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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (1,421)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (1,324)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (2,745)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1999
  • 1978  (1,248)
  • 1977  (1,497)
Collection
Keywords
Years
  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (2,745)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
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    A fast DFT algorithm using complex integer transforms (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Winograd's algorithm for computing the discrete Fourier transform is extended considerably for certain large transform lengths. This is accomplished by performing the cyclic convolution, required by Winograd's method, by a fast transform over certain complex integer fields. This algorithm requires fewer multiplications than either the standard fast Fourier transform or Winograd's more conventional algorithms.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 134-140
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  • 2
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    Estimate of procession and polar motion errors from planetary encounter station location solutions (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Jet Propulsion Laboratory Deep Space Station (DSS) location solutions based on two JPL planetary ephemerides, DE 84 and DE 96, at eight planetary encounters were used to obtain weighted least squares estimates of precession and polar motion errors. The solution for precession error in right ascension yields a value of 0.3 X 10 to the minus 5 power plus or minus 0.8 X 10 to the minus 6 power deg/year. This maps to a right ascension error of 1.3 X 10 to the minus 5 power plus or minus 0.4 X 10 to the minus 5 power deg at the first Voyager 1979 Jupiter encounter if the current JPL DSS location set is used. Solutions for precession and polar motion using station locations based on DE 84 agree well with the solution using station locations referenced to DE 96. The precession solution removes the apparent drift in station longitude and spin axis distance estimates, while the encounter polar motion solutions consistently decrease the scatter in station spin axis distance estimates.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 29-49
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  • 3
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    Possible correlation of Io's posteclipse brightening with major solar flares (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In 6 of the 7 instances where posteclipse brightening of Io has been reported by observers using blue filters, a major solar flare occurred within 10 degrees of the sub-Jovian longitude in the 100-day interval prior to observation. In none of the 18 instances where no posteclipse brightening was observed did such a flare occur. It is proposed that a phenomenon associated with a major solar flare causes an increase in the trapped particle flux at Io's orbit by an order of magnitude. The posteclipse brightening may be caused by thermoluminescence of Io's surface material upon emergence. Alternatively, it is possible that the increase in trapped particle flux would warm the surface, creating a temporary atmosphere which would precipitate during eclipse cooling and vaporize in the period of warming after reemergence.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Jan. 197
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  • 4
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    Rare earth and trace element geochemistry of metabasalts from the Point Sal ophiolite, California (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 37; 2, De; Dec. 197
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  • 5
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    The mass of Phobos (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Radio tracking data associated with the February 1977 encounters between the Martian satellite Phobos and the Viking Orbiter I spacecraft have been analyzed to determine the gravitational constant of Phobos. A linear error analysis was conducted to determine the selection of data and the parameter solution set which would yield the best estimate of the gravitational constant. This error analysis indicated that the optimal data set was a data arc beginning just prior to the closest encounter and spanning three consecutive spacecraft orbits; data near periapsis were deleted. The most feasible parameter solution set consisted of the Phobos gravitational constant and the spacecraft initial conditions. The result of the data analysis was an estimate of (7.3 plus or minus 0.7) x 10 to the -4th cu km/sq sec for the gravitational constant of Phobos.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 4; Dec. 197
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  • 6
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    Pattern recognition of Landsat data based upon temporal trend analysis (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Delta Classifier defined as an agricultural crop classification scheme employing a temporal trend procedure is applied to more than 100 different Landsat data sets collected during the 1974-1975 growing season throughout the major wheat-producing regions of the United States. The classification approach stresses examination of temporal trends of the Landsat mean vectors of crops in the absence of corresponding ground truth information. It is shown that the resulting classifications compare favorably to ground truth estimates for wheat proportion in those cases where ground truth is available, and that the temporal trend procedure yields estimates of the wheat proportion that are comparable to the best results from maximum likelihood classification with photointerpreter-defined training fields.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 6; 4, 19; 1977
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  • 7
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    On the ortho-para equilibrium of H2 in the atmospheres of the Jovian planets (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The ratio for the equivalent widths for the unsaturated H2 quadrupole transitions observed in the Jovian planets is calculated and compared with a large number of observations. The comparison indicates that equilibrium hydrogen may be present in Jupiter and Saturn, while Uranus and Neptune exhibit ratios not in accord with equilibrium hydrogen. Observations which can differentiate among the possible states of H2 are proposed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Jan. 197
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  • 8
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    Infrared /JHK/ photometry of meteorites and asteroids (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports JHK colors observed for ten asteroids and synthesized JHK colors for seven meteorite groups, samples of iron and nickel metal, pyroxene, olivine, feldspar, a lunar anorthite and some terrestrial mineral samples. Pronounced differences are apparent between the chondritic and achondritic meteorite classes; the chondritic classes show less subdued trends in J-H color which reflect their metamorphic grade. We find small but significant differences between the JHK colors of the predominant C and S classes of asteroids. All JHK colors of asteroids observed here fall within the limited domain defined by the various chondritic and iron-rich meteorites but are strikingly different from those of most achondritic meteorites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 13; Mar. 31
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  • 9
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    Spectrophotometric and color estimates of the Viking lander sites (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectral radiance and color of the Martian sky and soil and the spectral reflectance of soil features are estimated from six-channel (0.4-1.0 micron) spectral data obtained with the Viking lander cameras. Images taken near local noon from the two landers reveal a sky that is brighter near the horizon than the soil but with a similar spectral radiance shape and color. The scenes are predominantly moderate yellowish brown in color with only subtle variations except for some dark grey rocks. Most spectral reflectance estimates are similar: they rise rapidly with increasing wavelength between 0.4 and 0.8 micron and with only a few exceptions exhibit a pronounced minimum centered about 0.93 micron. These characteristics are consistent with an abundance of Fe(3+)-rich weathering products, notably nontronite. However, the delineation of the number and abundances of total mineral phases requires further analyses and laboratory comparisons. Reflectance estimates for rocks have not been repeatable, probably because most rocks have irregular pitted surfaces that introduce significant shadowing components.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Sept. 30
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  • 10
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    A search for ultraviolet OH emission from meteors (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observations of hydroxyl (OH) emission from meteors were made during the late summers of 1975 and 1976 from altitudes of 10,600 and 14,200 feet (3.2 km and 4.45 km). The observations were made with OH meteor photometers developed at the NASA-Langley Research Center. Two of the meteors were Perseids, and one was an Alpha Capricornid. The Perseid meteors produced a peak irradiance at a distance of 100 km from the meteors of about 0.00005 erg/sq cm per sec in the OH emission region. The zero-magnitude Alpha Capricornid meteor produced a spectral irradiance at 3100 A of 23 hundred-millionths erg/sq cm per A per sec. This may be indicative of significant amounts of H2O in these meteors.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 217
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  • 11
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    Geodetic measurements on the ocean (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper covers the topic of marine geodesy, its goals, and applications. Specifically discussed are position determination and establishment of geodetic control on the ocean bottom, ocean surface, and subsurface, and the determination of the geoid, a vertical reference surface. The various techniques used in position determination (including satellite, airborne, radio, inertial and acoustic techniques) are assessed in terms of accuracy, coverage, and contribution to the solution of specific problems associated with position and control. The results of several marine geodetic control experiments are presented. Classical techniques for the determination of the geoid are discussed and assessed, as are new techniques such as satellite altimetry. The outlook for marine geodetic measurements in the ocean is outlined in terms of what is being planned or considered for the next decade, and several recommendations are made.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 12
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    Reducing greenhouses and the temperature history of earth and Mars (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It has been suggested that NH3 and other reducing gases were present in the earth's primitive atmosphere, enhancing the global greenhouse effect; data obtained through isotopic archeothermometry support this hypothesis. Computations have been applied to the evolution of surface temperatures on Mars, considering various bolometric albedos and compositions. The results are of interest in the study of Martian sinuous channels which may have been created by aqueous fluvial errosion, and imply that clement conditions may have previously occurred on Mars, and may occur in the future.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 269; Sept. 15
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  • 13
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    Happy Canyon - A new type of enstatite achondrite (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Mineralogical and chemical characteristics of the Happy Canyon meteorite, found in 1971 near Wayside, Texas, show it to be a new type of enstatite achondrite occupying the gap between the recrystallized enstatite chondrites and the igneous, crystalline, unbrecciated enstatite chondrites. Although the bulk composition of the specimen is consistent with that of an E6 enstatite chondrite, it has a crystal cumulate texture. There are minor amounts of metal and troilite which have survived extensive weathering. The Happy Canyon meteorite may represent an E6 composition which has melted and reprecipitated at a slightly higher oxidation state, possibly in the core of a small parent body.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 12; June 30
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  • 14
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    Simultaneous crystallization of feldspar intergrowths from the melt (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Mineralogist; 62; 1977
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  • 15
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    The upper ionosphere of Titan (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Photoionization of the upper atmosphere of Titan by sunlight is expected to produce a substantial ionospheric layer. One-dimensional forms of the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations for ions and electrons have been solved along with electron number densities of about 1000/cu cm, using various model atmospheres. The significant ions in a CH4-H2 atmosphere are H(+), H3(+), CH5(+), CH3(+), and C2H5(+). Electron temperatures may be as high as 1000 K, depending on the abundance of hydrogen in the high atmosphere. Interaction of the solar wind with the ionosphere is also discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 31; May 1977
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  • 16
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    The rings of Uranus (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A description is given of the observation of five brief occultations of the star SAO 158687 which occurred both before and after its occultation by Uranus on March 10, 1977. The events were observed with a three-channel occultation photometer, attached to a 91-cm telescope. The observations indicate that at least five rings encircle the planet Uranus. Possible reasons for the narrowness of the Uranus rings are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 267; May 26
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  • 17
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    Remote sensing techniques applied to multispectral recognition of the Aranjuez pilot zone (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A rectangular (7 x 14 km) area 40 km S of Madrid was remote-sensed with a three-stage recognition process. Ground truth was established in the first phase, airborne sensing with a multispectral scanner and photographic cameras were used in the second phase, and Landsat satellite data were obtained in the third phase. Agronomic and hydrological photointerpretation problems are discussed. Color, black/white, and labeled areas are displayed for crop recognition in the land-use survey; turbidity, concentrations of pollutants and natural chemicals, and densitometry of the water are considered in the evaluation of water resources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IAA/Ingenieria Aeronautica y Astronautica; 29; Mar. 197
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  • 18
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    Observations at the planet Mercury by the plasma electron experiment - Mariner 10 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two nightside encounters with Mercury's magnetosphere by Mariner 10 revealed bow shock and magnetosheath signatures in the plasma electron data that are entirely consistent with the geometry expected for an interaction between a planet-centered magnetic dipole and the solar wind. The geometrically determined distance between the planet's center and the solar wind stagnation point is 1.4 plus or minus 0.1 R sub M. Both diffuse and sharp shock crossings were observed on the two magnetosphere encounters.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; May 1
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  • 19
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    Minor planets and related objects. XXII - Phase functions for /6/ Hebe (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Twenty-two light curves of Hebe are analyzed along with results of UBV photometry and photometric astrometry. A mean synodic period of approximately 7 hr 16 min 28.7 sec is adopted, and it is found that the amplitude of Hebe appears to vary directly with phase. The asteroid's magnitudes and colors are plotted against phase, its pole orientation is estimated, and the sidereal period is determined to be about 7 hr 16 min 28.01 sec from photometric astrometry. A color curve is plotted which shows that Hebe has a reddened region on its surface near the secondary minimum and that the asteroid is nearly spherical. Opposition effects are compared and found to be closely similar for Hebe, Ceres, Lydia, Massalia, and Vesta.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 82; Mar. 197
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  • 20
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    The Del Rio ataxite, Texas (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Basic data are presented on the Del Rio, Nordheim, and Monahans ataxites found in Texas. Results are reported for bulk-chemistry analysis, metallographic observations, and electron-microprobe analysis of the Del Rio meteorite. It is shown that Del Rio is distinctly different from the other two ataxites in terms of nickel, phosphorous, and carbon content, and is composed of at least three coarse grains in different crystallographic orientations. All the kamacite in Del Rio is found to have transformation structures that are probable shock products, and minor inclusions of daubreelite, schreibersite, and troilite are observed. It is concluded that Del Rio was apparently mildly shocked prior to its fall.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 12; Mar. 31
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  • 21
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    Wind enhanced planetary escape - Collisional modifications (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Effects of collisions and finite winds characteristic of a highly perturbed atmosphere on the thermal escape of terrestrial hydrogen and helium are investigated using a Monte Carlo approach. The limiting cases of vertical and horizontal winds are considered, and the relaxation layer between the collisionless exosphere and the collision-dominated thermosphere is modeled as a plane-parallel slab of given column density, depth, and atmospheric density. For both gases, the upwardly injected flux at the base of the relaxation layer is compared with the returning downward flux distribution at the same location; the technique is also applied to the atmosphere of Titan. The results show that inclusion of collisions in the escape model for terrestrial hydrogen with winds effectively throttles the escape process, that collisional throttling is negligible for helium when the exobase temperature is at least 5000 K, and that the escape of a planetary-atmosphere constituent depends on the ratio of its gravitational and kinetic energies as well as on the ratio of its mass to that of the background gas.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Mar. 1
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  • 22
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    A low-frequency radio survey of the planets with RAE 2 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Over one thousand occultations of each planet in the solar system have occurred during the period from mid-1973 through mid-1976 as seen from the lunar orbiting Radio Astronomy Explorer 2 (RAE 2) spacecraft. These occultations have been examined for evidence of planetary radio emissions in the 0.025-13.1 MHz band. Only Jupiter and the earth have given positive results. Lack of detection of emission from the other planets can mean that either they do not emit radio noise in this band or the flux level of their emissions and/or its occurrence rate are too low to be detected by RAE 2.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Mar. 1
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  • 23
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    Lunar soil - Iron and titanium bands in the glass fraction (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 195; Mar. 11
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  • 24
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    The measurements of latitude, time, and height variations at a single laser tracking station (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Recent analysis of laser data for determining variation of latitude have been based on apparent variations in the orbital inclination of the satellite derived from short orbital arcs of 6-8 hours. An alternative method, based on the daily adjustment of the station position to a much longer arc of 2 or 3 weeks has recently been developed and tested. In the new method a long orbital arc is derived from many days of data and is subsequently used as a reference orbit for the adjustment of the position of the station (only) on each day of the long arc for which tracking data are available. This new technique appears to give slightly better results when it is applied to a test period in August 1970, with the added advantage that earth rotation measurements can be derived from the same data at the same time. The results for the test period indicate a precision of 74 cm in variation of latitude and 0.81 ms in monitoring the earth's rotation with 6 hours of data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Feb. 10
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  • 25
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    On the reality of the Venus winds (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The article presents a rebuttal of Young's (1975) view that the 140 m/sec horizontal wind at 45 km reported by Venera 8 is anomalous or spurious. Some errors are discussed and the largest contribution is attributed to descent probe measurements designed to find the true probe descent rate. Young's suggestion of error in in situ measurement of winds due to selection of a reference speed and to unrecognized oscillator drift is scrutinized. Evidence is seen for a wide band of variable high-grade retrograde horizontal winds girdling Venus at the equator. Mariner 10 evidence (UV photographs) is taken into account. The band of winds at 45 km is seen to extend well beyond the top of the visible cloud, and an upper turbulent region is attributed to vertical convection currents carried along by high-speed horizontal winds.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 30; Feb. 197
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  • 26
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    Martian isotopic ratios and upper limits for possible minor constituents as derived from Mariner 9 infrared spectrometer data (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 32; Sept
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  • 27
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    Impulsive penetration of filamentary plasma elements into the magnetospheres of the earth and Jupiter (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Assuming that the solar wind plasma is usually nonuniform over distances of 10,000 km or less, it is shown that filamentary plasma elements stretched out from the sun can penetrate impulsively and become engulfed into the magnetosphere. The diamagnetic effects associated with these plasma inhomogeneities are observed in outer magnetospheres and magnetosheaths as dips or directional discontinuities in the magnetic field measurements. From the mean penetration distances of these diamagnetic plasma elements one can deduce a mean deceleration time, as well as an approximate value of the integrated Pedersen conductivity in the polar cusp of the earth and Jupiter.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 25; Sept
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  • 28
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    Distribution of molecular weight in glyceride polymerizates or aggregates of them after contact with lunar grains (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An attempt is made to report on experiments in which a molecular-weight increase was determined in thin layers of triglyceride-containing glycerides after thin-layer contact for two years with lunar topsoil grains at 25 C without any thermal activation. It is noted that solidification was observed on both dielectric grains and metal-rich areas and that changes in viscosity and molecular weights were first detected by solidification of surface layers. Gel permeation chromatography is described which detected a general shift of the Gaussian distribution of the molecular-weight data toward generally higher molecular weights as well as an increase in mean molecular weight. Reaction mechanisms are considered, and results of spectrographic analysis are cited which support the interpretations of the molecular-weight data.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 16; May 1977
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  • 29
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    Possible Jovian methane emission at 76 GHz in coincidence with decameter activity (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The tentative detection of a methane line in emission at 76.2 GHz in the atmosphere of Jupiter is reported. The observed feature is well-correlated with the presence and absence of Jovian decameter-emission activity on successive days. The present results may represent the first detection of extraterrestrial methane microwave emission.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 216
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  • 30
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    Antarctic topography from balloons (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A description is presented of an investigation involving the collection of Antarctic ice sheet surface topography data by means of balloons, floating at an altitude of about 12.5 km, which traversed the Antarctic during its 1975 summer. These balloons were part of 411 constant density balloons launched in the Southern Hemisphere during the Tropical Wind, Energy conversion and Reference Level Experiment. The three sensors carried by each balloon included a radio altimeter, a pressure sensor, and an ambient temperature sensor. Data transmitted by a balloon are received by a measuring system on board the Nimbus-6 satellite. A synoptic map is presented of the 150 mbar pressure surface at 1200 GMT, December 11, 1975.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Nature; 268; Aug. 11
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  • 31
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    The clouds of Venus (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The current state of knowledge of the Venusian clouds is reviewed. The visible clouds of Venus are shown to be quite similar to low level terrestrial hazes of strong anthropogenic influence. Possible nucleation and particle growth mechanisms are presented. The Pioneer Venus experiments that emphasize cloud measurements are described and their expected findings are discussed in detail. The results of these experiments should define the cloud particle composition, microphysics, thermal and radiative heat budget, rough dynamical features and horizontal and vertical variations in these and other parameters. This information should be sufficient to initialize cloud models which can be used to explain the cloud formation, decay, and particle life cycle.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; May 1977
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    The Pioneer Venus program (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Mission timetables, spacecraft, scientific objectives, and payloads of the two mission, Orbiter and Multiprobe, planned for launch and encounter with Venus during the 1978 Venus mission opportunity are described. Basically, the Orbiter mission has the goal of global mapping of the clouds, atmosphere and ionosphere of Venus by remote sensing and radio occultation, global studies by in situ measurements of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere and solar wind-ionosphere interaction region, and determination of gravitational field harmonics from perturbations of the spacecraft orbit. The Multiprobe mission will study the nature and composition of the clouds, the structure of the atmosphere, the circulation pattern, and the characteristics of the planetary environmental interaction with the solar wind.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; May 1977
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    The exploration of Venus (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper outlines the evolution of the Pioneer Venus program from the initial meeting of a consortium of scientists to study the feasibility of a simple entry probe to Venus, through the Planetary Explorer missions, to the Orbiter Mission proposals. Major recommendations of the 1970 National Academy of Sciences study on Venus exploration planning and of the 1972 Pioneer Venus Science Steering Group report are mentioned.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; May 1977
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    Composition and structure of the atmosphere of Venus (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Some of the main questions regarding the composition, structure, and origin of the atmosphere of Venus are posed. These questions are (1) the distribution of the constituents of the lower atmosphere, (2) cloud composition, (3) the planet's surface and interior as revealed by atmospheric data, (4) the state property profiles and their variation over the planet, (5) the reason for the high temperatures of the lower atmosphere, (6) composition and temperature profiles of the upper atmosphere and location of the homopause, (7) spatial and temporal variations in the upper atmosphere, (8) the cause of the stability of CO2 - global circulation or local turbulence, (9) influence of neutral composition on the thermal structure, (10) response of upper atmosphere to change in solar EUV and solar wind, (11) the source and destination of the atmosphere, and (12) the location of Venus's water. The main parameters to be measured which will aid in resolving these problems are enumerated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; May 1977
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    The surface and interior of Venus (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The present knowledge of Venus is reviewed with discussions of the nature and history of both the surface, crust and interior. Instrumentation on board the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, including the radar mapper, radio tracking and the fluxgate magnetometer, is described. Topographic, geological, Bouguer gravity, magnetic, and crustal thickness maps will be constructed from Orbiter data. These maps should provide information on composition and thermal history, the major geological or geophysical provinces, the rate of past and present tectonic activity, and evidence of past or present MHD dynamos.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; June 197
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    The Venus ionosphere and solar wind interaction (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The current state of knowledge of the chemistry, dynamics and energetics of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere of Venus is reviewed together with the nature of the solar wind-Venus interaction. Because of the weak, though perhaps not negligible, intrinsic magnetic field of Venus, the mutual effects between these regions are probably strong and unique in the solar system. The ability of the Pioneer Venus Bus and Orbiter experiments to provide the required data to answer the questions outstanding is discussed in detail.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; June 197
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    The thermal balance of the atmosphere of Venus (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Current knowledge of the temperature structure of the atmosphere of Venus is briefly summarized. The principal features to be explained are the high surface temperature, the small horizontal temperature contrasts near the cloud tops in the presence of strong apparent motions, and the low value of the exospheric temperature. In order to understand the role of radiative and dynamical processes in maintaining the thermal balance of the atmosphere, a great deal of additional data on the global temperature structure, solar and thermal radiation fields, structure and optical properties of the clouds, and circulation of the atmosphere are needed. The ability of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Multiprobe Missions to provide these data is indicated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; June 197
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    Dynamics, winds, circulation and turbulence in the atmosphere of Venus (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: With the possible exception of the lowest one or two scale heights, the dominant mode of circulation of Venus' atmosphere is a rapid, zonal, retrograde motion. Global albedo variations in the ultraviolet may reflect planetary scale waves propagating relative to the zonal winds. Other special phenomena such as cellular convection in the subsolar region and internal gravity waves generated in the interaction of the zonal circulation with the subsolar disturbance may also be revealed in ultraviolet imagery of the atmosphere. We discuss the contributions of experiments on the Orbiter and Entry Probes of Pioneer Venus toward unravelling the mystery of the planet's global circulation and the role played by waves, instabilities and convection therein
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; June 197
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    Rare accessory uraninite in a Sierran granite (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: One grain of uraninite was found in a single thin-section of Sierran granite. Electron and ion microprobe analysis were used to determine the composition. Since the U-Pb age calculated for the uraninite does not differ greatly from the K-Ar age of the unit in which it occurs, it is suggested that the mineral is primary and not reworked from a preexisting rock. No uraninite has been detected in heavy mineral concentrates from other rocks of the local area.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Mineralogist; 62; 1977
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    The ionospheres of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Models of the ionospheres of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are presented. It is postulated that galactic cosmic-ray ionization is an important component of these ionospheres. For example, in the case of Neptune, the level of ionization caused by cosmic rays is comparable with that due to solar extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) radiation. The existence of cosmic-ray, as well as solar EUV-produced ionization, could be a valuable diagnostic tool for investigating the atmospheric thermal structure of those planets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 215
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    Lunar transient phenomena /LTP/ - Manifestations, site distribution, correlations and possible causes (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: More than 1400 observations of lunar transient phenomena (LTP), encompassing brightenings, darkenings, and gaseous, reddish, and bluish events, are analyzed in an attempt to determine the possible causes of LTP. Hypotheses considered include effects of earth tides on the moon, low-angle illumination, thermal luminescence, UV heating, solar-particle acceleration by the magnetopause of earth's magnetotail, terrestrial magnetotail bow-shock-front turbulence, cathode luminescence due to magnetotail effects, and solar-flare particle bombardment. Analysis are performed in terms of histograms of the number of observations vs. phase of anomalistic period and of number vs. moon's age, percentage of numbers of observed phenomena and percentage of expected numbers as well as their ratios, and albedo behavior over a lunation period of chosen permanent points in ten specific features. The results indicate that different phenomena may have different causes, strong tidal effects are dubious, correlations with sunrise are most frequent, and the distribution of all LTP sites is distinct from that of deep- and shallow-focus moonquake epicenters.
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    Minor planets and related objects. XXIII - Photometry of asteroid /7/ Iris (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Analysis of light curves and UBV photometry yields a model for (7) Iris as an ellipsoid with axial ratios 3:4:5. The North Pole orientation is near 41 deg ecliptic latitude and 11 deg longitude.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 82; June 197
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    Picture of Ganymede (1977)
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    Description: Spin-scan images of Ganymede obtained by the imaging photopolarimeter of Pioneer 10 in December 1973 are described and presented. Intensity measurements in the blue and red scans are provided. The width of the scan elements is 0.5 mrad which is the size of the aperture in the focal plane of the telescope; the height is also 0.5 mrad (1 millisec integration - or dwell-time at 5 rpm spin rate). The distance of Pioneer 10 from Ganymede was 7.8 x 10 to the fifth km, and the resolution is therefore 390 km. The spin-scan image is in general agreement with Lyot's visual observations (Dollfus, 1961). Preliminary results on polarimetry of Ganymede obtained during the flyby of Pioneer 10 are discussed with attention to the question of whether water frost, NaCl powdered crystals, or other substances is responsible for the observed pattern.
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    Phobos and Deimos (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Ground-based and spacecraft observations of Phobos and Deimos are reviewed and the satellites' origin is discussed. The crater densities of both bodies are close to the saturation level. The largest impact events may have caused extensive fracturing of their surfaces. The surfaces are at least 1.5 billion years old and may date back to the early history of the solar system. The Martian satellites display large deviations from sphericity. As a result of tidal processes, they are in synchronous rotation. Several independent lines of evidence show that they have regoliths. Despite some provocative arguments, their internal strengths and the nature of their interior are poorly known at present. Photometric measurements suggest that they are made of either carbonaceous chondritic material or a basalt. Sinclair (1972), Born and Duxbury (1975) and Shor (1975) apparently have successfully determined Phobos' secular acceleration. Their value of approximately .001 deg/year/year implies that the interior of Mars has a low specific dissipation factor (about 100), may indicate that a portion of the Martian interior is experiencing partial melting. The low inclination of the satellites' orbits indicates that they were formed as part of the same process that resulted in Mars.
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    Surface properties of a north ray crater soil /Apollo 16/ (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Surface properties of lunar fines sample 67481 have been investigated by measuring the adsorptions of nitrogen (at -196 C) and water (at 20 C). Characteristics of this sample are similar to those of samples from other locations on the lunar surface and include the more typical alteration reaction with adsorbed water. Although their maturities are markedly different, the surface properties of 67481 are very much like those of the more mature 63341 from the adjacent station 13. These results indicate that the surface properties of lunar soils attain an equilibrium state faster than other properties used to indicate maturity.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 35; 1, Ma; May 1977
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    Solar radiation incident on Mars and the outer planets - Latitudinal, seasonal, and atmospheric effects (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Calculations of the daily solar radiation incident at the tops of the atmospheres of Mars and the outer planets and its variability with latitude and season are presented in a series of figures and tables. The changes in the latitudinal and seasonal distributions of daily surface insolation during the great Martian dust storm of 1971 (when Martian atmospheric optical depth increased from about tau = 0.1 to 2.0) were significant and dramatically illustrate the effect of atmospheric aerosols on surface insolation; i.e., the mean annual daily insolation at the poles decreased by more than a factor of 100 as tau increased from 0.1 to 2.0.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 31; May 1977
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    The deficiency of siderophile elements in the moon (1977)
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    Description: An attempt is made to reconcile a plausible origin of the moon with the observed deficiency of siderophile elements in the moon. A numerical analysis is performed which indicates that at least 1% metal was needed to extract nickel successfully from the moon and that the deficiency of lunar siderophiles can be explained on the basis of a fission hypothesis. It is suggested that leaching by liquid metallic iron caused the lunar deficiency and that the leaching took place in the protoearth from which the moon subsequently formed by fission.
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    Distribution and flux of micrometeoroids (1977)
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    Description: The mass distribution, flux, and distribution in space of the micrometeoroid complex at 1 AU are estimated on the basis of data from Apollo 17 rocks and recent calibrations of solar-flare track-production rates. It is found that the size frequency distribution of microcraters on lunar rocks suggests a bimodal mass distribution of micrometeoroids, but the precise form of the curve requires further definition, particularly insofar as the degree of depletion of particles producing craters 10 to 100 microns in diameter is concerned. Variations in slope with crater-diameter or particle-mass increments are shown to indicate that different processes affect one or more particle populations. Fluxes corresponding to varied lunar surface orientation and residence time are calculated, but no striking difference is observed between the flux of submicron-diameter particles with orbits in the plane of the ecliptic and fluxes of particles with orbits normal to the plane in the solar apex direction.
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    A calculation of Saturn's gravitational contraction history (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A gravitational-contraction history is calculated for a homogeneous quasi-equilibrium Saturn model of solar composition without a rock-ice core and without allowance for the possible separation of hydrogen and helium. The calculations begin at the time when Saturn's radius was ten times its current value, and the subsequent gravitational contraction is followed for 4.5 billion years. The results obtained are given in terms of the path of the evolving model on the H-R diagram, the variation of central temperature with central density, the time variation of radius and internal luminosity, and the energy changes that take place during the evolution. These results are compared with those of similar calculations for Jupiter, and the internal structure of the evolutionary models is examined in detail. The Saturn calculations yield a radius at the current epoch that is 9% larger than the observed value and an excess luminosity comparable to that observed. It is noted that an inhomogeneous model containing a solar-mix envelope and a central rocky core has a radius equal to the observed value.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 30; Jan. 197
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    The Apollo 17 'melt sheet' - Chemistry, age and Rb/Sr systematics (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Major, minor, and trace-element compositions, age data, and Rb/Sr systematics of Apollo 17 boulders have been compiled, and additional analyses performed on a norite breccia clast (77215) included in the Apollo 17, Station 7 boulder. The Apollo 17 boulders are found to be identical or nearly so in major, minor, and trace-element composition, suggesting that they all originated as an impact melt analogous to melt sheets found in larger terrestrial craters. The matrix dates (Ar-40/Ar-39) and Rb/Sr systematics available suggest that this impact melt formed by a single impact about 4 billion years ago. This impact excavated, shocked, brecciated, and melted norites, norite cumulates, and possibly anorthositic gabbros and dunites about 4.4 billion years old. The impact was likely a major one, possibly the Serenitatis basin-forming event.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 33; 3, Ja; Jan. 197
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    Preliminary findings of the Viking gas exchange experiment and a model for Martian surface chemistry (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Earlier results reported from the Viking Lander-1 experiment are reexamined and interpreted in terms of a model of the Martian soil surface morphology and chemistry. Major events in the gas exchange experiment (GEX) first cycle are tabulated and data are presented on the sample processing and transport environments experienced by the soil samples. Oxygen and CO2 evolved from humidified Martian soil in GEX and slight changes in N2 present are investigated. A soil model involving iron oxide coating on silicate material is entertained to yield a mechanistic explanation of the experimental findings, and invocation of biotic processes is eschewed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 265; Jan. 13
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    Asteroid families - Observational evidence for common origins (1977)
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    Description: Colors of minor planets in the UBV system indicate compositions quite distinct from those of the field population in each of three Hirayama families. The Eos and Koronis families apparently originated from the collisional fragmentation of undifferentiated silicate bodies, and the Nysa group from a geochemically differentiated parent body
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 197; July 15
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    Formation of the outer planets and satellites (1977)
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    Description: A mechanism for the formation of the outer planets is proposed, the basis of which is the idea that the giant planets contain an excess of chemically condensable materials over solar composition. Planetary cores were formed by the clumping together of chemically condensed bodies forming a thin disk in the solar nebula. Gas surrounding a core becomes unstable against collapse onto the core. In the case of Jupiter and Saturn, much of the collapsing gas goes into orbit about the formed planet, forming a relatively thin circumplanetary disks with differential rotation in the prograde sense. For Uranus and Neptune, the dynamical collapse mechanism is unlikely. A disk of gas around Uranus may have been formed during a collision of the protoplanet with a large body. The circumplanetary disks then form the basis for formation of satellite systems, in which the Goldreich-Ward instability mechanism plays a role.
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    Saturn's rings - A new survey (1977)
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    Description: Observations of radar returns from Saturn's rings, together with radio interferometry of their absorption of radiation from the disk, combine to require an effective radius of ring particles of about 6 cm or larger. It is suggested that the ring particles may also include, in addition to the known ice constituent, a mixture of the clathrated hydrate of methane and ammonia hydrate. A two-density model for ring particles is possible in which a matrix of low density contains many nodules of higher-density ice particles; in this case, radii nearly as large as the observed ring thickness would be possible. Improved resolution in radio observations at 21 cm or, if necessary, at longer wavelengths for narrow ring openings is perhaps the most useful method for determining upper limits on the particle size.
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    Thermal inertia mapping - A new view of the earth (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The thermal response of a substance to a time-varying surface power input is determined by its thermal inertia. Remote sensing (e.g., from satellites) can be utilized to measure this property, which is related to surface composition or to near-surface soil moisture. An algorithm is developed which relates thermal inertia to remote measurements of surface temperature and reflectance. Application to geosynchronous satellite data illustrates the contrast between irrigated and desert areas in the region north of the Gulf of California. The effect of local weather conditions (latent and sensible heat transfer to the atmosphere) must be estimated before precise values for thermal inertia can be specified.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; June 20
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    Relative crater production rates on planets (1977)
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    Description: The relative numbers of impacts on different planets, estimated from the dynamical histories of planetesimals in specified orbits (Wetherill, 1975), are converted by a described procedure to crater production rates. Conversions are dependent on impact velocity and surface gravity. Crater retention ages can then be derived from the ratio of the crater density to the crater production rate. The data indicate that the terrestrial planets have crater production rates within a factor ten of each other. As an example, for the case of Mars, least-squares fits to crater-count data suggest an average age of 0.3 to 3 billion years for two types of channels. The age of Olympus Mons is discussed, and the effect of Tharsis volcanism on channel formation is considered.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 31; June 197
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    Detection of rings around Uranus (1977)
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    Description: A description is presented of partial occultations of SAO 158687 by a series of rings around the planet Uranus. A 61-cm telescope at Perth Observatory in Western Australia was used in the investigations. Measurements were made using a conventional single-channel photometer equipped with an RCA C31034B photomultiplier. Uranus was centered in a 28-arc sec diameter aperture during the observations. An occultation of SAO 158687 by Uranus itself did not occur at Perth. However, five brief partial occultations of SAO 158687 were detected with the chart recorder. The midtimes, durations, and depths of these events are listed in a table.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 267; May 26
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    Lunar magnetic permeability studies and magnetometer sensitivity (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A regression of quiet magnetic field components simultaneously measured by the two Explorer 35 magnetometers reveals uncertainties in effective sensitivity factors of up to a few percent in one or both of these instruments. Given this, the validity of previous lunar permeability studies based on Explorer 35/ALSEP regressions, wherein inferences are drawn from regression line slopes differing from unity by the order of one percent, is called into question. We emphasize the need to critically address the question of small deviations in magnetometer sensitivity factors from nominal values as a part of any two-magnetometer lunar permeability study.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 4; Apr. 197
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    An improved value of the lunar moment of inertia (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The lunar gravitational research reported on by Gapcynski et al., (1975) has been extended to include an additional 600 days of the time variation of ascending node for the Explorer 49 spacecraft. Analysis of these additional data resulted in an improved value of the second-degree zonal harmonic coefficient C(20) = (-2.0219 equal to 0.0091) times 10 to the minus 4. This value of C(20) used in conjunction with the parameters beta equal to libration (631.27 + or - 0.03) times 10 to the minus 6 and gamma to (227.7 + or - 0.7) times 10 to the minus 6 yields a more accurate definition of the lunar moment of inertia ratio equal to 0.391 + or - 0.002.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Apr. 10
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    Yes, Kakangari is a unique chondrite (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The position of the Kakangari chondrite as the representative of a new class of chondrites is considered, taking into account the results of the analysis of a 17.1-mg piece of Kakangari for 20 elements. Elemental concentration data are compared for Kakangari and other meteorite groups. Data for the most similar groups, C2, C3(V), L, and E4 chondrites are represented in a graph along with Kakangari data. It is found that pronounced differences exist between Kakangari and the other meteorite classes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 265; Jan. 20
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    LANDSAT data: A new perspective for geology. A review of the utilization of LANDSAT imagery for geological interpretation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Areas in which LANDSAT satellite imagery were found most useful include regional interpretations of geological structure, updating verifying of geologic maps, mineral and petroleum exploration, and the monitoring of natural hazards such as large-scale erosion and seismicity. Investigations in these areas of application demonstrated the wide variety of uses presently undertaken or envisioned for the future.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. John F. Kennedy Space Center Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 194-204
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    Use of remote sensing in facility siting (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Environmental parameters important to, and necessary for, an environment impact assessment in terms of site selection for an electric power plant are defined. Remote sensing techniques and/or instrumentation applicable to site evaluation are described. Problem areas are discussed and recommendations given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 303-309
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    Role of remote sensing in documenting land use as it affects the Bay and Bay use as it affects the land (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The remote sensing technology required for locating, identifying, and monitoring nonpoint, or diffuse, pollution caused by improper land use practices is discussed. Establishment of an information system to include all remote sensed data acquired on the Bay and to disseminate information to users is considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 311-313
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    Inferring nutrient loading of estuarine systems by remote sensing of aquatic vegetation (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: THe use of remote sensing to record algal and vascular aquatic plant growths in estuarine waters is discussed. A technique is proposed that uses a combination of data to hierarchically classify watersheds with regard to severity of potential pollution. Specific nonpoint sources of nutrients in tributaries of the watershed are identified with lower altitude photography of vegetation and selected ground sampling. It is concluded that excessive growths of some aquatic plants may be related to nutrient pollution.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 275-281
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    Remote sensing of water quality (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote sensing from aircraft has been used to determine water content in areas such as the New York Bight. Extension of the techniques developed to satellite sensing of the Chesapeake Bay will begin in 1978 with the launch of Nimbus-G. Remote sensing offers a number of interesting possibilities for investigating a reasonably large body of water, such as the Chesapeake Bay, coupled with some disadvantages. The chief advantage of remote sensing is that it offers the opportunity to cover large areas in relatively short periods of time. Low altitude satellites traveling at about 7 km/s can cover the Chesapeake Bay in about 1 minute so that the entire Bay can be studied under almost identical conditions of solar illumination.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 141-148
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    LANDSAT and other sensor data for land-use planning in the Baltimore area (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Investigations of the current uses of the LANDSAT sensor data revealed that there were no successful uses of LANDSAT data in identifying specific urban uses other than densities of residential use, paved areas, and roof tops. Information was merged on developed land uses from the air photointerpretation and the land cover from the LANDSAT sensors. It was expected that this would give the most accurate results by taking results from each technique when they were best.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 33-35
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    The Chesapeake Bay Program: An opportunity to use an innovative monitoring technique (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The goal of this program is to develop a management system that will protect and preserve the water quality of the Chesapeake Bay by effectively managing its uses and resources. To achieve this goal, three major objectives must be accomplished: (1) Determine what units of government have management responsibility for the environmental quality of the Chesapeake Bay, also to define how such management responsibility can best be structured so that communications and coordination can be improved between the respective units of government, research, educational institutions, concerned groups, and individuals. (2) Assess the principal factors having an adverse impact on the environmental quality of the Chesapeake Bay. Following this assessment and review of ongoing research, direct and coordinate research and abatement programs that will most effectively address these factors, and (3) analyze all environmental sampling data now being collected on the Chesapeake Bay and suggest and undertake methods for improving this data collection, and to establish a continuing capability for collecting storing, analyzing, and disseminating these data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 11-15
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  • 68
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    A feasibility demonstration of aerial photographic support for marine archaeological surveys (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of recutting remote sensing was demonstrated for location of shipwrecks in the Florida Keys, using selected films and filters for improved water penetration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. John F. Kennedy Space Center Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 341-350
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  • 69
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    Photoarchaeology. Reconnaissance tests using color, as well as other films, indicate that exploration studies may be reduced from months to hours (1977)
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    Description: Various types of films were used to detect pre-Columbian archaeological sites in South Dakota. Natural color and color IR films (scale 1/10,000) provided the best interpretation medium.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. John F. Kennedy Space Center Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 172-180
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    Usefulness of LANDSAT data for monitoring plant development and range conditions in California's annual grassland (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A network of sampling sites throughout the annual grassland region was established to correlate plant growth in stages and forage production to climatic and other environmental factors. Plant growth and range conditions were further related to geographic location and seasonal variations. A sequence of LANDSAT data was obtained covering critical periods in the growth cycle. Data were analyzed by both photointerpretation and computer aided techniques. Image characteristics and spectral reflectance data were then related to forage production, range condition, range site, and changing growth conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. John F. Kennedy Space Center Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 77-101
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    Use of clear lake as standard reflectors for atmospheric measurement (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A method is proposed for using clear lakes as dark backgrounds against which the atmospheric path radiance can be determined from satellite observations. If the path radiance can be determined to sufficient accuracy, the atmospheric extinction can be inferred with suitable radiative transfer models. An extensive program of observation was made to determine the magnitude and variability of the various contributors to the total radiance observed by a satellite. It is shown that the volume and surface reflectance contributions (in the absence of sunglint) are small, constant, and can be modeled accurately enough to make these an insignificant source of error. The sunglint radiance observed in this investigation may be a significant source of error. It is shown that atmospheric extinction can be inferred from the path radiance observation after systematic differences between the model and observations are removed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 731-755
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    Remote sensing exploration for metallic mineral resources in central Baja California (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote sensor data (primarily LANDSAT) was analyzed by photogeologic and computer-assisted enhancement techniques to evaluate the metallic mineral potential of Baja California. Overlays were prepared at 1:1,000,000 and 1:500,000 and included known geologic relationships and mineral occurrences, lineament, drainage and structural patterns, tonal anomalies, and enhancement results. Computer-assisted enhancement and classification of the test sites was performed using the IMAGE 100 system to identify subtle tonal anomalies thought related to mineralization using known sites as analysis guides. Mineral potential maps of Baja California were generated from these analyses and the ten highest priority targets visited. Preliminary assay results (atomic absorption analysis) for the samples recovered showed moderate to high geochemical anomalies for Copper (10 of 12 samples), Zinc (3 of 12 samples) and Lead (4 of 12 samples).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 683-691
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    Testing the accuracy of remote sensing land use maps (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Some of the main aspects that need to be considered in a remote sensing sampling design are: (1) the frequency that any one land use type (on the ground) is erroneously attributed to another class by the interpreter; (2) the frequency that the wrong land use (as observed on the ground) is erroneously included in any one class by the remote sensing interpreter; (3) the proportion of all land (as determined in the field) that is mistakenly attributed by the interpreter; and (4) the determination of whether the mistakes are random (so that the overall proportions are approximately correct) or subject to a persistent bias. A sampling and statistical testing procedure is presented which allows an approximate answer to each of these aspects. The concept developed and described incorporates the probability of making incorrect interpretations at particular prescribed accuracy levels, for a certain number of errors, for a particular sample size. It is considered that this approach offers a meaningful explanation of the interpretation accuracy level of an entire remote sensing land use survey.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 615-623
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  • 74
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    Monitoring irrigated land acreage using LANDSAT imagery: An application example (1977)
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    Description: A demonstration of the utility of LANDSAT imagery for quickly and cheaply estimating irrigated land area was conducted in the Klamath River basin of Oregon. LANDSAT color composite images, at 1:250,000 scale and acquired on two dates during the 1975 growing season, were interpreted. Irrigated lands were delineated manually, and the irrigated area was estimated, based on dot-grid sampling of the manually delineated lands. The image interpretation estimate of irrigated area was then adjusted by a comparison of interpretation results with ground data on 45 sample plots, each 2.6 square kilometers in size. Two interpreters independently estimated the irrigated area. Their adjusted estimates were 115,000 hectares and 108,000 hectares respectively, with corresponding 95 percent confidence intervals of + or - 7,880 hectares and + or - 14,000 hectares.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 515-524
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    Digital exploitation of synthetic aperture radar (1977)
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    Description: A digital processing and analysis scheme for use with digitized synthetic aperture radar data was developed. Using data from a four channel system, the imagery is preprocessed using specially designed software and then analyzed using preexisting facilities originally intended for use with MSS type data. Geometric and radiometric correction may be performed if desired, as well as classification analysis, Fast Fourier transform, filtering and level slice and display functions. The system provides low cost output in real time, permitting interactive imagery analysis. System information flow diagrams as well as sample output products are shown.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 563-570
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    LACIE: A look to the future (1977)
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    Description: The Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE) is a project designed to demonstrate the applicability of remote sensing technology to monitor globally an important world food crop - wheat. The need for more timely and reliable monitoring of food and fiber supplies is discussed, and the monitoring systems currently utilized are reviewed. The fundamentals involved in assessing the impact of variable weather and economic conditions on wheat acreage, yield, and production are elucidated. The experiment's approach to production monitoring is described, and its status is reviewed. Examples of acreage and yield monitoring in the Soviet Union are used to illustrate the experiment's approach.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 429-465
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    Remote sensing of air pollutants (1977)
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    Description: Monitoring of pollutants within the troposphere is discussed. Selected specific techniques were investigated and it was shown how the use of these techniques fits into the overall national strategy for air pollution abatement.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 353-359
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    An overview of remote sensing technology transfer in Canada and the United States (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: To realize the maximum potential benefits of remote sensing, the technology must be applied by personnel responsible for the management of natural resources and the environment. In Canada and the United States, these managers are often in local offices and are not those responsible for the development of systems to acquire, preprocess, and disseminate remotely sensed data, nor those leading the research and development of techniques for analysis of the data. However, the latter organizations have recognized that the technology they develop must be transferred to the management agencies if the technology is to be useful to society. Problems of motivation and communication associated with the technology transfer process, and some of the methods employed by Federal, State, Provincial, and local agencies, academic institutions, and private organizations to overcome these problems are explored.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 325-331
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    Remote sensing and today's forestry issues (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The actual and the desirable roles of remote sensing in dealing with current forestry issues, such as national forest policy, supply and demand for forest products and competing demands for forest land are discussed. Topics covered include wood shortage, regional timber inventories, forests in tropical and temperate zones, Skylab photography, forest management and protection, available biomass studies, and monitoring.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 267-276
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    Operational utilization of remotely sensed data (1977)
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    Description: The use of data from environmental satellites and other remote sensing platforms in some of NOAA's operational services are described. Topics discussed include: hurricanes; severe local storms and tornadoes; forest guidance; weather forecasting; hydrology; space program support; oceanography; search and rescue; and wildlife management. Applications which have become routine, and those which are in advanced field test are included. Some applications yield a clear cut economic benefit. In other cases, benefits -- if any -- are obscure. In yet other cases, benefits in one sector may be offset by detriments in another. Illustrative examples are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 221-228
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    Rebirth of remote sensing: Do we know enough for our own good? (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Obstacles or deficiencies in on-going satellites that impede operational use of data are described. Because spectral and spatial characteristics of LANDSAT D sensors are different from earlier satellites, they deter operational planning and data use, and an operational program operated in parallel with experimental technology development is needed. Particular attention is given to the satellite sensor readout system, its current applications, and needs for the future.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 229-235
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    Remote sensing data processing: Two years ago, today, and two years from today (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Beginning with a survey of the state-of-the-art of processing remotely sensed data in early 1975, significant developments between that time and the present are chronicled, and technologies for early 1979 are projected. Current technical issues discussed include: training selection and labeling; classification and mensuration; use of satellite indicators to supplement predictions; small scale field structures; physical factors; ancillary data; geometric quality; and the cost of processing.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 125-135
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    Microwave remote sensing of hydrologic parameters (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A perspective on the implementation of microwave sensors in future airborne and spaceborne observations of hydrologic parameters is presented. The rationale is based on a review of the status and future trends of active (radar) and passive (radiometer) microwave research as applied to the remote sensing of soil moisture content, snowpack water equivalent, freeze/thaw boundaries, lake ice thickness, surface water area, and the specification of watershed runoff coefficients. Analyses and observations based on data acquired from ground based, airborne and spaceborne platforms, and an evaluation of advantages and limitations of microwave sensors are included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 67-86
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    A study of suspended solids in the Requena Dam by remote sensing (1977)
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    Description: Remote sensing was applied to a preliminary study of suspended solids in the Requena Dam. Aerial and terrestrial photographs were analyzed by photointerpretation and microdensitometry. Field measurements and sampling were also made. A relationship between ground data for the concentration of suspended solids and the transmissibility of the aerial infrared film was suggested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 495-504
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    The transfer of remote sensing technology in the developing nations: An observation (1977)
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    Description: The cooperation and assistance of industrialized nations and the United Nations and its agencies in promoting the transfer of remote sensing technology in developing nations was discussed. Training programs, workshops, and seminars as well as on-going globally scattered demonstration projects were evaluated and it was suggested that emphasis should shift from centralized training to scheduled regional training programs, resulting in larger local participation and on-the-spot application of the technology to solve local problems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 339-351
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    Current and future satellites for oceanic monitoring (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Current applications and products from existing operational satellites, are reviewed. The future data and information that will become available before the end of this decade are described with emphasis on global oceanic data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 279-297
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  • 87
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    Role of remote sensing in documenting living resources (1978)
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    Description: Specific cases of known or potentially useful applications of remote sensing in assessing biological resources are discussed. It is concluded that the more usable remote sensing techniques relate to the measurement of population fluctuations in aquatic systems. Sensing of the flora and the fauna of the Bay is considered with emphasis on direct sensing of aquatic plant populations and of water quality. Recommendations for remote sensing projects are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 297-301
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  • 88
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    Work on power-plant (air) plumes involving remote sensing of SO2 (1978)
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    Description: Acquisition of air quality and concurrent meteorological data was used for dispersion model development and plant siting needs of the Maryland power plants. One of the major instruments in these studies was the Barringer correlation spectrometer, a remote sensor, using atmospherically scattered sunlight that was used to measure the total amount of SO2 in a cross section of the plume. Correlation spectrometer and its role in this measurement program are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 239-247
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    Lidar: A laser technique for remote sensing (1978)
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    Description: Experimental airborne lidar systems proved to be useful for shallow water bathymetric measurements, and detection and identification of oil slicks and algae. Dye fluorescence applications using organic dyes was studied. The possibility of remotely inducing dye flourescence by means of pulsed lasers opens up several hydrospheric applications for measuring water currents, water temperature, and salinity. Aerosol measurements by lidar are also discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 249-265
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    Relationship of land use to water quality in the Chesapeake Bay region (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Both the proportions of the various land use categories present on each watershed and the specific management practices in use in each category affect the quality of runoff waters, and the water quality of the Bay. Several permanent and portable stations on various Maryland Rivers collect volume-integrated water samples. All samples are analyzed for a series of nutrient, particulate, bacterial, herbicide, and heavy metal parameters. Each basin is mapped with respect to land use by the analysis of low-elevation aerial photos. Analyses are verified and adjusted by ground truth surveys. Data are processed and stored in the Smithsonian Institution data bank. Land use categories being investigated include forests/old fields, pastureland, row crops, residential areas, upland swamps, and tidal marshes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 177-187
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    Hydraulic model of the Chesapeake Bay (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Preliminary planning for the formulation of the first year of hydraulic studies on the Chesapeake Bay model was recently completed. The primary purpose of this initial effort was to develop a study program that is both responsive to problems of immediate importance and at the same time ensure that from the very beginning of operation maximum economical use is made of the model. The formulation of this preliminary study plan involved an extensive analysis of the environmental, economic, and social aspects of a series of current problems in order to establish a priority listing of their importance. The study program that evolved is oriented towards the analysis of the effects of some of the works of man on the Chesapeake Bay estuarine environment.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 111-121
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  • 92
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    Mission of a remote sensing center (1978)
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    Description: The establishment of a center for remote sensing was proposed to provide the following: (1) service, research, and education in the developing discipline of remote sensing; (2) effect multidisciplinary linkages between scientists and users of remote sensing and those who develop remote sensing techniques; and (3) strengthen and extend existing remote sensing capabilities into a cohesive program.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 55-57
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    Remote sensing, geology, and land use (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The usefulness of a geologic map as a product in geological research was discussed, and the volution of the geologic map of Maryland was illustrated. Remote sensing methods that have the most immediate application to the earth science aspects of the Chesapeake Bay region are listed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 37-43
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  • 94
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    Operational programs in forest management and priority in the utilization of remote sensing (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A speech is given on operational remote sensing programs in forest management and the importance of remote sensing in forestry is emphasized. Forest service priorities in using remote sensing are outlined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 27-31
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  • 95
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    Remote sensors (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A variety of photographic and nonphotographic sensors are briefly described which were used for remote sensing purposes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 26-41
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  • 96
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    NCSL task force findings on feasible state uses of LANDSAT (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Data needs for state natural resources programs, state capabilities for using satellite technology, and the existing remote sensing technology are reviewed. State programs in land use planning, wetlands management, coastal zone management, transportation planning, and forestry management are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the use of LANDSAT imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 333-344
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  • 97
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    Water quality and shellfish sanitation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of remote sensing techniques for collecting bacteriological, physical, and chemical water quality data, locating point and nonpoint sources of pollution, and developing hydrological data was found to be valuable to the Maryland program if it could be produced effectively and rapidly with a minimum amount of ground corroboration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 267-268
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  • 98
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    Thermal discharges and their role in pending power plant regulatory decisions (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Federal and state laws require the imminent retrofit of offstream condenser cooling to the newer steam electric stations. Waiver can be granted based on sound experimental data, demonstrating that existing once-through cooling will not adversely affect aquatic ecosystems. Conventional methods for monitoring thermal plumes, and some remote sensing alternatives, are reviewed, using on going work at one Maryland power plant for illustration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 223-237
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  • 99
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    Alteration mapping at Goldfield, Nevada, by cluster and discriminant analysis of LANDSAT digital data (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The ability of Landsat multispectral digital data to differentiate among 62 combinations of rock and alteration types at the Goldfield mining district of Western Nevada was investigated by using statistical techniques of cluster and discriminant analysis. Multivariate discriminant analysis was not effective in classifying each of the 62 groups, with classification results essentially the same whether data of four channels alone or combined with six ratios of channels were used. Bivariate plots of group means revealed a cluster of three groups including mill tailings, basalt and all other rock and alteration types. Automatic hierarchical clustering based on the fourth dimensional Mahalanobis distance between group means of 30 groups having five or more samples was performed. The results of the cluster analysis revealed hierarchies of mill tailings vs. natural materials, basalt vs. non-basalt, highly reflectant rocks vs. other rocks and exclusively unaltered rocks vs. predominantly altered rocks. The hierarchies were used to determine the order in which sets of multiple discriminant analyses were to be performed and the resulting discriminant functions were used to produce a map of geology and alteration which has an overall accuracy of 70 percent for discriminating exclusively altered rocks from predominantly altered rocks.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 783-790
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  • 100
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    The use of LANDSAT imagery to locate uncharted coastal features on the Labrador coast (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A survey of several offshore islands, rocks and shoals on the Labrador Coast was performed, using LANDSAT imagery to assist in the location of uncharted hydrographic features. Several satellite coverages of the coast were studied prior to the survey, and suspected shoal points identified. Using map-derived control points and monocomparator measurements of the LANDSAT images, the positions of these points were determined by mathematical adjustment to an estimated position accuracy of 150 meters. As a result, on the survey, an uncharted island and eight uncharted drying rocks, which might easily have escaped detection from a survey ship, were verified and positioned. To check the accuracy of the coordinates derived from LANDSAT, three islands were positioned by standard ground survey methods. The positional differences, all less than 150 meters, are not plottable at the scale of the existing offshore charts. The LANDSAT positions were also used to control aerial photography of a shoal area for office compilation of a hydrographic chart.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol 1; p 775-781
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