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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Areal extent and vertical structure of radar weather echoes at Montreal (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 273-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Radar weather echoes ; Reflectivity profiles of rain ; Rainfall statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A large sample of radar data from the period May–August 1976 was analyzed to provide information on the total areal coverage of precipitation echoes at 1-km steps in altitude ranging from 2 km up to 10 km. A transformation based on known statistics of surface rainfall rate was employed to express this information in terms of the probability of certain reflectivities being exceeded at a randomly chosen point at a given altitude. The same data base was used to construct a family of average vertical profiles of precipitation reflectivity. The profiles were conditioned by the reflectivity value at the lowest level (2 km), thus providing a basis for estimating the reflectivity aloft, given the low level or surface rainfall rate. Analyses of this kind have been reported for other geographical locations and for a variety of applications, such as hydrology, rain effects on earth-space radio propagation, and precipitation modeling. Similarities in the results from these two quite different analysis procedures, possibly not hitherto recognized, were found in the present study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877037
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experience from one year of operating a boundary-layer profiler in the center of a large city (1994)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 12 (1994), S. 529-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Since May 1992 a small, 915-MHz profiler has been operated continuously in downtown Montreal. It is a five-beam system employing a microstrip array antenna, located atop a 14-story office building that houses several academic departments of McGill University. The data are used for research on precipitation physics and the clear-air reflectivity in addition to wind profiling. We are especially interested in situations in which the reflectivities of the clear air and the precipitation are comparable. This permits the study of interactions between the precipitation and the clear air, a new area of research made possible by wind profilers. On clear days in the summer, 30-min consensus winds can often be measured to an altitude of 3 km, but ground clutter in the antenna sidelobes interferes with measurements below 600 m. Rain when present often permits wind profiling down to 100 m and up to 6 km or higher. On cold winter days there are some periods when the reflectivity is too weak at all levels to permit wind estimation. Falling snow, however, provides readily detectable echoes and serves as a good tracer of the wind and so allows profiling over its full altitude extent. The best conditions for observing interactions between precipitation and the clear air are when light rain falls through a reflective layer associated with a frontal surface or inversion. Unexpectedly, flocks of migrating birds sometimes completely dominate the signal at night in the spring and fall seasons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-994-0529-y
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring Vertical Heat Flux with RASS (1999)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 71 (1999), S. 91-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary A wind‐profiling Doppler radar equipped with a radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) may be used to estimate the vertical profile of the vertical flux of heat in the atmosphere. Simultaneous measurements of the time‐varying temperature and vertical air velocity are combined to give the convective heat flux using the eddy‐correlation method. The accuracy of the estimates depends on the fundamental accuracy of the temperature and vertical velocity measurements. Also, in common with all eddy‐correlation methods, uncertainties are introduced by the need to define a suitable averaging time and to remove trends. A problem unique to RASS is the possible presence of ground and intermittent clutter at close ranges, which can cause errors in the vertical air velocity measurements. These considerations are discussed with particular reference to observations using a UHF radar wind profiler situated in an urban environment, where clutter is a serious problem. A Rank‐Order Signal Processing Algorithm (ROSPA) for recognizing and eliminating outliers in the vertical velocity, is introduced. It is explained how ROSPA uses both a minimum filter and a median filter on the velocity data. It is shown, using a comparison with nearly clutter free data from a rural site, that the filtering substantially improves the quality of the noisy urban data. The paper then compares RASS‐measured urban and rural heat flux profiles, along with the heat flux profile measured by an instrumented airplane. It is concluded that the main obstacles to RASS heat flux measurements are the effects of winds and turbulence in the boundary layer, rather than clutter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007030050047
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological effects of long-term exposure of rats to 970-MHz radiofrequency radiation (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 279-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 970 MHz ; rats ; long-term exposure ; serum chemistry ; hematology ; lymphocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rats (N = 16) exposed individually in circularly polarized waveguides to 970-MHz electromagnetic radiation (SAR=2.5 mW/g, 22 h daily for 70 consecutive days) had significantly higher serum levels of triglycerides, albumin, and total protein compared with sham-irradiated controls. No difference was observed in the weights, hematologic profile, or in vitro lymphocyte responses to mitogens between these two groups. The higher serum levels of triglycerides in radiofrequency-radiation-exposed rats suggest a non-specific stress reaction.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020309
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microwave radiation (2450 MHz) alters the endotoxin-induced hypothermic response of rats (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 353-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: endotoxin ; hypothermia ; rats ; 2450 MHz ; microwaves ; heating ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The parenteral administration of bacterial endotoxin to rats causes a hypothermia that is maximal after approximately 90 minutes. When endotoxin-injected rats were held in a controlled environment at 22°C and 50% relative humidity and exposed for 90 minutes to microwaves (2450 MHz, CW) at 1 mW/cm2, significant increases were observed in body temperature compared with endotoxintreated, sham-irradiated rats. The magnitude of the response was related to power density (10 mW/cm2 〉 5 mW/cm2 〉 1 mW/cm2). Saline-injected rats exposed for 90 minutes at 5 mW/cm2 (specific absorption rate approximately 1.0 mW/g) showed no significant increase in body temperature compared with saline-injected, sham-irradiated rats. The hypothermia induced by endotoxin in rats was also found to be affected by ambient temperature alone. Increases in ambient temperature above 22°C in the absence of microwaves caused a concomitant increase in body temperature. This study reveals that subtle microwave heating is detectable in endotoxin-treated rats that have an impaired thermoregulatory capability. These results indicate that the interpretation of microwave-induced biological effects observed in animals at comparable rates and levels of energy absorption should include a consideration of the thermogenic potential of microwaves.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010402
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microwaves (2,450 MHz) suppress murine natural killer cell activity (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 371-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 2,450 MHz ; microwaves ; natural killer cells ; macrophages ; mice ; lymphocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of 2,450-MHz CW microwaves on natural killer (NK) cell activity and lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogen stimulation was studied in mice. Groups of mice were irradiated at power densities of 5, 15, or 30 mW/cm2 (SAR = 3.5, 10.5, and 21 W/kg respectively) for 1.5 h on 2 or 9 consecutive days. NK cell activity was determined using an in vitro 51Cr release cytotoxicity assay and an in vivo tumor-cell clearance assay. No consistent change was observed in the mitogen response of spleen cells from sham compared with irradiated mice. A significant suppression of NK cell activity measured in vitro was observed for mice irradiated at 30 mW/cm2, but not at 15 or 5 mW/cm2. A significant suppression of NK cell activity, as determined using the in vivo tumor clearance assay, was also observed at 30 mW/cm2. NK cell activity, as determined using the in vitro assay, returned to normal within 24 h following the last irradiation. Treatment of mice with hydrocortisone caused suppression of NK cell activity measured in vitro and in vivo. Paradoxically, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis was enhanced following irradiation at 30 mW/cm2, the power density at which NK activity was suppressed. The possible role that microwave heating plays in producing these effects is discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040408
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  • 7
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    A Short Course in Cloud Physics and Clouds, Rain, and Rainmaking, 2nd Edition (1976)
    American Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0031-9228
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-0699
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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  • 8
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    Registration of Maize Germplasm 1 (Reg. Nos. GP 72 and GP 73) (1976)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0011-183X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0653
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
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    Evaluation of a Vertical‐Pull Technique in Population Improvement of Maize for Corn Rootworm Tolerance 1 (1976)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0011-183X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0653
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
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    RAPID FORMATION OF FRAMBOIDAL SULFIDES ON BONE SURFACES FROM A SIMULATED MARINE CARCASS FALL (2015)
    Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
    In: PALAIOS
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-29
    Description: Sulfide mineral framboids associated with fossil bones in marine settings may aid in taphonomic reconstructions because framboids reflect the geochemical conditions under which they form. However, the timing and mechanism(s) of framboid formation on bone remain poorly understood. To better constrain the initial formation of framboids during decomposition of bone in marine depositional environments, we simulated aspects of bone decay on the ocean floor and analyzed framboids found on bone surfaces and in the associated sediment. We observed that framboids formed on bone surfaces within one week of experimentation, and were associated with reducing conditions within a dark-colored microbial mat overlain by oxic waters. Statistical and discriminant analyses of elemental data show that bone-hosted framboids formed in situ on the bone surfaces. Close associations of framboids with sulfidic microbial biofilms indicate that bone-hosted framboids resulted from conditions generated during the microbial degradation of bone-associated organic matter. Our results suggest that framboids can form on bone surfaces while bones rest on the seafloor prior to burial and perhaps prior to the so-called sulphophilic stage of whale-fall animal colonization. We compared experimentally produced framboids with published sedimentary framboid populations. Bone-hosted framboids resemble smaller and less variably sized sedimentary framboid populations canonically known to form in anoxic water columns, even though the bone-hosted framboids were overlain by oxygenated conditions. We propose that the period available for framboid growth is shorter on bone surfaces than in sediments, because geochemical conditions that favor sulfide mineral precipitation on bone are transient. Shorter growing periods and localized conditions result in smaller framboid sizes that may not reflect ambient conditions in a water column.
    Print ISSN: 0883-1351
    Electronic ISSN: 0883-1351
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
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