. 55-59 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Fungal tissues were analysed for trace elements using emission spectroscopy with a laser. This method requires little sample preparation and has the advantage of not requiring large amounts of tissue. Laser microscopy permits the detection of 74 elements of the periodic table, from lithium (3) to uranium (92).
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    A rapid electrochemical method for assimilation test of microorganisms (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 305-316 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A microbial electrode consisting of the immobilized microorganisms to be tested and an oxygen electrode was used to study the assimilation characteristics of microorganisms. When a sample solution containing a substrate was injected into the microbial sensor system, the current of the sensor markedly decreased with time if the microorganisms assimilated the substrate. On the other hand, no current decrease was observed if the microorganisms could not assimilate the substrate. Assimilation characteristics of various microorganisms such as molds, yeasts, bacteria, actinomycetes and activated sludges were tested with various substrates. The time required for a test was 30 min per substrate by the pulse method (sample injection period, 5 min). Good correlations were obtained between this electrochemical method and the conventional growth test. The fundamental differences between the two methods and the application of the electrochemical method are discussed.
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    Conversion of different plant waste into feed by basidiomycetes (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 243-248 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary 1. The solid state fermentation of beech sawdust, reed, rape and sunflower straw and rice husks by Stropharia rugosoannulata, Pleurotus sp. Florida, Pleurotus cornucopiae and Agrocybe aegerita at 25°C for periods of 0–60 days was examined. 2. All fungi tested can colonize the sterile substrates used. The highest decomposition rate was found with P. cornucopiae on rape (44.5%) and sunflower (43.2%). Relatively low decomposition activity was observed for A. aegerita. 3. On all substrates tested, the water soluble substances increase after 60 days of solid state fermentation. 4. Lignolitic activity and in vitro digestibility are strongly dependent on fungal species and the kind of plant waste substrate. Pleurotus sp. Florida and Stropharia rugosoannulata showed good lignin decomposition and increased the in vitro digestibility of all substrates except rice husks. Agrocybe aegerita decomposed lignin only to a small extent and decreased the in vitro digestibility. 5. All fungi tested decreased the digestibility of rice husks. This effect is probably caused by high incrustation of rice husks with SiO2.
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    Chemical oxygen demand reduction in a whey fermentation (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 261-274 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The efficiency of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction η in the fermentation of whey by Kluyveromyces fragilis IMAT 1872 was studied at various temperatures, lactose concentrations, air dilution ratios and stirring speeds. Their effects on the biomass yield (y) has been determined previously (Moresi et al. in press). Two different optimal sets of these variables were found according to whether the objective was the production of cell mass or the reduction of COD. The two sets were then compared to establish a strategy for the industrial development of this fermentation process. The experimental efficiencies of COD removal were submitted to analysis in a composite design. Only the first two principal axes (i.e., the ‘oxygen transfer coefficient’ factor and the ‘stripping’ factor) of canonical analysis were found to be significant by an F-test. Therefore, the observations were fitted with a quadratic expression by using only these factors: the mean standard error was less than 6%. The yield of cells, expressed as g of dried cells/g of COD removed, varied in this fermentation, but this parameter may be particularly useful for analyzing and optimizing any fermentation process when the culture medium is a mixture of carbohydrates or the main substrate is fully utilized during the initial stages of fermentation.
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    Growth inhibition of Thiobacillus thiooxidans by metals and reductive detoxification of vanadium (V) (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 21-30 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Vanadium (V), molybdenum (VI), and chromium (VI) have all been found to inhibit the growth of Thiobacillus thiooxidans ATCC 8085. Exponentially growing cultures of the microorganism effectively reduce vanadium (V) to the relatively inocuous vanadyl ion, vanadium (IV), by a first order process with a half-life of about 10 h. Concentrations above the reducing capacity of the culture subsequently prevent further microbial growth. The growth of T. thiooxidans is also inhibited by both molybdate and chromate which can prevent growth in the concentration range 2 to 5×10−4M. These metal toxicities may play a role in curtailing the growth of this organism in microbially assisted leaching operations.
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    Influence of ammonium nitrate and organic supplements on the yield of Pleurotus sajor caju (Fr.) sing (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 31-35 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary 1. The effects of supplementing the straw substrate of Pleurotus sajor caju with ammonium nitrate, alfalfa or soya bean meal on the decomposition speed of the substrate, the yield of fruiting bodies and their nitrogen content were measured. 2. Addition of ammonium nitrate increased the decomposition of organic matter in the substrate except at the two highest NH4NO3 concentrations. The yieled of fruiting bodies was reduced only at the highest NH4NO3 concentration. The yield of fruiting bodies and their nitrogen content increased more with addition of alfalfa and soya bean meal than with ammonium nitrate supplementation. 3. The lowest yield (3.50%) was obtained using wheat straw substrate and the highest (11.89%) after supplementation with 40% of alfalfa. The lowest nitrogen content in fruiting bodies was also found using wheat straw substrate not supplemented (4.10% nitrogen), and the highest after supplementation with 30% of soya bean meal (8.90%). 4. The yield coefficient (Yield of fruiting bodies/% Loss of organic matter) was higher in supplemented substrates (maximum 0.25) than in the unsupplemented control (wheat straw, 0.11).
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    Methane production under pressure by fermentation of waste materials (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 79-81 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Methane production by fermentation under pressure is characterised by a reduction of the gas flowrate and a simultaneous increase in the pourcentage of methane. At between O and 4 effective bars, these competing effects give a practically constant production of methane.
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    Induction effect of PO 2 during continuous yeast production from ethanol in a multistage tower fermentor (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 93-100 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of the periodic variation of the partial pressure of oxygen in the aeration gas on biomass concentrations, ethanol conversion, yield and productivity during continuous cultivations of the yeast Candida utilis in a multistage tower fermentor was studied. The results were compared with those obtained under aeration conditions with a constant PO 2 in the aeration gas. The results demonstrated that, with the optimum PO 2 in the aeration gas, the aeration procedure with the periodic variation of PO 2 in the gas phase permitted achievement of the same process parameters as those under constant PO 2. Using this new aeration procedure, the consumption of pure oxygen can be lowered by 55% to 60%. In addition, the significance of the induction effect of PO 2 on growth characteristics in the individual stages of the fermentor was proved.
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    Effect of medium composition on excretion and biosynthesis of the amylases of Schwanniomyces castellii (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 129-132 
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    Notes: Summary The influence of different salts on the excretion of amylases has been studied sodium and potassium phosphates were added to the basal YNB soluble starch medium. The effects of sodium and potassium (from 0.005 M to 0.2 M) and the two surfactants, Tween 80 and Triton X were tested. The effect of the excretion of the amylolytic enzymes on the biomass yield and growth rate are discussed.
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    Culture method to study fungal growth in solid fermentation (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 199-209 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A new culture method is described to study the growth of Aspergillus niger on cassava meal in the solid state. This method uses preparations of the cooked starchy substrate as a homogeneous granulated product containing spores, salts and water. An incubation device aerates the mass with humidified air at a controlled temperature. Homogeneous development of mycelia, without sporulation, occurred in the substrate mass. From physiological studies, optimal conditions for A. niger growth on cassava in the solid state were 50–55% moisture, 35°C, a nitrogen source comprising 60% ammonium and 40% urea (on a nitrogen basis) and 2×107 spores/g of substrate. Growth kinetics were established and changes in pH, protein, carbohydrate and water content were determined during the incubation. Growth rate and yield were quite similar to those described in the literature for A. niger cultivated in liquid media under optimal conditions.
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    A combination of methods for the on-line determination of alcohols in microbial cultures (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 227-233 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A new method for the continuous on-line determination of methanol (range 0.2 to 10 gl−1) and ethanol (0.2 to 120 gl−1) is described. The rate limiting step is diffusion of the alcohol through the walls of a silicone tube immersed in the culture broth. A sintered SnO2 sensor was used instead of a Flame Ionization Detector for alcohol determination. Measurement is not affected by bioreactor aeration or agitation rates, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia or the concentration of cells in the medium. The assay system was tested in extended batch cultivation of Methylomonas sp. with methanol as the sole carbon source (final biomass concentration, 35 gl−1). Sensor readings agreed well with simultaneous off-line gas chromatographic methanol determination.
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    Bubble coalescence behaviour in biological media (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 249-260 
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    Notes: Summary Volumetric mass transfer coefficients (kLa) were measured by a steady state method in a twin bubble column to characterize the coalescence behaviour of the medium. Employing Hansenula polymorpha cultivation broths, kLa values were compared with those measured in model media in the presence and absence of antifoam agents. The ratio of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient in the system investigated to that in water, $${\text{m = k}}_{\text{L}} {\text{a/(k}}_{\text{L}} {\text{a)H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}$$ , was employed to characterize the cultivation medium.
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    Influence of the growth substrate and the oxygen concentration in the medium on the cytochrome P-450 content in Candida guilliermondii (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 285-294 
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    Notes: Summary The induction of cytochrome P-450 in Candida guilliermondii by different growth substrates was investigated. Hexadecane is a strong inducer, whereas its oxidation products induce only weakly. It could be shown that the oxygen concentration in the medium influences the cytochrome P-450 content in cells growing on hexadecane. At oxygen concentrations between 100% and 15% of saturation the cytochrome P-450 content reaches 25–35 nmol/g dry weight. Reducing the oxygen to lower concentrations increase the cytochrome P-450 content up to approximately 100 nmol/g dry weight.
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    Hydrolysis of bile acid conjugates by selected fungi (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 317-323 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Fungi which have been previously shown to hydrolyse glycocholic acid, with liberation of the free bile acid, have now been shown to be similarly capable of hydrolysing glycodeoxycholic acid. Sodium taurocholate, however, is much less susceptible and its hydrolysis has been demonstrated with only one of the selected fungi, Penicillium chrysogenum, growing in a medium containing the conjugate as the sole sulphur source. It is concluded that the nature of the amino acid moiety is important in determining the ease of hydrolysis of bile acid conjugates by whole cells of the fungi under test.
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    Restricted oxygen supply and excretion of metabolites (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of restricted oxygen supply on the excretion of metabolites was studied in Pseudomonas acidovorans (DSM 39), P. delafieldii (DSM 64) and a mutant strain of Paracoccus denitrificans unable to accumulate poly-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. Different metabolites were produced at distinct submaximum respiration rates by these strains. These metabolites were, in order of decreasing respiration rates; 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxo-3-methylbutanoate, cisaconitate, 3-hydroxybutanoate, succinate, hydrogen gas, formate, acetate, butanoate, acetoin, meso- and D,L-2,3-butanediol, and ethanol. Poly-3-hydroxy-butanoic acid (PHB) accumulated intracellularly at almost the same respiration rates at which the excretion of 3-hydroxybutanoate occurred. The production of ethanol, 2,3-butanediol, butanoate, formate, and hydrogen gas indicate the function of enzymes such as ethanol and butanediol dehydrogenases, pyruvate formate lyase, formate hydrogen lyase, and butanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase. These enzymes are not expected to be present in strict aerobes at different degrees of restricted oxygen supply. Excreted metabolites are indicators of the degree to which the oxygen demand of cells is met. On the other hand, a fermentation process designed for the production of a distinct metabolite can be controlled by maintaining the appropriate oxygen supply.
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    Fast degradation of kraft lignin by bacteria (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 45-51 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Lignin degrading bacteria were isolated directly by an enrichment culture technique using an industrial kraft lignin (Indulin AT) as the sole carbon source. The lignin degrading ability of these isolates was assayed in pure cultures. One strain (Aeromonas sp.) had degraded 98% of the lignin (1 g/l) after 5 days of incubation. Different genera have been identified including Corynebacterium, Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, but also Klebsiella and Enterobacter. These strains were also able to assimilate different phenolic compounds considered as lignin related simple monomers.
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    The influence of ammonium nitrate supplementation on degradation and in vitro digestibility of straw colonized by higher fungi (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 37-44 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The digestion of straw by nine higher fungi and the influence of ammonium nitrate supplementation was investigated using loss of organic matter, degradation of lignin and in vitro digestibility as indices of digestion. The decomposition rates of organic matter were influenced differently by ammonium nitrate supplementation. The rates of decomposition by Pleurotus salmoneo stramineus and Pleurotus eryngii decreased, while those of Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus sp. ‘Florida’ increased at low NH4NO3 concentrations, but decreased at higher concentrations. The decomposition rates of Agrocybe aegerita, Stropharia rugosoannulata, Kuehneromyces mutabilis, and Ganoderma applanatum were generally higher than those of the control at all NH4NO3 levels. The ability to degrade lignin varied greatly. Flammulina velutipes did not attack lignin at all while Agrocybe aegerita did only slightly. The highest lignin degradation rate was found with Pleurotus sp. ‘Florida’. The lignin decomposition rates of Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus salmoneo stramineus were depressed at all NH4NO3 levels. No correlation between lignin degradation and nitrogen supplementation was found with Ganoderma applanatum and Pleurotus sp. ‘Florida’. Only Agrocybe aegerita could be stimulated with NH4NO3. The in vitro digestibility of the substrate with and without nitrogen supplementation was decreased with Agrocybe aegerita, Flammulina velutipes, and Ganoderma applanatum. All the other fungi enhanced the in vitro digestibility when no NH4NO3 was added to the substrate. At all NH4NO3 levels, the in vitro digestibility was lower than that of the unsupplemented control. At 1.25% NH4NO3 it fell below the fungus free control value. The results are explained in terms of altered relative decomposition rates for organic matter and lignin after nitrogen supplementation.
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    Relations between substrate feeding pattern and development of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge processes (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 63-77 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Laboratory scale activated sludge systems were operated under regimes of continuous or intermittent feeding of substrate. It was found that continuously fed systems repeatedly resulted in the development of filamentous bacteria and bulking of the sludge. Intermittently fed systems did form good settling sludges, without filamentous bacteria. The same results were found using different sludge loadings and different concentrations of mixed liquor suspended solids. High dissolved oxygen concentration did not prevent bulking in continuous systems while low dissolved oxygen concentration resulted in bulking with intermittently fed systems. It was found that the substrate removal rate of intermittently operated systems was always higher than for continuously fed systems. The hypothesis is formulated that intermittent feeding leads to higher substrate removal rates by floc forming bacteria and their predominance in intermittently fed systems, which can be compared to plug flow systems.
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    Parasexual hybridisation and citric acid production by Aspergillus niger (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 117-119 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In this investigation hybridisation experiments were performed with two auxotrophic mutants of Aspergillus niger. A heterozygous diploid was derived from them and it produced segregants including parental haploids and a recombinant. Their yield characters were studied.
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    Failure of denitrifying bacteria to utilize benzoic acid under anaerobic conditions with nitrate as the only terminal electron acceptor (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 133-135 
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    Notes: Summary (Ring-U)-14C-benzoate was not utilized by various denitrifying bacteria (pure cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter sp. and Moraxella sp. or a mixed population) in the presence of nitrate as the only electron acceptor (completely anaerobic conditions). In the presence of only traces of molecular oxygen (introduced by porous tubing), denitrification did occur under inappropriate experimental conditions. This indicates that an apparent anaerobic fission of the benzene nucleus may occur.
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    Microbial viability and steady state chemostat culture (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 165-171 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A model of a two-stage chemostat incorporating cell viability as a function of the rate limiting substrate concentration was developed and compared with a model considering viability as a function of the dilution rate. Both models were applied to the data obtained from a chemostatic culture of Klebsiella pneumonia. Although both models successfully predicted the values of the biomass and substrate concentrations in the first stage, only the model relating viability to substrate concentration gave a satisfactory fit for the second stage.
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    Studies on cellulase production by Clostridium thermocellum (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 189-197 
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    Notes: Summary Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 (and its improved cellulase-producing mutant, AS-39) is an anaerobic thermophile that produces endo-β-glucanase and exo-β-glucanase when grown on cellobiose or cellulose as major carbon source (Shinmyo et al. 1979). The site of cellulase accumulation was at least 95% extracellular. Optimum conditions for endo-β-glucanase production in flasks included 1% (w/v) cellobiose, 0.2% (w/v) urea as a nitrogen source, 0.1 M morpholinopropane-sulfonic acid buffer, an initial pH of 7.4, and a yeast extract concentration of 0.6% (w/v). An improved medium (GS medium) was devised for future studies. Xylan was degraded by an extracellular enzyme (s) produced during cultivation on cellobiose, although C. thermocellum does not grow on xylan.
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    Resolution of microbial mixtures by free flow electrophoresis (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 217-226 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The resolution of bacterial mixtures by free flow electrophoresis (FFE) was not affected by the position of the microbes on the growth curve and approximately 70% of the individual cells applied were recovered as viable cells. The dependence of bacterial electrophoretic mobility on the pH, salt concentration, and viscosity of the electrolyte was determined. Suspending media and running electrolyte were developed which allowed collection of samples of〉99% purity within two minutes of introduction of a mixture of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Most bacterial strains migrated in a single band, although some migrated in more than one band. Escherichia coli was resolved from each of 10 different species. The considerable variation in mobility found in 21 different E. coli strains, however, appears to preclude use of FFE as a method of species identification.
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    Biocoenosis and degradation in model wastewater treatment plants (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 151-163 
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    Notes: Summary The bacteria and protozoa of laboratory models for wastewater treatment plants have been determined and compared to species from ordinary plants. A determination key specially designed for the bacteria of wastewater treatment plants has been developed. Large changes in the composition of the bacterial populations were found in the model open laboratory plant system. Tests with a model sterile closed plant and reproducible inoculum have been performed to get a constant bacteria population to improve the comparability and reproducibility for substance degradation test.
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    Optimization of whey fermentation in a jar fermenter (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 173-183 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The fermentation of whey by Kluyveromyces fragilis IMAT 1872 was studied in a 15-l jar fermenter to assess the influence of temperature, lactose concentration, aeration and agitation on the biomass yield. Optimization of the operating parameters resulted in a 57.2% yield. The observations were analyzed in a ‘composite’ design. Canonical analysis and an F-test showed that only the first two principal axes (i.e., “oxygen transfer coefficient’ and ‘lactose inhibition’ factors) of the system under study were significant. Therefore, the observations were fitted to a quadratic expression, by using only these factors: 86% of the data fall within a 10% deviation band. This empirical model allowed the formulation of an operating strategy to select the set of conditions yielding the maximum value of biomass.
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    Recovery of invertase and laminarinases from industrial waste broths of baker's yeast (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 9-14 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A procedure is described for the recovery of invertase and three laminarinases from commercial waste broths of baker's yeast. The procedure includes adsorption steps on DEAE-Sephadex A50, on concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B, and an additional gel exclusion chromatography step on Sephacryl S-200. The isolated laminarinases were: laminarinase I (exo-β-D-glucanase), laminarinase II [endo-β-(1-3)-D-glucanase], and laminarinase III (exo-β-D-glucanase). The efficiency of the main concentration step (DEAE-Sephadex A50) depended on the predialysis of the crude broth. Thus, the recovery of invertase and laminarinase from nondialyzed samples was 7% and 16%, respectively. These values were increased to 62% and 100%, respectively, when the samples were previously dialyzed.
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    Cephalosporin acetylesterase activity of Fusaria (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 15-18 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cephalosporin acetylesterase activity was detected in a number of fusaria tested. Of these Fusarium oxysporum AY F-298 was found to be the most active. Deacetyl derivatives of cephalothin and phenoxymethyl cephalosporin prepared by hydrolysis of the parent compounds with AY F-298 showed low antimicrobial activity.
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    A cyclic pattern of hydrogen evolution by Anabaena flos-aquae (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 19-20 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Photoproduction of H2 from water by Anabaena flos-aquae in a batch reactor (flowing argon gas phase) followed a reproducible cyclic pattern. Chloramphenicol inhibited events in the cylce, indicating a requirement for protein synthesis.
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    Micromethod for the quantitative determination of succinic acid in the fermentation media (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 53-58 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A rapid and accurate method is described for the determination of succinic acid allowing direct application of the fermentation broth filtrate to TLC plate. Subsequent chromatographic separation on silica gel thin-layer and detection of succinic acid by a copper salt reagent, permits quantitative densitometric evaluation of succinic acid in the concentration range from 10 to 40 μg. The quantitative analyses are reproducible and the assay has a coefficient of variation of 3.2%.
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    A method for turbidimetric measurement of bacterial growth in liquid cultures and agar plug diffusion cultures, using standard test tubes (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 59-62 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A method has been developed for turbidimetric measurement of bacterial growth in standard inexpensive test tubes with closures in-place. Liquid cultures and agar plug diffusion cultures can be assayed using an unmodified spectrophotometer. Growth curves of replicate cultures grown in test tubes, are reproducible with respect to similarity of curve shape, onset of logarithmic growth phase, and maximum growth.
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    Design and characterization of a completely filled stirred bioreactor (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 83-91 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A newly designed bioreactor which is operated completely filled with a mixture of liquid and entrained gas has been compared with a classical stirred system. The completely filled stirred bioreactor (CFSB) consists essentially of a marine type propeller installed in a draft tube and a gas-liquid separator at the top of the vessel. The reactors have been compared on the basis of oxygen transfer rates, mixing times, power input, batch and chemostat experiments with yeasts and mycelial molds.
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    Regulation of citric acid production by oxygen: Effect of dissolved oxygen tension on adenylate levels and respiration in Aspergillus niger (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 101-115 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The mechanism of the control of citric acid accumulation by oxygen was investigated by means of pilot plant fermentation using Aspergillus niger. The critical dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) for oxygen uptake of this fungus was about 18–21 and 23–26 mbar for trophophase and idiophase, respectively. Minimal DOT for citric acid production was about 25 mbar. Citric acid production increased steadily between 40–150 mbar. Short time changes in the DOT produced immediate, irreversible changes in the rate of product formation. Adenine nucleotides paralleled growth but showed no evidence for control function in the oxygen effect on citric acid fermentation. A branched respiratory system was identified by experiments using specific inhibitors (antimycin, cyanide, azide, rotenone, amytal and salicylhydroxamic acid). Growth was sensitive towards inhibitors of the standard respiratory chain, but only slightly sensitive towards salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). Citric acid synthesis was highly sensitive towards SHAM during trophophase, but sensitive towards antimycine during idiophase. Interruptions in aeration cause an impairment of the SHAM sensitive oxidase during trophophase, and of the antimycin sensitive oxidase during idiophase.
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    Medium optimization for a methanol utilizing bacterium based on chemostat theory (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 121-127 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In the productions of biomass and vitamin B12 using methanol as the sole carbon source, it is necessary to use a medium in which methanol is the growth limiting substrate. Other inorganic salts should be in slight excess so that the yield of cells and the intracellular content of vitamin B12 do not vary. From basic principles of chemostat culture, a medium was optimized for Pseudomonas AM-1 a methanol utilizing bacterium, for the concentrations of various inorganic salts. This was done in a series of chemostat cultures at a dilution rate of 0.1 h−1. Optimum amounts of NH4 +, PO4 3- and Mg2+ were estimated from the minimum concentration of the salt at which methanol became growth limiting. The optimum concentrations of Ca2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ as a group were determined in the same way. Cu2+, Mo6+, Co2+ and B3+ are required at concentrations of μg/l and they were not studied as these very low level can be introduced as contaminants from other salts. The optimum medium composition (in g/l) was as follows: (NH4)2SO4, 1.0; H3PO4, 75×10−3; MgSO4 · 7H2O, 30×10−3; CaCl2 · 2H2O, 3.3×10−3; FeSO4 · 7H2O, 1.3×10−3, MnSO4 · 4H2O, 0.13×10−3; ZnSO4 · 7H2O, 0.13×10−3; CuSO4 · 5H2O, 40×10−6; Na2MoO4, 40×10−6; CoCl2 · 6H2O, 40×10−6; H3BO3, 30×10−6 and methanol 4.
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    Relations between substrate feeding pattern and development of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge processes: (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 137-149 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Laboratory scale activated sludge systems were operated under regimes of continuous or intermittent feeding of substrate. In a previous paper it was shown that continuously operated systems resulted in the development of filamentous bacteria and bulking sludges. Intermittently fed sludges resulted in good settling. These results are now confirmed when substrates other than glucose are present in the influent, such as nutrient broth, acetate and starch. With casein deflocculation occurred. For intermittent systems the substrate removal rates were higher than for continuous systems. Based on the results a theory is presented to account for the growth of filamentous bacteria (and bulking) in continuous systems (completely mixed systems). This theory assumes that in intermittently fed systems (plug flow systems) floc forming bacteria become dominant as a result of higher substrate uptake rates and the possibility to survive a starvation phase by thriving on accumulated intracellular metabolites.
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    Effects of aeration and of corn steep concentration on L-asparaginase production in Escherichia coli (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 185-187 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The production of L-asparaginase was investigated in Escherichia coli, growing under different conditions of aeration in a medium containing 2% or 6% corn steep. At both concentrations, excessive aeration decreased enzyme production. In the medium with 2% corn steep, L-asparaginase activity began to decline as soon as the oxygen absorption exceeded 0.22 mmol O2 l−1 min−1, and when the oxygen absorption rate was 1.26 mmol O2 l−1 min−1, enzyme activity reached only about 5% of maximum. In the medium with 6% corn steep, a decline of L-asperaginase activity did not appear until the oxygen absorption rate value exceeded 0.54 mmol O2 l−1 min−1, at the oxygen absorption rate of 1.26 mmol O2 l−1 min−1, the enzyme activity still reached about 50% of maximum.
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    A cyto-biochemical study of the ‘canal’ formation in the yeast cell wall (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 211-216 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A distinction between the chemical composition of ultrastructurally modified regions and the rest of the cell wall (‘canals’) of the yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis was shown by cytochemical staining of cell wall polysaccharides. The formation of ‘canals’ was induced by cultivation of yeasts on hydrocarbons and was parallelled by the enhancement of β-glucosidase, β-glucanase and α-mannosidase activities which were all capable of degrading cell wall polysaccharides. The presence of cycloheximide prevented ‘canal’ formation. We assume that these hydrolases modified definite cell wall regions transforming them into ‘canals’.
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    Stalked bacteria in activated sludge (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 235-242 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A laboratory-scale activated sludge unit was fed continuously with a simulated industrial wastewater, consisting of a dilute solution of inorganic salts, at a rate giving a mean retention time of about 3 days. The system produced a well-settling sludge which on examination by electron microscopy was found to contain considerable numbers of stalked bacteria. These were identified as Caulobacter, which have the ability to attach to surfaces and other organisms by means of a prosthecal ‘holdfast’ and to flourish in waters with a low content of organic nutrients, and whose occurrence in activated sludge has not apparently been previously recorded. Conditions advantageous to Caulobacter generally prevail in activated sludge systems when these operate in growth phases tending to produce well-settling sludge. Since their ‘holdfast’ gives Caulobacter the ability to initiate and enlarge microbial clusters by attachment, it is suggested that Caulobacter contribute to microbial floc-formation in activated sludge.
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    Cytochemical localization of glucose oxidase in peroxisomes of Aspergillus niger (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 275-283 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The subcellular localization of glucose oxidase (E.C. 1.1.3.4) in mycelia of Aspergillus niger has been investigated using cytochemical staining techniques. Mycelia from fermenter cultures, which produced gluconic acid from glucose, contained elevated levels of glucose oxidase and catalase. Both enzymes were located in microbodies. In addition, when the organism was grown on glucose with methylamine as a nitrogen source, amine oxidase activity was detected in the microbodies. These organelles can therefore be designated as peroxisomes.
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    Growth of Euglena gracilis on whey (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 295-303 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary To extend the use of industrial wastes, we have studied the growth of Euglena cells on demineralized whey powder, an industrial dairy waste from cheese making. The demineralized whey powder was solubilized (15 g/l) in 0.04 N HCl and autoclaved for two hours at 120°C. The solution was then brought to pH 3.5 with NH4OH and tested for its ability to support Euglena growth. In the dark, cell densities of 4.5 to 5.5×106 cells/ml were obtained when vitamin B12, thiamine and minerals were added to the hydrolyzed whey solution. Although growth of Euglena is possible on whey, the industrial application may be limited due to the need to hydrolyze the whey and to the low utilization of carbon (20%) as the glucose, but not the galactose, released during hydrolysis is used.
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    Investigation on rate — Determining factors in the microbial reduction of azo dyes (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 325-338 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Investigations on the effects of pH, temperature, type and concentration of respiration substrates and oxygen tension on the reduction rate of derivatives of 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol and of a variety of textile dyes served as a basis for establishing a bioassay for strictly reproducible measurements of the microbial reduction rate of azo dyes. Standard organism was a strain of Bacillus cereus isolated from soil. Dye reduction occurred with the standard organism and other facultatively or obligatory aerobic bacteria in exclusively anoxic conditions. In principle, first order kinetics of decolorization were found. Reduction products may however inhibit the reaction. All dyes not measurably reduced by living cells of B. cereus were decolorized by cell extracts of the same species. Dyes adsorbed by the cell walls were in most cases reduced at slow rates and did not influence the simultaneous reduction of non-adsorbable dyes in the medium. The observations confirm the hypothesis advanced by Gingell and Walker (1971) of an intracellular, non-enzymatic reduction of azo compounds by reduced flavin nucleotides. The rate of permeation of the dyes through the cell membrane is the primordial ratelimiting step in the microbial decolorization of azo dyes. Sulfonic acid substitution seems to be an effective inhibitor of permeation.
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    Physiology and metabolism of two alkane oxidizing and citric acid producing strains of Candida parapsilosis (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 11 (1980), S. 42-49 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The study of the effect of different carbon sources reflected the following results: 1. Candida parapsilosis (wild type and mutant) could not utilize citrate and glyoxylate and could grow well on pyruvate, acetate and to some extent on α-ketoglutarate, trans-aconitate, isocitrate and succinate. 2. Cells grown on tetradecane and pentadecane formed much more pseudomycelium than cells grown on the other tested carbon sources. 3. The catalase activities of the cells grown on tetradecane were generally much higher than those of the cells grown on acetate or glucose. 4. The tetradecane-grown cells of both organisms contain more lipid than glucose-, acetate- or succinate-grown cells. 5. Among the fatty acids found in the cells, the even-numbered dominate. A few odd-numbered were detected. 6. Enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle had very high activities on acetate and tetradecane, but very low ones on glucose and succinate medium. The two strains had with all the carbon sources a high citrate synthase activity. 7. High concentrations of glucose (2.5% and more) repressed the enzyme activities tested while acetate abolished this effect. Many authors have reported the fermentative production of citric acid from hydrocarbons (Nakanishi et al. 1972; Puklowski et al. 1976; Schröder 1976), the effect of hydrocarbons on the morphology of n-alkane degrading yeasts (Hirai et al. 1972), the effect of substrate on the fatty acid composition of hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms (Dunlap and Perry 1967; Mishina et al. 1973; Source on enzymes of the tricaboxylic acid- and glyoxylate cycle (Gosling and Duggan 1971; Lozinov et al. 1976; Kleber and Aurich 1973, 1974; Fritsche 1968; Nabeshina et al. 1977), and catalase activity of hydrocarbon metabolizing yeasts (Teranishi et al. 1974a, b). Each author used a different yeast strain and no work has reported these different physiological studies for one organism at a time. In a previous work we reported the effect of pH, temperature, age and trans-aconitate on growth and enzymes of Candida parapsilosis (Omar and Rehm 1980). The following paper deals with experiments on the utilization of various carbon sources and on the comparison of enzyme activities of the TCC and glyoxylate cycle, catalase and fatty acid composition of C. parapsilosis.
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    Fermentation of cellulose and fatty acids with enrichments from sewage sludge (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 11 (1980), S. 60-66 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A mixed culture enriched from sewage sludge and anaerobic digestor effluent was able to degrade cellulose and acetate rapidly and quantitatively to methane and carbon dioxide. The maximum specific rate of gas production was 87 ml/gm cell-h, corresponding to a rate of cellulose utilization of 0.1 g/g cells-h. Acetate, an intermediate in cellulose degradation, was fermented much more rapidly than butyrate or propionate; its maximum utilization rate was first order with a rate constant of 0.34 h−1. Addition of 2-14C-acetate to a digestor fed cellulose showed tht 2% of the methyl groups were oxidized to carbon dioxide. When 1-14C-acetate was added to a similar digestor, 51% of the carboxyl groups were reduced to methane, suggesting that not all the carbon dioxide during simultaneous cellulose and acetate utilization is treated equally. The pulse addition of large amounts of acetate, propionate and butyrate to a cellulose fed digestor was also examined.
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    Steroid hydroxylation using immobilized spores of Curvularia lunata germinated in situ (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 1-9 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Spores of Curvularia lunata were immobilized in polyacrylamide granules and in calcium alginate beads (2–3 mm in diam.). Germination of the spores, initiated by the addition of nutrients, resulted in an even distribution of mycelium throughout the beads after 48 h. Such beads were used for the conversion of cortexolone to cortisol by steroid-11β-hydroxylation. In order to improve the steroid transforming ability several parameters were studied. It was found that preparations based on calcium alginate gave the best results. The possible merits of immobilizing spores rather than vegetative cells, followed by in situ germination are discussed also for other microorganisms and immobilization processes.
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    Influence of hyperbaric oxygen tension on the metabolism of Candida tropicalis and Rhodococcus erythropolis (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 51-57 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect on metabolism of hyperbaric dissolved oxygen tension in batch cultures of Candida tropicalis (Cast.) Berkhout and Rhodococcus erythropolis with three different carbon sources was studied in a 20-l bioreactor under controlled conditions. The respiratory quotient was not significantly influenced by dissolved oxygen concentrations up to 40 mg/l oxygen. Elementary cell composition and proportional contents of DNA, RNA, and protein were not markedly influenced by the various oxygen concentrations but depended mainly on the growth rate. It was found that the production of trehalose lipid by R. erythropolis was dependent on the growth rate which could be enhanced by raising the oxygen concentration. The specific activity of catalase was affected more by the nature of the carbon source than by increased oxygen concentration. On the basis of the experimental data the application of oxygen-enriched air for biotechnological processes is discussed.
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    Glutathione production coupled with an ATP regeneration system (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 11-21 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Escherichia coli cells possessing glutathione synthetase and acetate kinase activities were immobilized with carrageenan gel. To enhance the operational stability, immobilized cells were treated with hardening agent, glutaraldehyde in the presence of hexamethylenediamine. The continuous production of glutathione was investigated using the column packed with immobilized Escherichia coli cell preparations. Glutathione was continuously produced by this column in the presence of acetyl phosphate and the half-life of this column was calculated to be 8 days at the flow rate of S.V.=0.1 h−1 at 37°C.
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    Enhancement of penicillin acylase activity by cultivating immobilized Kluyvera citrophila (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 23-30 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Whole cells of Kluyvera citrophila were immobilized in polyacrylamide gel. The penicillin acylase activity of immobilized whole cells was 60%–70% of native cells. When the immobilized cells were continuously cultivated for 40 h in an aerated fermentor containing peptone medium and were treated with alkali in order to remove β-lactamase activity, the immobilized cells produced ampicillin up to 4.4 times faster than noncultivated cells. Ampicillin production was investigated in a column system using these cultivated immobilized whole cells. The cultivated immobilized cells showed excellent performance in continuous ampicillin production.
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    Hydrodynamics and mass transfer in an airlift loop fermentor (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 31-40 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The hydrodynamics and mass transfer behaviour of an airlift fermentor with an external loop (height 10m) has been investigated by measuring gas and liquid velocities, gas hold-up, liquid mixing and oxygen transfer coefficients. Liquid phase properties, i.e., ionic strength, viscosity and surface tension have been varied by altering the fermentation media. Results are compared with those from bubble column experiments performed in the same unit. It is shown, that more uniform two-phase flow in the airlift leads to advantages in scale-up and operation.
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    The intrinsic microbial stability of water-in-oil emulsions II. Experimental (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 73-85 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The microbial stability of water-in-oil emulsions is calculated as a function of the initial contamination, the concentration of carbon and energy sources, the size-distribution of the water droplets and of the storage time. The calculated values appear to be in good agreement with the experimental data.
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    The pressure fluctuation spectrum as a measure of mixing and emulsification in a biochemical reactor (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 59-72 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Pressure fluctuation spectra were measured inside a biochemical reactor at various mixing speeds and aeration rates. These spectra change considerably depending on the mixing conditions and appear to provide a detailed picture of the turbulent conditions within the reactor. Droplet size distributions were measured for 4% (v/v) hydrocarbon in the reactor. It was found that these droplet size distributions could be qualitatively predicted by analysis of the Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities at the oil-water interface in conjunction with the observed pressure fluctuation spectra.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504728
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  • 72
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    Influence of hyperbaric oxygen tension on growth parameters of Candida tropicalis and Rhodococcus erythropolis (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 41-49 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Oxygen-limited growth was avoided by means of oxygen-enriched aeration in aerobic fermentation processes. Studies were carried out with Candida tropicalis (Cast.) Berkhout and Rhodococcus erythropolis (DSM 43215). The effect of hyperbaric dissolved oxygen tension on growth parameters was examined by varying the dissolved oxygen concentration and the carbon source (glucose, ethanol, and n-alkanes). Up to an oxygen concentration of 40 mg/l in the culture suspension no impairment of the economic coefficients and no promotion of cell lysis was found. It was observed that raised oxygen concentrations in the aeration gas led to enhanced specific growth rates. At cell concentrations above 20 g/l dry weight an uncoupling of carbon source dissimilation and biomass production was observed even at non-limiting oxygen concentrations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504726
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  • 73
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    Modelling and off line optimization of batch gluconic acid fermentation (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 87-94 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The role of mathematical modelling and off line optimization for a batch fermentation process is described. The fermentation of gluconic acid by Acetobacter suboxydans ATCC 621 was studied. The model is based on a series of batch experiments in which the temperature was the only variable. The differential equations of the models were derived from these experiments to give the kinetic parameters and the parametric models varying with the temperature. The fermentation was optimized using Pontryagin's maximum principle. This gave the temperature profile of fermentation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504730
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  • 74
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    Isolation procedures for thermostable neutral proteinases produced by Bacillus stearothermophilus (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 197-209 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Purification procedures for extracting and concentrating thermostable neutral proteinases using vacuum evaporation and ammonium sulfate precipitation, or adsorption chromatography on amberlite XAD-7 resin were compared. Adsorption chromatography proved to be the most effective method to concentrate, extract and partially purify the thermostable neutral proteases produced by Bacillus stearothermophilus NCIB 8924 and NRRL B-3880. Proteases can also be extracted from large volumes of culture media containing only weak proteolytic activity and a low protein concentration. Final purification of the thermostable neutral proteases was performed with an established affinity chromatography method. The method seems to be suitable for scaling up.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508607
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  • 75
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    Effect of lysozyme and sodium EDTA on shrimp microflora (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 253-258 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The influence of lysozyme and salts on the growth of the microflora of shrimp was investigated. It was found that lysozyme at concentrations up to 150 μg/ml could retard microbial growth in nutrient broth at 28°C. Growth of shrimp microflora was not affected much at low concentrations (0.05% and 0.1%) of EDTA but was totally inhibited in the presence of 0.5% Na2EDTA. No growth was discernible using concentrations of 50 μg/ml lysozyme and 0.02% Na2EDTA, either in nutrient broth or in 2% shrimp homogenate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508612
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  • 76
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    Physiological studies on the oxidation of 3-chlorobenzoate by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain Bs 5 (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 223-233 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, strain Bs 5, oxidized 3-chlorobenzoate only in the presence of a readily available energy source such as succinate or pyruvate. Cultures of the organism growing in the presence of 3-chlorobenzoate at concentrations greater than 250 μM turned darkbrown on prolonged incubation. After centrifugation and acidificition of the supernatants to pH 2, a dark pigment could be precipitated. It was shown to contain bound chlorine and probably originated from 3-chlorocatechol and 4-chlorocatechol, which accumulated in cultures growing in the presence of 3-chlorobenzoate. 3-Chlorobenzoate induced the ability to oxidize benzoate and catechol in the bacteria, the latter by orthofission. In the presence of an energy source, 3-chlorobenzoate-induced cells oxidized 3-chlorobenzoate at a rate, which was about 25% of the turnover rate for benzoate. In a continuous culture of the organism, growing in the presence of 1 mM 3-chlorobenzoate at a dilution rat of 0.025 h−1, all culture parameters including the ability of the cells to oxidize benzoate, were oscillating. This oscillation was attributed to the transient build-up of toxic concentrations of chlorocatechols. 4-chlorocatechol was shown to be about six times more toxic than 3-chlorobenzoate. In another series of continuous culture experiments, 3-chlorobenzoate induced the synthesis of the benzoate oxidizing enzyme system of A. calcoaceticus strain Bs 5 at a concentration of 2.5 μM, but appeared to lose its inducing potential towards this enzyme system at about 0.5 μM.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508609
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  • 77
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    Virus concentration from secondary wastewater: Comparative study between epoxy fiberglass and glass powder adsorbents (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 245-252 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary We compare the efficiency of adsorption-elution methods using microfiberglass or glass powder adsorbents for concentrating indigenous viruses from secondary wastewater effluents sampled in two different cities in France. Analysis of 18 samples using both methods allowed recovery of viruses in all cases, with average concentrations of 2.7 to 29 MPNCU/1. Virological quantification gave better results with the glass powder method in 13 out of 18 cases. Using a new MPN technique which gives good 95% confidence limits, the results obtained with glass powder were statistically better than those obtained with microfiberglass only in 5 out of 9 experiments. From these data, it is very difficult to choose one or another method when only the average number of recovered viruses are considered. Cost and technical limitations (such as processing time, fragility of equipment and clogging) which are discussed here, must also be considered when making this choice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508611
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  • 78
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    Pigment production in chemostat cultures of Streptococcus bovis (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 327-340 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Streptococcus bovis 2B altered its morphology and metabolism in response to changes in the rate of glucose addition. Specific pigment (measured by a simple spectrophotometric method) and lactic acid production increased with dilution rate (D) in a glucose-limited chemically defined medium. Lactic acid production increased immediately after a D stepup or a glucose pulse; increase of pigment production was slower and occurred with a lag of one generation. No increase in specific pigment production was seen after a starch pulse. Electron micrographs of thin sections showed that slow growing cells had thick cell walls. Faster growing cells had thinner cell walls but more bound pigment, suggesting a tradeoff between cell wall thickening and pigment production. Ammonia-limited cells continued to use all the glucose available and lactate and pigment production increased only slightly with D. Thin sections again showed thick cell walls for slow growing cells. Division irregularities characteristic of “unbalanced growth” were seen, which may explain the early washout of the ammonia-limited culture. Cystine in the medium was not used as a nitrogen source.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498729
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  • 79
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    Synthesis of acid phosphatase during dehydration of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 349-356 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary During the dehydration of exponentially growing yeast cells for 24 h at 37° C, a 2–3 fold increase in the activity of acid phosphatase was observed. This increase is inhibited by cycloheximide and 2-deoxy-D-glucose and therefore is indicative of de novo synthesis. The presence of exogenous orthophosphate during drying does not affect the specific activity of this enzyme, thus indicating the constitutive character of the newly formed acid phosphatase. Freeze-etching showed some rearrangement of the plasmalemma structure of yeast cells during dehydration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498731
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  • 80
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    Bacteriological phosphate determination in defined liquid media with Pseudomonas fluorescens var. aureofaciens (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 357-360 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A soil organism, identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens var. aureofaciens was used to assay the phosphate content in defined liquid media. The organism showed a linear growth response to K2HPO4 from 0.6 mM to 6.10−6 mM. The organism did not grow at K2HPO4 levels below 6.10−6 mM and the response above 0.6 mM was not correlated with growth. It is suggested that this organism could be used to assay unknown K2HPO4 concentrations in defined liquid media between the above values with the aid of a standard growth curve.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498732
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  • 81
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    A new method of whole microbial cell immobilization (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 11 (1980), S. 6-7 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A simple method for producing gelatin-immobilized microbial cells is described. The microorganism used as an example was baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The gel particles containing these cells were utilized as an immobilized enzyme (invertase) both in stirred batch and packed bed systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00514071
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  • 82
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    Delignification of straw with ozone to enhance biodegradability (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 11 (1980), S. 1-5 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Wheat straw was treated with ozone to remove the lignin and increase its biodegradability. The attack of ozone on straw is not selective. Lignin and carbohydrates are oxidized concurrently though the rate of reaction with the latter is slower. A 50% reduction of the original lignin content is optimal for enzymatic hydrolysis. After treatment, 75% of the cellulose in straw is degraded within 24 h as compared to 20% in untreated straw. During ozonation lignin is converted to soluble products which to a great extent are biodegradable and thus yield a useful byproduct. At the moment, ozonation ranks among the more expensive methods of treatment. However, the economics may be improved by reducing the cost of ozone production; this is likely to take place in the near future due to technological improvements, and by reducing the ozone consumption by optimizing the process of ozonation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00514070
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  • 83
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    A kinetic model for growth and synthesis of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) in Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 11 (1980), S. 8-16 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A structured model is presented giving a mathematical description of batch cultures of Alcaligenes eutrophus strain H 16 under chemolithoautotrophic growth conditions. A mass-spectrometer with a membrane inlet system was used to measure and control the concentrations of the dissolved gaseous substrates H2, O2 and CO2. Growth and storage of PHB (Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid) are described as a function of the limiting substrate S (NH 4 + ), the residual biomass R, and the product P (PHB), Model parameters were evaluated by regression analysis followed by linearization. The differential equation model was solved numerically and compared with experimental data.
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    Continuous mass spectrometric measurement of dissolved H2, O2, and CO2 during chemolithoautotrophic growth of Alcaligenes eutrophus strain H 16 (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 11 (1980), S. 17-22 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Polarographic oxygen electrodes, a mass spectrometer with a membrane inlet system, and a redox electrode were used to measure dissolved H2, O2, and CO2 continuously during chemolithoautotrophic cultivation of Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16. A mass spectrometer is a versatile instrument for measuring dissolved gases. Its dynamic characteristics are comparable to conventional sterilizable oxygen electrodes. A redox electrode combined with an oxygen electrode is a simple but somewhat limited sensor to measure dissolved H2.
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    Pigment production in chemostat cultures of Streptococcus bovis (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 11 (1980), S. 28-34 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Streptococcus bovis 2B formed bright red cell clumps in glucose-limited defined medium under certain nonsteady state growth conditions. Scanning electron micrographs showed that clumped cells were more rounded than those from complex medium. Clumped cells appeared to be bound to one another at the cell surface and there was no sign of a polysaccharide matrix. Freeze fractured cells showed that the inner membrane particle distribution was different in the clumped cells from fast growing cells in complex or defined medium. Clumping is potentially a mechanism to decrease transport by reducing the cell surface area. It appears to be a nonsteady state phenomenon, occurring in situations leading to unbalanced growth.
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  • 86
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    Physiology and metabolism of two alkane oxidizing and citric acid producing strains of Candida parapsilosis (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 11 (1980), S. 35-41 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The activity of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TAC) and glyoxylate (GC) cycles in Candida parapsilosis (wild type KSh 21 and mutant 337) were studied under different physiological and metabolic conditions. C. parapsilosis differed in most of its enzyme activities from other non-citric acid producing yeasts. Furthermore, pH-value, temperature and age of culture proved to act differently on both strains of the tested organism. The addition of trans-aconitate increased not only the growth but also the activities of citrate synthase and some other enzymes while that of aconitase decreased enormously. The high citrate synthase activity might be connected with the role of citrate in the transport of acetyl groups.
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    Mobile compressor station PD-12/25 (1980)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 16 (1980), S. 4-5 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420090
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    Valve with multistage throttling (1980)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 16 (1980), S. 584-585 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01156002
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    Corrosion resistance of titanium in iodine-production media (1980)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 16 (1980), S. 607-608 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01156005
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    A method of high production milling of drill bit cutter teeth (1980)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 16 (1980), S. 613-615 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01156008
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    Increasing the quality of a wear-resistant coating by fusion in vacuum (1980)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 16 (1980), S. 620-623 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01156011
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    Regulating the structure and properties of 12KhM steel in electroslag welding (1980)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 16 (1980), S. 649-652 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Determining the maximum allowable dimensions of defects on the basis of the nominal sensitivity (1980)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 16 (1980), S. 615-617 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01156009
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    Cup packing for reciprocating joints: A review of patents (1980)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 16 (1980), S. 628-631 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Mechanized plasma-arc girth welding of shells of copper apparatus (1980)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 16 (1980), S. 635-636 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01154748
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    Welding of chemical equipment made of steel 08Kh22N6T (1980)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 16 (1980), S. 643-644 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01154751
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    Ultrasonic quality control of welding in wares of aluminum and its alloys (1980)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 16 (1980), S. 668-670 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01154761
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    Method for calculating the rigidity of shafts of the reducer of rocking machines (1980)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 16 (1980), S. 675-678 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01154764
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    A refrigerator for dissolving3He-4He (1980)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 16 (1980), S. 694-696 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01177078
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    Selection of the best type of industrial dryers for chemical materials (1980)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 16 (1980), S. 701-704 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01177080
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