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  • hypertension  (47)
  • Nitrogen  (41)
  • Springer  (88)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (88)
  • 1955-1959
  • 2009
  • 1984  (58)
  • 1980  (30)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (88)
  • 1955-1959
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A concise simulation model for interpreting N-fertilizer trials (1984)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 355-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; fertilizer ; dynamic model ; sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A concise model is described for calculating day-to-day increments in nitrogen uptake and dry matter of crops grown with different levels of N-fertilizer. Inputs are the initial distribution of inorganic-N down the profile, the maximum yield, the maximum depth of rooting, and the mineralization rate. The validity of the model was tested against measurements of the %N and total dry weights of storage roots and foliage in nine N-fertilizer trials with sugar beet, six of which included both irrigated and unirrigated treatments. Agreement between the model and experiment was good except in one experiment severely attacked by virus yellows. Simulation studies with the model indicated that no simple correlation would be expected between N fertilizer requirement and any single indicator of N availability for crops grown under a wide range of conditions in the UK.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049116
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of sotalol after chronic administration to patients with renal insufficiency (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 321-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: sotalol ; hypertension ; renal impairment ; chronic administration ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten hypertensive patients with moderate to severe impairment of renal function were treated with sotalol for 5 to 10 weeks (average 6.4 weeks). Dosage was individually titrated (range 80 to 480 mg daily). The drug was given once daily in the morning. In eight patients blood pressure was satisfactorily controlled. Higher steady-state levels were observed than have been reported after similar doses in patients with normal renal function. The apparent first-order elimination rate constant and plasma clearance were significantly correlated with glomerular filtration rate. For an anuric patient, serum half-life was calculated to be 69 h. In relation to the raised plasma levels, side effects were uncommon. Since sotalol is excreted predominantly via the kidney, therapy in patients with impaired renal function should start with a low dose and any increase in dosage should be made carefully. As the anti-hypertensive effect does not appear to be correlated with the plasma level or with tolerance, adjustment of dose should be based on clinical response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561389
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maximal exercise power after a single dose of metoprolol and of slow-release metoprolol (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 225-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: metoprolol ; hypertension ; slow-release preparations ; maximal exercise power ; fatigue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The treatment of hypertension with a single daily-dose of a beta-blocker gives rise to high peak-plasma concentrations 1.5 h after ingestion. After slow release-preparations of beta-blockers, the peak concentrations are half those produced by the conventional preparation at the same oral dose. A frequently occurring side-effect of beta-blocker therapy is fatigue. In this study the effect of a single dose of metoprolol 300 mg, 200 mg, 200 mg slow-release and a placebo on maximal exercise power was tested in 6 healthy subjects, 1.5 h and 24 h after ingestion. Maximal exercise power was significantly reduced 1.5 h after ingestion of metoprolol 300 mg and 200 mg. No change was found 1.5 h after 200 mg of a slow-release preparation. The possible reasons for reduced maximal exercise power are discussed. It is concluded that use of a beta-blocker for the treatment of hypertension in a single daily-dose regimen may be a reason to prefer a slow-release preparation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00563003
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid during treatment of hypertension with prazosin (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 399-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: prazosin ; hypertension ; central monoaminergic neurons ; monoamine metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six hypertensive patients were treated with prazosin up to a final dose of 3–4.5 mg/day. There was a significant reduction of blood pressure. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the major metabolites of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin were unchanged. This indicates that the antihypertensive effect is not mediated via central monoaminergic neurons as suggested by animal studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00636792
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 105-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: renin ; angiotensin ; aldosterone ; hypertension ; hypoaldosteronism ; pseudohypoaldosteronism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary There is increased activity of the renin, angiotensin, aldosterone (RAA) system in infancy and childhood. An inverse relationship between plasma renin, aldosterone and age has been demonstrated. In childhood hypertension due to renovascular disease or pyelonephritic scarring peripheral plasma renin is increased. Renal vein renin measurements in children with renal hypertension have proved valuable in predicting surgical curability of the underlying lesion. The upper limit of normal for the renal venous renin ratio in normotensive children without renal disease is 1.5. Pharmacological blockade of the RAA system has a place in diagnosis and treatment of hypertensive children. The plasma renin aldosterone profile is diagnostically useful in the investigation of salt-wasting disease and can easily distinguish between aldosterone biosynthetic defects and pseudohypoaldosteronism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561486
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the effects of propranolol and labetalol on renal haemodynamics at rest and during exercise in essential hypertension (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 135-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; labetalol ; propranolol ; renal haemodynamics ; glomerular filtration rate ; blood pressure ; exercise ; renal blood flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of exercise on renal haemodynamics was examined in young patients with mild essential hypertension. Four groups of subjects were studied: 13 normotensive, healthy control subjects, and 15 untreated, 11 propranolol-treated, and 6 labetalol-treated patients. Renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were measured during four consecutive periods, a pre-exercise control period, two exercise periods with loads of 450 kpm/min and 600 kpm/min, respectively, and a post-exercise control period. In the untreated patients RPF and GFR were lower during exercise than in the normotensive control subjects, whereas no significant differences were found at rest. In the propranolol-treated patients the reduction in RPF and GFR during exercise was more pronounced than in the untreated hypertensives. In the labetalol-treated patients however, RPF and GFR were reduced only to the same degree as in the untreated hypertensives. The reduced renal blood flow in propranolol-treated patients may be attributed to a compensatory increase in sympathetic activity caused by an impaired cardiac response to exercise. The lack of reduction in renal blood flow during labetalol therapy could partly be related to alpha-adrenergic blockade in the renal vascular bed induced by labetalol, and partly to the smaller reduction in cardiac output during labetalol than during propranolol therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561580
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Double-blind controlled trial of molsidomine in hypertension (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: molsidomine ; hypertension ; hypotension ; angina pectoris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Molsidomine (M), a new long-lasting antianginal compound, was studied in 38 hypertensive patients to assess its antihypertensive properties. Six patients were selected for an acute, single dose comparative trial with placebo over 8 h after treatment. The remaining 32 patients were used in a 1 month trial to study the effect on BP of more prolonged treatment. Systolic, diastolic and mean BP were significantly reduced after a single dose of M 4 mg, and the effect lasted for about 8 h. M also inhibited the hypertensive response to isometric exercise in handgrip tests performed 1 and 8 h after M ingestion. A dose-related decrease in systolic and diastolic BP in the one month trial was also observed. In addition to its antianginal properties, M appears to possess an interesting effect on BP in mildly to moderately hypertensive patients. A fall in BP is also a valuable effect in coronary patients with augmented metabolic demands of the heart.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00563004
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between the antihypertensive effect and steady-state plasma concentration of nifedipine given alone or in combination with a beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 287-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; nifedipine ; beta-adrenoceptor blockade ; hypotensive action ; adverse effects ; combination therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effect of nifedipine (10–20 mg t.i.d.) given alone, or in combination with a beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug, was related to the observed plasma concentration during one dosage interval at steady-state (Pl-Nifss). The study was carried out as a within-patient comparison of treatment with nifedipine or placebo for 4 weeks. A highly significant reduction in blood pressure was obtained during monotherapy, as well as during combined treatment. The blood pressure reduction when nifedipine was added to beta-adrenoceptor blockade was of the same magnitude as that observed on nifedipine monotherapy. A considerable variation in Pl-Nifss was noted (range: 2–70 ng/ml). No significant correlation was found between the percentage reduction in blood pressure and Pl-Nifss in either of the two groups. There was a close relationship between Pl-Nifss and the concentration found 4 h after the morning dose. Side-effects were common during nifedipine monotherapy and were the reason for discontinuation of treatment in 4 of 18 patients. In contrast, none of the 9 patients on combined treatment dropped-out. In neither of the treatment groups was there any evidence for sodium retention and volume expansion during the first 4 weeks expressed as weight gain or signs of cardiac insufficiency. However, in 13 patients who continued on long-term treatment for 3–14 months, a definite need for concomitant diuretic therapy was found. The results indicate that nifedipine is effective in lowering blood pressure in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension, either when given alone or in addition to beta-adrenoceptor blockade. It appears best tolerated as combination therapy. Long-term treatment requires addition of a diuretic. Pl-Nifss did not seem to be a major determinant of the magnitude of the hypotensive response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561384
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antihypertensive and renal effects of orally administered verapamil (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 375-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: calcium antagonist ; verapamil ; hypertension ; vasodilators ; plasma renin activity ; mode of action ; sodium balance ; fluid balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 12 in-patients with moderate uncomplicated hypertension, maintained on constant sodium intake for 15 days, single-blind oral administration of verapamil 80–160 mg t. i. d. for 10 days had a significant antihypertensive effect: in the supine position systolic blood pressure decreased from 177±5 to 150±3 mmHg, and diastolic pressure from 111±3 to 96±2 mmHg; standing values were similarly lowered from 171±7 to 143±4 mmHg, systolic, and from 118±4 to 97±2 mmHg, diastolic. The heart rate did not show any significant change (from 79±3 to 77±2 beats/min, supine, and from 92±3 to 87±3 beats/min, upright). The antihypertensive effect was uniform throughout the day, being similar 2, 3, 6 and 8 h after administration of a dose. Dynamic exercise (75–100 watts on a cycle-ergometer) caused identical increases in arterial pressure and heart rate on the last day of placebo and again on the last day with verapamil, but the peak levels of systolic pressure reached during exercise were lower after verapamil than with placebo, because of the lower blood pressure before exercise. Reduction of arterial pressure by verapamil was not accompanied by increased plasma renin activity, or by renal retention of sodium and water: there was a small increase in sodium excretion, at least during the first days of verapamil administration (from 107±15 to 113±15 mEq Na+/day), and a slight significant reduction in body weight (from 74.2±3.7 to 73.5±3.7 kg). It is concluded that oral administration of verapamil significantly lowers blood pressure without simultaneously inducing cardiac stimulation, renin secretion or salt and water retention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00636788
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between the cardiovascular effects and steady-state kinetics of clonidine in hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 309-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: clonidine ; hypertension ; therapeutic window ; steady state concentration ; pharmacokinetics ; cardiovascular effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Clonidine was given orally as monotherapy in increasing daily doses from 3.1 to 25.7 µg/kg to patients with essential hypertension (n=6). When a steady state concentration in plasma was reached at each dose level, the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate were measured during a dosage interval. Effect time — plasma concentration data were submitted to nonlinear regression analysis, which showed that the observed BP effects could be dissociated into depressor and pressor components. A window for the antihypertensive effect was established. At a plasma clonidine concentration of 0.65±0.07 ng/ml 50% of the maximal depressor effect was found, and it was only separated by a factor of 2 from the half maximal pure pressor concentration in plasma. No relationship between the change in heart rate and the plasma clonidine was observed. The findings strengthen the importance of close monitoring of clonidine therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00548760
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of oxprenolol and metoprolol on serum lipid concentration (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 331-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: metoprolol ; oxprenolol ; hypertension ; beta-blockers ; HDL-cholesterol ; intrinsic sympathomimetic activity ; cardioselectivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a reduction in HDL-cholesterol is peculiar to non cardioselective beta blockers or whether it is also produced by cardioselective beta1-blockers. 16 patients with primary arterial hypertension on a balanced isocaloric diet were given oxprenolol 120 to 240 mg/day or metoprolol 100 to 200 mg/day in a random cross-over study. No significant change was observed after either treatment in fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol and triglycerides. HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly decreased on metoprolol, from 41 to 36 mg/dl (p〈0.05), while oxprenolol did not affect it at all. The difference might depend on intrinsic sympathomimetic activity which is possessed by oxprenolol and which metoprolol lacks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00548763
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pafenolol, a new β1-selective blocking agent, in mild hypertension. Result of an inpatient study and a subsequent outpatient follow-up (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 549-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pafenolol ; hypertension ; antihypertensive therapy ; beta1-blocking agent ; exercise tests ; plasma levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pafenolol, a new selective adrenergic beta1-blocking agent, has been tested for the first time in 6 hypertensive patients. After single oral doses of pafenolol 25 to 100 mg, there was a marked reduction in heart rate and systolic blood pressure during exercise tests. These effects were dose dependent. A significant positive correlation was found between the reduction in heart rate during exercise and the plasma level of pafenolol 5 hours after drug intake (correlation coefficient r=0.94). Side effects were mild and seemed to be dose dependent. It is concluded that this new beta1-blocking agent was effective in reducing blood pressure and was well tolerated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00543483
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacodynamics and kinetics of etozolin/ozolinone in hypertensive patients with normal and impaired kidney function (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 687-693 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: etozolin ; ozolinone ; furosemide ; hypertension ; renin ; catecholamines ; chronic renal failure ; steady state kinetics ; plasma levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect on urinary electrolyte excretion, renin release and plasma norepinephrine of single oral doses of 400 mg etozolin (E) and of 40 mg furosemide (F) were studied in hypertensive patients with normal (n=6) and impaired kidney function (n=6). E caused a marked saluresis up to 24 hours, showing its long duration of action. F, however, displayed a brief, brisk peak diuresis, followed by a rebound from the 4th to the 24th hours. The brisk peak diuresis induced by F was associated with pronounced release of renin, almost twice that induced by E. In chronic renal failure the renin release in relation to the magnitude of the diuresis was increased, i.e. the sensitivity of these patients to changes in water homeostasis was increased. E and F stimulated the sympathetic system to roughly the same extent. Patients with essential hypertension had higher plasma levels of norepinephrine than hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure. In addition, hypertensive patients with normal renal function (n=4) and varying degrees of renal impairment (n=11) were also given 400 mg daily for 2 weeks. Effects on blood pressure and electrolyte homeostasis were monitored, as well as the plasma kinetics of metabolite I, ozolinone. At the end of the 2 week treatment E had significantly lowered systolic (−12 mm Hg) and diastolic (−9 mm Hg) blood pressure, and had produced a significant loss of body weight, without altering plasma electrolytes or blood chemistry. There was no accumulation of the effective metabolite ozolinone under conditions of severe impairment of kidney function. It is concluded that E can effectively control high blood pressure in patients with normal and impaired kidney function. Its effective metabolite ozolinone did not accumulate in chronic renal failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00541926
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Once daily indapamide in the treatment of the elderly and young hypertensive (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 397-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: indapamide ; hypertension ; cardiovascular reflexes ; diuretic effect ; blood pressure variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nine elderly and 11 young hypertensives underwent continuous ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure (BP), assessment of cardiovascular reflexes and M-mode echocardiography as hospital in-patients prior to treatment with once-daily indapamide (2.5 mg). They were followed as out-patients for 4 months during which time casual BP was measured at monthly intervals. The patients were then readmitted to hospital and studied using the same protocol under similar standardised conditions. The results showed that indapamide reduced casual and ambulatory BP in both young and elderly although the most marked effect was seen on systolic BP. Assessment of cardiovascular reflexes indicates that at least part of the hypotensive action of indapamide is due to a diuretic effect. Treatment with indapamide has comparable results on both young and elderly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00549585
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-course of the anti-hypertensive action of atenolol: Comparison of response to first dose and to maintained oral administration (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 365-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: atenolol ; hypertension ; plasma renin activity ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamic effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To show whether repeated administration of atenolol for several days would influence its pharmacokinetic parameters and the extent and duration of the pharmacologic responses, the plasma level of atenolol and changes in heart rate, blood pressure and plasma renin activity were measured in 12 hypertensive patients at various times of day (9 a. m., 12 noon, 3 p. m. and 7 p. m.) after oral administration of the first dose of atenolol 100 mg, again during the 7th and 14th days of continued once-daily administration of the same dose, and finally during the three days following withdrawal of the drug. The peak plasma concentration of atenolol (about 600 ng/ml) was found 3 h after administration of the first dose, and measurable amounts (50–70 ng/ml) were found after 24 h. None of the pharmacokinetic characteristics were changed by administration of a single daily dose for two weeks. After withdrawal of the drug, detectable amounts of atenolol were found in plasma for at least 48 h. The first dose of atenolol caused prompt (3 h) and prolonged (up to 24 h) lowering of supine and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressures, slowing of supine and standing heart rate, reduction of the blood pressure and heart rate responses to dynamic exercise, and a decrease in plasma renin activity. The extent and time-course of all these responses were not influenced by repeated once-daily administration of the 100 mg dose for two weeks. Most of the effects continued during the withdrawal days, the lowering of blood pressure being somewhat more prolonged than the slowing of heart rate. It is concluded that a once-daily dose of atenolol 100 mg decreases blood pressure and heart rate throughout the following 24 h, without excessive daily fluctuation in its effects, and without signs of tolerance or accumulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00636787
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Once-daily dosing of timolol in hypertension: A controlled study (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 17 (1980), S. 239-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: timolol ; hypertension ; dose ranging ; double-blind trial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nine previously untreated patients with mild-moderate hypertension were included in a dose-ranging double-blind trial to determine the effectiveness of daily versus thrice daily timolol administration. In 8 patients control of blood pressure was equally effective though with significantly lower heart rate achieved in the once daily group. One patient was not satisfactorily controlled on the daily regimen demonstrating that many but not all hypertensives can be controlled with daily administration of timolol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00625796
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship of propranolol pharmacokinetics to antihypertensive effect and beta-adrenergic blockade in the treatment of hypertension (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 391-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: propranolol ; hypertension ; beta-adrenergic blockade ; exercise heart rate ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of propranolol in 16 hypertensive patients was compared after the first oral dose of 80 mg and during chronic treatment with 80 mg bd. The degree of beta-adrenergic blockade was estimated by the reduction in maximal exercise heart rate. No significant change in plasma half-life occurred and there was no correlation between the mean steady-state propranolol concentration and beta-adrenergic blockade or antihypertensive effect. A linear relationship was observed between the decrease in blood pressure and the reduction in heart rate during maximal exercise. Therefore, the antihypertensive effect of propranolol can be explained by its peripheral beta-adrenergic blocking properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00636790
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term effects of captopril on renal function in hypertensive patients (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 315-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: captopril ; hypertension ; glomerular filtration ; para-aminohippuric acid ; renal function ; severe drug reaction ; nephrotic syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of captopril up to 450 mg/day on blood pressure and renal function were investigated during sustained treatment of 10 patients whose severe hypertension had not responded to previous therapy. All the patients were kept on diuretics and most of them on β-blockers, too. A control determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and para-aminohippuric acid clearance (CPAH) was performed during the prior treatment. The effect of the addition (or substitution) of captopril were assessed after an average of 25 days (short-term) and 26 weeks (long-term). Short-term treatment produced a 15.5% decrease in mean blood pressure and interindividually variable effects on renal function. On average GFR was somewhat lower and CPAH slightly higher than the control values (not significant). This pattern is quite similar to the effects of most other antihypertensive drugs. On long-term therapy GFR rose by a mean of 9% (NS) and CPAH by 17% (p〈0.02). However, in a patient who developed a captopril-induced nephrotic syndrome, GFR dropped to 56% and CPAH to 50% of the control values. In another patient a transient rise in serum creatinine accompanied a severe drug reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00548761
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reserpine, hydrochlorothiazide and pituitary-gonadal hormones in hypertensive patients (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 17 (1980), S. 329-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: reserpine ; hydrochlorothiazide ; pituitary hormones ; gonadal hormones ; hypertension ; serum concentration ; antihypertensive therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sex histories and serum samples were obtained from 27 hypertensive men before and after 3 months of therapy with either 100 mg of hydrochlorothiazide or 0.25 mg of reserpine daily. Sera were analyzed for testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone and prolactin. Both drugs effectively lowered blood pressure. The incidence of impaired sexual performance was low and insignificantly different in the two treatment groups. There were no significant changes in serum hormone concentrations as a result of drug therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558444
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    Single daily dose penbutolol in the treatment of hypertension: A double blind crossover comparison with propranolol (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 17 (1980), S. 409-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: penbutolol ; hypertension ; propranolol ; double-blind crossover comparison ; blood pressure ; heart rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Penbutolol is a potent long-acting non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker with partial agonist activity. A double-blind cross-over comparison of penbutolol given in a single daily dose and propranolol given twice daily in the treatment of ambulant patients with moderate hypertension is described. Fourteen patients completed the study and were treated with each drug for 12 weeks. Penbutolol in daily doses of 20–120 mg and propranolol in daily doses of 80–400 mg produced similar significant reductions in both supine and erect blood pressure. Penbutolol did not reduce heart rate to the same extent as propranolol, in equivalent doses. Penbutolol appears to produce adequate control of moderate hypertension when administered once a day, and this effect appears to be equivalent to divided doses of propranolol. No serious adverse effects were reported, although one patient receiving penbutolol experienced severe eye pains at a dose of 40 mg which resolved on crossing over to treatment with propranolol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00570156
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    Influence of propranolol and pindolol on the haemodynamic effects of papaverine, isoprenaline and noradrenaline in hypertensive patients (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 141-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: papaverine ; propranolol ; pindolol ; hypertension ; isoprenaline ; haemodynamic effects ; blood pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of two β-adrenoceptor antagonists, propranolol and pindolol, on the haemodynamic effects of papaverine, isoprenaline and noradrenaline was investigated in 9 male patients with first degree essential hypertension. Propranolol and pindolol were given according to a doubleblind, crossover scheme. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured before and after each treatment. Propranolol 670 µg/kg i. v. reduced the supine and standing systolic blood pressures by 2.3% and 1.6%, respectively. Similarly, the intravenous administration of pindolol 35 µg/kg reduced supine and standing systolic blood pressure by 5.5% and 8.3% respectively (clinically insignificant). Neither drug affected diastolic blood pressure. Following propranolol, there were moderate reductions in supine and standing heart rates, respectively by 24% and 20% (p〈0.001). Similarly, but to a lesser extent, pindolol reduced supine and standing heart rate by 12% and 17% (p〈0.001). The effects of papaverine, which, at 1.5 mg/kg i. v. reduced systolic blood pressure by 5–10% and increased heart rate by 8–15%, were not significantly influenced by the β-blockers. The blood pressure and heart rate responses to isoprenaline, on the other hand, were attenuated or inhibited by both β-blockers. While the β-blockers inhibited the β-adrenoceptor component of noradrenaline, the pressor component of noradrenaline, which is mediated through the α-adrenoceptors, was not influenced by propranolol, but was inhibited after pindolol. It is concluded that pindolol differs qualitatively from propranolol in that it inhibited both the α-and β-adrenoceptor effects of noradrenaline.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561581
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  • 22
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    Time course of blood pressure, pulse rate, plasma renin and metoprolol during treatment of hypertensive patients (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 17 (1980), S. 321-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: metoprolol ; hypertension ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma renin ; blood pressure effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eleven patients were treated for essential hypertension with metoprolol (Selokén®) for more than three months. The time course of changes in blood pressure, pulse rate and plasma renin activity was studied during treatment with an oral maintenance dose of 100 mg twice daily. Significant decreases in pulse rate, diastolic blood pressure and plasma renin activity were observed even after the first dose. The plasma concentration of metoprolol reached equilibrium after the second dose. After the third dose there was no further significant change in blood pressure. There was a significant correlation (p〈0.001) between the initial (after three doses) and final (after 〉90days) effect of metoprolol on blood pressure (r=0.86 and 0.91 for systolic and diastolic blood pressure change, respectively).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558443
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  • 23
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    Effect of beta-blocking drugs on beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity in hypertensive non-diabetic patients (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 13-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: beta-blocking drugs ; insulin sensitivity ; pancreatic beta-cell function ; hypertension ; propranolol ; atenolol ; insulin secretion ; plasma GIP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of two beta-blocking drugs on endogenous insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity were investigated in a double blind cross-over study in 13 hypertensive patients. The patients were randomly allocated to each of three 2-week treatment periods with propranolol 80 mg b.i.d., atenolol 50 mg b.i.d. and placebo b.i.d. Endogenous insulin secretion was assessed by measuring serum insulin and C-peptide before and 6 min after iv administration of glucagon; insulin sensitivity was determined by measuring insulin binding to erythrocytes, and as the glucose disappearance rate (KITT) after i.v. insulin. Fasting concentrations of serum free fatty acids (S-FFA) and plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide (P-GIP) were also recorded during the three study periods. Both propranolol and atenolol reduced blood pressure, heart rate and S-FFA concentrations compared to placebo, and all patients showed measurable plasma concentrations of propranolol and atenolol. The results can be considered representative, therefore, of clinical beta-blockade. The two drugs did not significantly influence the fasting blood glucose level. There was an increase in fasting and glucagon-stimulated serum C-peptide concentration during propranolol therapy compared with placebo (p=0.037 and p=0.030, respectively), although this was not reflected by a significant change in serum insulin. Propranolol and atenolol did not significantly influence insulin binding to erythrocytes, but they clearly reduced the glucose disappearance rate KITT was compared to placebo (p=0.0036 and p=0.0003, respectively). The findings support the view that beta-blocking drugs can influence glucose metabolism by mechanisms other than inhibition of endogenous insulin secretion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00546701
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  • 24
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    Should the acetylator phenotype be determined when prescribing hydralazine for hypertension? (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 39-42 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: acetylator phenotype ; hydralazine response ; hypertension ; blood pressure control ; lupus syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of acetylator phenotype in determining the response to hydralazine when it was added to diuretic and β-blocker at doses not exceeding 200 mg daily was examined in 57 hypertensive patients. 81% of rapid acetylators needed 200 mg hydralazine daily compared to 38% of slow acetylators (p〈0.01). Despite higher doses of hydralazine the blood pressure was controlled in only 27% of rapid acetylators compared to 65% of slow acetylators (p〈0.02). The relation of acetylator phenotype to blood pressure response was statistically independent of initial blood pressure, age, sex, body weight and serum creatinine (p〈0.005). Current recommendations on hydralazine dosage are unsatisfactory for the 40% of hypertensive patients who are rapid acetylators. We suggest measurement of the acetylator phenotype in patients who respond incompletely to 200 mg hydralazine daily. About 70% of these patients will be rapid acetylators in whom the dose of hydralazine can be increased safely.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00546706
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  • 25
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    Comparison of methods to detect side-effect on clinical application of chloranolol, a beta-adrenergic receptor inhibitor (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 555-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tobanum® ; beta-blocker ; chloranolol ; hypertension ; angina pectoris ; arrhythmia ; detection methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The incidence of side-effects on administration of chloranolol (Tobanum®), a beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drug, to 2066 patients with hypertension, angina pectoris or arrhythmias was measured by three different methods. In 600 patients in an efficacy trial (Group 1) both spontaneously reported complaints and objective signs were tabulated. A side effect — directed method, utilising a questionnaire containing a list of possible side-effects was also used, with the questionnaire being completed by the physician. 35 questions referred to anticipated and other side-effects. The trial was performed in two groups: in 537 patients a placebo was also given (Group 2), and in another set of 929 patients (Group 3) the questionnaire inquiry was performed uncontrolled, without placebo. All three groups were comparable in their distribution of sexes, ages and diagnoses, the mean daily dose of chloranolol its use alone or in combination, and in a similar duration of treatment. 55% of all patients received chloranolol therapy for a period of more than 3 months. The ratio of in- and outpatients was 1:5. The side-effect incidence was independent of the age and sex of the patients and of the dose of chloranolol. The incidence was also unaffected whether chloranolol was used alone or in combination. The number of side-effects differed markedly between the three groups, their ratio was 1:10:24 in Groups 1, 2 and 3. Two-thirds of the side-effects subsided spontaneously within 1 month of their onset. The duration of the side-effects varied according to their character: cardiorespiratory side-effects were of the shortest duration and those affecting the central nervous system were the most enduring. The appreciable differences in incidence could be attributed to the methods of collection of the data. It has been stated that placebo controlled trials using a detailed questionnaire are the most suitable for estimating the incidence of side-effects; recording side-effects spontaneously reported by patients are insufficiently sensitive, and uncontrolled trials using a questionnaire have been shown to be too sensitive. The revealed incidence of side effects leading to interruption of treatment is less affected by the method chosen. In 100 patients (4.8%) therapy had to be suspended because of the side-effects of chloranolol (Group 1: 1%, Group 2: 6.20%, Group 3: 6.6%). Comparison of the incidence of cessation of therapy due to side-effects did not show an appreciable difference between the various beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents, including chloranolol.
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    Propranolol vs metoprolol vs labetalol: A comparative study in essential hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; beta-blockers ; propranolol ; metoprolol ; labetalol ; exercise ; heart rate ; blood pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a double blind, within patient investigation of twenty-four patients (nineteen males and five females) with a mean age of 46.3 years (SD 10.9 years) with mild to moderate essential hypertension a comparison between equipotent beta-blocking doses of propranolol, metoprolol and labetalol was carried out. Blood pressure and pulse rate were measured in lying, sitting and standing positions and before, during and after isometric and dynamic exercise. Peak expiratory flow was recorded before and during dynamic exercise. All the active treatments were better than placebo in reducing blood pressure and heart rate. Comparing the effects of treatment, labetalol lowered sitting diastolic pressure significantly more than propranolol and standing diastolic pressure than both propranolol and metoprolol. Metoprolol and propranolol were more effective in reducing heart rate. Propranolol significantly reduced peak flow rate compared to labetalol. During the exercise, both isometric and dynamic, the heart rate and the blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic, of the treated patients were lower than those on placebo. There was little difference between the drugs in the influence on blood pressure, but metoprolol and propranolol were significantly more effective than labetalol in lowering the heart rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00546699
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  • 27
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    Reduced peripheral vascular symptoms in elderly patients treated with α-methyldopa — A comparison with propranolol (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 325-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: alpha-methyldopa ; propranolol ; hypertension ; side effects ; blood pressure control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A multicentre study of 6–10 weeks duration was performed in 60 ambulant hypertensive patients aged over 60 years to compare the efficacy of methyldopa and propranolol with particular reference to the occurrence of cold extremities and sleep disturbances. Blood pressure was effectively controlled by both drugs being reduced from a mean of 180/108 mmHg to 161/93 with methyldopa and 180/108 to 162/94 with propranolol. More patients treated with methyldopa (74%) achieved the target diastolic blood pressure of 95 mmHg or below compared with those treated with propranolol (58%). Side effects were more frequent in the propranolol group necessitating the withdrawal of four patients from the study. Only one patient on methyldopa was withdrawn. The incidence of cold extremities was significantly greater with propranolol. The occurrence of sleep disturbances was similar in both groups. In this group of elderly patients methyldopa was better tolerated than propranolol.
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    Effect of indapamide on renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate and arginine vasopressin in plasma in essential hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 543-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: indapamide ; hypertension ; glomerular filtration ; arginine vasopressin ; free water clearance ; blood pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Renal plasma flow (RPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), arginine vasopressin in plasma (AVP), free water clearance ( $${\text{C}}_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}$$ ) and blood pressure (BP) were determined in 11 patients with essential hypertension at the end of 3 consecutive periods of observation each of 6 of weeks duration; indapamide 2.5 mg daily was given in period 2 and placebo in periods 1 and 3. RPF and GFR were reduced by 9% and BP by 9%/14% supine and 14%/12% standing during indapamide treatment. Changes in renal haemodynamics were not correlated with those in BP. AVP was not significantly altered by indapamide and was not correlated with BP. Indapamide reduced $${\text{C}}_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}$$ possibly due to the reduction in GFR. It is concluded that indapamide evidently induces redistribution of the cardiac output, with enhanced muscle blood flow and reduced renal perfussion, and that AVP does not seem to be involved in blood pressure regulation in mild to moderate essential hypertension under basal conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00543482
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    Is the feeling of cold extremities experienced by hypertensive patients due to their disease or their treatment? (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 47-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: beta-blockers ; hypertension ; ISA ; CS ; cold extremities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Patients with essential hypertension were interviewed prior to entering therapeutic studies in general practice. Patients' age, sex and details of antihypertensive therapy (if any) were noted, as were their spontaneously reported symptoms. Complaints of cold extremities were highest in those taking a beta-blocker (4.1%). Those untreated or taking other therapies complained less often. Those patients taking a beta-blocker with ISA complained less often (3.1%) of cold extremities than those taking a beta-blocker without ISA (5.2%).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553153
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    Long acting nifedipine in the treatment of severe hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 13-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nifedipine ; hypertension ; blood pressure decrease ; drug combination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The medication of patients receiving hydralazine, captopril and minoxidil was replaced by a new galenical form, long-acting nifedipine. An additional decrease in blood pressure was observed in most of the patients. Renal function was maintained in all of them. Adverse reactions may be reduced by the use of long-acting nifedipine, which would permit a reduction in the dosage of captopril and minoxidil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02395199
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    Evidence for a peripheral component in the sympatholytic actions of clonidine and guanfacine in man (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 23-27 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; alpha2-adrenoceptors ; blood pressure ; clonidine ; guanfacine ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The time courses of the changes in plasma growth hormone and noradrenaline concentrations in response to 15 min infusions of clonidine 0.2 mgs and guanfacine 2 mgs, were studied in six normal volunteers, in a double-blind, randomised, crossover study. Plasma noradrenaline fell within 15 min of the commencement of drug administration, by 36±14% after clonidine (p〈0.05) and by 32±11% (p〈0.05) after guanfacine. Plasma growth hormone was not significantly elevated until the 30th minute to 12.0±4.7 lU/ml (p〈0.05) after clonidine and 14.7±11.5 lU/ml (p〈0.05) after guanfacine, having been undetectable prior to both drugs. The reduction in plasma noradrenaline by these α2-adrenergic agonists, prior to activation of central adrenoceptors as detected by changes in plasma growth hormone, is evidence for a peripheral component in their sympatholytic effect.
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  • 32
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    Crossover comparison of moxonidine and clonidine in mild to moderate hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 147-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: moxonidine ; clonidine ; hypertension ; double-blind crossover ; side-effects ; withdrawal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effect of moxonidine·HCl·H2O (MOX) was compared with that of clonidine·HCl (CLON) in a randomized double-blind crossover study in 20 hypertensive outpatients (BP range 154–178/96–108 mmHg). After 2 weeks without antihypertensive medication, either MOX 0.2 mg daily or CLON 0.2 mg daily was given and the dose was titrated until the diastolic blood pressure fell below 90 mmHg. The first treatment period was continued for 2 weeks and, after crossover without a wash-out period, it was followed by the second treatment for a further 2 weeks. Within the first 4 days of administration 0.2–0.4 mg of either agent caused a significant decrease in BP (p〈0.001) from a mean of 166/100 mmHg to 149/86 mmHg after CLON (approx. −10/−14%), and 163/99 mmHg to 146/84 mmHg after MOX (approx. −10/−15%). No significant difference in the fall in BP or pulse rate was detected between the two drugs. In the mean daily dose of 0.3 mg both drugs showed the same antihypertensive activity, but on CLON a higher incidence of side effects (p=0.003) was noted, and after discontinuation of therapy a more rapid rise in BP (systolic BP p〈0.01, diastolic BP p〈0.02) was found. 17 patients on CLON complained of side effects, especially tiredness and dry mouth, whilst only 6 patients on MOX were affected (p=0.003).
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    Systemic and cardiac haemodynamic interactions between guanfacine and hydrallazine in hypertensive patients (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 393-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: guanfacine ; hydrallazine ; hypertension ; sympathetic nervous activity ; plasma renin activity ; cardiac and systemic haemodynamics ; blood pressure ; limb blood flow ; limb vascular resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of guanfacine and hydrallazine on cardiovascular haemodynamics and on sympathetic nervous activity has been studied in 16 patients with essential hypertension. Two groups of patients were investigated: in Group A guanfacine brought the blood pressure back to normal (diastolic blood pressure ⩽90 mmHg), and in Group B diastolic blood pressure was 〉 90 mmHg and required the addition of hydrallazine. Guanfacine significantly decreased heart rate, plasma renin activity and urinary excretion of noradrenaline, without altering cardiac contractility. In Group B, guanfacine 2 to 6 mg/day produced a significant decrease in blood pressure from 178.7/112.4 to 164.4/102.9 mmHg and in heart rate from 77.1 to 62.7 beats/min after 4 weeks of treatment. Guanfacine did not significantly alter preejection period, cardiac output or total peripheral resistance. Hydrallazine 50 to 300 mg/day caused a further reduction in blood pressure from 164.4/102.9 to 150.7/90.2 mmHg and an increase in heart rate from 62.7 to 72.1 beats/min. Limb blood flow was increased from 4.55 to 5.93 ml/100 g/min and limb vascular resistance was decreased from 39.55 to 23.6 mmHg 100 g·min/ml. Hydrallazine also caused a slight increase in plasma renin activity and urinary excretion of noradrenaline. It is concluded that guanfacine is a useful agent to block a hydrallazine-induced increase in sympathetic nervous activity.
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    Piretanide, a potassium stable diuretic, in the treatment of essential hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 407-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: piretanide ; hypertension ; triamterene ; double blind comparison ; potassium ; magnesium ; side-effects ; serum electrolytes ; serum parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a randomized, double blind, parallel group study in out patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension the effects of piretanide on serum electrolytes and on blood pressure were compared with those of triamterene alone and the combination piretanide + triamterene. 136 patients entered the study; 18 patients did not fulfill the inclusion criteria (RRdiast was below 95 mmHg or above 120 mmHg) at the end of the placebo period, 6 dropped out due to side effects, and 1 due to lack of efficacy. Data from 1 patient were not evaluated because the patient did not come regularly for checkups. The results for 110 patients were analyzed. Piretanide 6 mg b.d. and piretanide 6 mg + triamterene 50 mg b.d. produced a significant reduction both in supine and erect blood pressure, which was evident at 2 weeks and which increased over the ensuing 12 week trial period. A mean maximal fall of 16.5% was noted in the piretanide group and 15% in the piretanide + triamterene group. Triamterene alone (50 mg b.d.) also reduced diastolic and systolic blood pressures but the reduction was significantly less (diastolic blood pressure) than in both the piretanide groups, and it showed a more rapid return to pretreatment level during a placebo washout phase at the end of the study. A reduction in standing diastolic blood pressure below 95 mmHg was attained in 84% of patients in the piretanide group, 82% in the piretanide + triamterene group and in only 58% of the triamterene group. There were no significant changes within groups nor differences between the three groups in serum potassium or magnesium. 7 patients were withdrawn from the study because of side-effects due to too marked a clinical action (polyuria, orthostatic disorders and hypotension), one from the piretanide group, and the others in the piretanide + triamterene group. One patient in the triamterene group left the study prematurely due to the lack of effect.
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  • 35
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    Double-blind comparison of once-daily bopindolol, pindolol and atenolol in essential hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 529-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents ; hypertension ; adverse reactions ; atenolol ; bopindolol ; pindolol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The efficacy of once-daily bopindolol, a nonselectiveβ-adrenoceptor blocking agent with partial agonist activity, and of pindolol and atenolol in the treatment of essential hypertension has been compared. 369 patients were investigated in a double-blind parallel-group study. The treatment period was 10 weeks. Blood pressure normalisation (diastolic BP equal to or less than 90 mmHg) was to be achieved by a stepwise increase in the dose of the test drugs, and, if required, by addition of a diuretic. Normalisation of blood pressure was achieved in 71 to 76% of the subjects, with no significant differences between bopindolol, pindolol, and atenolol. Special attention was given to evaluation of side effects by using two methods for registration of all adverse events during the study. A low incidence of drug-induced side effects was observed, with no significant difference between bopindolol, pindolol, and atenolol. There was no evidence of unsuspected adverse reactions due to bopindolol.
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    Effects of stream channelization on exports of nitrogen and phosphorus from north Carolina coastal plain watersheds (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 151-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Watersheds ; Budgets ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Channelization ; Swamps ; Floodplain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen and phosphorus exports from channelizedstream watersheds were elevated over those from nearby natural swamp-stream watersheds. Nitrate exports were significantly greater from channelized-stream watersheds, and higher exports were attributed to faster groundwater drawdown, continual streamflow, and transformation of former floodplain to croplands following channelization. Exports of total organic nitrogen and total nitrogen were also significantly greater from channelized-stream watersheds. Differences in the exports of ammonium, filterable reactive phosphorus, and filterable unreactive phosphorus between the two watershed types were not detectable. Particulate phosphorus exports were significantly higher from channelized-stream watersheds, presumably because of greater erosion potential of nearby croplands and steep channel banks in the altered watersheds. The presence of nonpoint sources of pollution increased watershed exports of nutrients regardless of stream morphology. Examination of nutrient budgets for a portion of swamp floodplain at the base of one natural-stream watershed revealed that changes in local groundwater hydrology and stream morphology associated with channelization appeared to have greater effect on nutrient exports than simply the loss of bordering forested floodplain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866936
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    Antihypertensive effect of fractionated sublingual administration of nifedipine in moderate essential hypertension (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 17 (1980), S. 161-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nifedipine ; hypertension ; blood pressure ; heart rate ; plasma renin activity ; aldosterone ; clinical trial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The magnitude and duration of the antihypertensive effect of nifedipine were studied in 7 cases of moderate essential hypertension. In a double-blind crossover study, nifedipine 10 mg or a placebo were administered sublingually 4 times a day for 2 days, and the results were compared. Each dose of nifedipine reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 14% both in the supine and upright positions. The antihypertensive action lasted for about 3 h and it was not cumulative. The reduction in blood pressure was associated with a temporary increase in heart rate. Administration of nifedipine 10 mg did not significantly raise plasma renin activity or plasma aldosterone. The drug was well tolerated and no side effects were detected.
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    Pharmacokinetics of atenolol in hypertensive subjects with and without co-administration of chlorthalidone (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 17 (1980), S. 333-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: atenolol ; chlorthalidone ; hypertension ; chronic treatment ; co-administration ; plasma half-life ; urine half-life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of atenolol with and without the co-administration of chlorthalidone were studied in five hypertensive subjects. Concomitant administration of chlorthalidone appears to have little if any effect on the pharmacokinetics of atenolol during treatment for 7 days. The atenolol elimination half-lives were 6.7±1.1 and 6.3±0.9 h, respectively, with and without chlorthalidone. Two healthy volunteers also received a single 50 mg oral dose of chlorthalidone. Their blood profiles and pharmacokinetics were similar to those observed in hypertensive subjects, but a statistically significant difference (p〈0.01) was found between the urinary excretion half-lives of chlorthalidone. This difference may be because chronic administration of the drug caused saturation of red cell binding.
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  • 39
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    Comparison of hydrochlorothiazide and atenolol as initial treatment in uncomplicated hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 157-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; hydrochlorothiazide ; atenolol ; side effects ; therapeutic efficacy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After screening a local population in the northern part of The Netherlands for hypertension, 119 patients with a diastolic pressure (DP) between 95 and 120 mmHg were randomised and treated either with 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide (n=59) or 100 mg atenolol (n=60). After 1 month of treatment 6 patients in the hydrochlorothiazide group and 24 patients in the atenolol group had reached a DP⩽90 mmHg (p〈0.001). 43 of the 50 non-responders to hydrochlorothiazide were switched to atenolol and 30 of the 35 non-responders to atenolol were changed to hydrochlorothiazide. One month after the switch 19 patients in the atenolol group and 2 patients in the hydrochlorothiazide group had reached a DP⩽90 mmHg (p〈0.001). After 6 months of treatment 32 of the 43 atenolol responders and 7 of the 8 hydrochlorothiazide responders were still receiving the same medication, as their DP was still⩽90 mmHg. Non-responders to either medication were given the combination (n=46). 21 patients now became normotensive as did a further 10 after increasing the dose of atenolol to 200 mg. Thus, in all 70 patients had a blood pressure ⩽90 mmHg after treatment for 4 months. Both drugs induced a significant reduction in the total of number of complaints after 1 month of treatment. They did not differ from each other. The reduction was seen both in responders and non-responders and persisted during treatment for 6 months. It is concluded that in terms of short-term efficacy the cardioselective, hydrophilic beta adrenoceptor-blocking drug atenolol is preferable to hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of uncomplicated hypertension.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00630280
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    Pharmacokinetics and hypotensive effect in healthy volunteers of pinacidil, a new potent vasodilator (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 603-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pinacidil ; hypertension ; pinacidil pyridine-N-oxide ; urinary excretion ; protein binding ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Preliminary investigation in 3 healthy volunteers suggested that intravenous pinacidil in a dose of 0.2 mg/kg had a potent but well-tolerated hypotensive action in the supine position. Facial flushing, uncomfortable chest sensation and distressing postural hypotension occurred at serum concentrations above 300 ng/ml. Pinacidil, 0.2 mg/kg, was given intravenously over 4 min to 15 healthy volunteers in the supine position. Maximum fall in mean arterial pressure (MAP) was 15.7±6.0 mmHg. Maximum rise in heart rate was 23.8±6.6 beats/min. Pinacidil serum distribution half-life ( $${\text{T}}_{{\raise0.7ex\hbox{${\text{1}}$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\text{1}} {{\text{2}}\alpha }}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace}\!\lower0.7ex\hbox{${{\text{2}}\alpha }$}}}$$ ) was 13.4±8.5 min and elimination half-life ( $${\text{T}}_{{\raise0.7ex\hbox{${\text{1}}$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\text{1}} {{\text{2}}\beta }}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace}\!\lower0.7ex\hbox{${{\text{2}}\beta }$}}}$$ ) was 2.13±0.49 h. The apparent volume of distribution (Vdβ) was 90.3±13.21 and total body clearance was 31.1±9.61/h. Pinacidil was approximately 40% bound to plasma protein over the concentration range 40–400 ng/ml. Urinary excretion of unchanged pinacidil accounted for 5.7 ± 1.3% of the administered dose over 24 hours and urinary excretion of the major metabolite, pinacidil pyridine-N-oxide, was 31.6±9.2% of the administered dose. It was concluded that intravenous pinacidil is a potent vasodilator hypotensive compound, with a duration of action between 1.5 and 2 h.
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    Pharmacokinetics of endralazine (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 661-661 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: endralazine ; hypertension ; elimination half-liefe ; compartment model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00543509
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  • 42
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    Long acting nifedipine in the treatment of severe hypertension (1984)
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 13-17 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nifedipine ; hypertension ; blood pressure decrease ; drug combination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The medication of patients receiving hydralazine, captopril and minoxidil was replaced by a new galenical form, long-acting nifedipine. An additional decrease in blood pressure was observed in most of the patients. Renal function was maintained in all of them. Adverse reactions may be reduced by the use of long-acting nifedipine, which would permit a reduction in the dosage of captopril and minoxidil.
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    Evidence for a peripheral component in the sympatholytic actions of clonidine and guanfacine in man (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 23-27 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; alpha2-adrenoceptors ; blood pressure ; clonidine ; guanfacine ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The time courses of the changes in plasma growth hormone and noradrenaline concentrations in response to 15 min infusions of clonidine 0.2 mgs and guanfacine 2 mgs, were studied in six normal volunteers, in a double-blind, randomised, crossover study. Plasma noradrenaline fell within 15 min of the commencement of drug administration, by 36±14% after clonidine (p〈0.05) and by 32±11% (p〈0.05) after guanfacine. Plasma growth hormone was not significantly elevated until the 30th minute to 12.0±4.7 lU/ml (p〈0.05) after clonidine and 14.7±11.5 lU/ml (p〈0.05) after guanfacine, having been undetectable prior to both drugs. The reduction in plasma noradrenaline by these α2-adrenergic agonists, prior to activation of central adrenoceptors as detected by changes in plasma growth hormone, is evidence for a peripheral component in their sympatholytic effect.
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  • 44
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    Is the feeling of cold extremities experienced by hypertensive patients due to their disease or their treatment? (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 47-49 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: beta-blockers ; hypertension ; ISA ; CS ; cold extremities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Patients with essential hypertension were interviewed prior to entering therapeutic studies in general practice. Patients’ age, sex and details of antihypertensive therapy (if any) were noted, as were their spontaneously reported symptoms. Complaints of cold extremities were highest in those taking a beta-blocker (4.1%). Those untreated or taking other therapies complained less often. Those patients taking a beta-blocker with ISA complained less often (3.1%) of cold extremities than those taking a beta-blocker without ISA (5.2%).
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    Pinacidil, a new vasodilator, in the treatment of patients with moderate to severe hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 287-289 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pinacidil ; hypertension ; vasodilator ; patients ; side-effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new vasodilator drug, pinacidil, N″-cyano-N-4-pyridyl-N′-1, 2,2-trimethylpropylguanidine, was studied in an open trial in 15 patients with moderate to severe hypertension. Four patients received pinacidil monotherapy, and in 11 patients it was used with a diuretic or a beta-blocker. In all but one patient normotension was achieved with a mean daily pinacidil dose of 46.7 mg b.i.d. (range 20–100 mg). Side effects were few and were action-related. There was no evidence of early toxicity. Pinacidil is a promising new antihypertensive vasodilator, which deserves further clinical evaluation.
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  • 46
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    Botryococcus braunii carbon/nitrogen metabolism as affected by ammonia addition (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 101-106 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: 5-aminolevulinic acid ; Ammonia ; botryococcus braunii ; Botryococcenes ; Carbon ; Hydrocarbon ; Metabolism ; Nitrogen ; Resting state ; Terpenoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Carbon metabolism in photosynthesizing and respiring cells of Botryococcus braunii was radically changed by the presence of 1 mM NH4Cl in the medium, when the so-called “resting state” previously had been subjected to a nitrogen-deficient medium. Ammonia addition to the algae photosynthesizing with 14C-labelled HCO 3 - almost completely inhibited the synthesis of 14C-labelled botryococcenes and other hexane-extractable compounds, and also inhibited the formation of insoluble compounds; however, it resulted in a large increase in the synthesis of alanine, glutamine, other amino acids, and especially of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Total CO2 fixation decreased about 60% and O2 evolution decreased more than 50%. CO2 fixation in the dark with ammonia present led to labelled products derived from phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation, such as glutamine, glutamate, and malate. Respiratory uptake of O2 increased by about 70%. The inhibition of terpenoid synthesis and increased synthesis of C5 amino acids by Botryococcus upon ammonia addition indicates 1) a diversion of acetyl coenzyme A from synthetic pathways leading to terpenoids and 2) increased operation of pathways leading to the synthesis of amino acids, especially 5-aminolevulinic acid, a precursor to chlorophyll biosynthesis.
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    Genetics of nitrogen metabolism and physiological/biochemical selection for increased grain crop productivity (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 97-111 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Nitrogen ; Grain crops ; Selection ; Plant breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary It is necessary to increase protein productivity of grain crops to meet present and future world protein requirements. Conventional plant breeding methodology has been to select genotypes with enhanced yield or grain protein concentration. In addition to this determination of end product, we suggest measurements of a number of physiological and biochemical processes of nitrogen (N) metabolism which precede plant maturity as selection criteria for enhanced N metabolism and grain crop productivity. The measurement across the growing season of genotypic variation in components of N metabolism would constitute a physiological/biochemical selection program to be incorporated with the determination of harvestable end product. A properly designed physiological/biochemical selection program would integrate the effects of plant genotype, environment, and their interactions allowing identification of the factors limiting productivity of particular genotypes, and would also estimate end product. Our review of literature pertinent to whole plant N metabolism suggests that such a selection program initially include NO 3 - uptake, N2 fixation, N accumulation, N remobilization, seed protein synthesis, and Nitrogen Harvest Index.
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    Schoenus vegetation and environmental conditions in South and Southeast Sweden (1980)
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    Plant ecology 41 (1980), S. 155-170 
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    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Carbon ; Carbonate ; CEC ; Nitrogen ; pH ; Phosphorous ; Principal component analysis ; Reciprocal averaging ; Schoenus ; Sweden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The relations between the Schoenus phytocoena and their site conditions are elucidated by stand and species ordinations (ORDINA, RA) and by comparisons of ordinations of environmental variables alone and ordination of the combined environmental and species variables (RA). Correlations between the environmental variables show that they may be gathered into two contrasting groups, the carbon and the carbonate groupings, respectively. This first direction of variation is related to hydrological conditions causing the differences in thickness of organic soils, content of organic carbon and dry weight of intact soil per unit volume. The second direction of variation is associated with a nutrient factor complex, in this study represented by available phosphate. The carbon grouping and a constantly high level of mainly topogeneous soil water is typical of sites of the Oxycoccus-Schoenus association. The Sesleria group of the Primula-Schoenus association is related to sites with a periodically low table of topogeneous or soligeneous soil water and mineral or mucky soils with high values of carbonate content, pH and CEC and a fairly low nutrient state, while the sites of the Bartsia-Ophrys and Valeriana groups have a fairly high level of mainly soligeneous soil water and mucky soils with variable carbonate content, intermediate pH and CEC and somewhat higher nutrient state. Periodically flooded sites with topogeneous soil water and mineral soils are typical of the Cladium-Schoenus nigricans, Schoenus intermedius-Schoenus ferrugineus and Glaux phytocoena.
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    Changes in β-adrenoreceptor density in intact lymphocytes of hypertensive subjects (1984)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 98 (1984), S. 1633-1635 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: hypertension ; β-adrenoreceptors ; lymphocytes ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00802937
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    Effect of isoproterenol on adenylate cyclase activity in adipocytes of spontaneously hypertensive rats (1980)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 90 (1980), S. 1082-1085 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: hypertension ; adrenalectomy ; fat cells ; isoproterenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Cation exchange capacity of plant roots in relation to nutrients uptake by shoot and grain as influenced by age (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 215-224 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CEC ; Iron ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Organic matter ; Paddy ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four varieties of each paddy and wheat crops were grown in pots to see their cation exchange capacities of roots and their relationships with the uptake of nutrients by shoot and grain at different physiological growth stages. The results are summarised, as follows: (i) The cation exchange capacity of roots was maximum at tillering stage which continued to decrease with an increase in the age of plants. At early stages of plant growth, significant differences in the root CEC of different varieties of paddy and wheat were recorded but the differences became almost narrow in later stages of plant life and ultimately the CEC of roots became almost similar, in all the varieties as the crops reached to maturity. Higher root CEC of paddy varieties were observed than wheat varieties throughout their physiological growth. (ii) Uptake of phosphorus, potassium, iron and manganese by shoot and grain was found significantly and positively correlated with the CEC of roots in most of the varieties of both, paddy and wheat crops throughout their plant life.
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    Influence of different fertilizers on nett gain or loss of soil nitrogen in long-term manure and fertilizer applications (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 159-165 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Crop rotations ; Fertilizers ; Lime ; Manures ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Removal ; Weedicide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nett gain or loss of total soil nitrogen was worked out from a long-term manure and fertilizer experiment conducted for seven years and still continuing at Ranchi Agricultural College, Kanke, Ranchi India. The total nitrogen in soil showed a deficit balance where lower and unbalanced doses of fertilizers were applied. Increasing levels of fertilizer combinations with lime removed the highest amount of nitrogen in intensive cropping. The nett loss was highest (95 kg/ha) in case of control, at 100% NPK the nett gain was 37 kg N per ha, and at 150% NPK 72 kg N per ha which was the highest.
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    Mineralization of15N-labelled legume residues in soils with different nitrogen contents and its uptake by Rhodes grass (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 237-248 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Mineralization ; Nitrogen ; Residues ; Rhodes grass ; Soil N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil was collected from pots that had grown 1,3 or 6 soybean (Glycine max) or Siratro (Macroptillium atropurpureum) crops that had received organic residue returns from each crop.15N-labelled residues were added to half the pots in the experiment and the other half left unamended. Half of each group was then sown to Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) which was grown, under glasshouse conditions, for 12 weeks. Ten grams of organic matter residues were added to each pot (1.5 kg soil) and the pots subjected to two wetting and drying cycles. At the end of the second wet cycle, soil mineral N values ranged from 6 to 64 ppm in unamended soils and from 19 to 177 ppm in amended soils. These levels generally declined over a 12 week period both in the presence and absence of sown grass. Nitrogen uptake by the grass increased with the number of previous cycles and was higher in Siratro than soybean soils. Recovery of15N by plant growth from the incorporated soybean residues was little effected by previous crop history and averaged 15.4%. On the other hand, Siratro recoveries were 13.7, 42.4 and 55.5% from soils that had grown 1, 3 and 6 previous Siratro crops, respectively. The addition of organic residues stimulated the release of native organic N (positive priming effect) on all soils. These results show that the turnover rate of nitrogen from organic residues can be high and the net result of these additions depends on the nature of the organic residues and the soil system to which they are added. These data emphasise the need to consider the rate of nutrient turnover from organic sources rather than concentrate on the nature and size of the resident nutrient pools.
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    Effects of acid irrigation and liming on two clones of Norway spruce (1980)
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    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 305-321 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium ; Acid precipitation ; Calcium ; Calcium carbonate ; Clone ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Picea abies ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Sulphate ; Sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of acid irrigation on the growth of rooted cuttings ofPicea abies (L.) Karst, was investigated in a pot experiment lasting 3 years. It involved two clones of Norway spruce, H 253 Bogstad I and H 254 Bogstad II. Irrigation water of pH 5.4, 4.0, 3.0 and 2.5 was used. Liming was included in the experiment. After the experimental period, the plants of all treatments were growing reasonably well. However, those plants irrigated at pH 2.5 were slightly discoloured. The plant mortality was only 3% throughout the experiment, and was not connected to acid irrigation. The limiting growth factor was N. All other nutrient elements measured in the plants were close to optimal concentration. Plants irrigated at pH 2.5, and to some extent at pH 3, contained excessively high concentrations of Al, t-S and SO4. The total amount of Ca, Fe and Mn taken up by the plants decreased with increasing soil acidity. The increased growth of clone H 254 relative to H 253, produces a corresponding impression on soil characteristics. Soil acidity is governed by acid irrigation and CaCO3 application, but the clonal effects are also of importance. Norway spruce appears to be tolerant to Al concentrations as high as 50 mmol/kg in the needles.
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    The uptake of soil and fertilizer-nitrogen by barley growing under Scottish climatic conditions (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 49-57 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Barley ; Fertilizer ; Mineralization ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen-15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field experiments were carried out using15N-labelled calcium nitrate, to investigate the relative uptake by barley of fertilizer-N and soil-N. On imperfectly drained till soils uptake of soil-N increased with increasing rate of fertilizer, but remained constant on a brown sand, possibly due to more efficient root exploration in the latter soil. In four out of five seasons, late uptake of soil-derived N was a major feature, and uptake from ploughed soil as compared with uptake from direct-drilled soil was correlated with seasonal rainfall patterns. Significantly higher quantities of both fertilizer- and soil-derived N were taken up by winter barley than by spring barley, reflecting the longer growth period and higher dry matter yield from the former crop.
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    Biological and biochemical analysis of soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 127-137 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adenylate pool ; Biomass volume ; CO2 evolution ; Chitin ; DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Enzymes ; Fluorescent antibody ; Fumigation-respiration ; Fungi Histochemistry ; Imunofluorecence ; Jones-Mollison technique ; Microcosms ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Oxygen consumption ; Phosphorus ; Phytotoxins ; Plate counts ; Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Sulphur ; Xenobiotics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary There is an immense literature on biological and biochemical analyses of soils. Such analyses have revealed the enormous richness of species in soil and their vast range of metabolic potentials and ecological diversity. Accordingly, the approaches used to investigate the soil biota and its biochemistry usually have to be modified or adapted depending upon the purpose of the investigation. Studies of micro-organisms in the soil environment, are complicated because microbial cells are commonly attached to surfaces where they live side-by-side with other populations in consortia usually containing different morphological and physiological types. Such assemblages of organisms cannot be described quantitatively using cultural techniques, such as plate counts, which underestimate both cell numbers and viable biomass. The development of more powerful observational and staining techniques has improved our knowledge of the diverse morphological and biochemical composition of soil micro-communities. Such findings have been amplified at a grosser level by laboratory studies with multi-component systems (microcosms) to mimic field situations and to assess the range of biochemical potentials of microbial consortia. But despite notable advances in analytical methods we are still, with a few exceptions, unable to detect or identify those microorganisms which carry out specific biochemical transformations or determine whether particular cells are alive, dormant or dead at the time of observation. Considerable work has been done to define some of the fundamental ecological attributes of microbial assemblages in soil. Productive work on the metabolic activities of the soil microbiota, specially geochemical transformations of C, N, S and P, has been under way for more than a century. But only in more recent years have more sensitive and reproducible analytical methods become available to measure viable biomass in soil. This will enable some insight to be gained into the role that microbial biomass plays as a labile source and sink for plant nutrients.
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    Denitrification in field soils (1984)
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 213-226 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene ; Arable crops ; Cultivation ; Denitrification ; Drainage ; Gas ; Chromatography ; Grassland ; Inorganic N fertilizer ; Irrigation ; Nitrogen ; Nitrous oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Recent denitrification research is reviewed to answer questions a) how much N is lost from the soil as N2 and N2O and b) how do agronomic practices affect this loss? The methods used to quantify denitrification are also discussed. Gaseous losses of inorganic N range between the equivalent of 0 to 20 per cent of the fertilizer N applied to arable soils and 0–7 per cent on grassland soils. Losses are greater on undrained land and also after using direct drilling to establish arable crops. Appendix 1 summarizes reported measurements of gaseous N losses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205581
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    Concepts of soil organic matter transformations in relation to organo-mineral particle size fractions (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 287-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbon ; Concepts ; Cultivation effects ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen-15 ; Organic matter models ; Particle size fractions ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Changes in the composition of organo-mineral particle size fractions as a result of cultivation of a grassland soil are discussed with reference to models of soil organic matter formation and turnover. The data presented indicated that physically stabilized organic matter is an important reservoir, with an intermediate turnover time, which is responsible for nutrient supply in agricultural soils. Possible mechanisms of stabilization and mobilization of organic matter are presented in the light of the arrangement of organic and inorganic components of the soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205587
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    Litterfall and nutrient returns in red alder stands in western Washington (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 343-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus rubra ; Aluminum ; Annual returns ; Essential elements ; Litterfall ; Leaf litter ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Red alder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Litterfall was collected over 1 year from eight natural stands of red alder growing on different sites in western Washington. The stands occurred at various elevations and on different soils, and differed in age, basal area, and site index. Most litterfall was leaf litter (average 86 percent). Amounts of litterfall and leaf litter varied significantly (P〈0.05) among the sites. Average weights of litterfall and leaf litter in kg ha−1 yr−1, were 5150 and 4440, respectively. Weight of leaf litter was not significantly (P〈0.05) related to site index, stand age, or basal area. The sites varied significantly (P〈0.05) in concentrations of all elements determined in the leaf litter, except Zn. Average chemical concentrations were: N, 1.98 percent; P, 0.09 percent; K, 0.44 percent; Ca, 1.01 percent; Mg, 0.21 percent; S, 0.17 percent; SO4−S, nil; Fe, 324 ppm; Mn, 311 ppm; Zn, 53 ppm; Cu, 13 ppm; and Al, 281 ppm. There were significant correlations between some stand characteristics and concentrations of some elements, and among the different chemical components of the leaf litter. Important correlations were found between stand age and P concentration (r=−0.84,P〈0.01); weight of leaf litter and P concentration (r=0.74,P〈0.05); weight of leaf litter and K concentration (r=0.71,P〈0.05); concentrations of N and S (r=0.81,P〈0.05); and concentrations of Fe and Al (r=0.98,P〈0.01). Returns of the different elements to the soil by leaf litter varied among the different sites. Average nutrient and Al returns, in kg ha−1 yr−1, were: N, 82; Ca, 41; K, 19; Mg, 8; S, 7; P, 4; Fe, 1; Mn, 1; Al, 1; Zn, 0.2, and Cu, 〈0.1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184327
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    Cycling of nitrogen in modern agricultural systems (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 3-21 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Barley ; Budgets ; Fauna ; Fertilizers ; Global cycles ; Lucerne ; Meadow fescue ; Microorganisms ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Agro-ecosystems have developed from mixed- and multiple-cropping systems with relatively closed N cycles to intensively managed monocultures with large N inputs in the form of commercial fertilizers. Cultivation of increasingly larger areas of land has resulted in substantial losses of soil organic matter and N. Also, the move from slash and burn agriculture to intensively ploughed systems has resulted in losses through increased erosion. The use of N fertilizers has increased rapidly toca. 60 Tg N yr−1 (1980/81), which is equivalent to at least 40% of the N fixed biologically in all terrestrial systems and 36% more than is fixed in all croplands. On a global scale, the major losses of N from agro-ecosystems are estimated to be: harvest, 30 Tg; leaching, 2 Tg; erosion, 2–20 Tg; denitrification 1–44 Tg; and ammonia volatilization, 13–23 Tg. However, the data base is very crude and several estimates may be wrong by as much as one order of magnitude. Additions of N fertilizers have both direct and indirect effects on soil microorganisms. The possible importance of such effects is briefly discussed and a specific example is given on long-term effects on soil microbial biomass and nitrification rates in 27-year-old cropping systems with different N additions: (i) 0 kg N ha−1 yr−1, (ii) 80 kg N ha−1 yr−1, (iii) farmyard manureca. 80 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Few detailed N budgets exist for agro-ecosystems, despite its major importance as a limiting plant nutrient and the large losses of N from such systems. In conclusion, preliminary nitrogen budgets for four cropping systems (barley receiving 0 or 120 kg N ha−1 yr−1; meadow fescue ley with 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and a lucerne ley) are presented, with special attention to N flow through the soil organisms.
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    Tillage effects on nitrogen uptake by maize from fine textured soils in the northwestern Corn Belt, USA (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 67-73 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Maize ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen uptake ; Tillage ; Zea mays L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen (N) accumulation data from a replicated field study were fitted to a tanh (time) function and the derivate obtained to determine relative maximum rates of accumulation by maize. Both positive and negative effects of tillage on N accumulation rates were observed. Most of the N accumulation occurred over a 30-day period and time of N accumulation was not affected by tillage. Tilled profiles tend to contain greater NO3−N, greater aeration, and lower moisture contents than untilled profiles, and these characteristics interact to affect plant N accumulation.
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    Copper deficiency inPinus radiata planted in a podzol in Victoria, Australia (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 73-86 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertiliser ; Foliar analysis ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Pinus radiata ; Potassium ; Soil organic matter ; Steenbjerg effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Copper deficiency inPinus radiata in Gippsland, Victoria was found to be associated with acid, organic-rich sandy podzols. A trial designed to find a Cu supplement for P and NPK fertilisation on these soils showed significant growth in stem-length following Cu-solution treatment in the nursery, and Cu fertiliser applied in the field up to at least 13.5 kg Cu ha−1. The Steenbjerg effect was evident in foliar concentrations of nutrients following fertilisation; this makes diagnosis from foliar analysis difficult. Foliar Cu∶N ratios proved a more sensitive indicator of Cu fertiliser treatment than either Cu or N alone. Two phases of seasonal drainage and podzol development were identified in the experiment. Trees growing on the better-drained, more acid soil with a high content of organic matter responded better to Cu fertiliser.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182813
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    Effect of substrate concentration, inorganic nitrogen, O2 concentration, temperature and pH on dehydrogenase activity in soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 285-293 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Dehydrogenase ; Electron transport system ; Nitrogen ; Oxygen pH ; Substrate ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dehydrogenase activity was measured in a sandy loam soil under a variety of incubation conditions using the reduction of 2-(p-iodophenyl-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT) to iodonitrotetrazolium formazan (INT-formazan). There was a high positive correlation between dehydrogenase activity and substrate concentration, incubation temperature, and soil pH. Dehydrogenase activity also displayed a high negative correlation with O2 concentrations. Ammonium sulfate at concentrations from 40 to 120 μg/g soil had no significant effect on dehydrogenase activity. However, at concentrations of 160 and 200 μg/g, dehydrogenase activity was significantly reduced. Potassium nitrate at concentrations ranging from 40 to 200 μg/g had no significant effect on soil dehydrogenase activity, whereas sodium nitrite significantly inhibited activity at concentrations of 120 and 160 μg/g soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182931
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    The release, diffusion and nitrification of nitrogen in soils surrounding sulfur-coated urea granules (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 345-356 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium sulfate ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen ; Slow-release fertilizers ; Sulfur-coated urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We have compared sulfur-coated urea granules (SCU) with ammonium sulfate granules (AS) in regard to nitrogen (N) release, diffusion, nitrification and the effect of irrigation. In the experiments plastic containers were filled with six layers of soil, separated from each other by fine nylon cloths. The fertilizer granules were placed between the two central layers, and irrigation was simulated by application of tap water to the uppermost layer. Nitrogen release from the SCU was slow, and after three months, 29.5% of the applied N remained in the granules. At the end of the experiment there was a deficit of 37.1% N in the case of the AS granules, while there was virtually none with the SCU. Throughout the experiment, N from SCU remained at a relatively even level, while 95% of the N applied as AS had disappeared after irrigation. Nitrification was rapid in both cases.
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    Pertilization and nutrition experiments with conifer seedlings in pots (1980)
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    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 269-281 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium-vs nitrate-N ; Conifers ; Fertilization ; Deficiency ; Greece ; Nitrogen ; Nutrition ; Phosphate ; Pinus halepensis ; P. maritima ; P. radiata ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In conifer fertilization and nutrition experimentsPinus halepensis, P. radiata andP. maritima seedlings were grown in pots, filled with soil derived from mica schist and siliceous tertiary deposits and also in peat substrate in paperpots. Fertilization with P ofP. radiata andP. maritima seedlings growing in soil low in available P and N improved seedling height only in combination with N fertilization and fertilization with alone induced P deficiency symptoms. N fertilization with from 100 to 150 ppm (2.4 to 3.2 g N/kg, respectively) in the soil regardless of the form of N (NH4 + or NO3 −) applied in the summer or autumn together with application of 20 ppm P before sowing was the fertilization regime which produced the best seedlings. Fertilization of peat before sowingP. halepensis, P. radiata andP. maritima with omission of one of the nutrients N, P and K resulted in visible symptoms of N, P and K deficiency, respectively, in the seedlings. Comparative chemical analysis of needles from the three kinds of conifer seedlings with deficiency symptoms and healthy ones verified the visual symptoms of N and P deficiency but not so convincingly the K deficiency symptoms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181807
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    Mineralization of C and N from microbial biomass in paddy soil (1984)
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 165-173 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Biomass ; Carbon ; Chloroform fumigation ; Drying ; Mineralization flush ; Nitrogen ; Paddy soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil samples of paddy fields with different fertilizer managements in Yamaguchi Agricultural Experiment Station, Japan were used to investigate the contribution of microbial biomass to the pool of mobile plant nutrients in paddy soil. The quantities of nutrients mobilized in soils which had been fumigated or dried were closely related to the quantities available in freshly killed biomass. A “KN-factor” (28 days) of 0.24 for the proportion of total N mineralized from dead biomass in paddy soils was obtained. It was observed that the C to N ratio mineralized from freshly killed biomass by chloroform fumigation of paddy soils was nearly 10 under aerobic conditions. For an approximate calculation of biomass C from the flush-N by chloroform fumigation of paddy soils, the equations of (B=33 Fn, 10 days) and (B=26 Fn, 28 days) were indicated. In oven-dried (70°C, 24 h) and rewetted soils, about 66% of N was mineralized from the freshly killed biomass during 28 days of incubation and the remaining 34% was derived from non-biomass organic matter of paddy soils.
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    Nitrite: a key compound in N loss processes under acid conditions? (1984)
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 233-241 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chemo-denitrification ; Iron oxyhydroxide ; Nitrate ; Nitric oxide ; Nitrite ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen dioxide ; Reduced conditions ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrite is very important in N transformation processes because it is an intermediate product in the aerobic nitrification as well as in the anaerobic denitrification process. Under soil conditions whereby aerobic and anaerobic zones are close to each other, the mobile nitrite can be a link between both N transformation processes. Because of its low stability in acid conditions, nitrite can be a key compound in N loss processes. The results are presented in three sets of incubation experiments using soil+added nitrite before and after oxidation of organic matter; soil+added nitrite and various iron oxide minerals; nitrite solutions without soil but with added ferrous iron. It was found that under acid conditions, soil organic matter as well as the soil mineral phase have a stimulating effect on the nitrite decomposition. Conditions favouring the solubility of Fe(III)-compounds and promoting the formation of Fe2+ increase the nitrite decomposition, even under slightly acid conditions. Of the gaseous decomposition products, only trace amounts of NO2 occur while NO is the major component. Conditions whereby NO and NO2 cannot escape from the medium promote production of some nitrite.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205583
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    Modelling C and N turnover through the microbial biomass in soil (1984)
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 257-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Biomass turnover ; Carbon ; Experimental verification ; Models ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Many mathematical descriptions of C and N transformations in soils have been developed in the last decade, but only a few explicitly model the activity and mass of soil organisms. Great difficulties still exist in establishing basic parameters governing the kinetics of microbial turnover. The present state of the art is discussed briefly. The model of Van Veen and Frissel on C transformations and related mineralization and immobilization of N has been developed further based on laboratory and field data obtained with different Australian soils. Firstly, case studies show the large effects of the frequency of drying and rewetting of soils on the decomposition of organic matter and on the turnover of biomass. Secondly, the more refined model embraces the concept that soils have characteristic capacities to preserve both organic matter and microorganisms. Preservation of microorganisms could result from protection against predation and/or from amelioration of harsh environmental conditions. Biomass formed in excess of a soil's preservation capacity is assumed to die at a relatively high rate. Furthermore, biomass and its immediate organic products of decay are considered to form mainly a closed system from which only small proportions of the products leak out as stabilized materials. These concepts have been tested with data from laboratory experiments in which14C- and15N- labelled substrates and bacteria were added to a clay and sandy soil. Net mineralization of C and N (labelled and unlabelled) and changes in the total and labelled biomass as determined by the chloroform fumigation technique allowed for a thorough testing of these concepts in the manner in which they were included in the model. The fits between experimental observations and model outputs were very close. The model indicated that the contrasting metabolism of both C and N in a clayversus a sandy soil could largely be explained by differences in the capacities of the two soils to preserve microorganisms. The ability of a simulation model to describe accurately not only short-term events,e.g. N cycling during one growing season, but also the same processes over, say a decade, is an important criterion in assessing its predictive power. In this paper some of the results will be discussed of testing the model, developed from a consideration of the aforementioned laboratory studies, for its accuracy in describing the decomposition of plant residues in an 8-year field experiment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205585
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    Extractable N and P in relation to microbial biomass in UK acid organic soils (1984)
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 139-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chloroform-fumigation ; Microbial biomass ; Mor humus ; Nitrogen ; Peat ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Samples of peat and mor humus were treated with CHCl3 to kill microbial cells and the amounts of C as CO2, N as soluble- and mineral-N, and P as inorganic-P released by the treatment were compared with estimates of the microbial biomass by the Anderson and Domsch test and ATP determination. Increased amounts of soluble-N and inorganic-P, extracted with 1M KCl and 0.01M CaCl2 respectively, were detected immediately after the fumigation treatment. However, the subsequent rates of production of CO2−C and mineral-N measured during a 10-day incubation period at 25°C were low and variable, resulting in anomalously low estimates of microbial biomass. The flush of inorganic-P was more consistent and, in mor humus, generally related to biomass-C as measured by the Anderson and Domsch test.
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    Dynamics of organic matter in soils (1984)
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 275-285 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Biomass dynamics ; carbon ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient management ; Soil organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dynamics of C, N, S, and to some extent P are expressed by a knowledge of the size and turnover rates of plant constituents such as soluble C and N components, cellulose and hemicellulose, and lignin. Soil organic matter constituents include: the microbial biomass as determined chemically or microscopically, non-biomass active components determined by isotopic dilution, stabilized N constituents for which good techniques are not yet available, and resistant or old C and associated N determined by carbon dating. The processes involved in the nutrient transformations and transfers are reasonably well understood. The control mechanisms require further elucidation to be able to extrapolate from the laboratory to the field, and between field sites. Major control mechanisms requiring further insight include the effects of C availability on transformations of C and N. The other control for which every little is known is that of spatial compartmentalization. Compartmentalization ranges from landscape or management sequences to pedogenic layers, rhizosphere-mycorrhizal effects, clay-sesquioxide surfaces, aggregation, localized enzymes, and microbial effects such as membrane boundaries. Control mechanisms for concurrent mineralization-immobilization, the stabilization of microbial products, and the relative role of the biomass as a catalyst rather than as a source-sink for nutrients, must be understood. There is potential for combining a knowledge of microbial production and turnover with that of the roles of the soil organic active fraction as a temporary storehouse for nutrients. This, in conjunction with management techniques such as zero tillage and crop rotation, should make it possible to better utilize soil and fertilizer N, especially in areas of the world where the cost of nutrients is high relative to the value of the crop grown.
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    Relationships of bio-climatic zones and lithology with various characteristics of forest soils in Greece (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 101-121 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Base saturation ; Bio-climatic zones ; Calcium ; Clay accumulation ; Copper ; C:N ratio ; EDTA ; Forest soils ; Greece ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphate ; Potassium ; Soil classification ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soils derived from a number of different parent materials (lithologies) and developed along a climatic gradient, manifested by the altitudinal succession of natural vegetation zones (Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, Mountainous and Pseudoalpine), were sampled throughout mainland Greece. In soils derived from siliceous parent materials low in clay, acidity increase and percent base saturation decreases from the Mediterranean to the Pseudoalpine vegetation zones. Clay illuviation is found mainly in soils developed in the Mediterranean and the sub-Mediterranean zones. No such changes are apparent in clayey soils rich in bases. Organic matter content of the mineral portion of the soil profile increases by a factor of 2 with a decrease in mean annual air temperature of about 10°C. The pattern of change in clay and soil organic matter content with climate is in relatively good agreement with soil development trends in the area, when soil profiles are named according to the FAO-Unesco soil map of the world. Concentrations of Ca and Mg decrease and those of total N, total and extractable P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn increase from the Mediterranean to the Mountainous zone. Within the same zone, however, concentrations of N, Ca, K, Fe, Mn and Zn decrease, but those of Mg, total and extractable P increase with soil depth. The concentrations of most macro- and micronutrients in the humic horizon are several times higher than those in the mineral portion of the soil profile due to biological enrichment.
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    The effects of pH and aluminium toxicity on the growth and symbiotic development of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 423-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acidity ; Aluminium ; Cowpea ; Nitrogen ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The interaction of pH (4 or 6), aluminium (0 or 16 ppm at pH 4) and N source (symbiotic or combined) on the growth and nutrient status of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was studied in a glasshouse experiment. Low pH significantly decreased the growth of the plants dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation but at pH 4 the addition of 16 ppm Al further depressed growth in both nitrogen regimes. Al-ions appear to exert their effect primarily on the root system, as shown by the reduction in total length and fresh weight. The symbiotic development of the plants was affected by low pH but more markedly by the Al treatment. Shoot nitrogen concentrations were reduced from ca. 2.6% at pH 6 to 1.8% and 0.9% at pH 4 without and with aluminium respectively. Calcium concentration was decreased by low pH and further by Al in both nitrogen regimes. In all Al-treated plants, the aluminium was mainly accumulated in the roots and was associated with an increase in their phosphorus concentration.
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    Effects of nitrogen nutrition on xylem sap composition of Casuarinaceae (1984)
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    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 291-293 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Casuarinaceae ; Citrulline ; Frankia ; Nitrogen ; Nutrition ; Xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The major nitrogenous compound in the xylem sap ofCasuarina equisetifolia is citrulline, irrespective of nitrogen nutrition (dinitrogen fixation, nitrate or ammonium). The detection of citrulline in non-nodulated Casuarina suggests that its formation is not confined to root nodules. This precludes the possibility of using the relative citrulline content of xylem sap for quantification of N2 fixation in Casuarina. The possibility exists, however, that the relative abundance of citrulline to other nitrogenous compounds (e.g. amides or nitrate) in the xylem sap could be used as an indicator of N2 fixation and should be evaluated further.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197162
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    Effects of fertilization on the nutrient distribution of aboveground components ofAbies balsamea (L.) Mill (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 433-439 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Balsam fir ; Foliar analysis ; Lime ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The following fertilizer treatments were applied to a 20-year-old aspen-birch-sprucefir stand in southeastern Maine: N at 448 kg/ha, P at 112 kg/ha, N and P applied as above in addition to 1751 kg/ha Ca and 27 kg/ha Mg. Five years after treatment, foliar concentrations of N, P and Ca for understory blasam fir exhibited significant increases in response to fertilization with those nutrients. Mean five-year height growth, adjusted for pretreatment differences, increased 36 percent in response to fertilization with N alone and in combination with P and lime.
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    Seasonal changes in foliar macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) inEucalyptus saligna Sm. andE. wandoo Blakely growing in rehabilitated bauxite mine soils of the Darling Range, Western Australia (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 377-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Eucalyptus saligna ; Eucalyptus wandoo ; Foliar nutrients ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rehabilitation ; Seasonal trends
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seasonal changes in the foliar concentration of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in sapling trees ofEucalyptus saligna Sm. andE. wandoo Blakely growing in rehabilitated bauxite mined areas in the Darling Range of Western Australia are described. Foliar N concentration decreased with age of the fully expanded leaf tissue. Leaf N concentrations were also high when rates of litter decomposition were expected to be high during the period of early spring. The greatest foliar N difference between trees growing in good soil conditions and those from poorer soil conditions also occurred during this period. Levels of P in leaves were highest in young developing leaves but once the leaves reached full size, no seasonal trend in P concentration was observed. Foliar K was lower during the winter and probably related to the period of maximum leaching by precipitation. High foliar K during summer, however, could be related to the role of K in lowering cellular water potential. Leaf Ca was highest during early sping. Low mobility of cellular Ca during the cool portion of the year was indicated. Foliar Mg showed a weak pattern of decreasing concentration with leaf age. The best season for sampling for these broadleafed evergreen species to provide information on plant nutrient status appears to be in spring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02323052
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    Effects of roots and litter on mineralization processes in forest soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 391-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbon ; Clear cutting ; Exponential decay ; Forest ; Litter ; Mineralization ; Nitrogen ; Podzol ; Respiration ; Rhizosphere Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf litter breakdown and fine root production, including exudation, are two major influences upon carbon and nitrogen mineralization rates in forest soil. Sieving and root removal experiments were used to examine their effects. Although carbon mineralization rates declined in smaller particle size fractions of forest litter, this trend largely disappeared when results were calculated on an ash-free basis. Nitrogen mineralization by contrast, was greatest in smaller fractions. Much of the variation in carbon mineralization rates appeared to be associated with fine roots. A rapid initial exponential decay phase noted in laboratory respiration studies was probably associated with disappearance of available carbon in the form of root exudates and/or the microorganisms dependent on them. Clear cutting caused a marked reduction in the size of available carbon pools, reflecting decreased root exudation and rhizosphere activity. A model of mineralization is proposed which represents the available and humified carbon pools.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140046
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  • 77
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    Preliminary studies of the fertilizer capability of some novel high analysis multinutrient compounds (1984)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 245-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Adamantane-type compounds ; Fertilizer ; High analysis nutrient compounds ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Phytotoxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a preliminary assessment of the fertilizer capability of three high analysis NP(S) compounds, their possible phytotoxic effects were investigated in solution culture tubes. One of the compounds was studied in more detail in pot experiments with sand and a red-brown earth soil. Two adamantane-type compounds (APA and APAS) were capable of supplying N and P to plants, but also showed toxicity effects. With APA, this effect appeared to be dissipated in soil but not in sand. The toxic effect was alleviated by addition of soluble P or soluble P + N. Some plants absorbed excessive amounts of P, probably not all in the form of orthophosphate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051623
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  • 78
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    pH optima for crop growth (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 339-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Cassava ; Chemical composition ; Control of solution pH ; Copper ; Flowing solution culture ; French bean ; Ginger ; Hydrogen ion injury ; Magnesium ; Maize ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Optimum pH range ; pH ; Plant growth ; Root weight ratio ; Tomato ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ginger, cassava, maize, wheat, french bean and tomato were grown for periods up to six weeks in continuously flowing nutrient solutions at seven constant pH values ranging from 3.3 to 8.5. All species achieved maximum or near-maximum growth in the pH range 5.5 to 6.5. However, there were substantial differences in the ability of species to grow outside this range. Ginger and cassava were the most tolerant species to low solution pH, while ginger and tomato were the only species to show no yield depression at the highest solution pH. Roots of all species at pH 3.3 and some species at pH 4.0 exhibited symptoms of hydrogen ion injury. In addition, the concentrations of magnesium in the tops of all six species, of nitrogen in the tops of tomato and cassava, and of manganese in the tops of maize at these pH values were inadequate for optimal growth. Growth depression at high solution pH was associated with iron deficiency in maize and wheat and with nitrogen and/or copper deficiency in cassava. The relevance of the present results to crop growth under field conditions is discussed. The complex interplay of plant and soil characteristics militates against precise definition of an optimum pH range for the growth of a particular crop unless the soil is also specified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181830
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  • 79
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    Nitrate reductase activity of nonmycorrhizal Douglas-fir rootlets and of some associated mycorrhizal fungi (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 395-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amanita ; Cenococcum ; Ectomycorrhizae ; Hebeloma ; Nitrogen ; Piloderma ; Rhizopogon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Douglas-fir root tips reduced nitrate at much higher rates than seven mycorrhizal fungi, which also differed between species in rate of nitrate reduction. Results are related to nitrogen nutrition of Douglas-fir. Excised, nonmycorrhizal root tips of Douglas-fir reduced nitrate at much higher rates than seven mycorrhizal fungi commonly associated with Douglas-fir. The fungi differed significantly in degree of activity:Cenococcum geophilum, Piloderma bicolor, andRhizopogon vinicolor were highest;Amanita muscaria was intermediate; andHebeloma crustuliniforme, Thelephora terrestris, andLaccaria laccata were lowest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181833
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  • 80
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    Effects of artificial acid rain on decomposition of spruce needles and on mobilisation and leaching of elements (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 365-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid rain ; Calcium ; Decomposition ; Leaching ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mobilisation ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Spruce litter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dry matter and chemical changes in decomposing spruce needles were investigated after 16 and 38 weeks in laboratory lysimeters treated with distilled water or distilled water acidified to pH 3 or 2 with sulphuric acid. The water was added twice weekly in quantities equal to 100 or 200 mm month−1. The CO2 evolution and leaching of P, K, Mg, Mn, and Ca was followed together with pH measurements of the leachate. The loss of dry matter was approximately 25% during the first 16 weeks and approximately 37% after 38 weeks. At the first samling, 16 weeks, the amount of material decomposed was greater from the lysimeters given 100 mm month−1 of water. At this water quantity dilute sulphuric acid increased the decomposition. After 38 weeks sulphuric acid at pH 3 and 2 had decreased the decomposition at 200 mm month−1. However, the effects of acid application were small. The effect of treatment using acidified water on the content of monosaccharides was not consistent, whereas there was an indication of reduced decomposition of lignin when treated with 200 mm water month−1 at pH 3 and 2. Nitrogen was conserved in the lysimeters with small differences between the various treatments. The order of mobility of metal elements was K〉Mg〉Mn〉Ca. Increasing the quantity of water increased the leaching of K especially, whereas addition of dilute sulphuric acid increased the leaching of Mg, Mn and particularly Ca. During the first 16 weeks of the experiment, sulphuric acid reduced the leaching of P while later on this treatment increased the leaching. The pH of the leachate from the lysimeters treated with distilled water was initially 4.0–4.6 increasing to approximately 6.6 after 22 weeks. The pH of the decomposed needle material was 4.6 and approximately 5.2 after 16 and 38 weeks respectively. When treated with water at pH 3 the pH of the leachate was between 4 and 5, and the pH of the needles 4.2–5.1. Treatment with water at pH 2 gave a leachate with pH just above 2 and decreased the pH of the needles that had received 200 mm ‘rain’ month−1 to 2.9. The effect of the artificial acid rain appears to be more pronounced on the leaching of metal elements than on the biological activity and the dynamics of N and P. The treatments must be considered extreme when compared with the acidity of natural rain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143031
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  • 81
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    Soil organic matter and yield of forest and tree crops (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Girth ; Nitrogen ; Organic matter ; Plantations ; Soil fertility ; Tree crops
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three hundred and sixty eight soil samples collected from the surface layers of plantations of coffee (Coffea robusta) andGmelina arborea (a forest tree crop) were analyzed for organic carbon, total nitrogen and loss-on-ignition as the case might be. The aim was to investigate the direct influence of soil organic matter on the yield of tree crops in different ecological zones of Nigeria. Coffee yield collected at different harvests and total coffee yield were seperately regressed on soil organic carbon content. In most cases, positive regressions of coffee yield on soil organic carbon were recorded. Consistent positive correlations between each of indicators of soil organic matter and girth ofGmelina arborea were recorded in the order of organic carbon, nitrogen and loss-on-ignition. The relationship between C: N ratio and the performance of Gmelina depended on which of organic carbon and soil nitrogen was more influential at a particular location.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139642
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  • 82
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    The growth and nitrogen uptake of Rhodes grass grown on soils with varying histories of legume cropping (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legumes ; Nitrogen ; Rhodes grass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) was grown under glasshouse conditions on soils that had previously grown from 1 to 6 soybean (Glycine max) or Siratro (Macroptillium atropurpureum) crops. Soil mineral N contents at sowing were higher in Siratro-cropped than soybean-cropped soils and increased with cropping history. Yields of Rhodes grass at the first harvest (14 weeks) were related to soil mineral N levels at sowing by the relationship Y=138.7 (1−0.917e−0.012x). Grass grown on all soybean soils was responsive to N at both harvests (14 and 28 weeks). Grass grown on soil that had grown three or more Siratro crops was non-responsive to N at the first harvest but responses to N were recorded on all Siratro soils at the second harvest. The amount of N removed by the grass crops was small in relation to the total amount present in the soil system. This resulted in no change in soil total N levels over the two crop periods. These results highlight the need to study N dynamics in crop systems rather than continue to measure N pool sizes when evaluating the contribution of biologically fixed N to the nutrition of subsequent non-legume crops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02211685
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  • 83
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    Prevalence of nitrous oxide reducing capacity in denitrifiers from a variety of habitats (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 421-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene inhibition ; Denitrifiers ; Electron acceptor ; Incubation ; Nitrate ; Nitrous oxide ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A total of 81 strains isolated by T. N. Gamble from soils from eight countries, fresh water lake sediments and nitrified poultry manure were examined for their ability to grow on N2O as their electron acceptor, as well as for their tendency to produce N2O from NO 3 − in the absence and presence of acetylene. Seventy-seven of the 81 strains were confirmed as denitrifiers. Fifty-nine of the 77 strains grew on N2O, while 12 strains produced N2O but could not utilize it. Six strains reduced NO 3 − to N2 but could not grow on N2O, suggesting that even if N2O is always an intermediate product of denitrification, it is not always a freely diffusible intermediate. The organisms, however, would consume N2O that accumulated early in growth and accumulated N2O in the presence of acetylene. Thus the total number of N2O users was 65 strains or 83% of the total tested. This implies that the N2O reducing capacity of denitrifiers occur widely in nature. A high proportion ofPseudomonas fluorescens biotype II reduced N2O. The accumulation of N2O from NO 3 − in the presence of acetylene provides strong evidence that N2O is generally an intermediate in denitrification as well as provides additional support for the usefulness of this chemical as a general inhibitor of N2O reduction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02323056
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  • 84
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    Fertilization of orange trees with sulfur-coated urea. Nitrogen levels in leaves and fruits (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 247-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Citrus ; Controlled-release fertilizers ; Nitrogen ; Nutrition ; Sulfur-coated urea ; Ammonium nitrosulphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of one application of the slow-release fertilizer, sulfur-coated urea, on the nitrogen level in leaves, fruit and bark of Washington Navel orange trees was studied during the different periods of the annual vegetative cycle, in comparison with two annual applications of the fertilizer ammonium nitrosulphate. Results indicate that a single spring application of 750 g nitrogen per tree maintains N levels in old leaves, spring shoots, ovaries, fruit and bark statistically equal to those obtained using double doses of ANS in two applications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02161180
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  • 85
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    Foliar and twig macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in selected species ofEucalyptus used in rehabilitation: sources of variation (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 363-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Branch nutrients ; Calcium ; Eucalyptus saligna ; Eucalyptus wandoo ; Foliar nutrients ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rehabilitation ; Soil nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The macronutrient variation within four 6 year oldEucalyptus saligna and four 5 year oldE. wandoo growing on rehabilitated bauxite pits was determined. Significant differences in mean nutrient concentrations were generally recorded between good soil condition sites and poor soil sites, between tree individuals, branch height, and plant organ type; but mean nutrient values were not different among canopy aspects. Fully expanded leaves of the current year provided the most uniform nutrient levels among the plant organs and showed major differences between sites with good soil nutrient conditions and those with poor conditions. Differences in foliar and branch levels of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, the variation between sites, canopy heights and plant organ types, and the use of foliar nutrient levels to indicate deficiencies are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02323051
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  • 86
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    Changes in biochemical composition and energy utilization during metamorphosis of leptocephalous larvae of the bonefish (Albula) (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 10 (1984), S. 243-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Lipid ; Protein ; Carbohydrate ; Nitrogen ; Ash ; Caloric content ; Larval development ; Nutrition ; Elopiformes ; Albulidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Energy use and changes in whole-body content of lipid, protein, nitrogen, carbohydrate and ash were followed during metamorphosis of leptocephalous larvae of the bonefish (Albula). During metamorphosis, which requires about 8–12 days, larvae lost about 3–4 mg of lipid, or about 50% of the total lipid content. Lipid levels, calculated on a dry weight basis, showed no discernible trends, with values ranging from 138–185 mg (g dry wt)−1. Protein content was 8.4 mg per larva and showed no significant change. However, protein levels increased from 147 to 329 mg (g dry wt)−1. Nitrogen content decreased slightly from about 3.5 to 3.2 mg per larva. A comparison of protein and nitrogen values, expressed as % dry weight, showed that, in larvae which were just beginning to metamorphose, 70% of the total nitrogen was non-protein nitrogen (NPN). The NPN decreased to 58% of the total nitrogen towards the end of metamorphosis. Carbohydrate content fell from about 3.5 to 0.6 mg per larva, which represents an 83% loss. Carbohydrate levels also fell from about 81 to 32 mg (g dry wt)−1. In addition, most of the carbohydrate appears to be bound to protein. Ash content decreased by 52%, from 4.6 to 2.2 mg per larva. Caloric content fell slightly from about 182 to 141 calories per larva whereas caloric density showed no discernible trends, with values ranging from 4.180 to 4.725 kcal (g dry wt)−1. These results indicate that metamorphosing leptocephali, which apparently do not feed, probably derive most of their energy requirements from metabolizing endogenous lipid and carbohydrate stores formed during the premetamorphic interval.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00001477
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  • 87
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    Adaptive function of the sympathetic innervation of the cerebral vessels during rapid changes in systemic arterial pressure (1980)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 90 (1980), S. 1510-1513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: adaptation ; hemorrhage ; hypotension ; hypertension ; reinfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00834079
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    Changes in morphometric parameters of the cerebral microcirculation in experimental hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 98 (1984), S. 1283-1285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: cerebral microcirculation ; hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00804324
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