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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A calcium- and pH-regulated actin binding protein from D. discoideum (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 287-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin-binding protein ; Dictyostelium ; cytoskeleton ; amoeboid movement ; calcium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A protein from Dictyostelium discoideum with an apparent subunit molecular weight of 95,000 daltons (95K protein) was previously identified as an actin-binding protein ‘Hellewell and Taylor, 1979’. In this paper, we present a method for purifying the protein, and characterize some important aspects of its structure and function. Purification of the 95K protein is achieved by fractionation with ammonium sulfate followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration on 6% agarose, and final purification on hydroxyapatite. The 95K protein is a dimer, composed of apparently identical subunits. It is a rod-shaped molecule, 38 nm in length, with a Stokes radius of 74 Å. In these structural properties, the 95K protein is similar to muscle and nonmuscle α-actinins. The 95K protein and filamin are equally competent, when compared on a weight basis, to enhance the apparent viscosity of actin as determined by falling ball viscometry. The apparent viscosity of mixtures of the 95K protein and actin is dramatically reduced at pH greater than 7.0 or free ‘Ca2+’ greater than 10-7 M. We also examine the mechanism by which calcium regulates the interaction of the 95K protein and actin. A change in free ‘Ca2+’ induces no detectable change in the quaternary structure of the 95K protein. Our experiments indicate that the 95K protein does not dramatically alter the length distribution of actin filaments in the presence of micromolar free ‘Ca2+’. A large fraction of the 95K protein cosediments with actin in the presence of low free ‘Ca2+’ (ca. 3 × 10-8M), but not in the presence of high free ‘Ca2+’ (ca. 4 × 10-6M). We conclude that increased free ‘Ca2+’ inhibits gelation of actin by the 95K protein by reducing the affinity of the 95K protein for actin. We propose that 95K protein is an important component of the cytoskeletal/contractile system in D. discoideum amoebae.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020308
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ demonstration of actin in normal and injured ocular tissues using 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole phallacidin (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 343-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: NBD-phallacidin ; actin ; ocular tissues ; wound repair ; stress fibers ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fluorescent derivative of the actin-binding toxin phallacidin, 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3 diazole phallacidin, has been used to cytologically demonstrate the presence of actin in lens epithelium, corneal endothelium, and retinal pigment epithelium. In these noninjured tissues, no stress fibers are observed and fluorescence is confined mainly to an area at or near the cell membrane, although some diffuse cytoplasmic staining can also be seen. However, following injury to either the lens epithelium or corneal endothelium of rats and frogs, stress fibers are detected, but only in those cells that migrate into the wound area. Cells on the periphery of each tissue do not partake in would repair and thus maintain their normal appearance. After the tissue has regenerated, stress fibers disappear, and those cells involved in the injury response return to their normal morphology.When rabbit corneal endothelium is placed in tissue culture, stress fibers are observed as the cells migrate away from the initial explant. Upon reaching confluency, these cells spread out and each is surrounded by thick actin-containing bands. Furthermore, they exhibit some stress cables within their cytoplasm. This is in contrast to their appearance in vivo where stress fibers are absent and fluorescence is limited to a region near the cell membrane.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020404
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Correlation between distribution of cytoskeletal proteins and release of alkaline phosphatase-rich vesicles by epiphyseal chondrocytes in primary culture (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 501-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: chondrocytes ; matrix vesicle formation ; actin ; tubulin ; myosin ; vinculin ; alkaline phosphatase ; immunofluorescence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Matrix vesicles, extracellular microstructures known to eb involved in endochondral calcification, are rich in alkaline phosphatase and have been shown to contain actin. The mechanism of matrix vesicle formation in chondrocytes in not well understood. Chondrocytes from the epiphyseal growth plate, when grown in primary culture, elaborate alkaline phosphatase-rich vesciles. We examined the distribution of the cytoskeletal proteins actin, myosin, tubulin, and vinculin at various time-points during culture using indirect immunofluorescent labeling. Concomitantly, the production of alkaline phosphatase-containing matrix vesicles was also followed. Cell morphology changed noticeably at two distinct stages during the 22-day culture period: Immediately after release from the growth plate the cells were founded, but after 4 days of cultre they began to spread out and acquire irregular shapes with distinct filopodia. By 13 datsm as tge cekks attaubed confluency, they reacquired a rounded, polygonal appearance. At all time-point, tubulin was seen as a dense network of microtubules radiating from the perinuclear region throughout the cytoplasm toward the cell periphery. Initially actin was seen in filamentous from, but displayed a punctate distribution focused at contact points during the cell-spreading stage of culture. After confluency, actin was concentrated at cell-cell junctions. Initially, vinculin was diffusely distributed, but became focused in multiple adhesion plaques and at the termini of filpodia during the cell-spreading stage of culture. Following confluency vinculin became concentrated at cell-cell junctions. Myosin was observed at all time-points in small, intensely localized focal points in the cytoplasmic region of the cells and was consistently absent from the nuclear and peripheral regions. The amount of myosin in the cells increased steadily with time in culture. Elaboration of alkaline phosphatase-rich vesicles, which corresponded closely with the rounded morphology of early and late stages of culture, may be correlated with contact inhibition.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030517
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  • 4
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    Three-dimensional organization of the platelet cytoskeleton during adhesion in vitro: Observations on human and nonhuman primate cells (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 589-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: platelet ; platelet adhesion ; cytoskeleton ; high voltage electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Adhesion of platelets in vitro resulted in rapid polymerization of the amorphous cytoplasmic ground substance into an organized cytoskeletal superstructure. This cytoskeleton, characterized through the use of whole-mount and stereo (3-D), high-voltage microscopy in conjunction with morphometrics and cytochemistry, comprised four major size classes of filaments organized in distinctive zones. The central matrix, or granulomere, at the center of the cell mass, was an ill-defined meshwork of 80-100-Å filaments which enshrouded granules, dense bodies, and elements of the dense tubular system as identified through peroxidase cytochemistry. Demarcasting this central matrix was a trabecular zone containing 30-50, 80-100, and 150-170 Å filaments in an open and rigid-appearing lattice. Circumscribing the trabecular zone and extending to the margins of the hyalomere was the third region, the peripheral web, in which 70-Å filaments were arranged in a tight honeycomb lattice. This organizational pattern was retained in cytoskeletons prepared by Triton x-100 extraction of the adherent cells, and was observed in basally located cells of aggregates which formed subsequent to adhesion. Our observations are consistent with biochemical studies of cytoskeletons prepared from suspended platelets and suggest a contractile protein composition for the superstructure during adhesion.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030525
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Binding of hela spectrin to a specific hela membrane fraction (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 657-669 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Hela spectrin ; membrane ; cytoskeleton ; filamin ; actin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: From 30-40 g of Hela-S3 cells grown in suspension, 0.25-0.50 mg of spectrin has been purified by conventional biochemical procedures starting from a low ionic strength extraction at alkaline pH of crude Hela membranes. Hela spectrin consists in its native form of a tetramer α2β2 of two high molecular weight polypeptides (240,000 and 230,000 daltons). Three different populations of Hela membranes depleted of both spectrin and actin have been prepared on discontinuous sucrose gradients. Surprisingly, spectrin will reassociate with only the heavier membrane fraction. This reassociation is specific for Hela spectrin, since three other purified Hela proteins as well as human erythrocyte spectrin do not reassociate under the same conditions. This binding is not due to the presence of traces of actin still present in the membrane fraction since two Hela actin-binding proteins (filamin I and II) do not show any significant binding to this fraction. The nature of the membrane-binding site for Hela spectrin is discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030530
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  • 6
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    Calcium regulation of the actin-mediated cytoskeletal transformation of sea urchin coelomocytes (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 525-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; actin-membrane interactions ; coelomocytes ; calmodulin ; cytoskeleton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Coelomocytes from several echinoderm species undergo an actin-mediated cytoskeletal transformation once subjected to hypotonic shock. In this study, coelomocytes from the sea urchins Lytechinus variegatus and Arbacia punctulata were induced to “transform” by treatment with 〉 5 μM of the calcium ionophore A23187 in the presence of external Ca++. The dependence of ionophore transformation on external Ca++ and the lack of chlorotetracycline staining indicates that these cells rely on external Ca++ sources. NBD-phallacidin (7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-phallacidin) staining of lysolecithin permeabilized cells and wholemount transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show that similar reorganizations of the actin cytoskeleton take place during hypotonic shock and ionophore transformation, although actin filament bundling is less apparent in A23187-treated cells. As has been shown with hypotonic shock transformation, the ionophore elicited shape change is inhibited by anticalmodulin drugs. Greater than 10 μM concentrations of W 13 inhibit filopod formation, while this drug's less active structural analogue, W 12, exhibits no effects. W 13 also appears to disrupt actin filament-membrane associations in the cells. Fluorescent localization of calmodulin using a photooxidized derivative of trifluoperazine indicates a general cytoplasmic distribution with some concentration in filopod core bundles. Coelomocyte transformation may be an example of a cellular shape change regulated by Ca++ through the action of calmodulin modulation of actin-membrane interactions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030519
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of various extraction solutions and thrombin activation on the composition of the platelet cytoskeleton (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 317-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoskeleton ; platelets ; actin-binding protein ; actin ; myosin ; thrombin activation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When human blood platelets were immersed in an ice-cold solution containing 1% Triton ×-1200, 40 mM KCl, 10 mM EGTA, 10 mM imidazole-HCl, and 2 mM NaN3 pH 7.0, a flocculent precipitate appeared immediately in the tube. This precipitate was collected at 3,000g and SDS-polyacrylamide gel analysis showed it to consist mainly of actin, α-actinin, actin-binding protein (ABP), and varying amounts of myosin.Any modifications of this solution used to isolate the platelets' Triton-insoluble cytoskeleton caused profound changes in the nature of the cytoskeleton isolated. Increasing the KCl concentration resulted in a lower yield of cytoskeletal actin and ABP. Inclusion of EDTA in the solution resulted in an increased amount of myosin associated with the cytoskeleton, whereas including MgATP decreased the myosin yield.Experiments with the purified proteins showed that ABP and myosin can each protect the actin from depolymerizing when dialyzed into the Triton solubilization solution. In addition, it was found that when platelets were stimulated with thrombin for 2 min prior to the addition of the Triton solution, 3-4 times more myosin was associated with the cytoskeletal precipitate.The results suggest, therefore, that any variations in solution conditions used for isolating the cytoskeleton from resting platelets, which results in alterations in the amount of ABP, may have profound effects on the state of actin polymerization. Likewise, in thrombin-activated platelets, it is suggested that the increased association of myosin with the cytoskeleton results in a greater stabilization of the F-actin associated with the cytoskeleton. These factors must be considered when interpreting the results regarding the nature of actin transformations in the resting and activated platelet.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020402
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Movement of myosin-coated structures on actin cables (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 485-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cell motility ; myosin ; actin ; vesicle transport ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Myosin-coated spheres from 0.6 to 120 μm in diameter move in vitro on a substratum of polar arrays of actin cables derived from the alga Nitella. The force for this movement is provided by skeletal muscle myosin since it is ATP-dependent, and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) inactivation of the myosin blocks movement. These observations demonstrate that attachment of myosin in a random orientation to structures will enable those structures to move along polar arrays of actin filaments.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030515
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Actin-mediated surface motility during sea urchin fertilization (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 513-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: fertilization ; actin ; microfilaments ; sea urchin ; cell division ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sea urchin egg at fertilization is an ideal model in which to study actin-mediated surface activity. Electron microscopy of unfertilized eggs demonstrates the presence of thousands of well-arrayed short microvilli, which appear supported by cytochalasin-sensitive actin oligomers as detected with rhodamine-labeled phalloidin staining of permeabilized eggs. At insemination, the previously short microvilli elongate and cluster around the successful sperm during incorporation. Phalloidin staining demonstrates a tremendous recruitement of polymerized actin into the site of sperm incorporation, resulting in the formation of the fertilization cone. Fertilization of cytochalasin-treated eggs results in the normal activation of the metabolic and bioeletric events, but sperm incorporation does not occur since the localized actin assembly required for fertilization cone formation is precluded. After sperm incorporation, the entire fertilized surface is restructured, as a result of a massive polymerization of actin to produce a burst in microvillar elongation. Addition of cytochalasin to eggs immediately following sperm incorporation demonstrates the recruitment of actin assembly for the proper progression through the first cell cycle. During normal cell divison, the egg surface retains the long microvilli. The furrow which forms at cytokinesis does not appear as a unique new structure, but rather as a reorganization of the cortical microfilaments. Quantitative fluorescence microscopy argues against an increase in microfilaments during early cytokinesis. At the latest stages of cytokinesis, a thickening of the cortical actin is noted, which could possibly be interpreted as a contractile ring. A minor basal level of actin assembly with numerous nucleation sites in unfertilized eggs and a tremendous but localized assembly of microfilaments surrounding the sperm during incorporation, followed by a massive global microfilament assembly event to elongate the fertilized egg microvilli resulting later in the reorganization of these microfilaments to produce the forces necessary for cytokinesis, highlight the utility of the study of sea urchin eggs at fertilization for understanding actin-membrane interactions.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030518
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    A spectrin-like protein from mouse brain membranes: Immunological and structural correlations with erythrocyte spectrin (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 635-647 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: brain spectrin ; actin ; immunofluorescence ; peptide mapping ; protein phosphorylation ; syndeins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Membrane-associated mouse brain spectrin is a 972,000 Mr, 10.5S, (αβ)2 tetramer containing two ∼ 240,000 Mr subunits and two ∼ 235,000 Mr subunits. Two-dimensional [125I]tryptic peptide mapping indicates that these subunits share only limited and equivalent overlap with the α- and β-subunits of red blood cell (RBC) spectrin. Both the 220,000 Mr β-subunit of RBC spectrin and the 235,000 Mr β-subunit of brain spectrin are phosphorylated in the intact mouse. In vitro analysis suggests that both are phosphorylated by a cAMP-independent protein kinase. Antibodies against pure native mouse red blood cell spectrin cross-react with brain spectrin, and antibodies against pure brain spectrin cross-react with both the α-and β-subunits of mouse RBC spectrin. Both antibodies have been utilized to localize brain spectrin within distinct cellular entities of the mouse cerebellum. Granule cell neurons of the internal granule layer and Purkinje cell neurons demonstrated intense fluorscence of the cortical cytoplasm immediately adjacent to the plasma membrane and unstained nuclei, when either RBC or brain spectrin antibodies were utilized for staining. The molecular layer of the cerebellum stained only lightly, and oligodendrocytes and astrocytes appeared to have little fluorescence. Therefore, while brain is a tissue rich in nonerythroid spectrin, the concentration of these immunoreactive analogues is quite variable within distinct cellular entities of the cerebellum.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030528
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  • 11
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    Complexes containing actin and spectrin from erythrocyte and brain (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 375-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; spectrin ; band 4.1 ; cytochalasins ; erythrocyte ; brain ; actin-membrane attachment ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A complex of proteins with properties similar to those of erythrocyte spectrinband 4.1-actin complex has been idientified in a preparation derived from bovine brain. The complex has an apparent sedimentation coefficient of about 26S, and contains brain spectrin (also called fodrin) and actin as major components. The actin in the complex is in the oligomeric form, which nucleates assembly of actin filaments that grow from the “barbed” end. The complex cross-links actin filaments, resulting in an increase in low-shear viscosity. Whether the complex contains a protein analogous to erythrocyte band 4.1 is not known. However, it can be demonstrated that brain spectrin has the capability to interact with band 4.1 in a way which increases its ability to cross-link actin filaments.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030505
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  • 12
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    Gamma actin, spectrin, and intermediate filament proteins colocalize with vinculin at costameres, myofibril-to-sarcolemma attachment sites (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 449-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: myofibril to sarcolemma attachment ; costamere ; spectrin ; actin ; intermediate filaments ; vinculin ; fibronectin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Localization of vinculin at the sarcolemma of striated muscle fibers defines an orthogonal lattice. The costameres of the lattice are the riblike bands of vinculin that run perpendicular to the long axis of the fiber, repeat in register with I bands of the subjacent myofibrils, and seem to couple the myofibril to the sarcolemma [Pardo et al 1982, 1983a]. The colocalization studies presented in this paper show that gamma actin, spectrin, and intermediate filament antigens are additional components of this lattice of costameres. In addition, the results show that gamma actin and spectrin are also components of the internal network of collars, first visualized with antibody to desmin [Granger and Lazarides, 1978], that connects the myofibrils to each other at the level of the Z line.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030513
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  • 13
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    Spectrin, fodrin, and TW260/240: A family of related proteins lining the plasma membrane (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 671-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; cytoskeleton ; membrane connections ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Recently, molecules highly related to erythrocyte spectrin have been identified in nonerythroid cells. Here we summarize our current understanding of these molecules and suggest a model for their organization. Significant differences exist between this family of proteins isolated from mammalian cells and avian cells, and this may explain the variability in antibody preparations as well as differences in peptide maps of these subunits which have been reported. We have prepared antibodies specific for the variant subunits of the spectrinlike proteins fodrin, spectrin, and TW260/240 and analyzed the distribution of these variant subunits in different chicken cell types as well as their developmental distribution in the intestine. The results suggest that fodrin is the general member of this family of proteins and can even coexist with other spectrinlike proteins in the same cells.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030531
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  • 14
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    Redistribution of actin and fascin in sea urchin eggs after fertilization (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 31-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; fascin ; actin cross-linking proteins ; fertilization ; microvilli ; sea urchin eggs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Following fertilization, the sea urchin egg cortex undergoes a structural change involving the assembly and organization of actin filaments into microvilli. Antifascin localizes this actin cross-linking protein in the microvilli of the fertilized egg cortex but no organized staining is present in the unfertilized cortex. Determination of the actin content of eggs using the DNAase I inhibition assay indicates that actin is about 1.4% of the total protein. Approximately 90% of this actin is soluble in low calcium isotonic extracts of unfertilized eggs while only 60-65% can be recovered in identical extracts of fertilized eggs. Similar measurements for fascin using a radioimmunoassay indicate this molecule represents about 0.3% of the total egg protein, essentially all of which is recovered in low calcium isotonic extracts of unfertilized eggs. After fertilization only 65-70% of this actin cross-linking protein is in the soluble phase. These results demonstrate a markedly different solubility for actin and fascin after fertilization, when the indirect immunofluorescence staining localizes fascin in the microvilli, and are consistent with the idea that fascin organizes newly polymerized actin filaments into the microvillar cores. A consideration of the amounts of actin and fascin incorporated into the cortex after fertilization and the number of microvilli on the egg surface indicates that the measured values are sufficient to account for the observed microvillar elongation.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010104
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  • 15
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    The cytoskeleton of murine leukemia virus (MuLV)-infected mouse fibroblasts as observed under varying conditions of formaldehyde fixation (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 567-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoskeleton ; murine leukemia viruses ; formaldehyde fixation ; membrane permeability ; immunofluorescence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mouse fibroblasts chronically infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus (MuLV) were fixed using variable amounts of formaldehyde, then examined by indirect immunofluorescence light microscopy. Several antisera were employed to detect both external and internal antigens associated with the cells, eg, MuLV gp70, tubulin, vimentin, and actin. Our results indicate that the cell membranes could be partially permeabilized to IgG molecules directed against the three cytoskeletal antigens only after 3.7%, but not 1%, formaldehyde treatment. Complete permeabilization was achieved by subsequent acetone treatment of cells after 3.7% formaldehyde fixation. In such cells, normal-appearing cytoskeletal networks of microtubules and intermediate filaments were observed. Stress fibers were also seen; however, they appeared less numerous and thinner than those of uninfected mouse fibroblasts. Further, a significant amounts of F-actin fluorescence was localized in granules in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Similar observations were made using JLS-V9 mouse cells chronically infected with 334C virus, another MuLV. These results taken together suggest that subtle differences exist in the organization of actin within MuLV-infected and uninfected mouse fibroblasts.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030523
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  • 16
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    Cell surface and cytoskeletal interactions in a temperature-sensitive strain of SV40-transformed mouse fibroblasts (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 553-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microfilaments ; cytoskeleton ; simian virus 40 ; cell adhesion ; cell surface ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In order to assess the role of cytoskeletal structure in modulating cell surface topography during cell transformation, cytoskeletal organization of 3T3 mouse cells transformed with a tsA mutant of simian virus 40 (SV40) was studied in detail by correlative light and electron microscopy. Detergent-extracted, criticalpoint dried whole cells observed in the electron microscope were seen to contain well-organized microfilament bundles (stress fibers) traversing the longitudinal axis of cells grown at the restrictive temperature (39°C). When grown at the permissive temperature (32°C), cells prepared in this manner were not observed to contain such structures. However, when semithin sections (0.5 μm) were viewed by transmission electron microscopy at 120 kV, short microfilament bundles were seen in 32°C-grown cells. There was an alteration in the morphology of these structures at sites of attachment to the substratum (focal contacts), and they were shorter in length than microfilament bundles of 39°C-grown cells. A difference was also observed between the two phenotypes in the layer of microfilaments associated with the dorsal cell surface. Since it is this layer that directly determines cell surface architecture, it is proposed that changes in microfilament bundle-generated surface tension are responsible for alterations of this layer, leading to an altered cell surface morphology. Tension may be modified by disturbances in focal contacts (or adjacent regions) or altered actin-associated protein(s).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030522
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    Effects of phalloidin microinjection and localization of fluorescein-labeled phalloidin in living sand dollar eggs (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 103-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; cleavage ; fluorescein-labeled phalloidin ; microinjection ; phalloidin ; sand dollar eggs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Effects of microinjection of phalloidin on fertilization and cleavage of sand dollar (Clypeaster japonicus and Scaphechinus mirabilis) eggs were studied. The drug, previously injected into unfertilized eggs, showed no effect on the elevation of the fertilization membrane upon insemination up to an intracellular concentration of 50 μM. However, the movement of the egg pronucleus to the sperm pronucleus was inhibited and the fusion of pronuclei did not occur. The subsequent development no longer took place. When phalloidin was injected into fertilized eggs, the thickness of the cortical layer increased and the microvilli became conspicuous. Both nuclear division and cleavage were inhibited at the intracellular concentration of more than 20 μM, though the latter seemed to be more sensitive to phalloidin than the former.Fluorescein-labeled phalloidin (FL-phalloidin) was injected into eggs in order to investigate F-actin localization by fluorescence microscopy. In both unfertilized and fertilized eggs, FL-phalloidin was localized in the cortical layer within 1 min after injection. It was also localized in the cortical layer as radially oriented rodlike structures when injected into fertilized eggs before the disappearance of the nuclear membrane. No distinct fluorescence was detected in the mitotic apparatus or in the cleavage furrow. FL-phalloidin redistributed gradually into egg cytoplasm. In unfertilized eggs, fluorescent rods were found especially in the egg pronucleus 30 min after injection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020203
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    Identification of fibrinogen derivatives in the triton-insoluble residue of human blood platelets (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: platelets ; Triton-insoluble residue ; fibrinogen ; fibrin ; tubulin ; cytoskeleton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Several proteins (eg, actin, myosin, and actin-binding protein) in the Tritoninsoluble residue of thrombin-stimulated platelets are important in the formation of cytoskeletal structures. Electrophoretic analyses have shown that unidentified protein bands of 68,000, 55,000, and 48-50,000 daltons are also present in larger amounts after thrombin stimulation. Since these molecular weights correspond roughly to those of the α, β, and γ chains of fibrin, and since fibrinogen is found in platelet α-granules, these bands were compared to those obtained when purified fibrinogen was treated with thrombin, exposed to 1% Triton X-100-5 mM EGTA, and the resultant Triton-insoluble residue sedimented. Identification of the 68,000-, 55,000-, and 48--50,000-dalton bands as fibrinogen derivatives was confirmed by identifying them in comigration studies and in autoradiographs of Triton-insoluble residues of platelets that were electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose paper and treated with antifibrinogen antibody and 125I-protein A. Furthermore, if the platelet suspension was treated with thrombin in the presence of calcium ions, protein bands characteristic of the action of Factor XIII on fibrin were observed, active platelet Factor XIII apparently having been made available by lysis of platelets during preparation. Making use of the electrophoretic properties of tubulin recently described by Best et al [1981], comigration studies using hog brain tubulin indicated that tubulin is not present in significant amounts in the Triton-insoluble residue of platelets as previously suggested. The identification of these proteins as fibrinogen derivatives does not demonstrate a physiological interaction between fibrin and the platelet cytoskeleton, since fibrin is Tritoninsoluble and can be pelleted even in the absence of platelet cytoskeletons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030103
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    Effects of villin on the polymerization and subunit exchange of actin (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 151-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; villin ; fluorescence ; energy transfer ; polymerization ; microfilament ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have investigated the Ca2+-dependent interactions of villin, a protein of the intestinal microvillar core, with actin by monitoring resonance energy tranfer between fluorescently labeled actin subunits. In the presence of elevated free Ca2+(∼20 μM), villin affects both the nucleation and the elongation phases of actin polymerization. Consistent with previous reports, villin stimulates the nucleation process and will form stable nuclei under depolymerization conditions. Compared to the control, the net rate of polymerization is slightly inhibited at low con-centrations of villin (villin/actin ∼ 1:400) but is stimulated at higher concentrations (villin/actin 〉 1:100). Villin also significantly increases the critical concentration of actin polymerization. Addition of either villin or villin-actin complexes induces depolymerization of preassembled actin filaments. This villin-induced depolymerization is reversible upon removal of free Ca2+ or upon the addition of phalloidin. The exchange of actin subunits at steady state is inhibited at low concentrations of villin (villin/actin ∼ 1:200) but is stimulated at higher concentrations (villin/actin ∼ 1:50). None of the above effects is observed at 〈 10-8 M free [Ca2+].
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030205
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    Microtubule-containing detergent-extracted cytoskeletons in sea urchin eggs from fertilization through cell division: Antitubulin immunofluorescence microscopy (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 213-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubules ; fertilization ; cell division ; sea urchin ; cytoskeleton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The microtubule-containing structures that appear in eggs during fertilization and cell division in the sea urchins Lytechinus variegatus and Arbacia punctulata were detected by antitubulin immunofluorescence microscopy of detergent extracted cytoskeletal preparations. The extraction buffer, which is composed of 0.55 mM MgCl2, 10 mM EGTA, 25 mM MES, 25% glycerol, 1% Nonidet P-40, and 25 μM PMSF, pH 6.7, allows for dramatically improved fluorescent images compared to those obtained using conventional staining procedures, with residual background staining being reduced to near zero.The immunofluorescent images obtained using this technique provide information on several motile events that occur during the first cell cycle. This technique demonstrates that all of the cytoplasmic microtubules are associated with the incorporated sperm's centrioles during female pronuclear migration. This changes during the centration of the male and female pronuclei at which time a monastral array of microtubules forms in the egg's cytoplasm. A large proportion of the monastral microtubules do not appear to be associated with the centrioles. At prophase and early metaphase, the centrioles are the dominant microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) consistent with mitotic theories that the kinetochore catches, but does not initiate, microtubules. Observations of intercentriolar distances show that there are three stages of pole separation during the first cell cycle. The initial separation occurs during pronuclear centration, the second during the streak stage, and the final one during the late stages of mitosis. At telophase, polar microtubules appear to extend into the cortex supporting the cell surface at all regions except the presumptive cleavage site.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030303
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    Lateral diffusion in membranes (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 367-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: lateral diffusion ; membranes ; photobleaching ; cytoskeleton ; cell contact ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Lateral diffusion measurements, using the photobleaching techniques, have provided unique and quantitative data on the random translational motions of proteins and lipids of membranes. Proper interpretation of this body of data can yield new insight into the structure of biomembranes. A comparative review of the lateral diffusion of membrane components in artificial lipid bilayers and of the same components in natural membranes is presented to demonstrate the effects of protein concentration and peripheral constraints on lateral mobility. Recent data on the effects of cell-substrate and cell-cell contact on lateral diffusion are reviewed. Finally, some experimental perspectives are offered in terms of emerging biophysical and biological technology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030504
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    The dynamic interrelationships of actin and vinculin in cultured cells (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 399-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: focal contacts ; cytoskeleton ; microinjection ; mobility ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The dynamic state of cytoskeletal protiens actin and vinculin was studied in living cells using microinjection of fluorescently-labeled proteins combined with fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR). It is shown that both proteins maintain a dynamic equilibrium between their diffusible pools in the cytoplasms and their “organized” cytoskeletal fraction. These interrelationships could be simulated in model systems consisting of isolated substrate attached membranes. It was demonstrated that fluorophore bound vinculin was incorporated into the exposed focal contacts and that this binding was largely actin independent. These results are in line with the hypothesis that local contacts induce binding of vinculin to the endofacial surface of the membranes and that this region serves as a nucleation center for the assembly of actin bundles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030508
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    Organizational forms of actin in 13762 ascites mammary tumor cell microvilli (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 491-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; microfilaments ; oligomers ; transmembrane glycoprotein ; microvilli ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The organization of microvillus actin and its associated proteins have been investigated in sublines of mammary ascites tumors (MAT) with mobile (MAT-B1) and immobile (MAT-C1) cell surface receptors. Microvilli isolated from these sublines differ in morphology (branched for MAT-C1 versus unbranched for MAT-B1) and the presence of a 58,000-dalton polypeptide (58K). 58K is found associated with MAT-C1 microvilli, microvillar cytoskeletons obtained by nonionic detergent extractions, and microvillar membranes prepared under conditions which depolymerize actin microfilaments. By extraction with actin-stabilizing buffers (isotonic Triton-Mg-ATP) microvillar actin can be fractionated into four forms. About 40% of the actin is sedimented at low speed (7,500g, 15 min). The pellets contain microfilaments; actin and α-actinin are the predominant proteins. High-speed pellets from these low-speed supernates contain about 10% of the actin as a transmembrane complex with a cell surface glycoprotein (cytoskeleton-associated glycoprotein, [CAG] 75-80,000 daltons) in MAT-B1 cells or with CAG and 58K in MAT-C1 cells. Transmembrane complexes can be purified from MAT-B1 and MAT-C1 microvillar membranes in Triton-containing buffer by gel filtration or sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The presence of only CAG and actin in the MAT-B1 transmembrane complex strongly suggests the direct interaction of actin and a cell surface component. The high-speed supernates contain soluble actin. By gel filtration or rate-zonal sucrose density gradient centrifugation about 30% of the microvillar actin is found as small oligomers and about 10% as G-actin in this extraction buffer. We suggest that the actin-containing transmembrane complexes may serve as membrane-association sites for oligomeric actin segments and microfilaments and as initiation sites for actin polymerization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030516
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    The Molecular Basis for Membrane - Cytoskeleton Association in Human Erythrocytes (1982)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 18 (1982), S. 49-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: erythrocyte membrane ; cytoskeleton ; membrane protein ; microtubule-associated protein ; hemolytic anemia ; hereditary spherocytosis ; hereditary elliptocytosis ; spectrin ; band 3 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Spectrin, the major cytoskeletal protein in erythrocytes, is localized on the inner membrane surface in association with membrane-spanning glycoproteins and with intramembrane particles. The presence of a specific, high-affinity protein binding site for spectrin on the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane has been established by measurement of reassociation of spectrin with spectrin-depleted inside-out vesicles. A 72,000 Mr proteolytic fragment of this attachment protein has been purified, which bound to spectrin in solution and competed for reassociation of spectrin with vesicles. A 215,000 Mr polypeptide has been identified as the precursor of the spectrin-binding fragment. The membrane attachment protein for spectrin was named ankyrin, and has been purified and characterized. Ankyrin has been demonstrated to be tightly associated in detergent extracts of vesicles with band 3, a major membrane-spanning polypeptide, and to bind directly to a proteolytic fragment derived from the cytoplasmic domain of band 3. Ankyrin is thus an example of a protein that directly links a cytoplasmic structural protein to an integral membrane protein. The organization of the erythrocyte membrane has implications for more complex cell types since immunoreactive forms of ankyrin distinct from myosin or filamin have been detected by radioimmunoassay in a variety of cells and tissues. Indirect immunofluorescent staining of cultured cells reveals immunoreactive forms of ankyrin in a cytoplasmic meshwork and in a punctate distribution over nuclei. The staining changes dramatically during mitosis, with concentration of stain at the spindle poles in metaphase and intense staining of the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.1982.240180106
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    Occluding Junctions in MDCK Cells: Modulation of Transepithelial Permeability by the Cytoskeleton (1982)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 18 (1982), S. 407-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: MDCK cells ; occluding junctions ; permeability ; cytoskeleton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: In MDCK cell monolayers the opening and resealing of occluding junctions can be induced by removal and restoration of calcium to the external medium. The overall changes in permeability of the occluding junctions in the monolayer can be monitored by the drop and recovery of the total transepithelial electrical resistance. We have investigated the effects of cytochalasin B (CB) on this process. When CB is added to sealed monolayers there is a gradual drop in the electrical resistance across the monolayer. This drop is accompanied by a slow disorganization of the microfilament pattern of these cells, including a disturbance of a ring of cortical microfilaments that is normally associated with the junctions. Cells in open monolayers treated with CB will not reseal and have an altered filament distribution. These cells do not have a continuous cortical ring.We have used a voltage scanning technique that uses a microelectrode to measure the resistance at selected points along the junction which surrounds a single cell. In untreated, closed monolayers, the junction is heterogeneous with alternating points of high and low conductance. In closed monolayers treated with CB, although there are low conductance points, we have observed an increased frequency of high conductance points that correlates with the change in the overall conductance. The frequency of high conductance points along the junction and the overall conductance both increase with time of exposure to CB.In an effort to understand the molecular basis for the permeability changes induced by EGTA and CB, we have looked for differences in the protein components of the cell membranes of open, closed, and CB-treated MDCK monolayers. This was done by radioiodinating the surface membrane proteins under control and experimental conditions that bring about permeability changes. No significant differences in the labeled protein patterns were found under these conditions. These results suggest that the permeability changes involve only a structural rearrangement of membrane components. In addition we have observed that about 36% of the surface label remains bound to the insoluble cytoskeletons obtained from cells in control and experimental conditions that alter the permeability of the tight junctions. The iodinated proteins attached to the CS include polypeptides with Mr of ≥ 120K daltons as well as peptides with Mr = 56K, 50K, 36K, and 18K daltons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.1982.240180403
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    Spectrin Domains: Proteolytic Susceptibility as a Probe of Protein Structure (1982)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 18 (1982), S. 479-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: spectrin domains ; protease-resistant ; erythrocyte ; membrane ; cytoskeleton ; structural repeat ; domain structure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Mild treatment of human erythrocyte spectrin with trypsin produces discrete intermediate-sized peptides. The effects of buffer composition, enzyme-substrate ratio, temperature, and other experimental parameters on the resulting peptide pattern have been examined. Spectrin is capable of regaining its proteolytic resistance after NaDodSO4-induced denaturation, permitting the use of isolated subunits to study spectrin structure and function. Tryptic digestion of isolated subunits also has greatly facilitated the identification of the subunit origin of the intermediate-sized peptides. Isolated subunits could also be recombined to form functional units similar but not identical to the native dimeric form of the molecule. Spectrin apparently is composed of numerous large protease-resistant regions or domains connected by small protease sensitive segments. The structural integrity and accessibility of these sites is minimally affected by oligomeric state or proteolytic digestion conditions. The similarities of sizes, isoelectric points, and amino acid compositions of many intermediate-size peptides from areas of both subunits suggest that at least part of spectrin's structure may have evolved via replication of a single gene. A possible structural repeat of approximately 50,000 daltons is hypothesized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.1982.240180409
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    The Polymeric State of Actin in the Human Erythrocyte Cytoskeleton (1982)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 18 (1982), S. 493-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: actin ; cytoskeleton ; red cell ; erythrocyte ; size distribution ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Reports on the polymeric state of actin in the red cell have been diverse. We have used phalloidin to stabilize the actin in erythrocyte ghosts prior to extraction in low ionic strength media. A mild proteolytic digestion and Sepharose 4B gel filtration enable an F-actin polymer to be isolated in pure form [1]. Detailed size analysis of this polymer in a range of experiments suggests that actin exists in the erythrocyte principally as a polymer of 100 nm length composed of 30 monomers in a double helical chain 15 monomers long with an estimated molecular weight of 1.3 × 106 daltons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.1982.240180410
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    In vitro labeling of proteins by reductive methylation: Application to proteins involved in supramolecular structures (1982)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 19 (1982), S. 77-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: actin ; tropomyosin ; α-actinin ; reductive methylation ; microfilament assembly ; DNase I inhibition ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Actin and tropomyosin, purified from both muscle and brain, and α-actinin, purified from muscle, have been labeled in vitro by reductive methylation to specific activities of greater than 105 dpm/μg protein. Actin so modified bound DNase I and polymerized identically to unmodified actin. Furthermore, the spectral properties of actin did not change after labeling. The interactions of labeled tropomyosin and α-actinin with F-actin were nearly identical to those of the unmodified proteins. These modified proteins comigrated with their unmodified counterparts in both SDS-containing polyacrylamide gels and isoelectric focusing gels. The labeled actin was quantitatively extracted from SDS-containing polyacrylamide gels (yield 〉 98% of radioactivity applied demonstrating that all of the radioactivity was protein bound. The reductive methylation procedure worked well at pH 8.0-8.5 in either pyrophosphate buffer or Bicine buffer using formaldehyde with [3H]-sodium borohydride as the reducing agent. The procedure could also be performed at pH 7.0 in phosphate buffer using [14C]-formaldehyde with sodium cyanoborohydride as the reducing agent. Proteins so labeled are ideal for use in quantitative experiments involving protein-protein interactions.
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  • 29
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    Quantitative composition and characterization of the proteins in membrane vesicles released from erythrocytes by dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine. A membrane system without cytoskeleton (1982)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 19 (1982), S. 179-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: erythrocyte membrane proteins ; dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine ; vesiculation ; crossed immunoelectrophoresis ; cytoskeleton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Membrane vesicles were prepared by incubation of human erythrocytes with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine [3] and isolated by isopycnic centrifugation on Dextran density gradients. Protein analyses were carried out with crossed immunoelectrophoresis and dodecylsufate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The right-side-out-oriented membrane vesicles contained membrane and cytoplasmic proteins of the erythrocyte but lacked cytoskeletal components. Comparison of proteins in vesicles and erythrocyte membranes showed that acetylcholinesterase was enriched two to six times in the vesicles relative to both membrane-spanning proteins, band 3, and glycophorin. Two further, hitherto unidentified, sialic acid-containing membrane antigens were found in the vesicles. Both faced the outside of the membranes and were enriched two to seven times.Ankyrin was not present in the membrane vesicles and spectrin could not be detected by dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We suggest that the redistribution of proteins in the vesicles reflects differences in their interactions with other membrane components and their relative mobility within the erythrocyte membrane.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240190208
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    Actin filaments and mitochondrial movement in vertebrate spermiogenesis (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: actin ; mitochondrial movement ; spermiogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The presence of actin filaments around mitochondria during vertebrate spermiogenesis was demonstrated by immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy and by heavy meromyosin decoration. The presence of actin is supposed to be related to mitochondrial rearrangements occurring in the spermatid stage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030302
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    Mitochondrial movement during the ascidian sperm reaction (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 8 (1983), S. 295-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: sprem ; mitochondrion ; calcium ; calmodulin ; actin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The ascidian sperm reaction, Which involves swelling, migration, and loss of the single large mitochondrion, can be triggered in vitro by raising the seawater pH to 9.3 or lowering Na+ to 20 mM, but only if the sperm are allowed to attach to a suitable Substate. Mitochondrial translocation does not usually occur in the absence of sperm attachment. Extracellular Ca2+ is necessary for triggering the reaction with low Na+ but not high pH; however, the intrecellular Ca2+ blocker, TMB-8, inhibits high pH-induced mitochondrial movement in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. After swelling, the mitochondrion fluoresces in the presence of chlortetracycline, suggesting that Ca2+ becomes membranebound after activation. Elevated cAMP and theophylline both inhibit mitochondrial move ment but not sperm motility. The antiactin drug cytochalasin B(10μM) and the calmodulinblocking drugs TFP (1 μM) and W-13 (10 μM) block mitochondrial movement, suggesting roles for actin and calmodulin in mitochondrial movement. A model is proposed relating intracellular alkalinization, Ca2+ influx, actin, myosin, and calmodulin in mitochondrial translocation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120080309
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    Dielectric probe of the electric-field-sensitive peptide alamethicin (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 25-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dielectric dispersion ; alamethicin ; dipole moment ; molecular shape ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric constant and loss of alamethicin in solvents of various degrees of lipophilicity (namely mixtures of n-octanol and dioxane) have been measured at frequencies from 5 kHz to 50 MHz. By means of a conventional Cole-Cole approach, dielectric properties were evaluated to obtain information about the structural and dipolar properties of the peptide in view of its function as a voltage-dependent pore former in membranes. The results for a pure octanol solvent (together with an apparent molecular weight determined by ultracentrifugation) indicate the existence of primarily monomeric particles of quite elongated shape and of comparatively high dipole moment. Adding dioxane was found to yield considerable aggregation and a decrease of polarity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030107
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    Electromagnetic absorption in an inhomogeneous model of man for realistic exposure conditions (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 81-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dosimetry ; far-fields/near-fields ; inhomogeneous dielectric properties ; SAR distribution ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The advances made in quantifying electromagnetic absorption and its distribution for various exposure profiles are described. The conditions that have been studied extensively are: free-space irradiation and its variations, such as the presence of ground and reflecting surfaces and other humans in close proximity. Using an inhomogeneous block model of man, work has recently been extended to leakage-type near-fields such as those from RF heat sealers and other electronic equipment. Projections are made for the extension of this work to evaluate coupled near-fields, design of multielement near-field applicators to obtain physician-prescribed uniform or nonuniform rates of regional heating, and for the inverse scattering problem necessary for electromagnetic biomedical imaging. Accurate information about the dielectric properties of various tissues becomes increasingly important for proper inhomogeneous modeling of man.
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    An approach to inverse scattering problems (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 73-80 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Born approximation ; Eikonal approximation ; hyperthermia ; inverse problem ; scattering ; imaging ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: There are several reasons for investigating the inverse scattering problem in medical image processing. A typical case, that of ultrasonic fields, is considered. Assuming that a plane wave illuminates a weakly inhomogeneous two-dimensional object, the fundamental equation is derived for the scattered waves in integral as well as in differential forms. It is shown that the scattered waves observed on a circle surrounding the object is sufficient to specify the structure of the object. This information is summarized in a single term, which is a function of the wavenumber as well as the angles of incidence and observation. A successive approximation is applied to reconstruct the image of the object from this function. Since no analytic solution is available, several methods of approximations are proposed, and examples of computations are shown for the case of a cylindrical object.
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    Active electric properties of cardiac muscle (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 127-132 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cardiac muscle ; electric properties ; syncytium ; cable theory ; cell membrane ; intracellular potential ; extracellular potential ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A model of electrical activity in the heart has been developed that treats the intracellular domain and the extracellular domain as electrical syncytia with anisotropic resistivities (bi-syncytial model). At the microscopic level, propagation is assumed to proceed primarily along the axes of individual cells. Considerations at the macroscopic level relate the transmembrane current to the intracellular and extracellular resistivity and the transmembrane potential. The result is a relationship between instantaneous extracellular potentials and cardiac action potentials.
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    A comparative study of human sensory thresholds: 2450-MHz Microwaves vs far-infrared radiation (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 117-125 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; infrared ; human ; thresholds ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Three male and three female adults individually placed the ventral surface of the right and upright forearm against a 15-cm-diameter aperture in a wall of microwave-absorbent material. Tensecond exposures occurred to E-vector-vertically polarized, 2450-MHz-CW microwave (MW) fields. Comparable exposure to infrared (IR) waves was repeated with four of the six observers. Thresholds of detection of just-noticeable warming by MW and IR radiation were determined by the double-staircase psychophysical method. Although the exposed surface areas of male observers' arm were larger than those of female observers, thresholds of warming by either source of energy overlapped; the pooled means of irradiance at threshold are 26.7 mW/cm2 (MW) and 1.7 mW/cm2 (IR). Dosimetric measures on saline models indicated virtually perfect absorption of the incident IR, but nearly two-thirds of the MW energy was scattered. Accordingly, the 15-fold difference in means of MW and IR thresholds resolves to a 5-fold difference in threshold quantities of absorbed energy. In the light of the high correlation between thresholds of IR and MW irradiation (r = .97), it is concluded that the same set of superficial thermoreceptors was being stimulated, only less efficiently so, by the more deeply penetrating, more diffusely absorbed MW energy.
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    Wideband acoustic energy studies of pulmonary airways (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 167-177 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: impulse response ; pulmonary system ; analog correlator ; cross correlation techniques ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The impulse response of the pulmonary system has been measured by exciting the system with wideband acoustic noise introduced through the mouth. The transmitted sound is detected using microphones placed on the patient's back at appropriate locations. A specially designed analog correlator is used to obtain the impulse response of the pulmonary system through cross-correlation techniques. Uniquely characteristic responses have been obtained from smoking and nonsmoking patient groups.
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    Investigation of the effects of continuous-wave, pulse- and amplitude-modulated microwaves on single excitable cells of chara corallina (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 203-212 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: S-band microwaves ; modulation ; action potential ; resting potential ; Chara corallina ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Single internodal excitable cells of Chara corallina were exposed to CW, pulse-modulated and sinusoidally modulated S-band microwave fields in a temperature-controled waveguide exposure chamber. All electrical measurements were made external to the waveguide (ie, under no impressed microwave field). The dependent variables measured before, during, and after exposure to the S-band microwave fields included: resting potential, amplitude of the action potential, rise and decay time of the action potential, conduction velocity, and excitability. Cells maintained at 22 ± 0.1 °C during exposure showed no consistent or statistically significant microwave-dependent alterations in any of the dependent variables.
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    Influence of 2.45-GHz CW microwave radiation on spontaneously beating rat atria (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 219-226 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave radiation ; nonionizing radiation ; atria ; heart rate ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The chronotropic and inotropic effects of 2.45-GHz continuous wave (CW) microwave radiation were investigated in the isolated spontaneously beating rat atria. Isolated atria were placed in specially designed tubes inserted into a waveguide exposure system. The atria were then irradiated for a period of 30 min, followed by a 30-min recovery period. The control atria were prepared simultaneously and sham exposed. Experiments were conducted at two temperatures, 22 and 37 °C, and two specific absorption rates, 2 mW/g and 10 mW/g. At both temperatures the rate of atrial contraction was not altered by a 30-min exposure at either 2 or 10 mW/g. The average rate (beats per min) was approximately 100 for both the control and exposed atria at 22 °C and 215 beats per min for both the control and exposed atria at 37 °C. In addition, no inotropic effects on the spontaneously beating atria were noted at any exposure level. These data suggest that 2.45-GHz CW microwave radiation at these intensities has no overt effect on these variables in isolated rat atria.
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    Comparative effects of pulsed and continuous-wave 2.8-GHz microwaves on temporally defined behavior (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 227-235 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; pulsed-wave ; continuous-wave ; operant behavior ; DRL schedule ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of pulsed-(PW) and continuous-wave (CW) 2.8-GHz microwaves were compared on the performance of rodents maintained by a temporally defined schedule of positive reinforcement. The schedule involved food-pellet reinforcement of behavior according to a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) contingency. The rats were independently exposed to PW and to CW fields at power densities ranging from 1 to 15 mW/cm2. Alterations of normal performance were more pronounced after a 30-minute exposure to the PW field than to the CW field. The rate of emission of appropriately timed responses declined after exposure to PW at 10 and 15 mW/cm2, whereas exposure at the same power levels to the CW field did not consistently affect the rate of responding. Change in performance associated with microwave exposure was not necessarily related to a general decline in responding: in some instances, increases in overall rates of responding were observed.
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    Near-field absorption in a circular cylinder from electric and magnetic line sources (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 253-274 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: radiofrequency ; nearfield ; hyperthermia ; dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A homogeneous, lossy circular cylinder is used as a simple model of a biological object in which interior heating is produced by the absorption of electromagnetic waves. For this model, we determined the optimum frequency, polarization, orientation and shape of applicators. Analytical and numerical results are given for both electric and magnetic line sources, with three different polarizations relative to the cylinder. Coupling efficiencies and contour plots are presented for a range of parameters. One particularly interesting result is the production of maximum energy deposition at the center of a cylinder of muscle tissue when exposed in the 100-MHz frequency range by the use of four applicators surrounding the cylinder.
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    Erratum (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 293-293 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Reduced weight in mice offspring after in utero exposure to 2450-MHz (CW) microwaves (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 285-291 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: mice ; microwaves ; body mass ; development ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Time-bred CD-1 mice (100) were sham-irradiated or irradiated with 2450-MHz (CW) microwaves at 28 mW/cm2 for 100 minutes daily from the 6th through 17th day of gestation. The offspring were examined either as fetuses after hysterotomy on the 18th day of gestation or as naturally born neonates on the 1st and 7th day of age. Fetuses of half of the dams were examined on the 18th day of gestation. The incidence of pregnancy and the numbers of live, dead, resorbed, and total fetuses were similar in both groups. The mean weight was significantly lower (10%) in live microwave-irradiated fetuses, and ossification of sternal centers was significantly delayed. In the offspring that were born naturally, the mean weight of microwave-irradiated 7-day-old suckling mice was significantly lower (10%) than that of the sham-irradiated group. Survival rates of neonates in these two groups were not different. These data demonstrate that the decreased fetal weight seen in microwave-irradiated mice is retained at least 7 days after birth. Evidence from other published studies is presented to show that the retarded growth is persistent and might be interpreted as permanent stunting.
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    Postresonance electromagnetic absorption by man and animals (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 333-339 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic dosimetry ; man and animal models ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A surface integral equation (SIE) method is used to calculate the specific absorption rate (SAR) in spherically capped cylindrical models irradiated by an axially incident electromagnetic plane wave (K polarization) in a frequency range for which calculations previously have not been available (80-400 MHz for man models). In the SIE method, the electromagnetic (EM) field relations are formulated in terms of electric and magnetic currents on the surface of the model. The average SAR is calculated from the far scattered EM fields by means of the forward scattering theorem. SAR data calculated by the SIE method agree with data calculated by the extended boundary condition method (EBCM) for frequencies up to 80 MHz (the upper frequency limit of the EBCM) for man models. For rat models exposed to 1-3 GHz radiation, reasonable agreement was also obtained with the limited experimental data available.
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    Determination of electric current distributions in animals and humans exposed to a uniform 60-Hz high-intensity electric field (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 47-71 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; 60 Hz ; induced current ; scaling ; SAR ; thermograph ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The thermographic method for determining specific absorption rate (SAR) in animals and models of tissues or bodies exposed to electromagnetic fields was applied to the problem of quantifying the current distribution in homogeneous bodies of arbitrary shape exposed to 60-Hz electric fields. The 60-Hz field exposures were simulated by exposing scale models of high electrical conductivity to 57.3-MHz VHF fields of high strength in a large 3.66 × 3.66 × 2.44-m TE101 mode resonant cavity. After exposure periods of 2-30 s, the models were quickly disassembled so that the temperature distribution (maximum value up to 7 °C) along internal cross-sectional planes of the model could be recorded thermographically. The SAR, W′, calculated from the temperature changes at any point in the scale model was used to determine the SAR, W, for a full-scale model exposed to a 60-Hz electric field of the same strength by the relation W = (60/ f2 · (σ′/σ) · W′ where f′ is the model exposure frequency, σ′ is the conductivity of the scale model at the VHF exposure frequency, and σ is the conductivity of the full-scale subject at 60 Hz. The SAR was used to calculate either the electric field strength or the current density for the full-scale subject. The models were used to simulate the exposure of the full-scale subject located either in free space or in contact with a conducting ground plane. Measurements made on a number of spheroidal models with axial ratios from 1 to 10 and conductivity from 1 to 10 s/m agreed well with theoretical predictions. Maximum current densities of 200 nA/cm2 predicted in the ankles of man models and 50 nA/cm2 predicted in the legs of pig models exposed to 60-Hz fields at 1kV/m agreed well with independent measurements on full-scale models.
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    Analysis of inphase interaction pattern in EEG (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 133-146 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: time domain analysis of EEG ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Inphase interactions among EEG signals recorded using eight electrodes were investigated. The inphase interaction parameters are presented in two ways: (1) matrix form in which the number of inphase interactions are tabulated; and (2) histogram in which the number of inphase interactions are plotted pair-wise between two sites as a function of phase delays in milliseconds. The highest number of interactions occurs between 0 and 8 ms in normal brains.The values of interaction parameters are enhanced by various activities. For example, inphase interaction parameters increase in the motor area in the right hemisphere if the EEG is recorded during repeated left fist clenching. Inphase interactions are drastically altered by the presence of a tumor. We studied the inphase interactions of the EEG of a patient having an occipital tumor. The interaction parameters are greatly diminished in this area, indicating a severe impairment of neuronal communications between both hemispheres in the occipital region.The confidence limits of the changes in inphase interaction parameters during fist clenching are tested statistically using the Student's t test. The test shows that the interaction parameters increase, in general, with 1-5% confidence limits in respective cortex areas as a result of fist clenching.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030201
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    Effects of electromagnetic radiation in the range 20-300 MHz on the vacuolar potential of characean cells (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 193-201 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: characean cells ; thermal response ; electromagnetic bioeffects ; real time measurement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A giant cell (circa 10 mm long) of Chara braunii or Nitella flexilis was placed in a microstrip exposure apparatus, and the vacuolar potential at one end was monitored with a micropipette while the other end was exposed to pulses of VHF radiation at electric field strengths up to 6250 V/m. With suitable filtering and signal averaging, offsets of the vacuolar potential could be detected in real time and at levels as low as 1 μU V. The only effect that has been reproducibly observed in the carrier frequency range 20-300 MHz was the slow ramp-like hyperpolarization previously reported [Pickard and Barsoum, 1981] and tentatively attributed to electromagnetic heating of the system. The slopes of these ramps became more pronounced with increasing frequency and behaved in accordance with theoretical predictions.
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    Effect of high-voltage pulses on the viability of human leucocytes in vitro (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 213-218 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: leucocytes ; transient currents ; spark discharges ; biological effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Human leucocytes were exposed to high-voltage pulses (transient currents) produced by discharging a capacitor through a test chamber containing the cell suspension then tested for viability using trypan blue. With the pulse discharge times of 1 and 3 μs increases in the number of dyeloaded cells were seen for field strengths above 2.6 kV/cm in the sample. For 0.2-μs pulses the critical field strength was about 5 kV/cm.
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    Temperature dependence of ultrasound-induced cell killing: The role of membrane fluidity (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 247-251 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ultrasound ; temperature-dependent cell killing ; membrane fluidity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Chinese hamster cells in suspension were exposed to 20 kHz ultrasound (US) at 54 W/cm2 and various temperatures between 2 and 44 °C. Activation energies were 2.6 and 24 kcal/mole below and above 35 °C, respectively. Procaine, a local anaesthetic drug known to increase membrane fluidity, enhanced cellular inactivation by US above 41 °C, increasing the activation energy to 62 kcal/mole. The inactivation of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium by US was also dependent on the exposure temperature, with an activation energy of 2.9 kcal/mole between 2 and 44 °C. These data are most simply explained by the hypothesis that membranes are a major target for cellular inactivation by US and that the fluidity of the membranes is important in this respect.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Low frequency amplitude modulated microwave fields change calcium efflux rates from synaptosomes (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 309-322 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave fields ; calcium efflux ; synaptosomes ; rate constants ; perfusion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Calcium(45Ca2 +) efflux from preloaded synaptosomes was studied with a continuous perfusion technique and the rate constants of a two-phase efflux process calculated. When 16-Hz sinusoidally amplitude modulated 450-MHz microwave field (maximal incident intensity 0.5 mW/ cm2, modulation depth 75%) was applied during the second phase, the rate constant increased by 38%. Unmodulated or 60-Hz modulated signals were not effective. This microwave fieldinduced change can be distinguished from CaCl2-stimulated 45Ca2 + efflux which is most probably derived intracellularly. These data suggest that the microwave-field-induced change in calcium efflux probably did not involve intracellular calcium. Also, this change in the dynamic property of synaptosomes did not require gross anatomically intact tissue as a substrate for field tissue interaction.
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    Effects of 60-Hz electric fields on specific humoral and cellular components of the immune system (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 341-347 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: immunology ; mice ; 60-Hz electric fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We evaluated humoral and cellular functions of the immune system of Swiss-Webster mice exposed to 60-Hz electric fields at 100 kV/m. No significant differences were observed in primary antibody response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (precipitating antibody levels) between exposed (30 or 60 days) and control mice, nor were there significant changes in mitogen-stimulation response of spleen cells from mice similarly exposed for 90 or 150 days when compared to sham-exposed animals.
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    Electromagnetic dosimetry in a sitting rhesus model at 225 MHz (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 385-389 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic dosimetry ; rhesus model dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Dosimetric measurements in a 9.5-kg tissue-equivalent rhesus model were conducted at 225 MHz using a nonperturbing temperature probe and a gradient-layer calorimeter. Temperature probe measurements showed deep penetration of electromagnetic energy, and calorimeter experiments showed an average SAR (0.285 W/kg per mW/cm2) that was nearly three times greater than that observed for the same model at 1.29 GHz.
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    The vacuolar potential of characean cells subjected to electromagnetic radiation in the range 200-8,200 MHz (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 393-400 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Characean cells ; electromagnetic bioeffects ; real time measurement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Single giant cells of Chara braunii and Nitella flexilis were placed in a microstrip exposure apparatus and subjected to bursts of electromagnetic radiation (carrier frequencies from 200 to 8,200 MHz) at a nominal power level of 100 W/m2. The vacuolar potential was monitored with a micropipette, and offsets as low as 1 μ V could be resolved in real time by suitable filtering and signal averaging; under these conditions, no offsets of the vacuolar potential were detected. At much higher power levels (corresponding to 〉 2 V rms between microstrip and ground plane), the slow hyperpolarizing ramp reported at lower frequencies could be seen but, because of insufficient power, could not be accurately measured. It appeared to decay beyond 500 MHz and to be absent at and above 950 MHz. To investigate reports that snail neurons irradiated for 1 h at 2,450 MHz and approximately 15.5 W/kg developed lowered membrane resistivities, Characean cells were exposed in the microstrip apparatus for 1 h at 2,450 MHz and 230 W/m2; their membrane resistivities were found to be lowered about 18.5%.
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    Effects of X-band microwave exposure on rabbit erythrocytes (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 453-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; whole blood ; washed red cells ; permeability alterations ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rabbit erythrocytes were exposed in vitro to continuous wave (CW) and pulse-modulated X-band microwaves in wave guide exposure chambers. Erythrocytes were exposed as whole (hep-arinized) blood suspensions or as washed cells in 1:1 isotonic buffered K+-free saline suspensions. Statistically significant increases in K+ efflux relative to thermal controls were detected when red cells were exposed in whole blood suspensions to either CW or pulsed 8.42-GHz microwaves at SARs that resulted in equilibrium sample temperatures of approximately 24 °C. Under the same exposure conditions, no statistically significant K+ efflux occurred in the case of 1:1 red cell suspensions. Measured differences in sample heating rates and temperature gradients between microwave-exposed and heated control suspensions may account in part for the differential effect of microwave exposure but such effects do not appear to explain the results of this study fully.
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    Cardiovascular alterations in Macaca monkeys exposed to stationary magnetic fields: Experimental observations and theoretical analysis (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Macaca monkeys ; electrocardiogram ; blood pressure ; stationary magnetic fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Simultaneous measurements were made of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the intraarterial blood pressure of adult male Macaca monkeys during acute exposures to homogeneous stationary magnetic fields ranging in strength up to 1.5 tesla. An instantaneous, field strength-dependent increase in the ECG signal amplitude at the locus of the T wave was observed in fields greater than 0.1 tesla. The temporal sequence of this signal in the ECG record and its reversibility following termination of the magnetic field exposure are consistent with an earlier suggestion that it arises from a magnetically induced aortic blood flow potential superimposed on the native T-wave signal. No measurable alterations in blood pressure resulted from exposure to fields up to 1.5 tesla. This experimental finding is in agreement with theoretical calculations of the magnetohydrodynamic effect on blood flow in the major arteries of the cardiovascular system.
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    An optical method for investigating the microwave absorption characteristics of DNA and other biomolecules in solution (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 21-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: biomolecules ; DNA ; microwave absorption ; optical method ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Direct determination of the microwave absorption characteristics of biological molecules in solution by an optical heterodyne technique is described. A visibly transparent sample is irradiated in a spatially nonuniform manner with pulsed microwaves, and the spatial variation in temperature increase measured by detecting the phase chirp impressed on a single-frequency He—Ne laser beam passing through the heated region. Results for several liquids and solutions such as water, methanol, various saline solutions, and solutions of DNA and DNA sodium salt in water are described. Where direct comparison is possible the results agree very well with published values. A significant increase in the absorption of DNA solutions compared with pure water has been observed that is consistent with microwave absorption by the longitudinal mode of the double helix.
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040201
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    Effects of microwaves and hyperthermia on capping of antigen-antibody complexes on the surface of normal mouse B lymphocytes (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 115-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave biological effects ; hyperthermia ; B lymphocytes ; capping ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Normal mouse B lymphocytes were tested for the ability to cap plasma membrane antigenantibody complexes following exposure to 2.45-GHz continuous wave (CW) microwaves at power densities up to 100 mW/cm2 (45 W/kg specific absorption rate), at 37, 41, and 42.5 °C. After a 30-minute treatment, the irradiated cells and the nonirradiated controls were tested for capping by the direct immunofluorescence technique. First, the cells were incubated for nine minutes at 37 °C with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated goat antimouse immunoglobulin. After fixing and washing, the percentage of capped cells was determined under a fluorescence microscope. The results show that for the nonirradiated controls, capping is reduced from 90% at 37 °C, to 52% 41 °C. to less than 5% for cells that were pretreated at 42.5 °C. There was no significant difference between the microwave-treated cells and the controls when both were maintained at the same temperature. In another experiment, there was no significant difference in the percentage of capping between controls and cells that were exposed to microwave radiation during capping, when the temperature in both preparations was kept at 38.5 °C. The results demonstrate that B-lymphocyte capping is sensitive to temperature in the range that is proposed for use in tumor therapy.
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    Immunological effects of amplitude-modulated radio frequency radiation: B lymphocyte capping (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 157-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: amplitude-modulated RF fields ; hyperthermia ; B lymphocytes ; capping ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: B lymphocytes collected from normal ICR Swiss mouse spleens were exposed in vitro in a Crawford cell to 147-MHz radiofrequency (RF) radiation, amplitude modulated by a 9-, 16-, or 60-Hz sine wave. The power densities ranged between 0.11 and 48 mW/cm2. The irradiated samples and the controls were maintained at 37 °C or 42 °C, with temperature variations less than 0.1 °C. Immediately after a 30-minute exposure, the distribution of antigen-antibody (Ag—Ab) complexes on the cell surface was evaluated at 37 °C by immunofluorescence. Under normal conditions (37 °C, no RF), Ag—Ab complexes are regrouped into a polar cap by an energy-dependent process. Our results demonstrate that the irradiated cells and the nonirradiated controls capped Ag—Ab complexes equally well after exposure at 37 °C. Capping was equally inhibited at 42 °C in both the controls and irradiated cells. No statistically significant differences in capping were observed between the RF-exposed and control samples at any of the modulation frequencies and power densities employed as long as both preparations were maintained at the same temperature.
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    Inhalation chambers for air ion research (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 167-180 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: air ions ; corona discharge inhalation system ; DC electric fields ; small animal exposure system ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Many previous problems in establishing the nature of biological and behavioral effects of small air ions have been due to poor control over the ion-inhalation microclimate, resulting in nonuniform electrical fields and highly uneven concentrations of small air ions. We have developed a corona discharge air ion-inhalation system for use with animals that incorporates rigorous control over the microclimate and produces highly uniform concentrations of small air ions throughout the exposure area.
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    Microwave effects on immobilized peroxidase chemiluminescence (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 193-204 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; immobilized peroxidase ; chemiluminescence ; luminol ; horseradish peroxidase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Protein gels formed by crosslinking bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase with glutaraldehyde were used to measure effects on peroxidase activity of 400-MHz (CW) radiofrequency radiation (RFR) at an average specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.45 W/ kg. The enzyme activity was measured by luminol chemiluminescence recorded on photographic film after hydrogen peroxide activation. Activity was measured during RFR exposure of gels or after exposure of gels polymerized in the RFR field. During exposure, a significant (P 〈 .05) reversible increase occurred in overall mean peroxidase activity of gels activated with 0.88 M H2O2 but not in those activated with 8.8 M H2O2. Gels containing solubilized luminol and formed in the field showed no overall mean increase in peroxidase activity, but did display a highly significant (P 〈 .001) alteration in the distribution of local activities when compared to unexposed gels. These results are apparently due to changes in the rate of diffusion (concentration equilibration) of hydrogen peroxide in the gel.
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    Teratogenicity of 27.12-MHz radiation in rats is related to duration of hyperthermic exposure (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: radiofrequency radiation ; 27.12 MHz ; hyperthermia ; teratology ; rat ; embryo ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Five groups of pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were either sham exposed or were irradiated in a 27.12-MHz radiofrequency (RF) field at 55 A/m and 300 V/m on gestation day 9. The absorbed power (approximately 11 W/kg) caused a relatively rapid increase in the rat's colonic temperature. Rats in group I were sham irradiated for 2.5 h at 0 A/m, 0 V/m. In group II RF irradiation was terminated after the rat's colonic temperature reached 41.0 °C. In group III the 41.0- °C temperature was maintained an additional 15 min by varying the field strength. At both temperatures the teratogenic and embryotoxic effects of the RF-induced hyperthermia increased as the exposure duration increased, but the increase was especially noticeable at 42.0 °C. The results indicate that the teratogenic and embryotoxic effects of RF-induced hyperthermia are related to both the temperature of the dam during exposure and the length of time the dam's temperature remains elevated.
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    Experimental determination of whole body average specific absorption rate (SAR) of mice exposed to 200-400 MHz CW (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 267-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: mice ; specific absorption rate ; calorimetry ; TEM chamber ; 200-400 MHz CW ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A maximum of six live mice, mouse cadavers, prolate spheroids molded from muscle-equivalent tissue, or saline-filled culture flasks, were exposed to continuous wave radiation in a TEM cell at frequencies between 200 and 400 MHz. Whole-body average specific absorption rate (SAR) was determined from power meter measurements of incident, reflected, and transmitted powers. The SARs for both live mice and cadavers were approximately twice that for the prolate spheroid models, and when housed in Plexiglas restraining cages, about 2 1/2 times greater. An error multiplying factor is identified, that quantitatively expresses how SAR data obtained by the three -power-meter method becomes progressively more noisy as the irradiation frequency is lowered or as the TEM cell cross section is increased.
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    Erratum (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 294-294 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040310
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    Effects of magnetic field exposure on fertilization success in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 295-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: fusion reactors ; magnetic fields ; biological effects ; fertilization ; fish ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The sensitivity of trout ova and sperm to 1-T magnetic fields was investigated. It was determined that (1) overall test results combining seven independent Z-statistics demonstrated a significant (α 〈 0.0001) enhancement of fertilization when ova alone were exposed to the magnetic field prior to fertilization; (2) similarly, overall test results combining Z-statistics from eight independent experiments indicated a significant (α 〈 0.0004) enhancement when sperm alone were exposed; and (3) statistical analysis of nine independent experiments confirmed enhanced fertilization (α 〈 0.0001) when both ova and sperm were exposed to the magnetic field prior to fertilization. Although these data indicated that both ova and sperm were sensitive to magnetic fields, simultaneous exposure of both gametes did not have a greater total effect on fertilization rate than the sum of their individual effects.
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    A microwave-hyperthermia model of febrile convulsions (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 341-355 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; microwave hyperthermia ; fever ; febrile convulsions ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: While convulsions associated with fever represent a serious problem in pediatric medicine, conventional animal models of febrile convulsions suffer numerous technical limitations. A microwave-hyperthermia model that eliminates these problems was tested. Microwave energy was used to increase the core temperature of 13- and 17-day-old rats, resulting in convulsions similar to febrile convulsions in human infants. Rats were irradiated for 10 min in circularly polarized waveguides at 918 MHz, CW (average SAR = 9.4 W/kg at 13 days and 18.0 W/kg at 17 days as determined by twin-well calorimetry). Day 17 irradiated rats were less susceptible to convulsions than were day 13 irradiated rats, indicating an age-dependent decline in susceptibility. Contrary to findings of earlier models using infrared or hot-oven heating, convulsions induced with microwave hyperthermia impaired neither brain growth nor subsequent performance during behavioral testing. Simultaneous measurement of brain and rectal temperatures during microwave irradiation revealed differential heating rates that favor thermal homeostasis in brain tissue.
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    Effects of microwave exposure on the hamster immune system. II. Peritoneal macrophage function (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 141-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave bioeffects ; hamster macrophages ; immunology ; viricidal macrophages ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Acute exposure of hamsters to microwave energy (2.45 GHz; 25 mW/cm2 for 60 min) resulted in activation of peritoneal macrophages that were significantly more viricidal to vaccinia virus as compared to sham-exposed or normal (minimum-handling) controls. Macrophages from microwave-exposed hamsters became activated as early as 6 h after exposure and remained activated for up to 12 days. The activation of macrophages by microwave exposure paralleled the macrophage activation after vaccinia virus immunization. Activated macrophages from vacciniaimmunized hamsters did not differ in their viricidal activity when the hamsters were microwave or sham-exposed. Exposure for 60 min at 15 mW/cm2 did not activate the macrophages while 40 mW/cm2 exposure was harmful to some hamsters. Average maximum core temperatures in the exposed (25 mW/cm2) and sham groups were 40.5 °C (±0.35 SD) and 38.4 °C (±0.5 SD), respectively. In vitro heating of macrophages to 40.5 °C was not as effective as in vivo microwave exposure in activating macrophages to the viricidal state. Macrophages from normal, shamexposed, and microwave-exposed hamsters were not morphologically different, and they all phagocytosed India ink particles. Moreover, immune macrophage cytotoxicity for virus-infected or noninfected target cells was not suppressed in the microwave-irradiated group (25 mW/cm2, 1 h) as compared to sham-exposed controls, indicating that peritoneal macrophages were not functionally suppressed or injured by microwave hyperthermia.
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040301
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    Behavioral detection of 60-Hz electric fields by rats (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 215-247 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric field ; 60-Hz ; detection ; psychophysics ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rats partially deprived of food were trained individually to press a lever in the presence of a vertical, 60-Hz electric field and not to press in its absence. Correct detections that occurred during brief, 3- or 4-s trials occasionally produced a food pellet. The probability of detecting the field was found to increase as field strength increased. The threshold of detection, ie, the field strength required for detections at a probability of 0.5 after correction for errors, was generally between 4 and 10 kV/m. The range of field strengths between almost zero and almost 100% correctness of detection was approximately 8 kV/m. A logistic function provided a good description of the increase in the detection probability with increasing field strength. These performances occurred reliably in 19 rats, some of which were studied for 2 years. Control procedures showed that the behavior required that the rat be in the electric field; the behavior was not controlled by any of several potentially confounding variables.
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    Electrical discontinuity of tissue substitute models at 27.12 MHz (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: shortwave ; diathermy applicators ; heating ; attenuation ; conductivity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Tissue-substitute models consisting of layers of synthetic, electrically equivalent subcutaneous fat, muscle, and bone shaped in conformation with the normal anatomy are used for rapid determination of distribution of temperature and specific absorption rate throughout the tissues when exposed to electromagnetic radiation. The surfaces of the bisected models are approximated during a short exposure period, then separated and scanned with a thermograph. A method was developed to eliminate the electrical discontinuity at the bisected surfaces while allowing separation and subsequent thermographic scanning. A thin layer of silk screen wetted with propylene glycol saturated with sodium chloride was used at the fat interface and a 0.9% sodium chloride solution was used to wet the screen at the muscle interface to eliminate electrical discontinuity during exposure to 27.12-MHz diathermy. Tests showed that in the presence of an electrical discontinuity the heating pattern was grossly distorted. With the method used, the electrical discontinuity is minimized and the subsequent thermographic scanning reveals that the heating pattern is equivalent to that of an intact model.
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983) 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040401
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    Oviposition and development of Drosophila modified by magnetic fields (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 315-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Drosophila ; ELF electromagnetic effects ; oviposition ; development ; viability ; magnetic fields ; DC magnetic fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Drosophila flies placed in a habitat with two lateral boxes demonstrated sensitivity to magnetic fields: Oviposition decreased by exposure to pulsated extremely low frequency (ELF) (100)Hz, 1.76 miliTesla (mT) and sinusosidal fields (50 Hz, 1 mT), while there was no initial effect of exposure to a static magnetic field (4.5 mT). Drosophila eggs treated for 48 h with the above described fields showed that (1) mortality of eggs was lower in controls than in eggs exposed to all tested magnetic fields; (2) mortality of larvae increased when a permanent magnet was used; (3) mortality of pupae was highest when a permanent magnet was used; and (4) general adult viability was highest in controls (67%) and diminished progressively when eggs were exposed to pulsated (55%), sinusoidal (45%), and static (35%) magnetic fields.
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    Evidence for electrostatic enhancement of odor receptor function by worker honeybee antennae (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 413-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: honeybee ; olfaction ; electrostatics ; electret ; chemosensillae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Pore plates (placoid chemosensillae) on the antennae of dead worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) apparently retained a static electric charge that was significantly different from that of the surrounding cuticle. Residual charge resulted in the concentration of airborne particulate matter over the rim of exposed pore plates to the virtual exclusion of such deposition on surrounding cuticle. Postmortem integrity of polar lipids associated with the pore plate and adjacent sense cells is hypothesized as the source of the static potential. Such a lipoidal matrix, if functioning as an electret and if attracting odorous molecules to receptor cells from outside the odor stream of individual receptors, would greatly enhance receptor efficiency of living bees.
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    In vivo and in vitro dielectric properties of animal tissues at radio frequencies (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 421-432 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dielectric properties ; radio frequencles ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: An open-ended coaxial line and an improved measurement method employing a computer controlled network analyzer were used to measure the permittivity of cat tissues. Muscle, spleen, kidney cortex, liver,and brain cortex were measured in vivo and in vitro at frequencies between 100 MHz and 8 GHz. The differences between the permittivities of these cat tissues, in the aforementioned range of frequencies, when measured in vivo and a few (up to four) hours after death, were found to be within the experimental uncertainty.
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    Far-field dosimetric measurements in a full-sized man model at 2.0 GHz (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 433-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic dosimetry ; microwave absorption ; man-sized model ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Electromagnetic dosimetry was conducted in a tissue-equivalent full-sized model of man irradiated at 2 GHz inside a microwave-anechoic chamber. A nonperturbing temperature probe and a gradient-layer calorimeter were used to determine local and whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR), respectively. Relatively high SAR values were found in the limbs compared to the axis of the trunk of the model. The calorimeter experiments yielded an average SAR about three times higher than that estimated theoretically for a prolate spheroidal model of man. It is suggested that resonant interactions involving the limbs may be responsible for the disparity between theory and experiment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030406
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    Millimeter wave absorption spectra of biological samples (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 285-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: absorption ; millimeter wave ; biological media ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A solid-state computer-controlled system has been used to make swept-frequency measurements of absorption of biological specimens from 26.5 to 90.0 GHz. A wide range of samples was used, including solutions of DNA and RNA, and suspensions of BHK-21/C13 cells, Candida albicans, C krusei, and Escherichia coli. Sharp spectra reported by other workers were not observed. The strong absorbance of water (10-30 dB/mm) caused the absorbance of all aqueous preparations that we examined to have a water-like dependence on frequency. Reduction of incident power (to below 1.0 μW), elimination of modulation, and control of temperature to assure cell viability were not found to significantly alter the water-dominated absorbance. Frozen samples of BHK-21/C13 cells tested at dry ice and liquid nitrogen temperatures were found to have average insertion loss reduced to 0.2 dB/cm but still showed no reproducible peaks that could be attributed to absorption spectra. It is concluded that the spectral resonances reported by others are likely to be in error.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue: Power-density versus internal field-intensity dependencies at 50-MHz RF radiation (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 277-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: calcium ions ; brain tissue ; radiofrequency (RF) radiation ; amplitude modulation ; power-density window ; 16-Hz modulation ; 50 MHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In previous experiments changes were found in calcium-ion efflux from chickbrain tissue that had been exposed in vitro to 147-MHz radiation across a specific range of power densities when the field was amplitude modulated at 16 Hz. In the present study, 50-MHz radiation, similarly modulated as a sinusoid, was found to produce changes in calcium-ion efflux from chick brains exposed in vitro in a Crawford cell. Exposure conditions were optimized to broaden any power-density window and to enhance the opportunity to detect changes in the calcium-ion efflux. The results of a power-density series demonstrated two effective ranges: One spanning a range from 1.44 to 1.67 mW/cm2, and the other including 3.64 mW/cm2, which were bracketed by no-effect results at 0.72, 2.17, and 4.32 mW/cm2. Peaks of positive findings are associated with near-identical rates of energy absorption: 1.4 μW/g at 147 MHz, and 1.3 μW/g at 50 MHz, which indicates that the enhanced-efflux phenomenon is more dependent on the intensity of fields in the brain than on the power density of incident radiation. In addition, the phenomenon appears to occur at multiples of some, as yet unknown, rate of radiofrequency (RF) energy absorption. Because of the extremely small increments of temperature associated with positive findings (〈 4 × 10-4°C), and the existence of more than one productive absorption rate, a solely thermal explanation appears extremely unlikely.
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    What are non-thermal electric biological effects? (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 45-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Non-thermal biological effects ; electric fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A discussion of the general implication of the existance of non-thermal biological effects of electromagnetic fields is presented.
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    Comparison of bacterial growth to high-intensity microwave exposure and conventional heating (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 471-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 8.8 GHz ; pulsed microwave ; thermal vs microwave alteration ; E coli ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Escherichia coli pol A+ and pol A- strains were exposed to 8.8-GHz microwaves pulsed at 1,000 Hz (1-μs pulse width) and an SAR of 40 W/kg, which increased the temperature of the cell culture by 7 °C. Two-way analysis of variance showed no significant difference between the growth rates of microwave irradiated and thermally exposed cells.
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040101
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    The influence of electric field exposure on bone growth and fracture repair in rats (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 11-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric field ; bone growth ; osteotomy repair ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rats were exposed to a 60-Hz electric field at an unperturbed field strength of 100 kV/m to determine its affect on bone growth and fracture repair. Exposure of immature male and female rats for 20 h/day for 30 days did not alter growth rate, cortical bone area, or medullary cavity area of the tibia. In another experiment, midfibular osteotomies were performed and the juvenile rats were exposed at 100 kV/m for 14 days. Evaluation by resistance to deformation and breaking strength indicated that fracture repair was not as advanced in the exposed animals as in the shamexposed animals. In another experiment measurements of resistance to deformation were made in adult rats at 16, 20, and 26 days after osteotmy. Fracture repair was slower in exposed compared to control animals at day 20 and, to a lesser extent, at day 16, but not at day 26.
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    Quantitative changes in potassium, sodium, and calcium in the submaxillary salivary gland and blood serum of rats exposed to 2880-MHz microwave radiation (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 2880-MHz microwaves ; submaxillary salivary gland ; Na+ ; K+ ; Ca2+ ; flame photometry ; hyperthermia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Na+, K+, and Ca2+ concentrations in the blood serum and submaxillary salivary gland (SSG) were investigated in adult, male rats exposed to 2880-MHz microwaves modulated with 1.5-μs pulses at a pulse repetition rate of 1000 Hz or in a hyperthermal environment. Rats were exposed, one at a time, for 30 min to microwaves producing a specific absorption rate (SAR) of: 4.2, 6.3,6.8,8.4, 10.8, or 12.6 W/kg, or were sham exposed under similar environmental conditions. In a second series, one group of rats was exposed singly for 15, 30, or 60 min to microwaves producing an SAR of 9.5 W/kg and other rats were exposed for similar periods at 40 °C; and 10 rats were sham exposed. Flame photometric analysis indicated that the thresholds of microwave radiation required to induce a change in Na+, K+, and Ca2+ concentrations in the salivary glands are 6.8, 6.8, and 6.3 W/kg, respectively. The directions of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ion shifts in exposed rats' salivary glands are similar, whether affected by microwaves or hyperthermia. Greater changes in Na+ and K+ concentrations in SSG of rats exposed to microwaves for 15 and 30 min were found than in those exposed at 40 °C. On the other hand, exposure to hyperthermia at 40 °C or to microwaves for 1 h caused Na+ concentration to be increased by 68.7 and 59.5% and K+ concentration to be decreased by 29.6 and 21.7%, respectively.
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    Chronic exposure of rabbits to 0.5 and 5 mW/cm2 2450-MHz CW Microwave Radiation (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 63-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; exposure chamber ; dosimetry ; rabbit ; body mass ; food consumption ; blood chemistry ; pathology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Two groups of 16 male New Zealand rabbits were exposed to 2450-MHz continuous wave microwave fields in two experiments of 90 days each. The incident power densities of the first and second experiment were 0.5 and 5 mW/cm2, respectively. During each study, 16 animals were adapted to a miniature anechoic chamber exposure system for at least 2 weeks, then 8 of them were exposed for 7 h daily, 5 days a week for 13 weeks, and the other 8 animals were sham exposed. The rabbits were placed in acrylic cages, and each was exposed from the top in an individual miniature anechoic chamber. Thermography showed a maximum specific absorption rate of 5.5 W/kg in the head and 7 W/kg in the back at 5-mW/cm2 incident power density. After each 7-h exposure session, the animals were returned to their home cages. Food consumption in the exposure chamber and body mass were measured daily. Blood samples were taken before exposure and monthly thereafter for hematological, morphological, chemical, protein electrophoresis, and lymphocyte blast transformation studies. Eyes were examined for cataract formation. Finally, pathological examinations of 28 specimens of organs and tissues of each rabbit were performed. Statistically, there was a significant (P 〈 .01) decrease only of food consumption during the 5-mW/cm2 exposure; other variables were not significantly different between exposed and control groups.
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    Testicular function of rats following exposure to microwave radiation (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 107-114 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: spermatogenesis ; microwave radiation ; germinal tissue ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed for 6 h per day for nine days to pulse-modulated microwave radiation (1.3 GHz, at 1-μs pulse width, 600 pulses per second). Exposures were carried out in cylindrical waveguide sections at a mean dose rate of 6.3 mW/g; sham controls were treated similarly and received no irradiation. At time periods corresponding to 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 cycles of the seminiferous epithelium, groups of four shamirradiated and four irradiated rats were killed and the testes removed for analysis. Net mass of the testes, epididymides, and seminal vesicles; daily sperm production (DSP) per testis and per gram of testis; sperm morphology; and the number of epididymal sperm were determined. There were no statistically significant differences between the shamirradiated and irradiated groups with respect to any measured variable. In a group of seven surrogate animals of similar body mass, the dose rate of 6.3 mW/g caused a net change in body temperature (via rectal probe) of 1.5 °C.
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    Hematologic and serum chemistry studies in rats exposed to 60-Hz electric fields (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 79-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; hematology ; serum chemistry ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Numerous hematologic and serum chemistry variables were examined in rats exposed to unperturbed 60-Hz electric fields at 100 kV/m for 15, 30, 60, or 120 days. Each study was replicated once. Rigorous statistical evaluations of these data did not detect any consistent effect of the electric field for exposures of up to 120 days. It was, however, not unusual in any individual study to detect certain variables that were significantly different between the exposed and shamexposed animals. This emphasizes the need for replicate designs and appropriate statistical analyses when investigating chemical or physical insults that may have minimal influence on biologic function.
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    Reproductive hazards among workers at high voltage substations (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 91-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: reproductive hazards ; congenital malformations ; high voltage ; epidemiological study ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A retrospective study on reproductive hazards was performed among 542 employees at Swedish power plants. Questionnaires were answered by 89% of the employees. Data on pregnancies were checked by studying hospital case records. There was a statistically significant, decreased frequency of „normal“ pregnancy outcome, almost exclusively due to an increased frequency of congenital malformations, when the father was a high-voltage switchyard worker. The differences in pregnancy outcome could not be explained by any of the confounding factors analyzed. The total number of children with malformations (26) and the total number of pregnancies in this study, however, were very small.
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    Erratum (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 293-293 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040309
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    Uniform DC electric field exposure systems for mice and cats (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 303-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: DC electric fields ; exposure systems ; finite difference method (FDM) ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In most previous 50/60-Hz experiments, subjects were placed in a dielectric cage and the electric field was applied from outside the cage. Although the field outside the cage was kept uniform in space and constant in time, the field inside the cage undergoes undesirable temporal and spatial variations. We have designed an electric-field exposure system that overcomes these problems by having a metal cage constitute a part of the field generating electrodes. The uniformity along the diameter of the cages for mice and cats are more than 84.2% and 74.3%, respectively.
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    Perinatal exposure to 60-Hz electric fields: Effects on the development of the visual-evoked response in rats (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 327-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 60-Hz electric fields ; perinatal exposure ; rat ; visual-evoked response ; central nervous system ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Two independent series of experiments were performed on 114 male Sprague-Dawley derived, albino rat pups, which represented 61 litters in experimental series I and 53 litters in experimental series II. Animals were exposed for 20 h/day from conception to testing (postnatal days 11-20) to a vertical, 65-kV/m, 60-Hz electric field or sham-exposed. Recordings of the visual-evoked response (VER) were obtained using a small silver ball electrode placed epidurally over the visual cortex. Visual stimuli consisted of 10-μS light flashes delivered at 0.2 Hz. Computer-averaged VERs were obtained and power spectral analyses (fast Fourier transform) were performed on the tapered (split cosine-bell window), averaged VERs. The expected age-related changes were clearly evident; however, a detailed analysis of VER component latencies, peak-to-peak amplitude, and power spectra failed to reveal any consistent, statistically significant effect of exposure to 60-Hz electric fields.
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    Microwaves (2,450 MHz) suppress murine natural killer cell activity (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 371-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 2,450 MHz ; microwaves ; natural killer cells ; macrophages ; mice ; lymphocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of 2,450-MHz CW microwaves on natural killer (NK) cell activity and lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogen stimulation was studied in mice. Groups of mice were irradiated at power densities of 5, 15, or 30 mW/cm2 (SAR = 3.5, 10.5, and 21 W/kg respectively) for 1.5 h on 2 or 9 consecutive days. NK cell activity was determined using an in vitro 51Cr release cytotoxicity assay and an in vivo tumor-cell clearance assay. No consistent change was observed in the mitogen response of spleen cells from sham compared with irradiated mice. A significant suppression of NK cell activity measured in vitro was observed for mice irradiated at 30 mW/cm2, but not at 15 or 5 mW/cm2. A significant suppression of NK cell activity, as determined using the in vivo tumor clearance assay, was also observed at 30 mW/cm2. NK cell activity, as determined using the in vitro assay, returned to normal within 24 h following the last irradiation. Treatment of mice with hydrocortisone caused suppression of NK cell activity measured in vitro and in vivo. Paradoxically, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis was enhanced following irradiation at 30 mW/cm2, the power density at which NK activity was suppressed. The possible role that microwave heating plays in producing these effects is discussed.
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    Hematologic and immunologic effects of pulsed microwaves in mice (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 383-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: hematology ; immunology ; mice ; pulsed microwaves ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Mice were exposed in the far field in an anechoic chamber to 2,880-MHz pulsed microwaves 3 to 7.5 h daily, 5 days/week for 60 to 360 h. Three experiments were performed at average power densities of 5 mW/cm2 and six at 10 mW/cm2, corresponding to averaged specific absorption rates (SARs) of 2.25 and 4.50 mW/g, respectively. Each experiment consisted of eight mice, with a concurrently sham-exposed group of eight. In two of three studies at 5 mW/cm2, there was a significant increase in bone marrow cellularity in the microwave-exposed groups compared to the sham-exposed groups. Significant differences were occasionally seen in erythrocyte, leukocyte, and platelet values from microwaveexposed groups, but were not consistently observed. In one of six groups exposed at 10 mW/cm2, mean bone marrow cellularity was reduced significantly in the microwaveexposed mice; in another group, the lymphocyte count was increased. In only one exposure (10 mW/cm2 for 360 h) was any significant effect noted on serum proteins: a reduction to 5.1 ± 0.3 g/dl in the exposed versus 5.6 ± 0.4 g/dl in the sham-exposed mice. This was due to a decrease in alpha and beta globulins, with no effect on albumin or gamma globulin concentrations. No effect on bone marrow granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming units (CFU) was revealed following exposure of mice to pulsed microwaves at 5 mW/cm2. In one of four exposures at 10 mW/cm2, there was a significant increase in CFU-agar colonies. No significant effects of exposures at 10 mW/cm2 were observed on in vivo and in vitro assays of cell-mediated immune functions. No exposure-related histopathologic lesions were found from examination of several tissues and organs. Results of these series of exposures of mice at SARs of 2.25 and 4.50 mW/g indicated no consistent effects on the hematologic, immunologic, or histopathologic variables examined.
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    Thin-layer liquid crystal thermometry of cells in vitro during hyperthermal microwave irradiation (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 237-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: liquid crystal thermometry ; microwave heating ; cells ; hyperthermia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A nonperturbing technique of thin-layer liquid crystal thermometry was developed to quantitate heating of Chinese hamster ovary cells and the bacterium Serratia marcescens when exposed to 2450-MHz microwave fields at 0.2-0.5 W/cm2. Cells suspended in culture medium were injected into 5-cm glass microcapillary tubes coated on the inside with a thin layer of liquid crystal. The tubes were sealed and placed parallel to the electric field in a watertight waveguide exposure chamber where they were heated by circulating temperature-controlled water. Even at high circulation rates, liquid crystal color changes indicated local microwave capillary tube heating of 0.1-0.25 °C. Precision of measurement was 0.02 °C. Observations during microwave heating were significantly different from observations without microwaves at the 1% level, and heating increased as circulating water flow was reduced from 300 ml/s to 100 ml/s. The results of a cell survival assay following hyperthermal treatment were in good agreement with expectations based on the observations of microwave heating using liquid crystals.
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    Lack of effect of 2.45-GHz microwave radiation on the development of preimplantation embryos of mice (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 275-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; 2.45 GHz ; heat stress ; hyperthermia ; in vivo ; mouse ; preimplantation embryos ; development ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The development of preimplantation embryos after exposure to microwave radiation was studied. Female CD-1 mice were induced to superovulate, mated, and exposed to 2.45-GHz microwave or sham radiation for 3 h at power densities of 9 mW/cm2 and 19 mW/cm2 on either day 2 or 3 of pregnancy (plug day was considered day 1). Another group of mice was exposed to heat stress by placing the dams in an environmental room at an ambient temperature of 38 °C and relative humidity at 62% for 3 h on day 2 of pregnancy. All groups were euthanized on day 4 of pregnancy and embryos were recovered by flushing excised uterine horns. Embryos were examined for abnormalities and classified by the developmental stages. They were then treated with hypotonic solution and dissociated for counting blastomeres. Heat stress caused stunted development of embryos, but no remarkable effect of microwave radiation could be found on the development of preimplantation embryos.
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    Effects of weak amplitude-modulated microwave fields on calcium efflux from awake cat cerebral cortex (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 295-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave fields ; calcium efflux ; cerebral cortex ; arousal ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Calcium (45Ca2+) efflux was studied from preloaded cortex in cats immobilized under local anesthesia, and exposed to a 3.0-mW/cm2 450-MHz field, sinusoidally amplitude modulated at 16 Hz (modulation depth 85%). Tissue dosimetry showed a field of 33 V/m in the interhemispheric fissure (rate of energy deposition 0.29 W/kg). Field exposure lasted 60 min. By comparison with controls, efflux curves from field exposed brains were disrupted by waves of increased 45Ca2+ efflux. These waves were irregular in amplitude and duration, but many exhibited periods of 20-30 min. They continued into the postexposure period. Binomial probability analysis indicates that the field-exposed efflux curves constitute a different population from controls at a confidence level of 0.96. In about 70% of cases, initiation of field exposure was followed by increased end-tidal CO2 excretion for about 5 min. However, hypercapnea induced by hypoventilation did not elicit increased 45Ca2+ efflux. Thus this increase with exposure does not appear to arise as a secondary effect of raised cerebral CO2 levels. Radioactivity measurements in cortical samples after superfusion showed 45Ca2+ penetration at about 1.7 mm/hr, consistent with diffusion of the ion in free solution.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030302
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  • 97
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    Fluorescence depolarization studies of the phase transition in multilamellar phospholipid vesicles exposed to 1.0-GHz microwave radiation (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 323-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: diphenylhexatriene ; fluorescence depolarization ; microviscosity ; multilamellar phospholipid vesicles ; phase transition ; 1-GHz microwave radiation ; TEM cell ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The phase transition in multilamellar dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) vesicles was studied during exposure to continuous wave 1.0-GHz microwave radiation. Fluorescence depolarization measurements using a lipid-seeking molecular probe, diphenylhexatriene (DPH). were performed as a function of temperature. Semilog plots of microviscosity versus temperature illustrate the phase transition which shows a 5°C shift when the vesicles are treated with chloroform as a positive control. No shift of the phase transition was found during exposure to microwave radiation at specific absorption rates between 1 and 30 W/kg. Samples were exposed in a rectangular transmission line (TEM cell), and specific absorption rates were calculated from electrical measurements of incident, reflected, and transmitted power. Samples were exposed to increasing intensities of radiation, while the temperature was maintained at either 23.5 or 25.5 °C; these temperatures represented the two ends of the phase transition region for these vesicles. No statistically significant difference was found between exposed and control samples. These results are in contrast to those of others using laser Raman spectroscopy to measure the phase transition in similar multilamellar vesicles exposed to microwave radiation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030304
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Local tumor hyperthermia using a computer-controlled microwave system (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 363-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave ; hyperthermia ; hamster ; PARA-7 tumor ; computer ; 2.45 GHz ; temperature distribution ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A minicomputer-based system was designed to control the microwave (2.45-GHz) power to four local hyperthermia applicators. Errors in temperature measurement, due to electromagnetic field interactions with small thermocouple probes, are minimized by sampling the temperature only when the microwave power is off. The programmable controller can regulate the temperature in tumors in 0.1 °C increments from 30 to 60 °C. This technique reduces temperature differences throughout the tumor at steady state to less than 0.4 °C and prevents skin burns.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030308
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030401
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of blood-brain barrier permeation in rats during exposure to 2450-MHz microwaves (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 371-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: blood-brain barrier ; rats ; 2450-MHz microwaves ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Adult rats anesthesized with pentobarbital and injected intravenously with a mixture of [14C]sucrose and [3H]inulin were exposed for 30 min to an environment at an ambient temperature of 22, 30, or 40 °C, or were exposed at 22 °C to 2450-MHz CW microwave radiation at power densities of 0, 10, 20, or 30 mW/cm2. Following exposure, the brain was perfused and sectioned into eight regions, and the radioactivity in each region was counted. The data were analyzed by two methods. First, the data for each of the eight regions and for each of the two radioactive tracers were analyzed by regression analysis for a total of 16 analyses and Bonferroni's Inequality was applied to prevent false positive results from numerous analyses. By this conservative test, no statistically significant increase in permeation was found for either tracer in any brain region of rats exposed to microwaves. Second, a profile analysis was used to test for a general change in tracer uptake across all brain regions. Using this statistical method, a significant increase in permeation was found for sucrose but not for inulin. A correction factor was then derived from the warm-air experiments to correct for the increase in permeation of the brain associated with change in body temperature. This correction factor was applied to the data for the irradiated animals. After correcting the data for thermal effects of the microwave radiation, no significant increase in permeation was found.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030309
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