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  • Chemical Engineering  (430)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (256)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (686)
  • 1979  (686)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (686)
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  • 1
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    Worldwide weather study major cooperative effort (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-28
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-17 , P79-10017
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    Studies on remote sensing method of particle size and water density distribution in mists and clouds using laser radar techniques (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-28
    Beschreibung: A method of remote measurement of the particle size and density distribution of water droplets was developed. In this method, the size of droplets is measured from the Mie scattering parameter which is defined as the total-to-backscattering ratio of the laser beam. The water density distribution is obtained by a combination of the Mie scattering parameter and the extinction coefficient of the laser beam. This method was examined experimentally for the mist generated by an ultrasonic mist generator and applied to clouds containing rain and snow. Compared with the conventional sampling method, the present method has advantages of remote measurement capability and improvement in accuracy.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-TM-75354
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
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    Periodic variations of precipitation in the tropical Atlantic Ocean (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-28
    Beschreibung: Statistical analysis of the satellite-borne Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer data in the tropical Atlantic region reveals that the rainfall near local noon is higher both in frequency of occurrence and intensity than the rainfall in the same area near local midnight. Another striking feature that stands out from the analysis is an oscillation with a period of 3.3. days in rainfall occurrence and intensity. This periodicty is consistent with easterly waves traveling from the African continent to the region under study.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: PAPER-53 , NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 319-322
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  • 4
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    The NASA-AMES Research Center Stratospheric Aerosol Model. 1. Physical Processes and Computational Analogs (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-14
    Beschreibung: A time-dependent one-dimensional model of the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer is presented. In constructing the model, a wide range of basic physical and chemical processes are incorporated in order to avoid predetermining or biasing the model predictions. The simulation, which extends from the surface to an altitude of 58 km, includes the troposphere as a source of gases and condensation nuclei and as a sink for aerosol droplets. The size distribution of aerosol particles is resolved into 25 categories with particle radii increasing geometrically from 0.01 to 2.56 microns such that particle volume doubles between categories.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-TP-1362 , A-7532
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Satellite measurements of tropospheric aerosols (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-27
    Beschreibung: Landsat data were originally used to demonstrate that a linear relationship exists between the upwelling visible radiance and the aerosol optical thickness (essentially all of this thickness is in the troposphere) over oceans. Since that time similar relationships have been shown to exist for sensors on the GOES and NOAA-5 satellites. A global scale ground truth experiment using Tiros-N data is planned and will investigate the variability of the linear relationship at different sites around the globe. A comparison of the results for the different satellites is presented, together with a discussion of the requirements for routine satellite monitoring of tropospheric aerosols on a global scale.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: AD-A075519 , SAI-011-79-1004-LJ , Atmospheric effects on radiative transfer; August 29, 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 6
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    Subjective evaluation of the combined influence of satellite temperature sounding data and increased model resolution on numerical weather forecasting (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The present evaluation is concerned with (1) the significance of prognostic differences resulting from the inclusion of satellite-derived temperature soundings, (2) how specific differences between the SAT and NOSAT prognoses evolve, and (3) comparison of two experiments using the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences general circulation model. The subjective evaluation indicates that the beneficial impact of sounding data is enhanced with increased resolution. It is suggested that satellite sounding data posses valuable information content which at times can correct gross analysis errors in data sparse regions.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Oct 29, 1979 - Nov 01, 1979; Silver Spring, MD
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    An energy and potential enstrophy conserving scheme for the shallow water equations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A three-dimensional finite difference scheme for the solution of the shallow water momentum equations which accounts for the conservation of potential enstrophy in the flow of a homogeneous incompressible shallow atmosphere over steep topography as well as for total energy conservation is presented. The scheme is derived to be consistent with a reasonable scheme for potential vorticity advection in a long-term integration for a general flow with divergent mass flux. Numerical comparisons of the characteristics of the present potential enstrophy-conserving scheme with those of a scheme that conserves potential enstrophy only for purely horizontal nondivergent flow are presented which demonstrate the reduction of computational noise in the wind field with the enstrophy-conserving scheme and its convergence even in relatively coarse grids.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Oct 29, 1979 - Nov 01, 1979; Silver Spring, MD
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  • 8
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    The initialization of the divergent component of the horizontal wind in mesoscale numerical weather prediction models and its effect on initial precipitation rates (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Oct 29, 1979 - Nov 01, 1979; Silver Spring, MD
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Field studies of the electrification of thunderstorms (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Many theories have been advanced to explain the development of electric fields in thunderstorms, culminating in lightning, but thorough appraisal of these has been hampered by the lack of reliable and comprehensive observational data on the electrical characteristics, microphysical properties and dynamical behavior of the storms. A major field experiment (the Thunderstorm Research International Project) has been in progress for three years, in an effort to remedy this deficiency, and this paper describes some of this work and the results emanating from it. Major tools in this investigation are: an instrumented aircraft capable of penetrating the clouds; dual-Doppler and fast scanning radars; field-change and precipitation-recording networks; and an acoustic system for reconstructing the location of points on the lightning channels. The early results indicate a strong correlation between updraughts, precipitation and high fields. Circumstantial evidence points towards the presence of ice as being crucial to rapid field growth.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Electrostatics 1979; Apr 17, 1979 - Apr 20, 1979; Oxford
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Digital cloud stereography from geostationary orbit (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: It has been demonstrated that geostationary satellite imagery provides an effective means of extracting two-dimensional cloud motion wind measurements over large areas. The addition of cloud height information is necessary, however, for the proper assignment of altitude to the wind vectors. This paper discusses the methodology and accuracy of extracting multilevel cloud motion measurements from stereo digital imagery acquired from geostationary orbit.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment; Apr 23, 1979 - Apr 27, 1979; Ann Arbor, MI
    Format: text
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  • 11
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    Meteorological image processing applications (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Meteorologists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center are conducting an extensive program of research in weather and climate related phenomena. This paper focuses on meteorological image processing applications directed toward gaining a detailed understanding of severe weather phenomena. In addition, the paper discusses the ground data handling and image processing systems used at the Goddard Space Flight Center to support severe weather research activities and describes three specific meteorological studies which utilized these facilities.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment; Apr 23, 1979 - Apr 27, 1979; Ann Arbor, MI
    Format: text
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  • 12
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    Ionospheric and satellite remote sensing of tornadic storms (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Gravity waves associated with tornadoes were studied by using a ground-based ionospheric sounding system and satellite visible and infrared photographs of clouds associated with storms. Examples were chosen from gravity waves associated with a group of tornadoes and with isolated tornadic storms. Ray tracing computation was carried out to identify the location of the wave source. It is found that the wave sources of gravity waves associated with tornadoes were located on the squall line and/or isolated clouds where the tornado touched down one hour after the gravity waves were excited.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment; Apr 23, 1979 - Apr 27, 1979; Ann Arbor, MI
    Format: text
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  • 13
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    Satellite measurements of earth radiation budget for climate applications (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Understanding the global balance between the absorption of solar radiation and the emission of longwave radiation is considered pivotal to understanding the processes which govern the earth's climate. In concert with a large scientific community interested in the earth's radiation budget, NASA has initiated a program to accurately determine the spatial and temporal characteristics of the earth's radiation budget. This program will utilize instrumentation placed on three satellites including the Space Shuttle-launched free flying Earth Radiation Budget Satellite. The program is discussed relative to its scientific background, plans for the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment, and the relationship of this effort to present and future climate research activities.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: AAS PAPER 79-244 , Annual Meeting; Oct 29, 1979 - Nov 01, 1979; Los Angeles, CA
    Format: text
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  • 14
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    The role of gravity waves in solar-terrestrial atmosphere coupling and severe storm detection (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The role that gravity waves play in the coupling of the solar wind and the ionosphere, the coupling of high and low latitude ionospheres, and the coupling of the ionosphere and the neutral atmosphere are discussed. Examples are given of the detection of tornado touchdowns from locating the sources of the gravity waves.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Solar-terrestrial influences on weather and climate; Aug 24, 1978 - Aug 28, 1978; Columbus, OH
    Format: text
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  • 15
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    High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder/mod 2 (HIRS/2) (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The HIRS/2 is provided for the TIROS-N series of operational meteorological satellites. The instrument features 20 spectral channels, including visible (.7 micron), shortwave (3.7 to 4.6 micron), and longwave (6.7 to 15 micron). Radiance data aids determination of vertical temperature profiles, water vapor, and ozone distribution. System performance and test results are described.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-160030
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 16
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    Vector wind profile gust model (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Work towards establishing a vector wind profile gust model for the Space Transportation System flight operations and trade studies is reported. To date, all the statistical and computational techniques required were established and partially implemented. An analysis of wind profile gust at Cape Kennedy within the theoretical framework is presented. The variability of theoretical and observed gust magnitude with filter type, altitude, and season is described. Various examples are presented which illustrate agreement between theoretical and observed gust percentiles. The preliminary analysis of the gust data indicates a strong variability with altitude, season, and wavelength regime. An extension of the analyses to include conditional distributions of gust magnitude given gust length, distributions of gust modulus, and phase differences between gust components has begun.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-161474
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 17
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    Development of a severe local storm prediction system: A 60-day test of a mesoscale primitive equation model (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The progress and problems associated with the dynamical forecast system which was developed to predict severe storms are examined. The meteorological problem of severe convective storm forecasting is reviewed. The cascade hypothesis which forms the theoretical core of the nested grid dynamical numerical modelling system is described. The dynamical and numerical structure of the model used during the 1978 test period is presented and a preliminary description of a proposed multigrid system for future experiments and tests is provided. Six cases from the spring of 1978 are discussed to illustrate the model's performance and its problems. Potential solutions to the problems are examined.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-162756
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  • 18
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    Stochastic modeling of the time-averaged equations for climate dynamics (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Two analyses on climate dynamics are presented, both based on a simplified set of barotropic equations for representing large scale non-linear atmospheric circulation characteristics. The statistical properties of the set of equations were investigated for small values of a parameter k sub o, corresponding to the physical case of large zonal westerlies and relatively weak eddy motions. The effect of seasonal type forcing on the solution of these equations was also studied and some preliminary numerical results are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-162527
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  • 19
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    Proceedings: Third Annual Workshop on Meteorological and Environmental Inputs to Aviation Systems (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The proceedings of a workshop on meteorological and environmental inputs to aviation systems are reported. The major objectives of the workshop are to satisfy such needs of the sponsoring agencies as the expansion of our understanding and knowledge of the interaction of the atmosphere with aviation systems, the better definition and implementation of services to operators, and the collection and interpretation of data for establishing operational criteria, relating the total meteorological inputs from the atmospheric sciences to the needs of aviation communities. The unique aspect of the workshop was the achievement of communication across the interface of the boundaries between pilots, meteorologists, training personnel, accident investigators, traffic controllers, flight operation personnel from military, civil, general aviation, and commercial interests alike. Representatives were in attendance from government, airlines, private agencies, aircraft manufacturers, Department of Defense, industries, research institutes, and universities. Full-length papers addressed the topics of training, flight operations, accident investigation, air traffic control, and airports. Winds and wind shear; icing and frost; atmospheric electricity and lightning; fog, visibility and ceilings; and turbulence were discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CP-2104 , FAA-RD-79-49 , Apr 03, 1979 - Apr 05, 1979; Tullahoma, TN; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 20
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    Applications of estimation theory to inverse problems in meteorology (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The paper applies iterated and non-iterated extended Kalman filters to solve two practical meteorological inversion problems. Passive microwave satellite soundings are used to infer vertical temperature profiles and cloud parameters. In both cases it is shown that improvements can be obtained over presently used techniques. Finally, the results suggest that modern multivariate nonlinear recursive estimation techniques based in a Bayesian methodology can be a valuable tool in the area of remote sounding of atmospheric parameters.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: 1978 Conference on Decision and Control; Jan 10, 1979 - Jan 12, 1979; San Diego, CA
    Format: text
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  • 21
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    A study of conditional instability of the second kind /CISK/ (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The theory of interaction between the cumulus clouds and the large-scale field proposed by Arakawa and Schubert (1974) is used to reexamine the CISK mechanism. After a qualitative discussion, a quantitative study is presented, using a three-level approach. The difference between the cases with conditional and unconditional heating formulations are discussed, and growth rate is treated as an eigenvalue problem. To confirm the results obtained and to extend the study to a case where the basic thermodynamic structure varies in the horizontal direction, the CISK mechanism is analyzed by an initial-value-problem approach. One of the findings is that the cumulus heating formulation of Arakawa and Schubert, through its scale dependence, is an improvement over previous CISK studies.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Oct 29, 1979 - Nov 01, 1979; Silver Spring, MD
    Format: text
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  • 22
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    July simulation by the UCLA general circulation model (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Results of a July simulation produced by the UCLA general circulation model are analyzed with a view to improving the model. It is shown that while many features of the July climatology are well reproduced, others, such as the intensity of the jet streams in the upper troposphere, the frequency of cyclogenesis, the structure of the subtropical pressure belt in the Southern Hemisphere, and the precipitation are not well reproduced. It is suggested that the sources of error are related to inadequate vertical and horizontal resolutions, to the choice of upper boundary at 50 mb, to poor representation of topographically forced motions, and to the indirect coupling between the general circulation model and the planetary boundary model. The analysis has led to the introduction of major design changes in the model.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Oct 29, 1979 - Nov 01, 1979; Silver Spring, MD
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  • 23
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    The use of satellite estimates of rainfall in the initialization of a mesoscale hurricane model (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The use of rainfall rate data obtained from satellites to improve the initial specification of the hurricane circulation is discussed with particular reference to the techniques for incorporating rainfall data into high-resolution hurricane models. The variation of latent heating in a numerical model of a steady state tropical cyclone is considered to ascertain what features of the storm motion can be deduced from a given field of latent heat release. A real-data example involving a mesoscale model for hurricane Eloise (1975) has demonstrated that satellite measurements of rainfall may be beneficial to numerical hurricane prediction.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Oct 29, 1979 - Nov 01, 1979; Silver Spring, MD
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  • 24
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    Derivation of clear-column temperature profiles with high vertical resolution and accuracy (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: It is noted that the optimum tradeoff between accuracy and resolution for current sounders leads to an rms accuracy of 2.5 K and a vertical resolution of about 5 km, while current numerical weather prediction models require temperature profiles with an accuracy of 1-1.5 K and a vertical resolution of about 2 km in the troposphere. The present paper shows that improvements in both the vertical resolution and accuracy require improvements in the informational content of the sounding systems and cannot be achieved by numerical means alone. Results are presented from a sounding system with narrow band channels to illustrate the improvements which can be achieved with future sounders. Finally, the results of several numerical simulations are discussed which show that clear column temperature profiles can be derived in the presence of clouds with an rms accuracy of 1.5 K and vertical resolution of 2 km in the troposphere.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Remote sounding of the atmosphere from space; May 29, 1978 - Jun 10, 1978; Innsbruck; Austria
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  • 25
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    Effects of sounding temperature assimilation on weather forecasting - Model dependence studies (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: In comparing various methods for the assimilation of remote sounding information into numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, the problem of model dependence for the different results obtained becomes important. The paper investigates two aspects of the model dependence question: (1) the effect of increasing horizontal resolution within a given model on the assimilation of sounding data, and (2) the effect of using two entirely different models with the same assimilation method and sounding data. Tentative conclusions reached are: first, that model improvement as exemplified by increased resolution, can act in the same direction as judicious 4-D assimilation of remote sounding information, to improve 2-3 day numerical weather forecasts. Second, that the time continuous 4-D methods developed at GLAS have similar beneficial effects when used in the assimilation of remote sounding information into NWP models with very different numerical and physical characteristics.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Remote sounding of the atmosphere from space; May 29, 1978 - Jun 10, 1978; Innsbruck; Austria
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  • 26
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    Development of CO2 laser Doppler instrumentation for detection of clear air turbulence, volume 1 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Modification, construction, test and operation of an advanced airborne carbon dioxide laser Doppler system for detecting clear air turbulence are described. The second generation CAT program and those auxiliary activities required to support and verify such a first-of-a-kind system are detailed: aircraft interface; ground and flight verification tests; data analysis; and laboratory examinations.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-161611 , ER78-4392-1
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 27
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    Development of CO2 laser Doppler instrumentation for detection of clear air turbulence, volume 2: Appendices (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Analyses of the mounting and mount support systems of the clear air turbulence transmitters verify that satisfactory shock and vibration isolation are attained. The mount support structure conforms to flight crash safety requirements with high margins of safety. Restraint cables reinforce the mounts in the critical loaded forward direction limiting maximum forward system deflection to 1 1/4 inches.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-161610 , ER78-4392-2
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  • 28
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    Micrometeorological applications of a second-order closure model of turbulent transport (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Recent applications of the turbulent transport model originally developed by Donaldson to some problems of practical importance in micrometeorology are discussed. Four particular examples considered are the local boundary layer gust front emanating from a thunderstorm; the low-level wind and turbulent distributions of a tornado; the transport of momentum, heat and species within a surface layer canopy, and longitudinal roll vortices in the unstable planetary boundary layer. Results for the last example are discussed in some detail. Comparisons are made between a one-dimensional and a two-dimensional computation of this phenomenon.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows; Jul 02, 1979 - Jul 04, 1979; London
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  • 29
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    The effect of accuracy, conservation and filtering on numerical weather forecasting (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Considerations leading to the numerical design of the GLAS fourth-order global atmospheric model are discussed, including changes recently introduced into the model. The computation time and memory requirements for the fourth-order model are similar to those of the present second-order GLAS model with the same 4 deg latitude, 5 deg longitude, and 9 vertical-level resolution. However, the fourth-order model forecast skill is significantly better than that of the current GLAS model, and after three days it is comparable to the 2.5 by 3 deg version of the GLAS model in the sea level pressure maps, and has less phase errors in the 500 mb maps.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Oct 29, 1979 - Nov 01, 1979; Silver Spring, MD
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  • 30
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    Description and preliminary results of the 9-level UCLA general circulation model (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The 9-level general circulation model, with the upper boundary of 50 mb, is a modification of the earlier 6- and 12-level versions used at UCLA. Two major design changes have been made in an effort to improve the model: (1) a potential enstrophy conserving scheme in the equation of motion has replaced the previous scheme which only conserved enstrophy for nondivergent flow, and (2) the treatment of the planetary boundary layer has been modified by making the predicted planetary boundary layer top a coordinate surface. Experiments with idealized steep mountains have been made to test each of the major modifications, and the model is now ready for general circulation simulation experiments.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Oct 29, 1979 - Nov 01, 1979; Silver Spring, MD
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  • 31
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    A comparison of limited-area energetic processes between observations and primitive equation model predictions (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Energetic analyses of the NMC initial conditions and NMC six-layer primitive equation operational prediction model 12-hr forecast for a developing cyclone are presented. Consideration is given to the total kinetic energy, the energetics of the divergent and nondivergent flows and the baroclinic (vertical shear flow) and barotropic (vertical mean flow) components of the kinetic energy. It is found that the model initial conditions lose 10-15% of the kinetic energy at various levels compared to a limited-area multivariate statistical analysis of the observational data, leading to a decrease in the horizontal kinetic energy flux, a misrepresentation of the synoptic scale wave system in the 12-hr forecast. Similar results are obtained for the nondivergent flow, while the divergent flow energetics are not reproduced accurately by the model. The horizontal flux terms of the vertical mean and vertical shear energetics are also not found to be reproduced in the upper levels, although horizontal flux contributions to the baroclinic component are improved at middle and lower levels. Finally, vertical shear kinetic energy generation is found to be well represented in the model prediction, however kinetic energy conversion between vertical shear and mean flow is not reproduced in the lower layer.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Oct 29, 1979 - Nov 01, 1979; Silver Spring, MD
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  • 32
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    Modified power law equations for vertical wind profiles (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: In an investigation of windpower plant siting, equations are presented and evaluated for a wind profile model which incorporates both roughness and wind speed effects, while retaining the basic simplicity of the Hellman power law. These equations recognize the statistical nature of wind profiles and are compatible with existing analytical models and recent wind profile data. Predictions of energy output based on the proposed profile equations are 10% to 20% higher than those made with the 1/7 power law. In addition, correlation between calculated and observed blade loads is significantly better at higher wind speeds when the proposed wind profile model is used than when a constant power model is used.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Conference and Workshop on Wind Energy Characteristics and Wind Energy Siting; Jun 19, 1979 - Jun 21, 1979; Portland, OR
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  • 33
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    An experimental search for causal mechanisms in sun/weather-climatic relationships (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The paper presents a description of and preliminary results from an ongoing program designed to study mesospheric and stratospheric responses to specific corpuscular radiations induced by solar activity. Satellite data are used to map correlations between O3 variability and high-latitude energetic phenomena. Two rocket/balloon programs have already been conducted to measure local changes of O3 and electrical parameters in situ, while simultaneously studying the parent electron distributions responsible for the incoming radiations. Plans for mapping the global input of electron precipitation events from the Spacelab are also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Solar-terrestrial influences on weather and climate; Aug 24, 1978 - Aug 28, 1978; Columbus, OH
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  • 34
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    Influence of the solar magnetic field on tropospheric circulation (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The solar and interplanetary magnetic sector structure has its source in a large-scale photospheric magnetic field structure that is carried away from the sun by the solar wind to form a warped equatorial current sheet in the heliosphere; this current sheet makes one complete rotation past the earth in the solar rotation period of 27 days. Several advantages in using the heliospheric warped current sheet in sun-weather investigations are noted. Sun-weather analyses are described, where the time at which the warped current sheet is observed to be carried past the earth by the solar wind gives the phase information. Individual troughs crossing 180 deg longitude when the IMF is directed away from the sun are significantly larger than troughs crossing 180 deg longitude when the field is toward the sun. Possible physical mechanisms are identified, including an observed influence of the heliospheric current sheet on the vertical electric field in the troposphere.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Solar-terrestrial influences on weather and climate; Aug 24, 1978 - Aug 28, 1978; Columbus, OH
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  • 35
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    A 94/183 GHz multichannel radiometer for Convair flights (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A multichannel 94/183 GHz radiometer was designed, built, and installed on the NASA Convair 990 research aircraft to take data for hurricane penetration flights, SEASAT-A underflights for measuring rain and water vapor, and Nimbus-G underflights for new sea ice signatures and sea surface temperature data (94 GHz only). The radiometer utilized IF frequencies of 1, 5, and 8.75 GHz about the peak of the atmospheric water vapor absorption line, centered at 183.3 GHz, to gather data needed to determine the shape of the water molecule line. Another portion of the radiometer operated at 94 GHz and obtained data on the sea brightness temperature, sea ice signatures, and on areas of rain near the ocean surface. The radiometer used a multiple lens antenna/temperature calibration technique using 3 lenses and corrugated feed horns at 94 GHz and 183 GHz. Alignment of the feed beams at 94 GHz and 183 GHz was accomplished using a 45 deg oriented reflecting surface which permitted simultaneous viewing of the feeds on alternate cycles of the chopping intervals.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-160032
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  • 36
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    Solar-terrestrial influences on weather and climate; Proceedings of the Symposium, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, August 24-28, 1978 (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The book contains most of the invited papers and contributions presented at the symposium/workshop on solar-terrestrial influences on weather and climate. Four main issues dominate the activities of the symposium: whether solar variability relationships to weather and climate is a fundamental scientific question to which answers may have important implications for long-term weather and climate prediction; the sun-weather relationships; other potential solar influences on weather including the 11-year sunspot cycle, the 27-day solar rotation, and special solar events such as flares and coronal holes; and the development of practical use of solar variability as a tool for weather and climatic forecasting, other than through empirical approaches. Attention is given to correlation topics; solar influences on global circulation and climate models; lower and upper atmospheric coupling, including electricity; planetary motions and other indirect factors; experimental approaches to sun-weather relationships; and the role of minor atmospheric constituents.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Solar-terrestrial influences on weather and climate; Aug 24, 1978 - Aug 28, 1978; Columbus, OH
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  • 37
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    Relation between west coastal rainfall and Nimbus-6 SCAMS liquid water data over the northeastern Pacific Ocean (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The application to rainfall prediction of cloud liquid water data obtained from the SCAMS experiment of Nimbus-6 is explored. The study area is the Pacific Northwest coast of the United States, where rainfall is produced by extratropical storms that approach from across the Pacific Ocean. The SCAMS data related to cloud liquid water over the ocean, and coastal rainfall data, are analyzed for 20 different storm systems in the northeastern Pacific Ocean; these produced significant rainfall from Washington to central California during the period October 1975 through March 1976. Results show that the distribution of storm cloud water analyzed from the SCAMS data over the ocean foreshadows the distribution of coastal rainfall accumulated from the storm at a later time. It is concluded that passive microwave sensor measurements of cloud water over the ocean, when used in conjunction with numerical and other objective guidance, can be used to enhance the accuracy of predictions of coastal rainfall distribution. Limitations in the SCAMS measurements and in the data analysis and interpretation are noted.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-160031 , REPT-7273 , NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; Jan 24, 1979 - Jan 25, 1979; Greenbelt, MD; United States
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  • 38
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    Numerical simulation of VTPR temperature retrievals in a severe storm environment (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Environmental conditions prior to convective development on the Great Plains of the U.S. on one case study day were investigated using the high-resolution infrared radiation sounder (HIRS) on Nimbus 6. A dual-retrieval scheme was developed to retrieve both lower tropospheric moisture and temperature parameters from the HIRS radiances. Total precipitable water, surface dew point temperatures, and stability indices were analyzed at a resolution of up to 30 Km on this day. Correlations with interpolated NES rawinsonde values were high and intrinsic noise levels were low. The true quality of the mesoscale analyses, however, is only seen by examining the small scale features at a scale of approximately 100 Km. Perturbations on the dry line feature for this day were seen in the satellite data, although the dry line position was just as easily picked up by surface observations. Convective development 2 1/2 hours later did seem to correlate well with the local maxima of moisture and instability seen in the satellite analyses.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-158761
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  • 39
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    Warm/cold cloud processes (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Technical assistance continued in support of the Atmospheric Cloud Physics Laboratory is discussed. A study of factors affecting warm cloud formation showed that the time of formation during an arbitrary expansion is independent of carrier gas composition for ideal gases and independent of aerosol concentration for low concentrations of very small aerosols. Equipment and procedures for gravimetric evaluation of a precision saturator were laboratory tested. A numerical feasibility study was conducted for the stable levitation of charged solution droplets by an electric field in a one-g static diffusion chamber. The concept, operating principles, applications, limits, and sensitivity of the levitation technique are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-161336
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  • 40
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    Position paper on the potential of inadvertent weather modification of the Florida Peninsula resulting from neutralization of space shuttle solid rocket booster exhaust clouds (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A concept of injecting compounds into the exhaust cloud was proposed to neutralize the acidic nature of the low-level stabilized ground cloud (SGC) was studied. The potential Inadvertent Weather Modification caused by exhaust cloud characteristics from three hours to seven days after launch was studied. Possible effects of the neutralized SGC in warm and cloud precipitation processes were discussed. Based on a detailed climatology of the Florida Peninsula, the risk for weather modification under a variety of weather situations was assessed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-3091
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  • 41
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    Wind study for high altitude platform design (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: An analysis of upper air winds was performed to define the wind environment at potential operating altitudes for high-altitude powered platform concepts. Expected wind conditions of the contiguous United States, Pacific area (Alaska to Sea of Japan), and European area (Norwegian and Mediterranean Seas) were obtained using a representative network of sites selected based upon adequate high-altitude sampling, geographic dispersion, and observed upper wind patterns. A data base of twenty plus years of rawinsonde gathered wind information was used in the analysis. Annual variations from surface to 10 mb (approximately 31 km) pressure altitude were investigated to encompass the practical operating range for the platform concepts. Parametric analysis for the United States and foreign areas was performed to provide a basis for vehicle system design tradeoffs. This analysis of wind magnitudes indicates the feasibility of annual operation at a majority of sites and more selective seasonal operation for the extreme conditions between the pressure altitudes of 100 to 25 mb based upon the assumed design speeds.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: AIAA PAPER 79-1607 , Lighter-Than-Air Systems Technology Conference; Jul 11, 1979 - Jul 13, 1979; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 42
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    A seasonal climate model for earth (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A simple seasonal climate model for earth is developed on the basis of a few terms extracted from monthly and zonally averaged climatic data fields represented in latitude by Legendre polynomials and in time by Fourier series. This simple, physically motivated model accounts for the gross features of the present zonally averaged seasonal climate (root mean square error of two deg C). The sensitivities of the seasonal model and a corresponding mean annual model are approximately equal if ice and snow lines (for albedo purposes) are attached to certain mean-annual and instantaneous isotherms. More dynamics (in particular, cryospheric) are needed in the seasonal model to explain the relationship between glacial rhythms and changes in the earth's orbital elements.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: In: Evolution of planetary atmospheres and climatology of the earth; International Conference; Oct 16, 1978 - Oct 20, 1978; Nice; France
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  • 43
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    Kinetic energy budgets in areas of convection (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Synoptic scale budgets of kinetic energy are computed using 3 and 6 h data from three of NASA's Atmospheric Variability Experiments (AVE's). Numerous areas of intense convection occurred during the three experiments. Large kinetic energy variability, with periods as short as 6 h, is observed in budgets computed over each entire experiment area and over limited volumes that barely enclose the convection and move with it. Kinetic energy generation and transport processes in the smaller volumes are often a maximum when the enclosed storms are near peak intensity, but the nature of the various energy processes differs between storm cases and seems closely related to the synoptic conditions. A commonly observed energy budget for peak storm intensity indicates that generation of kinetic energy by cross-contour flow is the major energy source while dissipation to subgrid scales is the major sink. Synoptic scale vertical motion transports kinetic energy from lower to upper levels of the atmosphere while low-level horizontal flux convergence and upper-level horizontal divergence also occur. Spatial fields of the energy budget terms show that the storm environment is a major center of energy activity for the entire area.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-3166
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  • 44
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    Summary of the NASA/MSFC FY-79 Severe Storm and Local Weather research review (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Significant acomplishments, current focus of work, plans for FY-80, and recommendations for new research are outlined for 36 research projects proposed for technical monitoring by the Atmospheric Sciences Division at Marshall Space Flight Center. Topics of the investigations, which were reviewed at a two-day meeting, relate to cloud physics, atmospheric electricity, and mesoscale/storm dynamics.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CP-2105 , NASA/MSFC FY-79 Severe Storm and Local Weather Res. Rev.; Sep 12, 1979 - Sep 13, 1979; Huntsville, AL; United States
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  • 45
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    Fourth National Aeronautics and Space Administration Weather and Climate Program Science Review (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The NASA Weather and Climate Program has two major thrusts. The first involves the development of experimental and prototype operational satellite systems, sensors, and space facilities for monitoring and understanding the atmosphere. The second thrust involves basic scientific investigation aimed at studying the physical and chemical processes which control weather and climate. This fourth science review concentrated on the scientific research rather than the hardware development aspect of the program. These proceedings contain 65 papers covering the three general areas: severe storms and local weather research, global weather, and climate.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CP-2076 , Jan 24, 1979 - Jan 25, 1979; Greenbelt, MD; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 46
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    Mode 1 crack surface displacements for a round compact specimen subject to a couple and force (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Mode I displacement coefficients along the crack surface are presented for a radially cracked round compact specimen, treated as a plane elastostatic problem, subjected to two types of loading; a uniform tensile stress and a nominal bending stress distribution across the net section. By superposition the resultant displacement coefficient or the corresponding influence coefficient can be obtained for any practical load location. Load line displacements are presented for A/D ratios ranging from 0.40 to 0.95, where A is the crack length measured from the crack mouth to the crack tip and D is the specimen diameter. Through a linear extrapolation procedure crack mouth displacements are also obtained. Experimental evidence shows that the results are valid over the range of A/D ratios analyzed for a practical pin loaded round compact specimen.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-TM-79096 , E-9920 , Natl. Symp. on Fracture Mech.; May 21, 1979 - May 23, 1979; St. Louis
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  • 47
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    Topical cyclone rainfall characteristics as determined from a satellite passive microwave radiometer (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Data from the Nimbus-5 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR-5) were used to calculate latent heat release and other rainfall parameters for over 70 satellite observations of 21 tropical cyclones in the tropical North Pacific Ocean. The results indicate that the ESMR-5 measurements can be useful in determining the rainfall characteristics of these storms and appear to be potentially useful in monitoring as well as predicting their intensity. The ESMR-5 derived total tropical cyclone rainfall estimates agree favorably with previous estimates for both the disturbance and typhoon stages. The mean typhoon rainfall rate (1.9 mm h(-1)) is approximately twice that of disturbances (1.1 mm h(-1)).
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-TM-80596
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  • 48
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    Summary of Jimsphere wind profiles: Programs, data, comments, part 1 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Jimsphere wind profiles are documented for the following ranges and installations: Eastern Test Range, Cape Kennedy, Florida; Western Test Range; Point Mugu, California; White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico; Wallops Island, Virginia; Green River, Utah; and Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. Profile information for 1964-1977 includes data summaries, computer formats, frequency distributions, composite listings, etc., for use in establishing and interpreting natural environment criteria for aeronautical vehicle design and engineering operations.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-161664
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    Guidelines for the aerosol climatic effects special study: An element of the NASA climate research program (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Research to help develop better understanding of the role of aerosols in the Earth's radiative balance is summarized. Natural volcanic injections of aerosols into the stratosphere to understand and model any resultant evidence of climate change are considered. The approach involves: (1) measurements from aircraft, balloon and ground based platforms which complement and enhance the aerosol information derived from satellite data; (2) development of instruments required for some of these measurements; (3) theoretical and laboratory work to aid in interpreting and utilizing space based and in situ data; and (4) preparation for and execution of concentrated observations of stratospheric aerosols following a future large volcanic eruption.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-TM-78554 , A-7716 , NAS 1.15:78554
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  • 50
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    Development of an infrared radiative heating model (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Infrared radiative transfer solution algorithms used in global circulation models were assessed. Computation techniques applicable to the Ames circulation model are identified. Transmission properties of gaseous CO2, H2O, and O3 are gathered, and a computer program is developed, using the line parameter tape and Voight profile subroutine, which computes the transmission of CO2, H2O, and O3. A computer code designed to compute atmospheric cooling rates was developed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-166272 , SAI-EF79-56
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  • 51
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    An application of a geostationary satellite rain estimation technique to an extratropical area (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Previous studies in which geostationary-satellite images were used for estimating precipitations dealt primarily with tropical clouds. In the present study, an attempt is made to evaluate the applicability of geostationary images and techniques in the Montreal area, characterized by a variety of weather situations and variables (different types of cloud, moisture and temperature profiles, and rain rates). The large differences between the Montreal and tropical studies are shown to be reflected by Simpson and Wiggert's (1969) cloud model.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 18; Dec. 197
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  • 52
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    A scheme for computing surface fluxes from mean flow observations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A computational method for estimating turbulent surface stress, sensible heat flux, and humidity flux from mean velocity, temperature, and humidity at a single height in the atmospheric surface layer is presented. The method is based on coupling a Monin-Obukhov similarity profile to a 'force-restore' formulation for the evolution of surface soil temperature to yield the local values of shear stress, heat flux, and surface temperature. In addition to reference-level mean flow properties, the parameters required to implement this method are the thermal heat capacity of the soil, the surface aerodynamic roughness, latitude, solar declination, surface albedo, surface emissivity, and atmospheric transmissivity. Sample calculations are presented for (1) constant atmospheric forcing at the reference level, and (2) variable atmospheric forcing corresponding to Kahle's (1977) measurements of windspeed, air temperature, and radiometer soil surface temperature under dry vegetatively sparse conditions in the Mohave Desert, Calif.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Boundary-Layer Meteorology; 17; Dec. 197
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  • 53
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    Aerosol particles and the formation of advection fog (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A study of numerical simulation of the effects of concentration, particle size, mass of nuclei, and chemical composition on the dynamics of warm fog formation, particularly the formation of advection fog, is presented. This formation is associated with the aerosol particle characteristics, and both macrophysical and microphysical processes are considered. In the macrophysical model, the evolution of wind components, water vapor content, liquid water content, and potential temperature under the influences of vertical turbulent diffusion, turbulent momentum, and turbulent energy transfers are taken into account. In the microphysical model, the supersaturation effect is incorporated with the surface tension and hygroscopic material solution. It is shown that the aerosol particles with the higher number density, larger size nuclei, the heavier nuclei mass, and the higher ratio of the Van't Hoff factor to the molecular weight favor the formation of the lower visibility advection fogs with stronger vertical energy transfer during the nucleation and condensation time period.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal de Recherches Atmospheriques; 13; 1, 19; 1979
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  • 54
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    Covariance analyses of satellite-derived mesoscale wind fields (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Statistical structure functions have been computed independently for nine satellite-derived mesoscale wind fields that were obtained on two different days. Small cumulus clouds were tracked at 5 min intervals, but since these clouds occurred primarily in the warm sectors of midlatitude cyclones the results cannot be considered representative of the circulations within cyclones in general. The field structure varied considerably with time and was especially affected if mesoscale features were observed. The wind fields on the 2 days studied were highly anisotropic with large gradients in structure occurring approximately normal to the mean flow. Structure function calculations for the combined set of satellite winds were used to estimate random error present in the fields. It is concluded for these data that the random error in vector winds derived from cumulus cloud tracking using high-frequency satellite data is less than 1.75 m/s. Spatial correlation functions were also computed for the nine data sets. Normalized correlation functions were considerably different for u and v components and decreased rapidly as data point separation increased for both components. The correlation functions for transverse and longitudinal components decreased less rapidly as data point separation increased.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 18; Oct. 197
    Format: text
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    Characterization of lightning return stroke electric and magnetic fields from simultaneous two-station measurements (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The paper presents a characterization of Florida lightning return stroke electric and magnetic fields derived from simultaneous measurements of the fields at two separate stations, one station being within 15 km of the lightning, the other at either about 50 or 200 km from the lightning. Also presented are: (1) examples of correlated wave forms, (2) typical first and subsequent stroke wave forms over the distance range 1.0-200 km, and (3) the following statistical data from which the typical wave forms were derived: for electric field, rise time, initial peak value, ramp starting time, ramp slope, value at 170 microsec, ratio of value at 170 microsec to initial peak, zero-crossing time for 50 and 200 km wave forms; for magnetic fields, time of hump following initial peak, ratio of hump value to initial peak value, zero-crossing time for 50 and 200 km wave forms. Return stroke electric and magnetic field characteristics appear to be independent of location in Florida.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Oct. 20
    Format: text
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  • 56
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    Multi-year slant path rain fade statistics at 28.56 and 19.04 GHz for Wallops Island, Virginia (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Multiyear rain fade statistics at 28.56 GHz and 19.04 GHz were compiled for the region of Wallops Island, Virginia covering the time periods, 1 April 1977 through 31 March 1978, and 1 September 1978 through 31 August 1979. The 28.56 GHz attenuations were derived by monitoring the beacon signals from the COMSTAR geosynchronous satellite, D sub 2 during the first year, and satellite, D sub 3, during the second year. Although 19.04 GHz beacons exist aboard these satellites, statistics at this frequency were predicted using the 28 GHz fade data, the measured rain rate distribution, and effective path length concepts. The prediction method used was tested against radar derived fade distributions and excellent comparisons were noted. For example, the rms deviations between the predicted and test distributions were less than or equal to 0.2dB or 4% at 19.04 GHz. The average ratio between the 28.56 GHz and 19.04 GHz fades were also derived for equal percentages of time resulting in a factor of 2.1 with a .05 standard deviation.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-160027 , APL/JHU/SIR-79U-035
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    On the dynamic forcing of short-term climate fluctuations by feedback mechanisms (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Various internal feedback mechanisms in the ocean atmosphere system were studied. A variability pattern of sea surface temperature with a quasibiennial oscillation (QBO) was detected off the coast of Senegal, in the Gulf of Guinea and even in the Gulf Stream as it leaves the North American continental shelf. Possible physical connections between some of these QBO's were pointed out by a hypothetical feedback model. Interaction of a QBO with the annual cycle may lead to beating frequencies resembling climatic trends of a duration of several years.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-162865 , COO-1340-66
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  • 58
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    Cloud cover models derived from satellite radiation measurements (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Using daily measurement of day and night infrared and incoming and absorbed solar radiation obtained from a TIROS satellite over a period of approximately 45 months, and integrated over 2.5 degree latitude-longitude grids, the proportion of cloud cover over each grid each day was derived for the entire period. For each of four three-month periods, estimates a and b of the two parameters of the best-fit beta distribution were obtained for each grid location. The (a,b) plane was divided into a number of regions. All the geographical locations whose (a,b) estimates were in the same region in the (a,b) plane were said to have the same cloud cover type for that season. For each season, the world was thus divided into separate cloud cover types. Using estimates of mean cloud cover for each season, the world was again divided into separate cloud cover types. The process was repeated for standard deviations. Thus for each season, three separate cloud cover models were obtained using the criteria of shape of frequency distribution, mean cloud cover, and variability of cloud cover. The cloud cover statistics were derived from once-a-day, near-local-noon satellite radiation measurements.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-161490
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  • 59
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    An energy-balance model of glaciation cycles (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A one dimensional energy balance model is presented which contains a time lagged albedo to account for the delayed dependence of continental ice sheets on temperature; it also includes a smoothing of temperature gradients in the tropics to account for the effect of the Hadley circulation on the strong flattening of meridional temperature profiles there. The model exhibits finite amplitude, sustained free oscillations; these oscillations are triggered by a change in the insulation parameter and occur in the absence of any external forcing. This model behavior strongly suggests the possibility of an almost-intransitive mechanism playing a role in glaciation cycles. This behavior also occurs on shorter time scales which might be relevant to the interannual variability of the atmosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: WMO Climate Models: Performance, Intercomparison and Sensitivity Studies, Vol. 2; p 886-916
    Format: text
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  • 60
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    The response of the Goddard general circulation model to sea ice boundary conditions (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The effect of variation in the location of Arctic sea ice boundaries on the model's mean monthly climatology was examined. When sea ice boundaries were at their maximum extent the differences resulted in the January-February climatology. Sea level pressure was higher over the Barents Sea, in the Davis Strait, and in the Sea of Okhotsk. Pressure was lower by as much as 8 mb in the North Atlantic between Iceland and the British Isles, and in the Gulf of Alaska. Pressure rises in the eastern subtropical regions of the North Atlantic and North Pacific accompanied pressure falls in the Gulf of Alaska and Icelandic region. Geopotential heights at 500 mb were more than 100 gpm lower in the Bering Sea, and more than 120 gpm lower in the Icelandic region. Zonally averaged temperatures were cooler by 4 deg C below 3800 mb between 50 deg and 70 deg N with little change elsewhere. Zonally averaged geopotentials were lower by as much as 70 gpm in the mid-troposphere between 50/-70 deg N and zonal winds increased by as much as 3 m s in the mid-troposphere between 35/-50 deg N.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: WMO Climate Models: Performance, Intercomparison and Sensitivity Studies, Vol. 1; p 538-562
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  • 61
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    The performance of a seasonal global climatic model (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A seasonal global climatic model developed by Sellers is studied. Several changes are made to correct errors in the original model and to allow its use in a time dependent simulation mode. The major changes are in the infrared radiation formulation and in the size of the time steps. The seasonal cycles of surface temperature, wind, ice, snow, albedo, horizontal heat transport, and vertical flux of solar and infrared radiation are compared to recent observations. The seasonal cycle of temperature is fairly well reproduced, but has too small an amplitude in the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes. An overestimate of albedo at the poles is found, which is related to errors in some of the other variables. The sensitivity of the model to CO2 and solar constant (O) changes is summarized. Doubling the CO2 amount causes a 2.45 K increase in global average surface temperature (T). Increasing Q by 1% increases T by 3.14K. Decreasing 0 by 1% decreases T by 4.65K. An annual average version of the model is more sensitive to changes in Q than the model with the seasonal cycle.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: WMO Climate Models: Performance, Intercomparison and Sensitivity Studies, Vol. 2; p 766-802
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  • 62
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    The stratosphere: Present and future (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The present status of stratospheric science is discussed. The three basic elements of stratospheric science-laboratory measurements, atmospheric observations, and theoretical studies are presented along with an attempt to predict, with reasonable confidence, the effect on ozone of particular anthropogenic sources of pollution.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-RP-1049
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 63
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    A review of the application of nonattenuating frequency radars for estimating rain attenuation and space-diversity performance (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Cumulative rain fade statistics are used by space communications engineers to establish transmitter power and receiver sensitivities for systems operating under various geometries, climates, and radio frequencies. Space-diversity performance criteria are also of interest. This work represents a review, in which are examined the many elements involved in the employment of single nonattenuating frequency radars for arriving at the desired information. The elements examined include radar techniques and requirements, phenomenological assumptions, path attenuation formulations and procedures, as well as error budgeting and calibration analysis. Included are the pertinent results of previous investigators who have used radar for rain-attenuation modeling. Suggestions are made for improving present methods.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Electronics; GE-17; Oct. 197
    Format: text
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  • 64
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    Shallow convection on day 261 of GATE - Mesoscale arcs (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Cloudy convection in the moist layer of a cloud cluster growing in the GATE ship array is examined. Analyses suggest that the moist layer was dominated by features of horizontal dimension roughly 40 km and lifetime roughly 2 h, with arc patterns triggered by dense downdraft air accompanying rainfall, and composed of many small cumulus clouds. Aircraft recorded data on thermodynamic quantities and winds, indicating that the arcs persisted as mesoscale circulations driven by the release of latent heat in the clouds, rather than being driven by the original density current at the surface. It is also suggested that the mesoscale cloud patterns of the moist layer play a primary role in heat transfer upward within this layer, and contribute to the forcing of showering midtropospheric clouds.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review; 107; Dec. 197
    Format: text
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  • 65
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    Dynamics of severe storms through the study of thermospheric-tropospheric coupling (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Atmospheric acoustic-gravity waves associated with severe local thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes can be studied through the coupling between the thermosphere and the troposphere. Reverse group ray tracing computations of acoustic-gravity waves, observed by an ionospheric Doppler sounder array, show that the wave sources are in the neighborhood of storm systems and the waves are excited prior to the storms. It is suggested that the overshooting and ensuing collapse of convective turrets may be responsible for generating the acoustic-gravity waves observed. The results of this study also show that the study of wave-wave resonant interactions may be a potential tool for investigating the dynamical behavior of severe storm systems using ionospheric observations of atmospheric acoustic-gravity waves associated with severe storms.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 66
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    The global atmospheric research program (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The survey paper deals with the major activities, during the past four years, within the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP), written for the Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE). Emphasis is on the participation of the United States, but in the context of the international effort as a whole. The activities are outlined according to the subprograms recognized by the international Joint Organization Committee for GARP.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Program of research in severe storms (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Two modeling areas, the development of a mesoscale chemistry-meteorology interaction model, and the development of a combined urban chemical kinetics-transport model are examined. The problems associated with developing a three dimensional combined meteorological-chemical kinetics computer program package are defined. A similar three dimensional hydrostatic real time model which solves the fundamental Navier-Stokes equations for nonviscous flow is described. An urban air quality simulation model, developed to predict the temporal and spatial distribution of reactive and nonreactive gases in and around an urban area and to support a remote sensor evaluation program is reported.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-162764
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    Documentation of the Fourth Order Band Model (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A general circulation model is presented which uses quadratically conservative, fourth order horizontal space differences on an unstaggered grid and second order vertical space differences with a forward-backward or a smooth leap frog time scheme to solve the primitive equations of motion. The dynamic equations for motion, finite difference equations, a discussion of the structure and flow chart of the program code, a program listing, and three relevent papers are given.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-TM-80608
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  • 69
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    Investigation of models for large-scale meteorological prediction experiments (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Forecast and climate simulation experiments were conducted with a medium mesh (8 degrees of latitude by 10 degrees of longitude) 7 layer climate model. The outputs emphasized are: (1) monthly mean forecasts for the months of October 1976 through February 1977 generated from global initial conditions for the first day of each month; and (2) a model climatology generated by running the model for five simulated years from one set of initial conditions (1 December 1967) and averaging the 5 outputs for each of the 12 calendar months.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-162572
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  • 70
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    Seasat gulf of Alaska experiment workshop. Volume 2: Comparison data base: Conventional marine meteorological and sea surface temperature analyses, appendixes A and B (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-163452 , PB80-184658 , JPL-622-101-VOL-2-APP-A AND B , NOAA-80033103
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  • 71
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    Evidence for vertical motions in the equatorial middle atmosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The Diurnal Experiment, which took place in March 1974, offers a unique data set for use in studying vertical velocities in the equatorial stratosphere and mesosphere. Application of the standard thermodynamic vertical velocity equation along with a generalized thermal wind relation reveals magnitudes of vertical velocities ranging from 1-2 cm/s in the lower stratosphere to 10-15 cm/s in the lower mesosphere. Diurnal and semidiurnal tidal modes are quite apparent and, in agreement with tidal theory, the amplitudes of the oscillations increase with height. Inspection of time cross sections and use of Fourier analysis indicates vertical wavelengths on the order of 8-16 km. These results suggest that modification of temperature and wind profiles in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere on an hourly basis can be quite significant. The analysis also suggests the presence of unresolved vertical winds on both longer and shorter time scales than the principal tidal components.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Nov. 197
    Format: text
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    Doppler radar study of a warm frontal region (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The paper presents a case study of the structure of a warm frontal region as deduced from Doppler radar observations. The precipitation occurring ahead of the surface warm front was banded. The dominant precipitation bands were oriented transverse to the mid-level winds, and they were spaced 110 km apart. It is suggested that these bands were formed by highly organized vertical circulations in a 2.5 km thick layer just above the warm frontal zone. The precipitation bands extended from this layer down to the surface. Near the surface additional circulations were produced by pressure perturbations resulting from cooling associated with melting snow. Some diagnostic calculations of ageostrophic winds, frontogenesis and vorticity production are presented. The frontogenesis calculation gives approximately a 2-4 h doubling time of the horizontal potential temperature gradient associated with the warm front, at mid-levels. The highly organized band-associated circulations suggest the importance of their inclusion in diagnostic calculations.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Nov. 197
    Format: text
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  • 73
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    ICEX: Ice and Climate Experiment. Report of science and applications working group (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The Ice and Climate Experiment (ICEX), a proposed program of coordinated investigations of the ice and snow masses of the Earth (the "cryosphere") is described. These investigations are to be carried out with the help of satellite, aircraft, and surface based observations. Measurements derived from the investigations will be applied to an understanding of the role of the cryosphere in the system that determines the Earth's climate, to a better prediction of the responses of the ice and snow to climatic change, to studies of the basic nature of ice forms and ice dynamics, and to the development of operational techniques for assisting such activities in the polar regions as transportation, exploitation of natural resources, and petroleum exploration and production. A high-inclination satellite system with a set of remote-sensing instruments specially tailored to the task of observing the important features of snow, sea ice, and the ice sheets of Greenland and the Antarctic is to be used to record the near-simultaneous observations of multiple geophysical parameters by complementary sensors.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-TM-81028
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    Statistical analysis of multivariate atmospheric variables (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Topics covered include: (1) estimation in discrete multivariate distributions; (2) a procedure to predict cloud cover frequencies in the bivariate case; (3) a program to compute conditional bivariate normal parameters; (4) the transformation of nonnormal multivariate to near-normal; (5) test of fit for the extreme value distribution based upon the generalized minimum chi-square; (6) test of fit for continuous distributions based upon the generalized minimum chi-square; (7) effect of correlated observations on confidence sets based upon chi-square statistics; and (8) generation of random variates from specified distributions.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-161472
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  • 75
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    Interactions Between Convective Storms and Their Environment (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The ways in which intense convective storms interact with their environment are considered for a number of specific severe storm situations. A physical model of subcloud wind fields and vertical wind profiles was developed to explain the often observed intensification of convective storms that move along or across thermal boundaries. A number of special, unusually dense, data sets were used to substantiate features of the model. GOES imagery was used in conjunction with objectively analyzed surface wind data to develop a nowcast technique that might be used to identify specific storm cells likely to become tornadic. It was shown that circulations associated with organized meso-alpha and meso-beta scale storm complexes may, on occasion, strongly modify tropospheric thermodynamic patterns and flow fields.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-159981
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    AVE-SESAME 1: 25-MB sounding data (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Seven atmospheric variability experiments (AVE), two atmospheric variability and severe storms experiments (AVSSE), and six atmospheric variability experiment-severe environmental storm and mesoscale experiments (AVE-SESAME) conducted by NASA are discussed. The dates, observation times, and data reports for each of the experiments for which data was processed are listed. The AVE experiments were conducted primarily to study atmospheric variability with emphasis on spatial and temporal in atmospheric structure that can be detected from soundings taken at 3 hr intervals but not seen in soundings taken at 12 hr intervals. The AVSSE experiments were conducted to study atmospheric structure and variability associated with severe storms combining both rawinsonde and aircraft data to provide information on near storm environments. The method of processing is discussed, estimates of the rms errors in the data are presented, an example of contact data is given, and soundings are listed which exhibited abnormal characteristics.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-TM-78256
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  • 77
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    A comparison of GLAS SAT and NMC high resolution NOSAT forecasts from 19 and 11 February 1976 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A subjective comparison of the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences (GLAS) and the National Meteorological Center (NMC) high resolution model forecasts is presented. Two cases where NMC's operational model in 1976 had serious difficulties in forecasting for the United States were examined. For each of the cases, the GLAS model forecasts from initial conditions which included satellite sounding data were compared directly to the NMC higher resolution model forecasts, from initial conditions which excluded the satellite data. The comparison showed that the GLAS satellite forecasts significantly improved upon the current NMC operational model's predictions in both cases.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-TM-80591
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    Jet transport performance in thunderstorm wind shear conditions (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Several hours of three dimensional wind data were collected in the thunderstorm approach-to-landing environment, using an instrumented Queen Air airplane. These data were used as input to a numerical simulation of aircraft response, concentrating on fixed-stick assumptions, while the aircraft simulated an instrument landing systems approach. Output included airspeed, vertical displacement, pitch angle, and a special approach deterioration parameter. Theory and the results of approximately 1000 simulations indicated that about 20 percent of the cases contained serious wind shear conditions capable of causing a critical deterioration of the approach. In particular, the presence of high energy at the airplane's phugoid frequency was found to have a deleterious effect on approach quality. Oscillations of the horizontal wind at the phugoid frequency were found to have a more serious effect than vertical wind. A simulation of Eastern flight 66, which crashed at JFK in 1975, served to illustrate the points of the research. A concept of a real-time wind shear detector was outlined utilizing these results.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-3207
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    Wind study for high altitude platform design (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: An analysis of upper air winds was performed to define the wind environment at potential operating altitudes for high altitude powered platform concepts. Wind conditions of the continental United States, Pacific area (Alaska to Sea of Japan), and European area (Norwegian and Mediterranean Sea) were obtained using a representative network of sites selected based upon adequate high altitude sampling, geographic dispersion, and observed upper wind patterns. A data base of twenty plus years of rawinsonde gathered wind information was used in the analysis. Annual variations from surface to 10 mb pressure altitude were investigated to encompass the practical operating range for the platform concepts. Parametric analysis for the United States and foreign areas was performed to provide a basis for vehicle system design tradeoffs. This analysis of wind magnitudes indicates the feasibility of annual operation at a majority of sites and more selective seasonal operation for the extreme conditions between the pressure altitudes of 100 to 25 mb based upon the assumed design speeds.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-RP-1044
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    A numerical cloud model for the support of laboratory experimentation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A numerical cloud model is presented which can describe the evolution of a cloud starting from moist aerosol-laden air through the diffusional growth regime. The model is designed for the direct support of cloud chamber laboratory experimentation, i.e., experiment preparation, real-time control and data analysis. In the model the thermodynamics is uncoupled from the droplet growth processes. Analytic solutions for the cloud droplet growth equations are developed which can be applied in most laboratory situations. The model is applied to a variety of representative experiments.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 18; Aug. 197
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    Equatorial wave-mean flow interaction - A numerical study of the role of latitudinal shear (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A time-dependent primitive equation model for an equatorial channel is used to assess the interaction of equatorial Kelvin and mixed Rossby-gravity waves with the mean flow. The proposed model involves a semiimplicit time-differencing scheme and a finite-difference grid in the meridional plane. It is shown that forced equatorial waves interact with mean flow to produce equatorial jets characterized by downward-moving westerly (Kelvin wave forcing) and easterly (mixed Rossby-gravity wave forcing) shear zones, respectively. For parameters characteristic of the observed waves in the equatorial stratosphere, the wave-mean flow interaction process always reduces the amplitude of any initial cross-equatorial mean wind shear. The mean flow profile tends to become symmetric about the equator as the interaction process continues.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; June 197
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  • 82
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    A theoretical study of three-dimensional barotropic instability with applications to the upper stratosphere (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A numerical method for tropospheric baroclinic instability is used to establish the structures, phase speeds and growth rates of the normal modes of a number of idealized barotropically unstable mean zonal wind fields in a quasi-geostrophic Boussinesq framework. The objective was to gain insight into the effects of vertical mean flow variation on barotropically unstable stratosphere. Both horizontally symmetric and asymmetric flows are considered, but in all cases the flows are vertically symmetric. Major findings show that (1) the wave growth rates associated with the strongest expected horizontal shears decrease with increasing vertical shear and are at least 28% smaller for the weakest expected vertical shear than with no shear; (2) differences in the form of either the vertical or the horizontal shear flow can affect this growth rate reduction by about 25%; and (3) the vertical scale of the barotropic unstable waves is of the order of the geometric mean of the vertical mean flow scale and the vertical penetrat
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; May 1979
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  • 83
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    Case studies of gravity waves associated with isolated tornadic storms on January 13, 1976 (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Penetrative convection, thunderstorms, squall lines, etc., all generate atmospheric gravity waves which can be observed by a ground-based ionospheric Doppler sounder array. Sources of these waves can be determined from reverse ray tracing computations. Case studies of gravity waves associated with isolated tornadic storms on January 13, 1976 were summarized to establish the minimum data sampling time required for correct spectral analysis and ray tracing computations. It was concluded that the data sampling time can be reduced to two to three times the wave period while still obtaining a reasonably good power spectral density. It was also demonstrated that the data sampling time can be reduced to two to three times the time delay of the wave arrival between two station pairs while still obtaining a justifiably good cross-spectral analysis. Computed source locations of the observed gravity waves are compared with conventional and satellite meteorological data.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 18; Apr. 197
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  • 84
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    Simulations of the monthly mean atmosphere for February 1976 with the GISS model (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Three monthly mean simulations of the global atmosphere were computed for February 1976 with the GISS model from observed initial conditions on the first day of the month. In a replication experiment, two of these computations generated slightly different monthly mean states, apparently due to the schedule of interruptions on the computer. The root-mean-square errors of replication over the Northern Hemisphere were found to be about 2 mb, 20 m and 1 K for sea level pressure, 500 mb height and 850 mb temperature, respectively. The monthly mean 500 mb forecast results for February 1976 over the Northern Hemisphere are consistent with those from earlier GISS model experiments and again indicate some predictive skill at that level. Use of the observed monthly mean sea surface temperature (SST) field for February 1976 in place of the climatological SST field for February resulted in slightly improved simulations over the globe and Northern Hemisphere,
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review; 107; Feb. 197
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  • 85
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    A model of the planetary boundary layer over a snow surface (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A model of the planetary boundary layer over a snow surface has been developed. It contains the vertical heat exchange processes due to radiation, conduction, and atmospheric turbulence. Parametrization of the boundary layer is based on similarity functions developed by Hoffert and Sud (1976), which involve a dimensionless variable, dependent on boundary-layer height and a localized Monin-Obukhov length. The model also contains the atmospheric surface layer and the snowpack itself, where snowmelt and snow evaporation are calculated. The results indicate a strong dependence of surface temperatures, especially at night, on the bursts of turbulence which result from the frictional damping of surface-layer winds during periods of high stability, as described by Businger (1973). The model also shows the cooling and drying effect of the snow on the atmosphere, which may be the mechanism for air mass transformation in sub-Arctic regions.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Boundary-Layer Meteorology; 16; June 197
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  • 86
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    The computation of isentropic atmospheric trajectories using a 'discrete model' formulation (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: An explicit technique for calculating atmospheric trajectories is presented as an alternative method to the standard implicit scheme of Danielsen (1961). The technique uses the inviscid equations of motion and the discrete model formulation derived by Greenspan (1972, 1973) to compute trajectories on isentropic surfaces, assuming adiabatic flow. The discrete model formulation is designed specifically for a Lagrangian system and objectively accounts for the geostrophic departures, local psi-tendencies, and the subsequent accelerations along the entire length of the trajectory. Application of the discrete formulation to a diagnostic case study yielded favorable results.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review; 107; May 1979
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  • 87
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    Extended record length of atmospheric data gathered via Nimbus-6 (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A low-power nonvolatile data memory unit was developed for free floating balloons in the TWERL experiment. By means of multiple identification codes data records, several hours long, could be transferred in compressed form to the Nimbus-6 satellite for retransmission to ground stations. Eight of these units were flown on constant density balloons to investigate atmospheric wave motions throughout the Southern Hemisphere. One returned valid data for ten months. Similar techniques could be used with other types of observing platforms.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Electronics; GE-17; Oct. 197
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  • 88
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    Lidar temperature profiling - Performance simulations of Mason's method (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: In Mason's method (1975) atmospheric temperatures are inferred from a measure of the Boltzmann distribution of rotational states in one of the vibrational bands of O2. Differential absorption is measured using three tunable, narrowband pulse lasers. The outputs of two are tuned to wavelengths at the centers of absorption lines at either end of a particular branch in the band; the third wavelength is in a region of no absorption. The temperature-altitude profile can be calculated from the ratio of the two line absorption coefficients plus a priori knowledge of the line parameters. In the present paper, computer simulations of various lidar configurations are made, using different line pairs in the atmospheric bands of O2 (approximately 630, 690, and 760 nm). Simulated results are presented for temperature profiles measured from a Space Shuttle lidar.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 18; Nov. 1
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  • 89
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    Finite-element numerical modeling of atmospheric turbulent boundary layer (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A dynamic turbulent boundary-layer model in the neutral atmosphere is constructed, using a dynamic turbulent equation of the eddy viscosity coefficient for momentum derived from the relationship among the turbulent dissipation rate, the turbulent kinetic energy and the eddy viscosity coefficient, with aid of the turbulent second-order closure scheme. A finite-element technique was used for the numerical integration. In preliminary results, the behavior of the neutral planetary boundary layer agrees well with the available data and with the existing elaborate turbulent models, using a finite-difference scheme. The proposed dynamic formulation of the eddy viscosity coefficient for momentum is particularly attractive and can provide a viable alternative approach to study atmospheric turbulence, diffusion and air pollution.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 18; Oct. 197
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  • 90
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    Observing, analyzing, and modeling mesoscale weather phenomena (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The objective of the paper is to place current research into mesoscale weather phenomena in proper perspective, and to discuss key problems to be addressed in the coming years. Key observing systems and field programs are examined, along with analysis techniques in context of the dynamic models with which they interact. The discussion covers different classes of dynamic models, including prediction models, simulation models, and parameterization schemes.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 91
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    The monsoon experiment MONEX (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The effects of monsoons in different parts of the world on the Earth's atmosphere were studied by MONEX, India's Monsoon Experiment program. Data were gathered from meteorological satellites, sounding rockets, aircraft, land and shipborne stations.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-163509 , ISRO-SN-08-79
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  • 92
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    Analytic studies on satellite detection of severe, two-cell tornadoes (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: From funnel-cloud-length interpretation, the severe tornado is characterized by peak swirl speed relative to the axis of rotation of about 90 m/s. Thermohydrodynamic achievement of the pressure deficit from ambient necessary to sustain such swirls requires that a dry, compressionally heated, non-rotating downdraft of initially tropopause-level air lie within an annulus of rapidly swirling, originally low-level air ascending on a near-moist-adiabatic locus of thermodynamic states. The two-cell structure furnishes an observable parameter possibly accessible to a passively instrumented, geosynchronous meteorological satellite with mesoscale resolution, for early detection of a severe tornado. Accordingly, the low-level turnaround region, in which the surface inflow layer separates to become a free ascending layer and for which inviscid modeling suffices, is examined quantitatively. Preliminary results indicate that swirl overshoot, i.e., swirl speeds in the turnaround region in excess of the maximum achieved in the potential vortex, is modest.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-3127
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  • 93
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    The NASA-Ames Research Center stratospheric aerosol model. 2. Sensitivity studies and comparison with observatories (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Sensitivity tests were performed on a one-dimensional, physical-chemical model of the unperturbed stratospheric aerosols, and model calculations were compared with observations. The tests and comparisons suggest that coagulation controls the particle number mixing ratio, although the number of condensation nuclei at the tropopause and the diffusion coefficient at high altitudes are also important. The sulfur gas source strength and the aerosol residence time are much more important than the supply of condensation nuclei in establishing mass and large particle concentrations. The particle size is also controlled mainly by gas supply and residence time. In situ observations of the aerosols and laboratory measurements of aerosols, parameters that can provide further information about the physics and chemistry of the stratosphere and the aerosols found there are provided.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-TP-1363 , A-7551
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  • 94
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    Numerical methods for meteorology and climatology (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Efficient numerical methods for long term weather forecasting are developed. One implicit and one explicit scheme are compared as to accuracy.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 183-190
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  • 95
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    Analyses of mean and turbulent motion in the tropics with the use of unequally spaced data (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Wind velocities from 25 km to 60 km over Ascension Island, Fort Sherman and Kwajalein for the period January 1970 to December 1971 are analyzed in order to achieve a better understanding of the mean flow, the eddy kinetic energy and the Eulerian time spectra of the eddy kinetic energy. Since the data are unequally spaced in time, techniques of one-dimensional covariance theory were utilized and an unequally spaced time series analysis was accomplished. The theoretical equations for two-dimensional analysis or wavenumber frequency analysis of unequally spaced data were developed. Analysis of the turbulent winds and the average seasonal variance and eddy kinetic energy of the turbulent winds indicated that maximum total variance and energy is associated with the east-west velocity component. This is particularly true for long period seasonal waves which dominate the total energy spectrum. Additionally, there is an energy shift for the east-west component into the longer period waves with altitude increasing from 30 km to 50 km.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-3078
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  • 96
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    Summary of atmospheric wind design criteria for wind energy conversion system development (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Basic design values are presented of significant wind criteria, in graphical format, for use in the design and development of wind turbine generators for energy research. It is a condensed version of portions of the Engineering Handbook on the Atmospheric Environmental Guidelines for Use in Wind Turbine Generator Development.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-TP-1389 , M-280
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  • 97
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    Meteorological and operational aspects of 46 clear air turbulent sampling missions with an instrumented B-57B aircraft. Volume 2, appendix C: Turbulence missions (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The results of 46 clear air turbulence (CAT) probing missions conducted with an extensively instrumented B-57B aircraft are summarized from a meteorological viewpoint in a two-volume technical memorandum. The missions were part of the NASA Langley Research Center's MAT (Measurement of Atmospheric Turbulence) program, which was conducted between March 1974, and September 1975, at altitudes ranging up to 15 km. Turbulence samples were obtained under diverse conditions including mountain waves, jet streams, upper level fronts and troughs, and low altitude mechanical and thermal turbulence. CAT was encountered on 20 flights comprising 77 data runs. In all, approximately 4335 km were flown in light turbulence, 1415 km in moderate turbulence, and 255 km in severe turbulence during the program.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-TM-80045
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  • 98
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    Insitu aircraft verification of the quality of satellite cloud winds over oceanic regions (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A five year aircraft experiment to verify the quality of satellite cloud winds over oceans using in situ aircraft inertial navigation system wind measurements is presented. The final results show that satellite measured cumulus cloud motions are very good estimators of the cloud base wind for trade wind and subtropical high regions. The average magnitude of the vector differences between the cloud motion and the cloud base wind is given. For cumulus clouds near frontal regions, the cloud motion agreed best with the mean cloud layer wind. For a very limited sample, cirrus cloud motions also most closely followed the mean wind in the cloud layer.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-TM-79718
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  • 99
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    The radiation field wave forms produced by intracloud lightning discharge processes (1979)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The large-amplitude radiation field pulses produced by intracloud lightning discharge processes have been recorded with submicrosecond time resolution. The wave forms are distinctly different from those produced by return strokes in cloud-to-ground lightning, yet they are surprisingly alike within a discharge and in different discharges. The shapes tend to be bipolar, with two or three narrow, fast-rising pulses superimposed on the initial half cycle. Pulses with a positive initial polarity are usually produced in the several tens of milliseconds prior to the first return stroke in a cloud-to-ground discharge. Positive pulses tend to occur at regular intervals and have a mean full width of about 40 + or - 13 microsec. Negative pulses are usually produced during isolated cloud discharges at more random intervals and have shapes similar to the positive pulses but with more variability. The implications of the field shapes and polarities for the physics of intracloud discharge processes are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; June 20
    Format: text
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    Estimating GATE rainfall with geosynchronous satellite images (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A method of estimating GATE rainfall from either visible or infrared images of geosynchronous satellites is described. Rain is estimated from cumulonimbus cloud area by the equation R = a sub 0 A + a sub 1 dA/dt, where R is volumetric rainfall, A cloud area, t time, and a sub 0 and a sub 1 are constants. Rainfall, calculated from 5.3 cm ship radar, and cloud area are measured from clouds in the tropical North Atlantic. The constants a sub 0 and a sub 1 are fit to these measurements by the least-squares method. Hourly estimates by the infrared version of this technique correlate well (correlation coefficient of 0.84) with rain totals derived from composited radar for an area of 100,000 sq km. The accuracy of this method is described and compared to that of another technique using geosynchronous satellite images. It is concluded that this technique provides useful estimates of tropical oceanic rainfall on a convective scale.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review; 107; May 1979
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